TRANSAMINASES

Abstract

The invention relates to transaminases and their use. The ATAs according to the invention are particularly useful for catalyzing the conversion of amines to ketones and/or vice versa. Preferably, the transaminase (ATA) according to the invention comprises an amino acid sequence with at least 80% homology to SEQ ID NO:1, wherein the amino acid sequence is engineered compared to SEQ ID NO:1 such that it comprises at least a substitution selected from the group consisting of F255L, F255A, F255C, F255D, F255E, F255G, F255H, F255K, F255M, F255N, F255P, F255Q, F255R, F255S, F255T, F255V, F255W, and F255Y.

Claims

1. A transaminase comprising an amino acid sequence with at least 80% homology to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the amino acid sequence is engineered compared to SEQ ID NO: 1 such that it comprises at least a substitution selected from the group consisting of F255L, F255A, F255C, F255D, F255E, F255G, F255H, F255K, F255M, F255N, F255P, F255Q, F255R, F255S, F255T, F255V, F255W, and F255Y.

2. The transaminase according to claim 1, which is engineered compared to SEQ ID NO: 1 in at least two positions such that it comprises the substitutions F255L and N268A.

3. The transaminase according to claim 1, which is engineered compared to SEQ ID NO: 1 in at least two positions such that it comprises (i) a substitution selected from the group consisting of F255L, F255A, F255C, F255D, F255E, F255G, F255H, F255K, F255M, F255N, F255P, F255Q, F255R, F255S, F255T, F255V, F255W, and F255Y; and (ii) a substitution selected from the group consisting of N.sub.268A, N.sub.268C, N268D, N268E, N268F, N268G, N268H, N268I, N268K, N268L, N268M, N268P, N268Q, N268R, N268S, N268T, N268V, N268W, and N268Y or a substitution selected from the group consisting of N268A, N268C, N268E, N268F, N268G, N268H, N268I, N268K, N268L, N268M, N268P, N268Q, N268R, N268S, N268T, N268V, N268W, and N268Y, or a substitution selected from the group consisting of N268A, N268F, N268H, N268I, N268K, N268L, N268M, N268N, N268P, N268Q, N268R, N268V, N268W or a substitution selected from the group consisting of N268A, N268F, N268H, N268I, N268V, or substitution N268A.

4. (canceled)

5. (canceled)

6. (canceled)

7. (canceled)

8. The transaminase according to claim 3, which is engineered compared to SEQ ID NO: 1 in at least two positions such that it comprises (i) the substitution F255L; and (ii) a substitution selected from the group consisting of N268A, N268C, N268E, N268F, N268G, N268H, N268I, N268K, N268L, N268M, N268P, N268Q, N268R, N268S, N268T, N268V, N268W, and N268Y or a substitution selected from the group consisting of N268A, N268F, N268H, N268I, N268K, N268L, N268M, N268N, N268P, N268Q, N268R, N268V, N268W, or a substitution selected from the group consisting of N268A, N268F, N268H, N268I, N268V, or a substitution of N268A.

9. (canceled)

10. (canceled)

11. The transaminase according to claim 1, which is engineered compared to SEQ ID NO: 1 in at least two positions such that it comprises (i) a substitution selected from the group consisting of F255L, F255A, F255C, F255D, F255E, F255G, F255H, F255K, F255M, F255N, F255P, F255Q, F255R, F255S, F255T, F255V, F255W, and F255Y; and (ii) a substitution selected from the group consisting of F25A, F25C, F25D, F25E, F25G, F25H, F25I, F25K, F25L, F25M, F25N, F25P, F25Q, F25R, F25S, F25T, F25V, F25W, and F25Y or a substitution selected from the group consisting of F25A, F25C, F25G, F25H, F25I, F25L, F25M, F25N, F25Q, F25R, F25S, F25T, F25V, or substitution F25L.

