Trivalent Radioisotope Bio-Targeted Radiopharmaceutical, Methods Of Preparation And Use

Abstract

A targeted radiopharmaceutical comprising a targeting species chemically-bonded to a PCTA-chelated Q.sup.+3 trivalent radioactive ion of Formula I

##STR00001##

is disclosed. Six of R.sup.1 through R.sup.7 are H and the seventh is a reacted functionality, Z, that forms the chemical bond with the targeting species, T. “g” is a number whose average value is 1 to about 12. X.sup.1, X.sup.2, and X.sup.3, are substituent groups that can coordinate to the Q.sup.+3 ion and/or help neutralize the ionic charge. Anion Y.sup.− is optionally present to balance the ionic charge. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a theranostic effective amount of a targeted radiopharmaceutical of Formula I in a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent is also contemplated, as are a method for treating and/or diagnosing a mammalian host having a disease, disorder or condition characterized by undesired angiogenesis, tumor growth and/or tumor metastasis.

Claims

1. A targeted radiopharmaceutical that comprises a targeting species chemically-bonded to PCTA-chelated Q.sup.+3 radioactive isotope ion, wherein the PCTA chelator has the general structural formula shown below in Formula I ##STR00008## wherein Q.sup.+3 is a trivalent radioactive isotope ion; six of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, and R.sup.7 are H and the seventh contains a reacted functionality, Z, that forms said chemical bond with said targeting species, T; “g” is a number whose average value is 1 to about 12 that indicates the average number of chelated PCTA-chelated trivalent radioactive ions, Q.sup.+3, per each molecule of targeting species, T; X.sup.1, X.sup.2, and X.sup.3, are the same or different substituent groups that can coordinate to said Q.sup.+3 radioactive isotope ion and/or help neutralize the ionic charge; and an optional anion, Y.sup.−, is optionally present in an amount needed to balance the ionic charge.

2. The targeted radiopharmaceutical according to claim 1, wherein said reacted functionality, Z, is selected from the group consisting of one or more of a reacted Michael reaction acceptor, a reacted isocyanato group, an activated carboxyl group, and a 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazine formed by the reaction of an azide and an alkyne.

3. The targeted radiopharmaceutical according to claim 1, wherein said targeting species, T, is selected from the group consisting of one or more of a chemically-bonded antibody or paratope-containing portion of an antibody, a chemically-bonded hormone, a chemically bonded non-antibody protein, a chemically-bonded cytokine, a chemically bonded aptamer, a chemically bonded nucleic acid or oligonucleotide, a straight chain or cyclic oligopeptide, and a straight chain or branched oligosaccharide.

4. The targeted radiopharmaceutical according to claim 1, wherein each of said X.sup.1, X.sup.2, and X.sup.3, is a —(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2M or a —PO.sub.3M.sub.2 substituent, n is zero or 1, and M is H.sup.+ or a alkali metal cation.

5. The targeted radiopharmaceutical according to claim 4, wherein each of said X.sup.1, X.sup.2, and X.sup.3, is a —(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2M substituent, n is zero or 1, and M is H.sup.+ or a alkali metal cation.

6. The targeted radiopharmaceutical according to claim 5, wherein n is zero.

7. The targeted radiopharmaceutical according to claim 1, wherein Q.sup.+3 is an Ac-225, Bi-212, Bi-213, Zr-89 or In-111 ion.

8. The targeted radiopharmaceutical according to claim 7, wherein Q.sup.+3 is an Ac-225, Bi-212 or Bi-213 ion.

9. The targeted radiopharmaceutical according to claim 7, wherein Q.sup.+3 is a Zr-89 or In-111 ion.

10. The targeted radiopharmaceutical according to claim 1, wherein said targeting species, T, is a chemically-bonded antibody or paratope-containing portion of an antibody.

11. The targeted radiopharmaceutical according to claim 10, wherein said antibody or paratope-containing portion of an antibody is a monoclonal antibody (mAb) or a paratope-containing portion thereof.

12. The targeted radiopharmaceutical according to claim 11, wherein said monoclonal antibody or a paratope-containing portion thereof is the mAb designated ATN-658 produced by hybridoma having ATCC Accession #PTA-8191 or paratope-containing portion of ATN-658.

13. The targeted radiopharmaceutical according to claim 11, wherein said mAb is humanized.

14. A pharmaceutical composition that comprises a theranostic effective amount of a targeted radiopharmaceutical according to claim 1 dissolved or dispersed in a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.

15. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 14, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable diluent is an aqueous liquid at ambient temperature and is adapted for parenteral administration.

16. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15, wherein said composition is isotonic to the blood of the intended mammalian species host recipient.

17. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, wherein said intended mammalian species host recipient is a human.

18. A method for treating a mammalian host having a disease, disorder or condition characterized by undesired angiogenesis, tumor growth and/or tumor metastasis comprising administering to said host a pharmaceutical composition of claim 14 wherein said theranostic effective amount is a targeted cell-killing effective amount of said targeted radiopharmaceutical.

19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the disease, disorder or condition is cancer.

20. The method according to claim 19, wherein said cancer is selected from the group consisting of one or more of lung cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, brain cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer or colon cancer.

21. The method according to claim 18, wherein said mammalian host is a human.

22. The method according to claim 18, wherein said administration is repeated.

23. The method according to claim 21, wherein said targeted radiopharmaceutical is administered in an amount sufficient to provide about 80 to about 120 kBq/kg body weight to said mammalian host.

24. The method according to claim 23, wherein said administration is repeated.

25. The method according to claim 24, wherein said administration is repeated at about 60-day intervals.

26. A method for assaying a mammalian host having a disease, disorder or condition characterized by undesired angiogenesis, tumor growth and/or tumor metastasis comprising a) administering to said host a pharmaceutical composition of claim 14 wherein said theranostic amount is a diagnostically effective amount of said targeted radiopharmaceutical; b) maintaining said host for a time period of about 1 hour to several days for the radiopharmaceutical to bind to the targeted cells; and c) scanning the maintained host to detect and locate the radiation emitted by the target cell-bound targeted radiopharmaceutical.

27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the disease, disorder or condition is cancer.

28. The method according to claim 27, wherein said cancer is selected from the group consisting of one or more of lung cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, brain cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer or colon cancer.

29. The method according to claim 28, wherein said mammalian host is a human.

30. The method according to claim 26, wherein said administration is repeated.

31. The method according to claim 29, wherein said targeted radiopharmaceutical is administered in an amount of about 0.5 to about 6.0 mCi to said human.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

[0046] In the drawing forming a portion of this disclosure,

[0047] FIG. 1 shows the radioactive decay scheme from .sup.229Th to stable .sup.209Bi via .sup.225Ac in the development of the preparation of .sup.213Bi, showing the emission of four alpha particles (a) and four beta particles (b.sup.−) as well as the half-life of each radionuclide in the decay scheme as shown boxes in which a numeral followed by a letter indicates the half-life, where d=day(s), h=hour(s), m=minute(s), ms=milliseconds, and ms=microseconds, as are reported in Huang et al., Comput Math Method M, Vol. 2012, Article ID 153212, 6 pages;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0048] This invention relates to a targeted radiopharmaceutical that comprises PCTA-chelated Q.sup.+3 ion chemically-bonded to a targeting species. A contemplated targeted radiopharmaceutical of this invention has the general structural formula shown below in Formula I

##STR00003##

In that targeted radiopharmaceutical, Q.sup.+3 is a trivalent radioactive isotope ion; six of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, and R.sup.7 are H and the seventh contains a reacted linking functionality, Z, that forms a chemical bond with the targeting species, T. The X.sup.1, X.sup.2, and X.sup.3 groups are the same or different substituent groups that can coordinate to the Q.sup.+3 ion such as .sup.225Ac.sup.+3, .sup.212Bi.sup.+3, .sup.213Bi.sup.+3, .sup.89Zr.sup.+3 or .sup.111In.sup.+3 and help neutralize the ionic charge of the chelated Q.sup.+3 ion. “g” is a number whose average value is about 1 to about 12 that indicates the average number of chelated PCTA-chelated trivalent radioactive ions, Q.sup.+3, per each molecule of targeting species, T. An optional anion, Y.sup.−, can be present in an amount needed to balance the ionic charge.

[0049] Illustrative targeted radiopharmaceutical chelates are illustrated in Formulas Ia, Ib, Ic and Id below without depicting a specific targeting species, the number of chelates bonded to each target species, or a reacted linking functionality, Z. The two bismuth isotopes (.sup.212Bi.sup.+3 and .sup.213Bi.sup.+3) are written together as .sup.212/213Bi.sup.+3 for convenience.

##STR00004##

[0050] Actinium-225 is a preferred radiopharmaceutical isotope because it has a half-life of almost ten days and as shown in FIG. 1, decays to release four alpha-particles and three beta-particles to form bismuth-209, a stable isotope. One of the daughter decay products from Ac-225 is Bi-213, and the final decay product is Bi-209, which is not radioactive and is stable.

[0051] Bismuth-212 is a decay product of lead-212. Once obtained, the bismuth-212 can be separated from the lead-212 and complexed with an appropriately linked PCTA to form a chelated Q.sup.+3 ion chemically-bonded to a targeting species. Bi-212 ultimately decays to lead-208, which is not radioactive and is stable.

[0052] Some versions of the chelating agent are referred to as pyridine-based 12-membered tetraaza-macrocyclic ligands or PCTA (First published: 2 Apr. 2019 chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary-.wiley.com/-doi/abs/10.1002/ejoc.201900280.