12. (canceled)

13. (canceled)

14. The transaminase according to claim 11, which is engineered compared to SEQ ID NO: 1 in at least two positions such that it comprises (i) the substitution F255L; and (ii) a substitution selected from the group consisting of F25A, F25C, F25D, F25E, F25G, F25H, F25I, F25K, F25L, F25M, F25N, F25P, F25Q, F25R, F25S, F25T, F25V, F25W, and F25Y, or a substitution selected from the group consisting of F25A, F25C, F25G, F25H, F25I, F25L, F25M, F25N, F25Q, F25R, F25S, F25T, F25V, or substitution F25L.

15. (canceled)

16. (canceled)

17. The transaminase according to claim 1, which is engineered compared to SEQ ID NO: 1 in at least two positions such that it comprises (i) a substitution selected from the group consisting of F255L, F255A, F255C, F255D, F255E, F255G, F255H, F255K, F255M, F255N, F255P, F255Q, F255R, F255S, F255T, F255V, F255W, and F255Y; and (ii) a substitution selected from the group consisting of V328A, V328C, V328D, V328E, V328F, V328G, V328H, V328I, V328K, V328L, V328M, V328N, V328P, V328Q, V328R, V328S, V328T, V328W, and V328Y or a substitution selected from the group consisting of V328A, V328C, V328G, V328P, V328S, and V328T, or substitution V328G.

18. (canceled)

19. (canceled)

20. The transaminase according to any of claim 17, wherein the substitution in (i) is the substitution F255L.

21. (canceled)

22. (canceled)

23. The transaminase according to claim 1, which is additionally engineered compared to SEQ ID NO: 1 in at least one further position selected from the group consisting of D48, Y60, Y164, P195, A242, A245, T409, K424, and V436 or from the group consisting of V13, E15, M22, P35, T39, T50, R51, N57, L59, A73, A74, E77, L79, T88, V93, V115, T120, L140, H146, D147, Y148, W151, L161, E237, G243, S244, V271, L272, S302, K314, K358, E362, Y363, H375, L387, H410, G434, M437, T440, R442, and S450, or from the group consisting of V13L, E15R, M22F, M22C, M22V, M22L, M22A, M22W, P35L, P35I, T39Y, D48G, T50R, T50N, T50H, R51K, N.sub.57S, L59F, L59W, L59V, L59A, L59S, L59G, Y60A, Y60I, Y60L, Y60F, Y60V, A73N, A74P, E77G, L79M, T88V, T88A, T88G, T88L, T88Y, V93T, V93N, V115I, T120S, L140K, H146Y, H146D, H146S, D147S, Y148F, Y148S, Y148G, W151A, W151I, W151F, W151Y, W151S, L161A, L161F, L161M, L161Y, L161I, L161Q, Y164F, Y164M, P195S, E237S, E237A, E237D, A242V, A242Y, A242G, G243A, G243I, S244A, S244G, S244I, S244L, A245T, V271A, L272I, L272A, S302G, K314E, K358E, E362R, Y363F, H375F, L387V, L387I, L387F, L387Y, L387T, L387A, L387C, T409R, H410K, H410E, K424E, G434A, G434V, G434L, G434Y, G434T, G434C, V436A, M437T, M437C, M437F, M437V, M437Y, M437A, T440H, T440S, T440N, R442V, R442S, R442A, R442L, R442C, and 5450N.

24. (canceled)

25. (canceled)