[0053] In one embodiment, the reacted functionality, Z, is selected from the group consisting of one or more of a reacted Michael reaction acceptor, a reacted isocyanato group, a reacted carboxyl group, and a 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazine formed by the reaction of an azide and an alkyne. A reacted isothiocyanate [—NH—C(═S)—NH—; a thiourea] is one preferred reacted functionality.

[0054] The number of chelators bonded per antibody molecule is an average number because some antibody molecules in a given composition do not react whereas others do react. Average numbers of chelators bonded per antibody molecule are 1 to about 12, preferably about 3 to about 12, and more preferably about 8 to about 10 when an isothiocyanate group is being bonded to an intact antibody. Where a paratope-containing portion (or antigen-binding fragment) thereof is the targeting species, the number of PCTA chelators per targeting species molecule tend to be fewer such as about 1 to about 5 as there are fewer lysine amino groups with which the isothiocyanate group can react when the two pairs of CH2 and CH3 portions of the heavy chain are absent.

[0055] An illustrative chelator reacted functionality, Z, prior to reaction can be a Michael reaction acceptor such as maleimide can link up to about 8 chelators to a reduced intact antibody thiol groups. Of course, with smaller targeting species such as a the peptidomimetic cyclic-(RGDyK) discussed hereinafter has only one amine that can bond to the chelator, thereby limiting the number of radiopharmaceutical chelates to which it can be linked.

[0056] A Michael reaction acceptor contains an a,b-unsaturated carbonyl group that can react with a nucleophile such as an amine or a mercaptan. Illustrative Michael reaction acceptor groups include acryloyl, methacryloyl and maleimido groups.

[0057] Precursors for the formation of the 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazine, an azide and an alkyne can be present, one each, on either the pre-reacted functionality of the chelator or on the targeting species. The coupling reaction can be catalyzed by a copper(II) ion or by irradiation with UV light.

[0058] The targeting species, T, is selected from the group consisting of one or more of a chemically-bonded antibody or paratope-containing portion of an antibody, a chemically-bonded hormone, a chemically bonded non-antibody protein, a chemically-bonded cytokine, a chemically bonded aptamer, a chemically bonded oligonucleotide, a chemically-bonded cytokine, a straight chain or cyclic oligopeptide or peptide mimetic, and a straight chain or branched chain oligosaccharide. A monoclonal antibody (mAb) or a paratope-containing portion thereof is a preferred targeting group, and a humanized monoclonal antibody or a paratope-containing portion thereof is particularly preferred.

[0059] The X.sup.1, X.sup.2, and X.sup.3 groups are the same or different substituent that is a functional group useful for chelation that can coordinate to the Q.sup.+3 ion and/or help neutralize the ionic charge of the targeted radiopharmaceutical. Exemplary X substituents include a —(CH.sub.2).sub.nCO.sub.2M group, a phosphonic acid (—PO.sub.3M.sub.2) group and half-esters thereof, as well as carboxamides —(CH.sub.2).sub.nCONH.sub.2, and —(CH.sub.2).sub.nCH.sub.2NR.sup.10R.sup.11 primary, secondary or tertiary amines where R.sup.10 and R.sup.11 are the same or different H or C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl. In such a substituent, M is a proton (H.sup.+), an ammonium ion or an alkali metal ion. It is preferred that each of the X.sup.1, X.sup.2, and X.sup.3 groups is the same, and more preferably each is a —COOM group. “n” is zero or 1, preferably zero so that an X group is —CO.sub.2M. It is to be understood that once in an aqueous composition such as a buffer, the cationic M is likely exchanged for another cation present in the aqueous composition.

[0060] A preferred chelator is referred to in the art as PCTA. The chemical formula for a particularly preferred form of PCTA is the (4-isothiocyanato-phenyl)methyl derivative that enables the chelator to be bifunctional, and is shown in Formula II, below, where M is as before described.

##STR00005##

[0061] The chelator of Formula II is commercially available from Macrocyclics Inc. (Dallas, Tex.) under the designation p-SCN-Bn-PCTA.

Targeting Species

[0062] Antibodies are one group of preferred targeting species molecules in one aspect of the invention because many bind to cell surface antigens of undesirable cells in the body such as cancer cells. Once bound, the antibody and its bonded chelated Q.sup.+3 ion can be taken into the unwanted cell (cell to be treated) at which time the Q.sup.+3 ion such as Ac-225 or one of its daughter atoms such as .sup.213Bi.sup.+3 can decompose to release its cytotoxic alpha particle within the unwanted cell. The particular combination of a Q.sup.+3 ion with a PCTA chelator forms particularly stable chelation products as compared to those formed using DOTA as the chelator with a Q.sup.+3 ion. As a consequence, there is a greater concentration of radioisotope at the target cell and a lower concentration of radioisotope elsewhere in the recipient body than when a chelator such as DOTA is utilized.

[0063] An illustrative list of monoclonal antibodies for use as a targeting species is provided in the table below. Most on the list are human or humanized and are approved for being used in treating a human, whereas others are mouse antibodies. It is to be understood that this list is only illustrative with approximately 80-90 possibly useful monoclonal antibodies awaiting approval by the U.S. FDA for use in humans.

TABLE-US-00001 Commercial or mAb Name Other Name Target (Anti-) Source Lintuzumab SGN-33 CD33 PDL BioPharma Gemtuzumab Mylotarg.sup. ™ CD33 Pfizer Rituximab Rituxan ® CD20 Genentech Tosityomab Bexxar ® CD20 Corixa Corp Cetuximab Erbitux ® EGFR Eli Lilly & Co. ATN-615 — uPAR Monopar Therapeutics Inc. ATCC Accession #PTA-8192 ATN-658 — uPAR Monopar Therapeutics Inc. ATCC Accession #PTA-8191 MNPR-101 — uPAR Monopar Therapeutics Inc. Humanized ATN-658 Brentuximab Adcetris ® CD30 Seattle Genetics Trastuzumab Herceptin ® HER2 Genentech Adalimumab Humira ® TNFa Abbott Daratumumab Darzalex ® CD38 Janssen Biotech Bevacizumab Avastin ® VEGF-A Genentech Rosopatamab- — PSMA Convergent Therapeutics, Inc.; ATCC HB- 225Ac J591 12126 E99 — PSMA Convergent Therapeutics, Inc.; ATCC HB- 12101 J415 — PSMA Convergent Therapeutics, Inc.; ATCC HB- 12109 J533 — PSMA Convergent Therapeutics, Inc.; ATCC HB- 12127 Atezolizumab Tecentriq ® PD-L1 Genentech Avelumab Bavencio ® PD-L1 Pfizer Basiliximab Simulect ® CD20 Novartis Canakinumab Haris ® IL1b Novartis Cemiplimab Libtayo ® PD-1 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Cetuximab Erbitux ® EGFR Imclone/Lilly Denosumab Prolia ® RANK Ligand Amgen Dinutuximab Garziba ® GD2 United Therapeutics Durvalumab Imfinzi ® PD-L1 AstraZeneca Eculizumab Sol iris ® C5 Alexion Elotuzumab Empliciti ® SLAMF7 Bristol-Myers Squibb, AbbVie Golimumab Simpopni ® TNFa Johnson & Johnson Infliximab Remicade ® TNFa Johnson & Johnson Ipilimumab Yervoy ® CTLA-4 Bristol-Myers Squibb Isatuximab Sarclisa ® CD38 Sanofi Genzyme Mogamulizumab Poteligeo ® CCR4 Kyowa Kirin Motavizumab Numax ® RSV Meddimune Natalizumab Tysabri ® A4-Integrin Biogen Idec Necitumumab Portrazza ® ® EGFR Eli Lilly & Co. Nivolumab Opdivo ® PD-1 Bristol-Myers Squibb Obinutuzumab Gazyva ® CD20 Genentech/Roche Ofatumumab Azerra ® CD20 Genmab Olaratumab Lartruvo ® PDGFRa Eli Lilly & Co. Omalizumab Xolair ® igE Genentech/Roche Palivizumab Synagis ® RSV MedImmune Panitumumab Vectibix ® EGFR Amgen Pembrolizumab Keytruda ® PD-1 Merck & Co. Pertuzumab Perjeta ® HER2 Genentech/Roche Ramucirumab Cyramza ® VEGFR2 Eli Lilly & Co. Ranibizumab Lucentis ® VEGF Genentech/Roche Raxibacumab ABThrax ® B. anthrasis GlaxoSmithKline Tocilizumab Actemra ® Anri-IL6R Chugai/Roche Ustekinumab Stelara ® II-12/23 Johnson & Johnson

[0064] The mAb used illustratively herein designated mAb MNBR-101 is a humanized version of mouse mAb ATN-658, whose hybridoma has ATCC Accession Number BTA-8191, disclosed and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,101,726. Mouse mAb ATN-615 that is also disclosed and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,101,726, is secreted by a hybridoma that has ATCC Accession Number BTA-8192.

[0065] These mAbs specifically bind to (immunoreact with) the binary complex referred to as uPA-uPAR; i.e., urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its cell surface receptor, uPAR, as well as to uPAR at a locus that does not interfere with formation of the binary complex. U.S. Pat. No. 8,101,726 notes that expression of uPA and uPAR has been demonstrated in numerous tumor types.

[0066] The mAb MNPR-101 paratopic amino acid residue sequence (CDR; complementarity determining region; variable region) binds to its uPA-uPAR antigen very similarly to the binding of mAb ATN-658 Table 3, hereinafter). The heavy chain constant regions (CH1, CH2 and CH3) are those of a human IgG1 antibody.