26. The transaminase according to claim 1, which is engineered compared to SEQ ID NO: 1 in (i) at least two positions such that it comprises the substitutions F255L as well as N268A; or F255L as well as V328G; or F25L as well as F255L; and (ii) at least one further position selected from the group consisting of V13, E15, M22, P35, T39, D48, T50, R51, N57, L59, Y60, A73, A74, E77, L79, T88, V93, V115, T120, L140, H146, D147, Y148, W151, L161, Y164, P195, E237, A242, G243, S244, A245, V271, L272, S302, K314, K358, E362, Y363, H375, L387, T409, H410, K424, G434, V436, M437, T440, R442, and S450, or at least one further position such that it comprises a further substitution selected from the group consisting of V13L, E15R, M22F, M22C, M22V, M22L, M22A, M22W, P35L, P35I, T39Y, D48G, T50R, T50N, T50H, R51K, N.sub.57S, L59F, L59W, L59V, L59A, L59S, L59G, Y60A, Y60I, Y60L, Y60F, Y60V, A73N, A74P, E77G, L79M, T88V, T88A, T88G, T88L, T88Y, V93T, V93N, V115I, T120S, L140K, H146Y, H146D, H146S, D147S, Y148F, Y148S, Y148G, W151A, W151I, W151F, W151Y, W151S, L161A, L161F, L161M, L161Y, L161I, L161Q, Y164F, Y164M, P195S, E237S, E237A, E237D, A242V, A242Y, A242G, G243A, G243I, S244A, S244G, S244I, S244L, A245T, V271A, L272I, L272A, S302G, K314E, K358E, E362R, Y363F, H375F, L387V, L387I, L387F, L387Y, L387T, L387A, L387C, T409R, H410K, H410E, K424E, G434A, G434V, G434L, G434Y, G434T, G434C, V436A, M437T, M437C, M437F, M437V, M437Y, M437A, T440H, T440S, T440N, R442V, R442S, R442A, R442L, R442C, and S450N.

27. (canceled)

28. The transaminase according to claim 1, wherein the homology of the amino acid sequence to SEQ ID NO: 1 is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% or at least 97%.

29. (canceled)

30. (canceled)

31. (canceled)

32. The transaminase according to claim 1, wherein the homology of the amino acid sequence to SEQ ID NO: 2 is at least 95%, at least 97% or at least 99%.

33. (canceled)

34. (canceled)

35. The transaminase according to claim 1, wherein the homology of the amino acid sequence to SEQ ID NO: 3 is at least 95%, at least 97% or at least 99%.

36. (canceled)

37. (canceled)

38. The transaminase according to claim 1, wherein the homology of the amino acid sequence to SEQ ID NO: 4 is at least 95%, at least 97% or at least 99%.

39. (canceled)

40. (canceled)

41. The transaminase according to claim 1, wherein the amino acid sequence is engineered compared to SEQ ID NO: 1 in at least two positions, at least three positions, at least four positions, at least five positions, at least six positions, at least seven positions, at least eight positions, at least nine positions or at least ten positions.

42. (canceled)

43. (canceled)

44. (canceled)

45. (canceled)

46. (canceled)

47. (canceled)

48. (canceled)

49. (canceled)

50. The transaminase according to claim 1, wherein the transaminase comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, or SEQ ID NO: 4.

51. (canceled)

52. The transaminase according to claim 1, wherein (A) a temperature stability of at least 50 C., preferably 55 C., and most preferably of 60 C., and/or (B) a specific activity of at least 0.5 U/mg, preferably, 0.75 U/mg, more preferably of 1 U/mg, and most preferably of 1.1 U/mg in Transaminase Standard Assays; and/or (C) a high conversion activity under different reaction conditions involving high amine concentrations.

53. The transaminase according to claim 1, which is engineered compared to SEQ ID NO: 1 in at least one or more positions such that (A) the stereoselectivity of the engineered transaminase is higher than that of the wildtype transaminase of SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or (B) the thermostability of the engineered transaminase is higher than that of the wildtype transaminase of SEQ ID NO: 1; and/or (C) the conversion of the engineered transaminase is higher than that of the wildtype transaminase of SEQ ID NO: 1.

54. A method for the conversion of (i) a ketone substrate according to general formula (I) ##STR00015## to an amine product according to general formula (II) ##STR00016## and/or the preferably concomitant conversion of (ii) a cosubstrate according to general formula (III) ##STR00017## to a ketone coproduct according to general formula (IV) ##STR00018## or vice versa; wherein X and Y as well as A and B, in either case, independently of one another, are selected from saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted aliphatic or alicyclic C.sub.1-12-hydrocarbon residues; unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted C.sub.6-10-aromatic hydrocarbon residues, optionally being bridged through a saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted aliphatic C.sub.1-12-hydrocarbon residue; unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted heteroaromatic hydrocarbon residues, optionally being bridged through a saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted or mono- or polysubstituted aliphatic C.sub.1-12-hydrocarbon residue; and sugar residues or desoxysugar residues in each case comprising mono-, di- or oligosaccharides; wherein one of residues X or Y, as well as one of residues A or B, in either case, independently of one another, may be hydrogen; wherein mono- or polysubstituted means independently substituted with one or more functional groups selected from -halo, OH, O, OC.sub.1-12-alkyl, OC.sub.6-10-aryl, O-heteroaryl, OCOC.sub.1-12-alkyl, OCOC.sub.6-10-aryl, OCO-heteroaryl, SH, SC.sub.1-12-alkyl, SC.sub.6-10-aryl, S-heteroaryl, S(O).sub.1-2OH, NO, NO.sub.2, N.sub.3, NH.sub.2, NH(C.sub.1-12-alkyl), N(C.sub.1-12-alkyl).sub.2, NH(C.sub.6-10-aryl), N(C.sub.6-10-aryl).sub.2, NH(heteroaryl), N(heteroaryl).sub.2, CN, CHO, CO.sub.2H, COC.sub.1-2-alkyl, COC.sub.6-10-aryl and CO heteroaryl; wherein the method comprises the step of reacting a ketone substrate according to general formula (I) and/or an amine product according to general formula (II) and/or a amine cosubstrate according to general formula (III) and/or a ketone coproduct according to general formula (IV) in the presence of a transaminase comprising an amino acid sequence with at least 80% homology to SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the amino acid sequence is engineered compared to SEQ ID NO: 1 such that it comprises at least a substitution selected from the group consisting of F255L, F255A, F255C, F255D, F255E, F255G, F255H, F255K, F255M, F255N, F255P, F255Q, F255R, F255S, F255T, F255V, F255W, and F255Y.

Description

EXAMPLE 1: CHARACTERIZATION OF ENZYMATIC PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERED ATA OF SEQ ID NO:2 AND SEQ ID NO:5

[0320] The gene sequences coding for the ATA corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO:5 were cloned into the expression vector pLE1A17 (derivative of pRSF-1b, Novagen). The resulting plasmids were used for transformation of E. coli BL21(DE3) cells.

[0321] For expression of the ATA corresponding to SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ. ID NO:5 cells were cultivated in ZYM505 medium (F. William Studier, Protein Expression and Purification 41 (2005) 207-234) supplemented with kanamycin (50 mg/l) at 37 C. Expression of the genes was induced at logarithmic phase by IPTG (0.1 mM) and carried out at 30 C. for 16-18 hours.

[0322] Cells were harvested by centrifugation (3220g, 20 min, 4 C.) and disrupted by resuspending corresponding to an optical density, measured at 600 nm (0D600) of 100 with cell lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.0; 2 mM MgCl2, 1 CelLytic B (Sigma); DNA nuclease 0.02 U, lysozyme 0.5 mg/ml). The crude extracts were separated from cell debris by centrifugation (3220g 30 min, 4 C.), resulting in enzymatic active preparations of the ATA of SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO:5, respectively. For detection of the enzymatic activity of an ATA of the invention, a lyophilisate of the active preparation of the ATA may be obtained. The crude extract or lyophilisate was investigated regarding the ATA activity using the Transaminase Standard Assay.

[0323] The Transaminase Standard Assay monitors the conversion of racemic 1-phenylethan-1-amine (MBA) and pyruvate to 1-phenylethanone (Acetophenone) and L-alanine. The reaction is performed at 30 C. in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7, 4) and 0.1 mM pyridoxalphosphate (PLP) using 10 mM racemic 1-phenylethan-1-amine and 10 mM sodium-pyruvate as substrates. The production of 1-phenylehanone is followed photometrically at 300 nm. One unit (U) liberates 1 mol 1-phenylethanone (Acetophenone) per minute. Specific activity refers to units per milligram crude extract lyophilisate (U/mg)

[0324] Furthermore, the thermostability of each enzyme was analyzed. For this purpose, melting profiles of these active enzymatic active preparations of a respective ATA were recorded by incubation the crude extract for 15 minutes at different temperatures in a PCR cycler. Afterwards the crude extracts were incubated on ice for 30 minutes. Insoluble proteins were separated by centrifugation and the supernatants were analyzed regarding their remaining ATA activity in a Transaminase Standard Assay as described above.