[0067] Humanization of ATN-658 to prepare MNPR-101 utilized the Xoma HE™ synthesis platform that utilizes the human antibody amino acid residue sequences reported in Wu and Kabat, 1992 Mol. Immunol., 29(9):1141-1146 (hereinafter Kabat) combined with the sequences of the variable regions of the antibody to be humanized to form one or more consensus sequences. There are several steps in this process:

[0068] (1) Human Engineer™ (HE™) the ATN-658 Light and Heavy chains using the XOMA Corp. (Emeryville, Calif.) proprietary HE™ method to generate the low risk and low plus moderate risk HE™ variants;

[0069] (2) HE™ Variable (V) region sequences codon optimization, energy minimization and gene synthesis;

[0070] (3) Clone the 4 HE™ V regions into XOMA's proprietary transient expression vectors which contain human gamma-1 and kappa constant region modules;

[0071] (4) Transiently express the HE™ variants;

[0072] (5) Purify the humanized antibodies and characterize them for purity and endotoxin; and

[0073] (6) Verify the affinity of the 4 HE™ variants.

[0074] The phrase “low risk” discussed above and hereinafter relates to whether a mouse-to-human amino acid residue change results in a major reduction in therapeutic immunogenicity with little chance of affecting binding affinity. The second phrase “high risk” relates to modifying positions at which a mouse-to-human amino acid residue change results in a degradation or abolition of binding activity with little or no actual reduction in therapeutic immunogenicity.

[0075] Humanization of ATN-658 to create mAb MNPR-101 using the Xoma HE™ platform was performed pursuant to the “low risk”, “moderate risk” and “high risk” substitutions suggested in the following publications, patents and application: 1) WO 93/11794 “Methods and materials for preparation of modified antibody variable domains and therapeutic uses thereof”; 2) U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,886 “Modified antibody variable domains”; 3) U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,196 “Modified antibody variable domains and therapeutic uses thereof”; 4) U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,123 “Modified antibody variable domains”; 5) U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,619 Modified antibody variable domains, and 6) Studnicka et al. 1994 Protein Eng 7:805-814, all of whose disclosures are incorporated by reference.

[0076] Further details related to the preparation of mAb MNPR-101 are discussed in the Examples hereinafter.

[0077] The term “antibody” is meant to include both intact immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules as well as fragments and derivative thereof, that can be produced by proteolytic cleavage of Ig molecules or engineered genetically or chemically. Paratope-containing portions or fragments include, for example, Fab, Fab′, F(ab′).sub.2 and Fv, each of which is capable of binding antigen. These fragments lack the Fc fragment of intact antibody (Ab) and have an additional advantage, if used therapeutically, of clearing more rapidly from the circulation and undergoing less non-specific tissue binding than intact antibodies. Papain treatment of Ig's produces Fab fragments; pepsin treatment produces F(ab′).sub.2 fragments. These fragments can also be produced by genetic or protein engineering using methods well known in the art.

[0078] A Fab fragment or portion is a multimeric protein consisting of the portion of an Ig molecule containing the immunologically active portions of an Ig heavy (H) chain and an Ig light (L) chain covalently coupled together and capable of specifically combining with antigen. Fab fragments are typically prepared by proteolytic digestion of substantially intact Ig molecules with papain using methods that are well known in the art. However, a Fab fragment can also be prepared by expressing in a suitable host cell the desired portions of Ig H chain and L chain using methods well known in the art. A F(ab′).sub.2 fragment is a tetramer that includes a fragment of two H and two L chains.

[0079] The Fv fragment is a multimeric protein consisting of the immunologically active portions of an Ig H chain variable (V) region (V.sub.H) and an Ig L chain V region (V.sub.L) covalently coupled together and capable of specifically combining with antigen. Fv fragments are typically prepared by expressing in suitable host cell the desired portions of Ig V.sub.H region and V.sub.L region using methods well known in the art.

[0080] Single-chain antigen-binding protein or single chain Ab, also referred to as “scFv,” is a polypeptide composed of an Ig V.sub.L amino acid residue sequence tethered to an Ig V.sub.H amino acid residue sequence by a peptide that links the C-terminus of the V.sub.L sequence to the N-terminus of the V.sub.H sequence. In a preferred embodiment, the Ab is a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) designated ATN-615 (Creative Biolabs, Inc., Shirley, N.Y.) or ATN-658 (hybridoma B cell:ATCC PTA-8191; Manassas, Va.), both of which are IgG1 antibodies.

[0081] An Ab of the present invention can be produced as a single chain Ab or scFv instead of the normal multimeric structure. Single chain Abs include the hypervariable regions from an Ig of interest and recreate the antigen binding site of the native Ig while being a fraction of the size of the intact Ig (Skerra et al., Science, 1988 240:1038-1041; Pluckthun et al. Methods Enzymol 1989 178:497-515; Winter et al., Nature 1989 349:293-299); Bird et al., Science 1988 242:423-426; Huston et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1988 85:5879-5883; Jost et al., J Biol Chem. 1994 269:26267-26273; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,704,692, 4,853,871, 4,946,778, 5,260,203, and 5,455,030).

[0082] DNA sequences encoding the V regions of the H chain and the L chain are ligated to a linker that encodes a sequence of at least about 4 amino acid residues (typically small neutral amino acids). The protein encoded by this fusion permits assembly of a functional variable region that retains the specificity and affinity of the original Ab.

[0083] A different type of single chain Ab is an antibody induced in a camelid such as a dromedary, llama, alpaca, of vicuna. These animals produce single heavy-chain-only antibodies (HcAbs) that have a variable region and a constant region, with many unique properties such as small size, excellent solubility, superior stability, quick clearance from blood, and deep tissue penetration. The nomenclature of “nanobody” originally adopted by the Belgian company Ablynx® due to its nanometric size and molecular weight of less than about 15 kDa. Sanofi's affiliate Ablynx N.V. is the holder worldwide of the NANOBODY® trademark.

[0084] The antigen-binding capacity of nanobodies, however, remains similar to that of conventional antibodies for the following reasons. First, the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of nanobodies is similar or even longer than that of human VH domain (variable domain of heavy immunoglobulin chain). The former consists of 3 to 28 amino acids (AAs), whereas the latter only 8 to 15 AAs. As therapeutic agents, nanobodies enable a targeted therapy by lesion-specific delivery of drugs and effector domains, thereby improving the specificity and efficacy of the therapy. [Bao et al., EJNMMI Res (2021) 11:6.] Humanized versions of monoclonal nanobodies are typically prepared in a manner similar to that used for the preparation of double-chained mAbs, except that they typically require fewer steps.

[0085] Human genes that encode the constant (C) regions of the chimeric antibodies of the present invention can be derived from a human fetal liver library or from any human cell including those which express and produce human Igs. The human C.sub.H region can be derived from any of the known classes or isotypes of human H chains, including g, m, a, d or e, and subtypes thereof, such as G1, G2, G3 and G4.

[0086] Because the H chain isotype is responsible for the various effector functions of an Ab, the choice of C.sub.H region will be guided by the desired effector functions, such as complement fixation, or activity in Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Preferably, the C.sub.H region is derived from g1 (IgG1), g3 (IgG3), g4 (IgG4), or m (IgM).

[0087] The human C.sub.L region can be derived from either human L chain isotype, k or 1.

[0088] Genes encoding human Ig C regions are obtained from human cells by standard cloning techniques [Sambrook, J. et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989)]. Human C region genes are readily available from known clones containing genes representing the two classes of L chains, the five classes of H chains and subclasses thereof.

[0089] Generally, the chimeric antibodies of the present invention are produced by cloning DNA segments encoding the H and L chain antigen-binding regions of a specific Ab of the invention, preferably non-human, and joining these DNA segments to DNA segments encoding human C.sub.H and C.sub.L regions, respectively, to produce chimeric Ig-encoding genes.

[0090] Thus, in a preferred embodiment, a fused gene is created that comprises a first DNA segment that encodes at least the antigen-binding region of non-human origin, such as CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of the V region with joining (J) segment, linked to a second DNA segment encoding at least a part of a human C region.

[0091] Chimeric Ab fragments, such as F(ab′).sub.2 and Fab, can be prepared by designing a chimeric H chain gene that is appropriately truncated. For example, a chimeric gene encoding an H chain portion of an F(ab′).sub.2 fragment would include DNA sequences encoding the CH.sub.1 domain and hinge region of the H chain, followed by a translational stop codon to yield the truncated molecule.

[0092] One common feature of all Ig H and L chain genes and their encoded mRNAs is the J region. H and L chain J regions have different sequences, but a high degree of sequence homology exists (greater than 80%) among each group, especially near the C region. This homology is exploited in this method and consensus sequences of H and L chain J regions can be used to design oligonucleotides for use as primers for introducing useful restriction sites into the J region for subsequent linkage of V region segments to human C region segments.

[0093] C region cDNA vectors prepared from human cells can be modified by site-directed mutagenesis to place a restriction site at the analogous position in the human sequence. For example, one can clone the complete human k chain C (C.sub.k) region and the complete human g-1 C region (C.sub.g-1). In this case, the alternative method based upon genomic C region clones as the source for C region vectors would not permit these genes to be expressed in bacterial systems where enzymes needed to remove intervening sequences are absent. Cloned V region segments are excised and ligated to L or H chain C region vectors. Alternatively, the human C.sub.g-1 region can be modified by introducing a termination codon thereby generating a gene sequence that encodes the H chain portion of an Fab molecule. The coding sequences with linked V and C regions are then transferred into appropriate expression vehicles for expression in appropriate hosts, prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

[0094] In another aspect of the invention, the targeting molecule is a relatively small molecule such as a straight chain or cyclic oligopeptide or peptidomimetic having a molecular weight of about 400 to about 1000 amu. One illustrative cyclic oligopeptide is the cyclic tetrapeptide referred to as cyclic-(RGDyK) that binds to the a.sub.vb.sub.3 receptor expressed on some tumors and on the endothelial cells of tumor neovasculature [Yapp et al., Mol Imaging June 2013 12(4):263-272].