[0325] Thermostability was expressed as the temperature at which 80% of the initial activity of the ATA variant remains after 15 min of incubation [Tm(80%)]. The initial activity is the activity of the respective ATA variant without any high temperature treatment, i.e. with 15 min incubation on ice instead of incubation at different temperatures in a PCR cycler.

TABLE-US-00003 Activity (Transaminase seq reference Tm(80%) [ C.] Standard Assay) [U/mg] SEQ ID NO: 5 57 0.2 SEQ ID NO: 2 59 0.1

[0326] Additionally the conversion properties of these enzymes were investigated in Transaminase Conversion Assays.

[0327] Transaminase Conversion Assays monitor enzyme properties at different reaction conditions that are relevant for a preparative synthesis application at high concentration of different amine donors, isopropylamine (IPA), racemic 1-phenylethan-1-amine (MBA) or (S)-1-phenylethan-1-amine (S-MBA) or racemic alanine, respectively. The ketone acceptor was 4-phenyl-2-butanone (BA). The reaction was performed at 30 C. in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7, 4) and 0.1 mM pyridoxalphosphate (PLP).

[0328] Conversion from BA to 1-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine was analyzed by HPLC after a given time of reaction, typically 6 h or 20 h. Analytical conditions are: [0329] Column: Gemini 5 C18, 1504.6 mm (Phenomenex); [0330] Eluents: A) dH2O, 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA); B) Acetonitrile, 0.1% TFA; [0331] Flow: 1 ml/min; gradient: 20% B to 80% B in 6 min, hold for 1 min, to 20% B in 1 min, hold for 3 min; [0332] Oven temperature: 35 C.; [0333] Detection: 210 nm.

[0334] The retention times of the analytes are 6.52 min for BA and 3.65 min for 1-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine.

[0335] Overall, Transaminase Conversion Assays may be done at conditions differing in the type of amine donor (IPA, MBA, and alanine) and the respective concentration of the reactants. [0336] Condition A: 50 mM BA, 100 mM IPA; after 6 h [0337] Condition B: 50 mM BA, 200 mM rac. MBA; after 6 h [0338] Condition C: 50 mM BA, 500 mM IPA; after 6 h [0339] Condition D: 50 mM BA, 1000 mM rac. MBA; after 6 h [0340] Condition E: 50 mM BA, 200 mM rac. alanine; after 6 h [0341] Condition K: 100 mM BA; 500 mM rac. MBA, [0342] Condition L: 200 mM BA; 500 mM rac. MBA, [0343] Condition M: 10 g/L BA, 900 mM IPA.

[0344] Active enzyme preparations of SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO:5 under this example were analyzed at the Conditions A, B, C, D, E, K, L, and M.

[0345] The characteristics of the active enzyme preparations of SEQ ID NO:2 and SEQ ID NO:5 are summarized in the Tables below.

TABLE-US-00004 % con- % con- % con- % con- % con- transaminase version version version version version origin cond. A cond. B cond. C cond. D cond. E SEQ ID NO: 5 15.9 8.2 27.0 0.0 1.6 SEQ ID NO: 2 33.7 88.8 70.7 54.8 1.6

TABLE-US-00005 % con- % con- % con- transaminase version version version Tm(80%) origin cond. K cond. L cond. M [ C.] ee % SEQ ID NO: 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 57 SEQ ID NO: 2 74 53 80 58 >99

EXAMPLE 2: GENERATION AND EXPRESSION OF ATA SEQ ID NO:2 MUTANT LIBRARIES

[0346] Mutant libraries of SEQ ID NO:2 were generated for positions 25, 255, 268, and 328, using standard protocols for site saturation mutagenesis, generating the full set of variants exhibiting each one of all 20 canonical amino acids for a given position. Genes were cloned into the expression vector pLE1A17 (derivative of pRSF-1b, Novagen). The resulting plasmids were used for transformation of E. coli BL21(DE3) cells.