[0095] A peptidomimetic is a compound whose essential elements (pharmacophore) mimic a natural peptide or protein in 3D space and retain the ability to interact with the biological target and produce the same biological effect as the natural peptide or protein [Vagner et al., Curr Opin Chem Biol June 2008 12(3):292-296]. An illustrative peptidomimetic of interest here is an inhibitor of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA).

[0096] PSMA is a surface type 2 integral membrane glycoprotein with folate hydrolase and carboxypeptidase, and internalization activities [Cimadamore et al., Front Oncol Dec. 21, 2018 8:article 653]. PSMA is highly expressed in prostate cancer tumor cells as well as vessels of various non-prostatic solid tumors.

[0097] Monoclonal antibody J591 and the three other anti-PSMA monoclonals are each mouse monoclonals. One or more of those mAbs is the subject disclosed and/or claimed in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,107,090; 6,136,311; 6,649,163; 6,770,450; 7,045,605; 7,112,412; 7,163,680; 7,192,586; 7,514,078; 7,666,414; 7,666,425; and 8,951,737.

[0098] Structural and functional homology between N-acetylaspartylglutamate peptidase (N-acetylated-alpha-linked acid dipeptidase;NAAALDASE) has been identified as have several inhibitors for NAAALDASE. One of the most advanced peptidomimetic inhibitors are urea-based PSMA ligands, which usually consist of 3 components: a binding motif (glutamate-urea-lysine [Glu-urea-Lys]), a linker and a radiolabel-bearing moiety (chelator molecule for radiolabeling). A particularly useful such molecule is illustrated below without the chelator.

##STR00006##

[0099] Illustrative of branched oligosaccharide targeting species are the sialyl-Lewis a (sLe.sup.a) sialyl-Lewis x (sLe.sup.x) antigens that bind to selectin receptors on endothelial cells and others that can lead to metastisis. The anti-CD33 mAb, lintuzumab, binds to the sialoadhesin receptor CD33.

[0100] Folic acid and derivatives can be used as a targeting species for cancerous kidney cells that overexpress the folic acid receptor. The folate receptor is also overexpressed in cancers of the brain, kidney, lung, ovary, and breast relative to lower levels in normal cells (see, e.g., Sudimack et al., Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2000 41:147-162). Figliola et al., RSC Adv 2019 9:14078-14092, provides a synthetic route for preparation of folate targeting species with the drug prodigiosene using several α,ω-amino linking groups such as ethylene diamine, an ethylene oxide, cystamine, and a diamino oligo oxytheylene.

[0101] Immune cells have an affinity for mannose, and several RGD-containing targeting peptides that contain 4 to 30 amino acid residues are known and many are described by Beer et al., Methods Mol. Biol. 2011 680:183-200; Beer et al., Theranostics 2011 1:48-57; Morrison et al., Theranostics 2011 1:149-153; Zhou et al., Theranostics 2011 1:58-82; and by Auzzas et al., Curr. Med. Chem. 2010 17:1255-1299, and Goonewardena et al., U.S. Pat. No. 9,931,412.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

[0102] A pharmaceutical composition containing a theranostic effective amount of a contemplated targeted radiopharmaceutical dissolved or dispersed in a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent is utilized in a contemplated method. In one embodiment, a theranostic effective amount is a targeted cell-killing effective amount as the treatment is therapeutic. Such a composition is administered in vivo into in a mammalian host animal to bind to and kill unwanted targeted cells such as cancer cells and aberrant immune cells.

[0103] Illustrative unwanted targeted cells include cells associated with undesired cell migration, invasion, proliferation, immune response or angiogenesis. Illustrative of such cells are aberrant immune cells and, cancer cells such as those of lung cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, brain cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer and colon cancer. Treatment of blood cancers such as acute myeloid leukemia that express the CD33 marker, and breast cancers that express the HER2 marker is also contemplated.

[0104] A theranostic amount of targeted radiopharmaceutical Q.sup.+3 ion administered therapeutically to provide a targeted cell-killing effective amount usually varies with the patient and the severity of the disease such a tumor load in cancer situations that the patient has. However, two to about four cycles of about 80 to about 120 kBq/kg body weight every other month (bimonthly; at about 60-day intervals) typically shows positive results. The use of three cycles of about 100 kBq/kg body weight with the same administration regimen was reported to provide positive results using .sup.225AC-PSMA-617 that utilizes a DOTA-based chelating agent in prostate cancer patients leading to complete remissions in some patients. See, Kratochwil et al., J Nucl Med 2016 57(12):1941-1944; Langbein et al., J Nucl Med 2019 60:13S-19S; and Eder et al., Pharmaceuticals 2022 15:267. Such dosages can be used to provide a basis for dosages for therapeutic treating of other conditions.

[0105] For diagnostic purposes, the host is administered a theranostic amount that is a target cell-binding (diagnostic) effective amount of the targeted radiopharmaceutical. The host is thereafter maintained for a time period of about 1 hour to several days, more usually about 1 to about 4 hours, for the radiopharmaceutical to bind to the targeted cells. The maintenance times can depend on several factors such as the decay rate of the trivalent isotope used and the clearance rate of the targeted radiopharmaceutical. The maintained host mammal is thereafter scanned as by a PET scan for positron emissions (PET scan) or by a gamma ray detector (e.g., SPECT scan) to detect and locate the radiation emitted by the target cell-bound targeted radiopharmaceutical, and thereby identify one or more of the following 1) that targeted cells were present in the host, 2) the location in the host body of the targeted cells, 3) the size and possibly 4) the shape of the mass of cells bound by the targeting species.

[0106] The diagnostically-effective amount of targeted radiopharmaceutical administered is typically enough radioisotope to provide about 0.5 to about 6 mCi for an adult, and appropriately less for a child. In-111 is typically used at about 111 MBq (3 mCi) to about 222 MBq (6 mCi) for intravenous administration to an average adult (70 kg). Patients can receive Zr-89 at about 0.5 to about 2 mCi by intravenous administration for a whole-body PET scan.

[0107] Because a contemplated targeted radiopharmaceutical pharmaceutical composition is intended for parenteral administration as by injection, such a composition should contain an electrolyte, and preferably have approximately physiological osmolality and pH value of the mammalian species intended as the recipient. A preferred concentration of singly charged electrolyte ions in a targeted radiopharmaceutical pharmaceutical composition is about 0.5 to about 1.5% (w/v), more preferably at about 0.8 to about 1.2% (w/v), and most preferably at a concentration of about 0.9% (w/v). The about 0.9% (w/v) concentration is particularly preferred because it corresponds to an approximately isotonic solution for a human. In a further preferred embodiment, the electrolyte in a chemoablative pharmaceutical composition is sodium chloride.

[0108] Electrolytes at such levels increase the osmolality of the targeted radiopharmaceutical pharmaceutical composition. Thus, as an alternative to specifying a range of electrolyte concentrations, osmolality can be used to characterize, in part, the electrolyte level of the composition. It is preferred that the osmolality of a composition be greater than about 100 mOsm/kg and less that about 520 mOsm/kg, more preferably that the osmolality of the composition be greater than about 250 mOsm/kg, and most preferably that it be about 300 to about 500 mOsm/kg.

[0109] It is preferred that the pH value of the targeted radiopharmaceutical composition be about 4 to about 9, to yield maximum solubility of the targeted radiopharmaceutical in an aqueous vehicle and assure compatibility with biological tissue. A particularly preferred pH value is about 5 to about 8, and more preferably between about 6 to about 7.5.

[0110] The pH value of the targeted radiopharmaceutical pharmaceutical composition can be regulated or adjusted by any suitable means known to those of skill in the art. The composition can be buffered or the pH value adjusted by addition of acid or base or the like.

[0111] Because a contemplated targeted radiopharmaceutical pharmaceutical composition is intended for parenteral administration route, it is further preferred that it be sterile, such as required for conformance to U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) <71>, and further that it contains negligible levels of pyrogenic material, such that it conforms to USP <85> (limulus amebocyte lysate assay) or to USP <151> (rabbit pyrogen test), or to substantially equivalent requirements, at a pyrogen or endotoxin level equivalent to not more than (NMT) 10 endotoxin units (EU) per mL. Moreover, the pharmaceutical composition should conform to requirements limiting content of particulate matter as defined in USP <788> (i.e., NMT 3000 particulates greater than 10 microns in size, and NMT 300 particulates greater than 25 microns in size, per container) or substantially equivalent requirements. Each of these references from the USP is incorporated herein by reference.

[0112] Illustrative mammalian animal hosts to which a contemplated targeted radiopharmaceutical composition can be administered include a primate such as a human, an ape such as a chimpanzee or gorilla, a monkey such as a cynomolgus monkey or a macaque, a laboratory animal such as a rat, mouse or rabbit, a companion animal such as a dog, cat, horse, or a food animal such as a cow or steer, sheep, lamb, pig, goat, llama or the like.

[0113] A contemplated pharmaceutical composition is usually administered a plurality of times to a mammalian host over a period of weeks, or months. As noted, a usual administration regimen is carried out every other month. Screenings of the host between administrations provides updates from which an attending physician can make determinations concerning further treatments. As noted before, a series of three bimonthly (about 60-days apart) administrations of a composition of a different Ac-225-containing targeted radiopharmaceutical pharmaceutical at 100 kBq/kg each produced complete remissions in some prostate cancer patients.

[0114] Formulation of parenteral compositions is discussed in, for example, Hoover, John E., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.; 1975 and Liberman, H. A. and Lachman, L., Eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y., 1980.

[0115] For injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous suspensions can be formulated according to the known art using a suitable dispersing or wetting compound and suspending materials. The sterile injectable preparation can also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are aqueous liquids at ambient temperature such as water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution, phosphate-buffered saline. Liquid pharmaceutical compositions include, for example, solutions suitable for parenteral administration. Sterile water solutions of targeted radiopharmaceutical or sterile solution of the targeted radiopharmaceutical in solvents comprising water, ethanol, DMSO or propylene glycol are examples of liquid compositions suitable for parenteral administration.

[0116] Sterile solutions can be prepared by dissolving the targeted radiopharmaceutical component in the desired solvent system, and then passing the resulting solution through a membrane filter to sterilize it or, alternatively, by dissolving the sterile compound in a previously sterilized solvent under sterile conditions.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

[0117] Two bifunctional chelators were purchased from Macrocyclics, Dallas, Tex. The structure of the two are shown below. The Macrocyclics catalog names them as: S-2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid and 3,6,9,15-tetraazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene-4-S-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-3,6,9-triacetic acid. They are also named p-SCN-Bn-DOTA and p-SCN-Bn-PCTA, respectively, as unreacted precursors. Once reacted as with a targeting species, they are more simply referred to as DOTA and PCTA, and are so named herein.

##STR00007##

[0118] Conjugation reactions with a monoclonal antibody (MNPR-101) were performed in metal-free vials and glassware was acid washed to remove potential metal contamination. Reactions were performed with 2 mg of antibody and increasing molar reactant ratios of bifunctional chelating agents.

[0119] Monoclonal antibody (mAb) MNPR-101 is a humanized version of mouse IgG1, k, mAb ATN-658 having ATCC Accession Number PTA-8191 that is disclosed and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,101,726. The mAb MNPR-101 paratope amino acid residue sequence (CDR; complementarity determining region) is the same as that of ATN-658, whereas the framework portions of the variable region are humanized and the Fc portion is that of a human IgG1 antibody.

[0120] For PCTA chelators, the molar reaction ratios were 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20. For the DOTA chelators the molar reaction ratios were 3, 10, 25, 50 and 100. The pH of the solutions was adjusted to 9.2 with 1 M Na.sub.2CO.sub.3. Reactions were run at 37° C. for 1.5 hours.

[0121] Bio-Rad 10DG gravity-fed columns with a 6,000 Dalton molecular weight cut-off were used purify the conjugates. The columns were rinsed with 15 mL of 0.1 M HEPES buffer in 0.1M NaCl. The pH of the buffer was 7.3. The total contents of the reaction vials were introduced to the top of the column and collected in 2 mL tubes. Multiple 0.5 mL elutions with the same buffer were also captured in separate tubes. The UV absorbance at 280 nm of each fraction was measured to determine the fractions containing protein. Typically, protein eluted in 4 fractions that were combined. The protein content of the combined fractions was measured using a Pierce BCA assay kit. The concentrations of the protein conjugates produced was about 1 mg/mL.

[0122] Analysis of each conjugate was performed with size exclusion HPLC. The column was from IGM Tosoh (TSKgelG3000SWx1; Tosoh Bioscience LLC, King of Prussia, Pa.). The mobile phase was phosphate-buffered saline and the flow rate was 1 mL/minute. A UV detector at 280 nm was used. HPLC results showed an early-eluting peak with about an 8-minute retention time consistent with high purity conjugates. The retention time of the conjugates decreased slightly with higher ratios of bifunctional chelators consistent with the addition of chelants to the antibody.

Example 2

[0123] Conjugates were prepared by the method of Example 1 but with a chelant to protein molar reaction ratios of 12 and 25. Typical reaction yields are about 30%. Thus, average CAR numbers of about 4 and 8 are expected for the reactions.

[0124] Ac-225 was obtained from ORNL. The reaction vial contained solid Ac-225 which was dissolved using 0.2 M HCl. The same 4 conjugates as described in the previous section were used to prepare Ac-225 chelates. A ratio of 50 μCi of Ac-225 to 50 μg MNPR-101-PCTA chelant conjugate was used such that if there were a 100% yield, the specific activity would be 1 mCi/mg. Reactions were run in 100 μL volumes. That volume included about 4 μL Ac-225 in 0.2M HCl, 60 μL 0.1 M ammonium acetate buffer, and 36 μL MNPR-101-PCTA or -DOTA conjugate. Reactions were incubated at pH 5.8 and 37° C. for 60 minutes.

[0125] The radiochemical yield of the reactions was determined by diluting a 50 μL aliquot of reaction to 3 mL in buffer and passing through a 30 kDa Amicon® filter. Small, non-chelated Ac-225 ions pass through the filter, whereas the conjugate is retained by the filter. Samples were counted on a Ge detector after 45 minutes using the first daughter of Ac-225 (Fr-221). In addition, samples were counted using a dose calibrator after overnight (about 18 hours) equilibration of Ac with its daughters. The results of the chelation are shown below.

TABLE-US-00002 GE Detector (Counts) Dose Calibrator (μCi) Yield Yield Conjugate Product Filtrate (%) Product Filtrate (%) PCTA 12:1 14572  153 99.0 12.17 0.15 98.8% PCTA 25:1 12434   37 99.7% 11.95 0.03 99.7% DOTA 12:1  2985 10758 21.7  2.72 9.88 21.6% DOTA 25:1  4141 9965 29.4  3.51 9.02 28.0%

[0126] The table above shows quantitative yields for both the PCTA conjugates whereas the DOTA conjugates have much lower yields and there is a significant difference between the 12:1 and 25:1 conjugates. Surprisingly, even at low CAR numbers, the PCTA conjugates exhibit high yields.

[0127] The specific activity of the chelates formed from PCTA was 1,000 μCi/g, whereas the specific activity for the chelates from conjugates prepared from DOTA ranged from about 216 to 284 mCi/g. This head-to-head comparison between DOTA and PCTA shows the superiority of the PCTA chelators compared to DOTA chelators for chelating Ac.

[0128] High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using a size exclusion column with phosphate-buffered saline as a mobile phase was used to determine the purity of the above samples. The HPLC data gave practically the same results as the filtration method.

Example 3

[0129] The MNPR-PCTA conjugate of Example 2 with a chelant to antibody starting reaction ratio of 12:1 was chelated with Ac-225. This would produce specific activity of 1 mCi/mg if the reaction were quantitative. The same chelation reaction was performed with the DOTA conjugate of MNPR-101 using a 25:1 chelant to antibody molar reaction ratio. In addition, bovine serum albumin with no chelants added was used as a negative control.

[0130] The total volume of each of the reactions was 150 μL. Each of the reactions was measured for yield using the filtration method of Example 2. The percent of the activity in the retentate was used as the yield of the reaction.

[0131] In parallel studies, the above reactions were carried out further containing 35 μL of 0.1M diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA) and the reactions stood at room temperature for one hour. At this time, the filtration method using counts as above was again used to determine the yield or purity. The results of both studies are shown in the Table below.

TABLE-US-00003 Reaction Yield After DTPA Challenge Test Material Yield Yield (CAR) Product Filtrate (%) Product Filtrate (%) MNPR-PCTA(12) 8013 72 99.1 6746 131 98.1 BSA 462 12938 3.4 142 10999 13 MNPR-DOTA(25) 1150 11730 8.9 706 11945 5.6

[0132] MNPR-PCTA(12) had an initial yield of 99.1%. After DTPA challenge, the chelate lost only about 1% of the activity. In contrast, the MNPR-DOTA (25) only had an initial yield of 8.9% and that decreased to 5.6% after the DTPA challenge. In addition, the control BSA only showed 3.4% of the activity associated with the protein (non-specific binding) decreasing to 1.3% after DTPA wash. The data are consistent with PCTA outperforming DOTA in the ability to chelate Ac-225 even at a lower CAR ration. In addition, the lack of binding with naked BSA shows that non-specific binding is not an issue.

Example 4

[0133] The conjugate between MNPR-101 (MNPR) and PCTA has been shown to efficiently chelate Ac-225. In a head-to-head comparison, Ac-225 chelated much more efficiently to the PCTA conjugate than with the DOTA conjugate.

[0134] Ac-225 was obtained from ORNL. The conjugates used for these reactions were previously prepared and described in Examples 2 and 3, above. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a negative control protein without any chelators attached to it. MNPR-PCTA(12) refers to the MNPR-101 conjugate made with PCTA with a starting molar reaction ratio of 12:1 p-SCN-Bn-PCTA (PCTA) to antibody. MNPR-DOTA(25) refers to the conjugate of MNPR-101 with a starting molar reaction ratio of 25 p-SCN-Bn-DOTA (DOTA) chelators to antibody.

[0135] Reactions were targeted to produce 1 mCi/mg assuming 100% incorporation of the Ac into the antibody. The reactions were run in 150 μL volumes and incubated at pH 5.8 and 37° C. for 60 minutes. Following the reaction, 35 μL aliquots of each reaction were mixed with 35 μL of 1M diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA) and allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 hour.