[0347] For expression of the new ATA variants corresponding to SEQ IDs NO:6-SEQ IDs NO:81, cells were cultivated in ZYM505 medium (F. William Studier, Protein Expression and Purification 41 (2005) 207-234) supplemented with kanamycin (50 mg/1) at 37 C. Expression of the genes was induced at logarithmic phase by IPTG (0.1 mM) and caned out at 30 C. for 16-18 hours.

[0348] Cells were harvested by centrifugation (3220g, 20 min, 4 C.) and disrupted by resuspending corresponding to an optical density, measured at 600 nm (0D600) of 100 with cell lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.0; 2 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM pyridoxalphosphate (PLP), 1 CelLytic B (Sigma); DNA nuclease 0.02 U, lysozyme 0.5 mg/mL). The crude extracts were separated from cell debris by centrifugation (3220g 30 min, 4 C.), resulting in enzymatic active preparations of the ATA variants of SEQ IDs NO:6-SEQ IDs NO:81.

[0349] The crude extract or crude extract with additional heat treatment was investigated regarding the ATA activity using the Transaminase Standard Assay as described in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 3: CHARACTERIZATION OF RELATIVE TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITY OF SITE-SATURATION VARIANTS DERIVED FROM SEQ ID NO:2

[0350] Active enzyme preparations (crude extracts) of engineered ATA-variants SEQ IDs NO:6-SEQ IDs NO:81 from site-saturation libraries, obtained as described in Example 2, were characterized using the Transaminase Standard Assay as described above, at a final dilution suitable for detection of linear slopes. Activity data are indicated as relative activity, describing the activity (slope fitted as initial rates to linear parts of time-courses) of a given mutant variant in relation to the activity of SEQ ID NO:2, which was determined in parallel during the same experiment.

[0351] The experimental results are summarized in the below table.

EXAMPLE 4: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF THERMAL INCUBATION ON CRUDE LYSATES OF SITE-SATURATION VARIANTS OF SEQ ID NO:2

[0352] Active enzyme preparation (crude extracts) of engineered ATA-variants SEQ IDs NO:6-SEQ IDs NO:81 from site-saturation libraries, obtained as described in Example 2, were characterized for their relative activities after heat-treatment at 66 C. Crude extracts were incubated at 66 C. for 15 min, subsequently incubated on ice for 30 min. Aggregated proteins were sedimented by centrifugation (3220g, 20 min, 4 C.).

[0353] Relative activities of crude extracts following this treatment were determined using the Transaminase Standard Assay as described in Examples 1, at a final dilution suitable for detection of linear slopes. Activity data are indicated as relative activity after heat-incubation, describing the activity after heat-incubation (slope fitted as initial rates to linear parts of time-courses) of a given mutant in relation to the activity after heat-incubation of SEQ ID NO:2, which was determined in parallel during the same experiment.

[0354] The experimental results are summarized in the below table.