[0136] The solutions were tested for the percent Ac-225 associated with the protein by filtration (counts) as described above as a function of time (1, 24 and 72 hours). The results of the initial study are shown in the table below as the percent Ac-225 associated with the protein as a function of time.

TABLE-US-00004 1 hour 24 hours 72 hours Test Material in DTPA in DTPA in DTPA MNPR-PCTA(12)  99%  98%  73% BSA 3.4% 1.3% 3.2% MNPR-DOTA(25) 8.9% 5.6% 6.6%

[0137] The percentage designates the relative amount of activity in the filter compared to the total (filter+filtrate). MNPR-PCTA(12) gave the best results with 99% and 98% attached to the antibody (on the filter) after 1 and 24 hour incubation with DTPA. The purity dropped to 73% after 72 hours. Note that there is no radioprotectant added and Ac-225 gives a high radiation dose to the solution. The fact that the isotope remained associated with the protein shows a high degree of stability, and that there was little loss of the bismuth decay product to the solution during that time periods examined.

[0138] Both the control (BSA) and MNPR-DOTA(25) have significantly lower percentages of the activity associated with the protein. High resolution gamma spectroscopy analysis of the solutions was consistent with the filtration results in Table 1.

[0139] The antibody MNPR-101 conjugated with PCTA with a starting chelator to antibody molar reaction ratio of 12:1 was shown to reproducibly chelate Ac-225 in high yield and high specific activity (1,000 μCi/mg). Incubation of the material in excess DTPA showed a high degree of stability even when the formulation did not contain any radioprotectant. A head-to-head comparison with the same antibody conjugated with DOTA with a starting ratio of 25:1 ligand to protein molar ratio gave much lower yields showing the advantage of PCTA over DOTA for chelating Ac-225. Naked BSA was used as a control showing low amounts of non-specific binding.

Example 5

[0140] A targeted radiopharmaceutical containing Ac-225 chelated by PCTA bonded to mAb MNPR-101 as illustrated by Formula I, where Q.sup.+3, is .sup.125Ac.sup.+3, was prepared as described earlier. The starting molar ratio of chelator to antibody was 12 to 1. Fifty μCi of Ac-225 was combined with 50 μg of the MNPR-PCTA conjugate and the pH value adjusted to 5.8 with ammonium acetate for 60 minutes at 37 C. The total volume of the reaction was 100 μL.

[0141] A volume of 25 μL of the reaction mixture was analyzed on high performance liquid chromatography using a size exclusion column. The mobile phase was 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH=7.4 and the flow rate was 1 mL/minute. Detection was by UV absorption at 280 nm and also by radiometric detector.

[0142] Evaluation of the UV and radiometric detector showed the radioactivity co-eluting with the protein. A size exclusion column separates chemicals based on size. Because most of the radioactivity from a solution of Ac-225 comes from its radioactive daughters, we would expect radioactive metals that are not attached to the protein to elute at a later time. There was no radioactive signal with retention times consistent with small molecules.

[0143] This result is consistent with the MNPR-101-PCTA conjugate chelating radioactive Ac-225 daughters such as Bi-213. Not to be bound by theory but the excellent binding properties of the PCTA conjugate are believed to be a result of the chelator binding not only Ac-225 but daughters such as Bi-213 being trivalent and/or not radioactive.

[0144] Bismuth ions can form very insoluble compounds that could precipitate carrying both bismuth and actinium ions. Prevention of bismuth compounds precipitation by the mAb-linked-PCTA chelating functionality provides another benefit of this invention.

[0145] Similar size exclusion column studies using DOTA as the chelating agent linked to mAb MNPR-101 show different results. Thus, when DOTA is used, the on-line radiation detector shows very little signal associated with the protein and most of the activity in later-eluting peaks that are indicative of radioactive metals that are not attached to the protein.

Example 6

[0146] PCTA conjugates were prepared with humanized mAb MNPR-101 in parallel with two other illustrative mouse monoclonal antibodies: mAb ATN-616 and mAb ATN-292. The chelator to protein molar ratios of 12 and 75 were used to optimize subsequent chelation of Ac-225.

[0147] MNPR-101 and ATN-616 were conjugated with PCTA at the molar reaction ratio of 12:1, whereas ATN-292 was conjugated at a 75:1 excess. The pH values of the solutions were adjusted to 9.2 with 1 M NaH.sub.2CO.sub.3 and 0.2 M HCl. Reactions were run at 37° C. for 1.5 hours.

[0148] The conjugates so formed were purified using Bio-Rad 10DG gravity-fed columns (6,000 Dalton (Da) molecular weight cut-off) in which each conjugate was eluted with 0.1 M ammonium acetate buffer, pH 5.77. Eluted fractions (0.5 mL) were collected in 1.5 mL metal-free tubes and were measured at UV absorbance 280 nm. 3 or 4 fractions were combined, depending on concentration of protein in the eluant, and re-concentrated using Amicon® concentrators (30 kDa). Combined fractions were analyzed using a Pierce™ BCA Assay Kit (Thermofisher; Final protein concentrations were about 2-3 mg/mL).

[0149] Size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography was utilized to analyze conjugate purity, as previously described, with phosphate-buffered saline solvent and flow rate of 1 mL/minute. HPLC results revealed the expected about 8-minute peaks observed from the naked antibodies and decreased retention time (Rt) of the conjugates consistent with addition of the bifunctional chelator PCTA.

[0150] Results suggest that the increase in retention time (ΔRt) observed between the conjugates and respective naked mAb(s) is related to the conjugates' subsequent ability to chelate Ac-225, in that a greater ΔRt correlates to a higher number of chelating agents bonded to the antibody. Differences in retention times from the three conjugates and naked antibodies are shown below.

TABLE-US-00005 Retention Naked Ab Time (Rt) Ab Conjugate Protein Rt ΔRt MNPR-101 7.981 MNPR-101- 7.685 0.296 PCTA (12:1) ATN-616 7.551 ATN-616- 7.472 0.079 PCTA (12:1) ATN-292 8.218 ATN-292- 7.689 0.529 PCTA (75:1)

Example 7

[0151] A reaction vial containing solid Ac-225 was obtained from ORNL and was dissolved using 0.2 M HCl. The three conjugates from Example 6 were used to prepare Ac-225 chelates. A ratio of 100 μCi of Ac-225 to 100 μg mAb-PCTA chelant conjugate for all reactions was used such that if there were a 100% yield, the specific activity would be 1 mCi/mg. Reactions were run in about 110 μL volumes including approximately 10 μL Ac-225 in 0.2 M HCl, 60 μL 0.1 M ammonium acetate buffer, and 40 μL mAb-PCTA conjugate, dependent upon and normalized against each protein concentration. Reactions were incubated at pH 5.7 and 37° C. for 60 minutes.

[0152] 25 μL aliquots of each chelation reaction were purified by eluting 0.5 mL fractions on Bio-Rad 10DG gravity-fed columns with 0.1 M ammonium acetate buffer. The Ac-labeled conjugate is expected to elute in 3-4 “peak fractions”, which are summed against the activity remaining on the column to determine radiochemical yield. After a minimum of 5 hours (to permit Ac equilibration with its daughters), the fractions and respective columns were measured on the dose calibrator (Capintec, setting #086). Results from each chelations' gravity-fed fractions measured on the dose calibrator are shown in the following tables.

TABLE-US-00006 MNPR-101-PCTA- ATN-616-PCTA- ATN-292-PCTA- Ac-225 (12:1) Ac-225 (12:1) Ac-225 (75:1) Yield Yield Yield Fraction μCi (%) Fraction μCi (%) Fraction μCi (%) 1 0.02 0.1 1 0.03 0.2 1 0.09 0.4 2 0.05 0.2 2 0 0.0 2 0.11 0.5 3 0.07 0.3 3 0.01 0.1 3 0.09 0.4 4 2.3 11.1 4 0.76 3.9 4 1.66 1.7 5 7.4 35.7 5 6.59 34.1 5 7.59 37.1 6 5.08 24.5 6 5.05 26.1 6 5.4 26.4 7 1.92 9.3 7 2.5 12.9 7 1.97 9.6 8 0.45 2.2 8 0.43 2.2 8 0.48 2.3 9 0.18 0.9 9 0.13 0.7 9 0.2 1.0 10 0.23 1.1 10 0.12 0.6 10 0.1 0.5 11 0.07 0.3 11 0.03 0.2 11 0.08 0.4 12 0.13 0.6 12 0.06 0.3 12 0.05 0.2 13 0.14 0.7 13 0.05 0.3 13 0.08 0.4 14 0.09 0.4 14 0.05 0.3 14 0.1 0.5 15 0.05 0.2 15 0 0.0 15 0.11 0.5 Column 2.55 12.3 Column 4 18.3 Column 2 11.5 Total 21 Total 19 Total 20 Peak Yield: 80.6% Peak Yield: 77.0% Peak Yield: 75.5%

[0153] Peak fractions from each reaction were measured at time points 24 hours and 48 hours post-purification to determine the chelants' ability to retain Ac-225 daughter isotopes. Peak activity increasing as a function of time provides evidence that the chelants did not effectively control the daughter isotopes. However, if activity decreased at a rate consistent with Ac-225 degradation, evidence suggests that the chelants were able to retain Ac-225 and its daughters.

[0154] Results observed in the tables below provide evidence of the three chelating systems effectively controlling Ac-225 daughters, as each peak activity does not exhibit a radioactivity increase as a function of time.

TABLE-US-00007 ATN 616-PCTA-Ac-225 (12:1) Fraction μCi 24 hr (μCi) 48 hr (μCi) 5 8.59 NT* 6.25 6 5.05 NP 5.02 7 2.5 NT* 2.43 *NT = Not Tested

TABLE-US-00008 ATN-292-PCTA-Ac-225 (75:1)1 Fraction μCi 24 hr (μCi) 48 hr (μCi) 5 7.59 7.49 7.1 6 5.4 5 25 4.97 7 1.97 1.87 1.79

TABLE-US-00009 MNPR-101-PCTA-Ac-225 (12:1) Fraction μCi 24 hr (μCi) 48 hr (μCi) 5 7.4 7.4 6.93 s 5.03 5.05 4.79 7 1.92 1.78 1.78

Example 8

[0155] 20 μL samples of each chelation reaction were analyzed via HPLC using an isocratic method (1×PBS solvent, pH 7.4) with detection method via UV absorption at 280 nm and radiometric detector. 1 mL fractions were collected per minute and permitted to equilibrate (>5 hours) then were measured on a NaI detector with a wide window.

[0156] As observed in Example 5, HPLC results showed the radioactivity co-eluting with the proteins from the three reactions. There was no radioactive signal with a retention time consistent with a small molecule, further supporting the inference that the PCTA chelator binds Ac-225 and its daughters. The results of each reaction yield are shown in the table below:

TABLE-US-00010 Nal Detector, Counts Per Minute Test Article Reaction Yield (%) MNPR 101-PCTA-Ac-225 96.2% ATN-616-PCTA-Ac-225 92.7% ATN-292-PCTA-Ac-225 97.8%

[0157] Although the Peak Yields of the three reactions when analyzed by the dose calibrator show 80.6%, 77.0%, and 75.5%, respectively, as described in Example 7, these same reactions show Reaction Yields of 96.2%, 92.7%, and 97.8%, respectively, when analyzed using HPLC purification and NaI detection. This variance is understood to stem from a lack of the ability to measure activity remaining on the size-exclusion column, thus observing the more conservative yields from the Bio-Rad gravity-fed columns and dose calibrator values.

[0158] The methods and results described suggest the bifunctional chelator in question, PCTA, shows remarkable ability to bind Ac-225 not only with humanized mAb MNPR-101, but also when linked to other antibodies as well, such as the two mouse monoclonal antibodies mAb ATN-616 and mAb ATN-292.

Example 9

[0159] Humanization of Variable (V) Region Amino Acid Residue Sequence of Mouse mAb ATN-658 The consensus amino acid sequence (single-letter code) of the light chain variable region (V.sub.L) and heavy chain variable region (V.sub.H) polypeptides of mAb ATN-658 are set out in U.S. Pat. No. 8,191,726 to Parry and Mazar, will not be repeated here and are incorporated by reference. cDNA was prepared from total RNA extracted from the hybridoma expressing ATN-658 and the variable regions were cloned, amplified and sequenced using standard techniques.

[0160] Following the course set out by Studnicka et al., above, human V Kappa light chain subgroup 2 (VK2) and human heavy chain subgroup 1 (VH1) consensus sequences were utilized. The cognate mouse signal sequences were retained.

[0161] Two sequences for each of the light chain and the heavy chain variable regions were prepared. One sequence for each chain contained only low risk changes and the other sequence that contained both the low risk and the moderate risk changes were prepared for the VK2 and VH1 regions, providing a total of four sequences. Ten low risk and 1 moderate risk changes were introduced into the light chain framework sequences and 11 low risk and 5 moderate risk changes were introduced into the heavy chain framework sequences. Low risk residue position changes, those exposed to solvent but not contributing to antigen binding or antibody structure, are likely to decrease immunogenicity with little or no effect on binding affinity.

[0162] The amino acid residue sequences were sent to Blue Heron Biotech LLP, (Bothell, Wash.) for codon (Chinese Hamster Ovary cells) and expression optimization. The optimized DNA sequences were received and sent back to Blue Heron for gene synthesis.

[0163] Transient Expression Vector Construction

[0164] Codon- and expression-optimized low risk and low plus moderate risk Human Engineered™ light chains and heavy chains were cloned in-frame into XOMA's proprietary transient antibody expression vectors that contain human Kappa and Gamma-1 constant region modules. The DNA sequences were verified (at ELIM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., Hayward, Calif.) prior to initiating expression.

[0165] Production of Human Engineered™

[0166] ATN-658 Antibodies

[0167] The four HE™ ATN-658 variants (referred to as HE™ ATN-1, HE™ ATN-2, HE™ ATN-3 and HE™ ATN-4) were produced by transient transfection in HEK293E cells. XOMA's transient transfection approach is described in detail in a poster presented at the 2005 ASCB Annual Meeting.

[0168] Briefly, the light and heavy chains were co-transfected into XOMA's suspension-adapted HEK293E cells grown in IS293 medium (Irvine Scientific, Irvine, Calif.) using 2 liter shake flasks. After 24 hours in shake flasks, 200 ml of transfected cells were centrifuged, resuspended in 40 ml of fresh medium and transferred to Integra flasks (Wilson Wolf Manufacturing, Inc., New Brighton, Minn.) for production. After incubation for seven days, the cell suspensions were removed from the Integra flasks, centrifuged and the culture supernatants retained. Antibodies in the culture supernatants were purified on protein A spin columns (Pro-Chem), dialyzed against PBS, concentrated and sterile filtered.

[0169] The variable region constituent sequences of those four antibodies are illustrated in Table 1, below.

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 1 Risk Level Antibody Heavy Light % Human Variant Chain Chain (as IgG1)* HE ™ ATN-1 Low Low 95.2 HE.sup. ™ ATN-2 Low Low + 95.2 Moderate HE.sup. ™ ATN-3 Low + Low 95.8 Moderate HE.sup. ™ ATN-4 Low + Low + 95.8 Moderate Moderate *Low or Low + Moderate Risk changes and conservation between mouse and human V regions wherein mouse amino acid residues are represented at any given position in at least two Kabat human V regions from matching subtype.

[0170] Concentration was determined by A280 using an extinction coefficient of 1.52. The proteins were analyzed for purity by SDS-PAGE (4-20%) and for endotoxin using an LAL assay. Purification results demonstrate that all of the antibody preparations had concentrations ≥1 mg/ml, were >90% pure and had low levels of endotoxin (<1 EU/mg).

[0171] Evaluation of Affinity of Human Engineered™

[0172] ATN-658 Antibodies by Biacore Assay Method

[0173] Kinetics analysis of mouse monoclonal antibody ATN-658 and Human Engineered™ ATN-658 variant antibodies was conducted on a Biacore 2000® surface plasmon resonance instrument analyzer (Uppsala, Sweden) to produce sensograms based on the antibody-surface interactions. Kinetic determinations were performed using a capture method.

[0174] Mouse parental mAb ATN-658 was diluted in PBS to 2 mg/mL and injected over a rabbit anti-mouse capture surface. The HE™ variants were diluted to 1 mg/mL and injected over a protein A/G surface. Antibody injections were optimized to produce antibody densities of 100-200 RU.

[0175] Six serial 3-fold dilutions of soluble UPAR (suPAR) were prepared in running buffer (PBS), and each dilution was injected in triplicate in random order at 25° C. Buffer injections were evenly distributed throughout the run. The sample injections were double-referenced against the blank flow cells and buffer injections to correct for any bulk shift or non-specific binding. Data were analyzed with BiaEvaluation software from Biacore®. Sensorgrams were fit utilizing a 1:1 Langmuir model.

[0176] Humanized mAb MNPR-101

[0177] As compared to mAb ATN-658, one residue was changed in one CDR of each of the VK2 and VH1 regions in mAb MNPR-101 as compared to the CDR sequences of mAb ATN-658 (CDR L1 and CDR H2) in arriving at the six CDRs of mAb MNPR-101. The complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) for each variable region that are present in paratropic regions of mAb MNPR-101 and are set out in Table 2, below.

TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 2 Characteristics of CDRs of MNPR-101 L and H Chains No. of SEQ ID CDR* Residues Sequence1 NO CDR L1 16 RSSQSLLDSDGKTYLN 3 CDR L2 7 LVSKLDS 4 CDR L3 9 WQGTHFPLT 5 CDR H1 10 GYSFTSYYMH 10 CDR H2 17 EINPYNGGASYNQKIQG 11 CDR H3 10 SIYGHSVLDY 12 *CDR L1: first CDR of L chain; CDR H2: 2.sup.nd CDR of H chain, etc.

[0178] Sequences

[0179] Sequences for the VL and VH as well as the CL and CH regions of the Fab portion of mAb MNPR-101, and also the low risk sequences of the variable regions of both chains (HE™ ATN-1) are shown below.