TABLE-US-00006 relative activity at 30 C., after single relative activity heat-incubation substitution at 30 C. at 66 C. compared to according according SEQ ID NO: 2 to Example 3 to Example 4 SEQ ID NO: 6 F25D 0.13 0.12 SEQ ID NO: 7 F25E 0.05 0.10 SEQ ID NO: 8 F25H 1.37 0.14 SEQ ID NO: 9 F25K 0.03 0.14 SEQ ID NO: 10 F25R 1.48 0.20 SEQ ID NO: 11 F25N 1.90 0.13 SEQ ID NO: 12 F25Q 2.01 0.16 SEQ ID NO: 13 F25S 2.09 0.12 SEQ ID NO: 14 F25T 1.68 0.10 SEQ ID NO: 15 F25C 2.10 0.10 SEQ ID NO: 16 F25G 2.93 0.12 SEQ ID NO: 17 F25P 0.11 0.12 SEQ ID NO: 18 F25A 1.74 0.15 SEQ ID NO: 2 1.00 1.00 SEQ ID NO: 19 F25I 1.26 0.14 SEQ ID NO: 20 F25L 1.41 0.65 SEQ ID NO: 21 F25M 1.81 0.17 SEQ ID NO: 22 F25V 1.35 0.12 SEQ ID NO: 23 F25W 1.12 0.50 SEQ ID NO: 24 F25Y 1.02 0.15 SEQ ID NO: 25 A268D 0.30 0.30 SEQ ID NO: 26 A268E 0.05 0.14 SEQ ID NO: 27 A268H 0.54 0.14 SEQ ID NO: 28 A268K 0.03 0.18 SEQ ID NO: 29 A268R not detectable 0.12 SEQ ID NO: 30 A268N 0.13 0.46 SEQ ID NO: 31 A268Q 0.25 0.39 SEQ ID NO: 32 A268S 0.43 0.38 SEQ ID NO: 33 A268T 0.32 0.18 SEQ ID NO: 34 A268C 0.29 0.59 SEQ ID NO: 35 A268G 0.08 0.12 SEQ ID NO: 36 A268P 0.16 0.13 SEQ ID NO: 2 1.00 1.00 SEQ ID NO: 37 A268F 0.69 0.16 SEQ ID NO: 38 A268I 0.68 0.24 SEQ ID NO: 39 A268L 0.00 0.13 SEQ ID NO: 40 A268M 0.09 0.07 SEQ ID NO: 41 A268V 0.72 0.88 SEQ ID NO: 42 A268W not detectable 0.12 SEQ ID NO: 43 A268Y 0.06 0.09 SEQ ID NO: 44 V328D 0.25 0.11 SEQ ID NO: 45 V328E 0.17 0.13 SEQ ID NO: 46 V328H 0.18 0.17 SEQ ID NO: 47 V328K 0.10 0.16 SEQ ID NO: 48 V328R 0.11 0.21 SEQ ID NO: 49 V328N 0.32 0.15 SEQ ID NO: 50 V328Q 0.07 0.15 SEQ ID NO: 51 V328S 1.22 0.12 SEQ ID NO: 52 V328T 1.49 0.20 SEQ ID NO: 53 V328C 1.57 0.16 SEQ ID NO: 54 V328G 0.41 0.18 SEQ ID NO: 55 V328P 1.47 0.09 SEQ ID NO: 56 V328A 1.48 0.13 SEQ ID NO: 57 V328F 0.24 0.14 SEQ ID NO: 58 V328I 0.20 0.41 SEQ ID NO: 59 V328L 0.01 0.16 SEQ ID NO: 60 V328M 0.11 0.11 SEQ ID NO: 2 1.00 1.00 SEQ ID NO: 61 V328W 0.13 0.18 SEQ ID NO: 62 V328Y 0.02 0.19 SEQ ID NO: 63 L255D 0.16 0.11 SEQ ID NO: 64 L255E 0.04 0.13 SEQ ID NO: 65 L255H 0.33 0.11 SEQ ID NO: 66 L255K 0.19 0.09 SEQ ID NO: 67 L255R 0.18 0.12 SEQ ID NO: 68 L255N 0.14 0.16 SEQ ID NO: 69 L255Q 0.26 0.16 SEQ ID NO: 70 L255S 0.12 0.17 SEQ ID NO: 71 L255T 0.75 0.20 SEQ ID NO: 72 L255C 0.10 0.09 SEQ ID NO: 73 L255G 0.09 0.16 SEQ ID NO: 74 L255P 0.11 0.13 SEQ ID NO: 75 L255A 0.16 0.11 SEQ ID NO: 76 L255F 0.53 0.44 SEQ ID NO: 77 L255I 0.88 0.16 SEQ ID NO: 2 1.00 1.00 SEQ ID NO: 78 L255M 0.06 0.13 SEQ ID NO: 79 L255V 0.66 0.17 SEQ ID NO: 80 L255W 0.25 0.08 SEQ ID NO: 81 L255Y 0.26 0.11