TABLE-US-00013 SEQ ID NO: 1  [mAb MNPR-101 VL] Asp Val Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Leu Ser Leu Ser Val Thr Ile Gly Glu Pro Ala Ser Ile Ser Cys Arg Ser Ser Gln Ser Leu Leu Asp Ser Asp Gly Lys Thr Tyr Leu Asn Trp Leu Leu Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro Gln Arg Leu Ile Tyr Leu Val Ser Lys Arg Asp Ser Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Lys Ile Ser Arg Val Glu Ala Glu Asp Val Gly Val Tyr Tyr Cys Trp Gln Gly Thr His Phe Pro Leu Thr Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys SEQ ID NO: 2 [HE™ ATN-1 VL] Asp Val Val Met Thr Gln Ser Pro Leu Ser Leu Ser Val Thr Ile Gly Glu Pro Ala Ser Ile Ser Cys Arg Ser Ser Gln Ser Leu Leu Asp Ser Asp Gly Lys Thr Tyr Leu Asn Trp Leu Leu Gln Lys Pro Gly Gln Ser Pro Lys Arg Leu Ile Tyr Leu Val Ser Lys Arg Asp Ser Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Lys Ile Ser Arg Val Glu Ala Glu Asp Val Gly Val Tyr Tyr Cys Trp Gln Gly Thr His Phe Pro Leu Thr Phe Gly Gln Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Lys SEQ ID NO: 3 [mAh MNPR-101 CDR L1] Arg Ser Ser Gln Ser Leu Leu Asp Ser Asp Gly Lys Thr Tyr Leu Asn SEQ ID NO: 4 [mAh MNPR-101 CDR L2] Leu Val Ser Lys Arg Asp Ser SEQ ID NO: 5 mAh [MNPR-101 CDR L3] Trp Gln Gly Thr His Phe Pro Leu Thr SEQ ID NO: 6 [LC Signal Sequence] MSPAQFLFLL VLWIRETNG SEQ ID NO: 7 [mAh MNPR-101 LC Constant Region Sequence] RTVAAPSVFI FPPSDEQLKS GTASVVCLLN NFYPREAKVQ WKVDNALQSG NSQESVTEQD SKDSTYSLSS TLTLSKADYE KHKVYACEVT HQGLSSPVTK SFNRGEC SEQ ID NO: 8 [mAb MNPR-101 low + Moderate Risk-VH] Glu Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Pro Glu Val Lys Lys Thr Gly Ala Ser Val Lys Ile Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr Ser Tyr Tyr Met His Trp Val Arg Gln Ala His Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile Gly Glu Ile Asn Pro Tyr Asn Gly Gly Ala Ser Tyr Asn Gln Lys Ile Gln Gly Arg Ala Thr Phe Thr Val Asp Thr Ser Thr Ser Thr Ala Tyr Met Glu Phe Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Arg Ser Ile Tyr Gly His Ser Val Leu Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser SEQ ID NO: 9 [HE™ ATN-1 VH] Glu Val Gln Leu Val Gln Ser Gly Pro Glu Val Val Lys Thr Gly Ala Ser Val Lys Ile Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr Ser Tyr Tyr Met His Trp Val Lys Gln Ala His Gly Gln Gly Leu Glu Trp Ile Gly Glu Ile Asn Pro Tyr Asn Gly Gly Ala Ser Tyr Asn Gln Lys Ile Lys Gly Arg Ala Thr Phe Thr Val Asp Thr Ser Thr Arg Thr Ala Tyr Met Glu Phe Ser Ser Leu Arg Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Arg Ser Ile Tyr Gly His Ser Val Leu Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser SEQ ID NO: 10 [mAb MNPR-101 CDR H1] Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr Ser Tyr Tyr Met His SEQ ID NO: 11 [mAb MNPR-101 HC CDR H2] Glu Ile Asn Pro Tyr Asn Gly Gly Ala Ser Tyr Asn Gln Lys Ile Gln Gly SEQ ID NO: 12 [mAb MNPR-101 HC CDR H3] Ser Ile Tyr Gly His Ser Val Leu Asp Tyr SEQ ID NO: 13 [mAb MNPR-101 HC Signal Sequence] MGWIWIFLFL LSGTAGVHS SEQ ID NO: 14 [mAb MNPR-101 HC Constant Region Sequence] ASTKGPSVFP LAPSSKSTSG GTAALGCLVK DYFPEPVTVS WNSGALTSGV HTFPAVLQSS GLYSLSSWT VPSSSLGTQT YICNVNHKPS NTKVDKRVEP KSCDKTHTCP PCPAPELLGG PSVFLFPPKP KDTLMISRTP EVTCVVVDVS HEDPEVKFNW pharmaceutical compositionsYVDGVEVHNA KTKPREEQYN STYRVVSVLT VLHQDWLNGK EYKCKVSNKA LPAPIEKTIS KAKGQPREPQ VYTLPPSREE MTKNQVSLTC LVKGFYPSDI AVEWESNGQP ENNYKTTPPV LDSDGSFFLY SKLTVDKSRW QQGNVFSCSV MHEALHNHYT QKSLSLSPGK

[0180] A SalI restriction site was placed in frame and up-stream of the encoded N-terminus of each of the heavy and light chains and a XhoI site was inserted in frame and down-stream from the encoded C-terminus of each chain for insertion of coding nucleic acids into their expression vectors.

MNPR-101 Production

[0181] The heavy and light chain of the monoclonal antibody candidate were packaged in a pUC19 plasmid. cDNA inserts encoding the monoclonal antibodies were cloned out and heavy and light chains were inserted into expression vectors.

[0182] After confirmation of the sequences, the DHFR-deficient CHO cell line DUX B11 was transfected with light chain and heavy chain containing vectors and a cationic liposome mixture (Lipofectamine® 2000; Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.). Forty-eight hours after transfection, cells were subcloned in 96 well dishes using a purine-free growth medium in the presence of geneticin (G418) and 20 nM methotrexate (MTX).

[0183] After selection, all subclones were screened using a hIgG Bethyl ELISA kit. Three vials were frozen down for each of the 12 best subclones. The top 6 best producing subclones were then transferred to a medium supplemented with increasing amounts of methotrexate (MTX), an inhibitor of DHFR. MTX concentrations were sequentially increased from 20 to 1,000 nM during the selection process and then to 1,500 nM MTX. The MTX-resistant clones that grew out were screened by ELISA. After a first series of amplification, the two highest expressing population subclones were obtained in medium containing 1,000 nM MTX. These two clones were amplified up to 1,500 nM MTX before being subcloned at 1,000 nM and 1,500 nM MTX. These subclones are currently being expanded to 6 well plates and will be screened by ELISA in the next few days. The top 2-3 best subclones will be then expanded for the production of a Research Cell Bank after adaptation to serum free medium.

[0184] Results

[0185] The ligand-binding kinetics of mouse mAb ATN-658 and the above discussed Human Engineered™ ATN-658 antibodies were measured once. The sensorgram results of individual assays indicated that all of the transiently-expressed antibodies displayed a similar affinity with mAb ATN-658 as well as among themselves. Results for the four combinations of two VL and two VH chains are shown below in Table 3.

TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 3 Antibody Variant ka kd KD (pM) ATN-658 3.7e5 1.4e−4 380 HE.sup. ™ ATN-1 8.6e5 2.4e−4 280 HE.sup. ™ ATN-2 6.8e5 2.6e−4 380 HE.sup. ™ ATN-3 9.5e5 2.7e−4 280 HE.sup. ™ ATN-4 7.0e5 2.7e−4 390

[0186] Antibody HE™ ATN-4 was renamed MNPR-101.

Example 10

[0187] An initial study of the chelation characteristics and stability of In-111 using a contemplated PCTA-MNPR-101 chelator-targeting species. Thus, PCTA-MNPR-101 (produced at 12:1) freshly prepared in an aqueous solution at a pH value of 9.2 (1M NaHCO.sub.3 and HCl) that contained 4.0 mg/mL by protein analysis was incubated for 1.5 hours at 37° C. The conjugate (220.0 mL MNPR-101-PCTA) was purified by passage through a PD10 column with elution using 0.1M ammonium acetate. Samples containing the conjugate were collected and concentrated using a 30 kDa Amicon® concentrator (4000 rpm for 20 minutes).

[0188] Three aqueous chelation reactions were set up, each with activity of about 200 μCi for a target specific activity of 10 mCi/mg. Each was mixed with In-111 chloride obtained from BWXT Medical, Ottawa, ON, Canada. All reactions were stored at 4° C. and assayed for stability after 24, 48 and 72 hours.

[0189] Stability in this context is the maintenance of radioactive ion chelation over time. Stability was determined by gravity fed SEC column (PD10 6,000 Dalton cut off), HPLC and TLC for comparison.

[0190] Three aqueous chelation reactions were set up, each with activity of about 200 μCi for a target specific activity of 10 mCi/mg. These were as follows:

[0191] 1) Incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes. Stored at 4° C. for 72 hours.

[0192] 2) Incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. Stored at 4° C. for 24 hours.

[0193] 3) Incubated at room temperature for 1.5 hours. Stored at 4° C. for 48 hours.

[0194] The results of this initial study are shown in the Table below.

TABLE-US-00015 Initial PD10 Final Reaction TLC Stability column HPLC TLC Reaction Conditions (AVG %) (Hours) (%) (%) (Avg %) 1 37°, 30 min 90.9 72 65.3 87.7 94.6 2 RT, 30 min 93.1 24 84.6 83.5 87.3 3 RT, 1.5 Hr 90.3 48 66.1 84.5 87.3

[0195] The results of this initial study showed that relatively high yields of chelation were obtained at 10 mCi/mg targeted specific activity. Conditions could likely be optimized to increase yields. Each of the three different analytical methods showed that a chelate was formed. Given that the half-life of Indium-111 is about 2.8 days, reasonable chelated In-111 stability was observed.

[0196] Each of the patents, patent applications and articles cited herein is incorporated by reference. The use of the article “a” or “an” is intended to include one or more.

[0197] The foregoing description and the examples are intended as illustrative and are not to be taken as limiting. Still other variations within the spirit and scope of this invention are possible and will readily present themselves to those skilled in the art.