STRUCTURE OF CUTTING EDGE OF MACHINING TOOL, AND SURFACE TREATMENT METHOD FOR SAME

Abstract

A cutting edge of a machining tool and a surface treatment method for the same. A cutting edge of a machining tool and a region in the vicinity of the cutting edge, e.g. a region of at least 1 mm and preferably at least 5 mm from the cutting edge, are defined as a treatment region; and substantially spherical injection granules having a median diameter of 1 to 20 m are injected onto the treatment region with an injection pressure of 0.01 MPa to 0.7 MPa in order for dimples having an equivalent diameter of 1 to 18 m and preferably 1 to 12 m, and a depth at least equal to 0.02 m and at most equal to 1.0 m to be formed such that the projected surface area of the dimples is at least equal to 30% of the surface area of the treatment region.

Claims

1. A method for surface treatment of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool, comprising: setting a treatment region, the treatment region including the cutting edge of the machining tool and an area in a vicinity of the cutting edge; ejecting substantially spherical ejection particles having a median diameter of 1 to 20 m to the treatment region at an ejection pressure of 0.01 MPa to 0.7 MPa for forming dimples having an equivalent diameter of 1 to 18 m and a depth of 0.02 to 1.0 m or less than 1.0 m so that a projected area of the dimples occupies 30% or more of a surface area of the treatment region.

2. The method for surface treatment of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool according to claim 1, wherein preliminarily polishing of the treatment region is performed to a surface roughness of Ra of 3.2 m or less before the ejection of the ejection particles.

3. The method for surface treatment of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool according to claim 2, wherein the preliminary polishing is performed by ejecting elastic abrasives in which abrasive grains are dispersed in each of an elastic body, or the abrasive grains are carried on each of a surface of the elastic body so that the elastic abrasives are slid on the treatment region.

4. The method for surface treatment of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool according to claim 1, wherein the ejection particles are ejected on the treatment region to which a ceramic coating has been applied.

5. The method for surface treatment of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool according to claim 1, wherein a ceramic coating is applied to the treatment region after the ejection of the ejection particles.

6. The method for surface treatment of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool according to claim 1, wherein post polishing is performed to the treatment region for removing minute protrusions generated at a time of formation of the dimples after forming the dimples.

7. The method for surface treatment of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool according to claim 6, wherein the post-polishing is performed by ejecting elastic abrasives in which abrasive grains are dispersed in each of an elastic body, or the abrasive grains are carried on each of a surface of the elastic body so that the elastic abrasives are slid on the treatment region.

8. A structure of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool, the structure comprising dimples having an equivalent diameter of 1 to 18 m and a depth of 0.02 to 1.0 m or less than 1.0 m are formed in a treatment region including a cutting edge and an area in a vicinity of the cutting edge of a machining tool so that a projected area of the dimples occupies 30% or more of a surface area of the treatment region.

9. The method for surface treatment of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool according to claim 2, wherein the ejection particles are ejected on the treatment region to which a ceramic coating has been applied.

10. The method for surface treatment of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool according to claim 3, wherein the ejection particles are ejected on the treatment region to which a ceramic coating has been applied.

11. The method for surface treatment of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool according to claim 2, wherein a ceramic coating is applied to the treatment region after the ejection of the ejection particles.

12. The method for surface treatment of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool according to claim 3, wherein a ceramic coating is applied to the treatment region after the ejection of the ejection particles.

13. The method for surface treatment of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool according to claim 2, wherein post polishing is performed to the treatment region for removing minute protrusions generated at a time of formation of the dimples after forming the dimples.

14. The method for surface treatment of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool according to claim 3, wherein post polishing is performed to the treatment region for removing minute protrusions generated at a time of formation of the dimples after forming the dimples.

15. The method for surface treatment of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool according to claim 4, wherein post polishing is performed to the treatment region for removing minute protrusions generated at a time of formation of the dimples after forming the dimples.

16. The method for surface treatment of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool according to claim 5, wherein post polishing is performed to the treatment region for removing minute protrusions generated at a time of formation of the dimples after forming the dimples.

17. The method for surface treatment of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool according to claim 13, wherein the post-polishing is performed by ejecting elastic abrasives in which abrasive grains are dispersed in each of an elastic body, or the abrasive grains are carried on each of a surface of the elastic body so that the elastic abrasives are slid on the treatment region.

18. The method for surface treatment of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool according to claim 14, wherein the post-polishing is performed by ejecting elastic abrasives in which abrasive grains are dispersed in each of an elastic body, or the abrasive grains are carried on each of a surface of the elastic body so that the elastic abrasives are slid on the treatment region.

19. The method for surface treatment of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool according to claim 15, wherein the post-polishing is performed by ejecting elastic abrasives in which abrasive grains are dispersed in each of an elastic body, or the abrasive grains are carried on each of a surface of the elastic body so that the elastic abrasives are slid on the treatment region.

20. The method for surface treatment of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool according to claim 16, wherein the post-polishing is performed by ejecting elastic abrasives in which abrasive grains are dispersed in each of an elastic body, or the abrasive grains are carried on each of a surface of the elastic body so that the elastic abrasives are slid on the treatment region.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0073] FIG. 1 is an explanatory view of a cutting tool and a workpiece in a cutting state.

[0074] FIG. 2 is an explanatory view of a treatment region to which a surface treatment of the present invention is applied, in which (A) illustrates a state before treatment and (B) illustrates a state after treatment.

[0075] FIG. 3 is an explanatory view of protrusions occurring on the surface of the machining tool as a dimple is formed.

[0076] FIG. 4 is a surface electron micrograph (SEM image) of a cutting edge portion of a machining tool treated by a surface treatment method of the present invention.

[0077] FIG. 5 is a state photograph of the cutting edge portion of the cutting tool, wherein (A) illustrates an untreated state of the cutting edge portion, (B) and (D) illustrate a state of the cutting edge portion treated by the surface treatment method of the present invention, (C) and (E) illustrate a state of the cutting edge portion treated by the method of Comparative Examples.

[0078] FIG. 6 illustrates a state of the cutting edge portion of the cutting tool, wherein (A) illustrates a state of the cutting edge portion treated by a method according to an Example and (B) illustrates a state of the cutting edge portion treated by a Comparative Example.

[0079] FIG. 7 is a photograph illustrating a state of swarf discharged by machining according to an Example and a Comparative Example.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0080] Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the attached drawings.

Object to be Treated

[0081] The method of treating the cutting edge according to the present invention is used for processing the cutting edge 11 portion in the machining tool 10 for cutting or cutting-through such as a cutting tool and a blanking tool which has a cutting edge 11 as a starting point of shearing. For example, a punch, a drill, an end mill, a hob, a broach, a milling cutter and the like are included in the machining tool 10 to be processed according to the present invention.

[0082] The material of such a machining tool 10 is not particularly limited and may be cemented carbide, or ceramics (alumina, zirconia, silicon carbide, cermet) or the like as well as steel such as SKD (mold tool steel), SK (carbon tool steel), and SKH (high-speed tool steel.)

[0083] In the machining tool 10 made of the above material, a ceramics-based layer such as TiAlN, TiC or the like having a thickness of 1 to 10 m may be formed on the surface of a cutting edge 11 and a portion in the vicinity thereof (a region to be described later or the treatment region 15).

[0084] The method of treating the cutting edge according to the present invention is applied to the cutting edge portion of such a machining tool 10. As shown in FIG. 2(A), ejection particles to be described later are ejected and collided with a portion of a cutting edge 11 (edge), which is a starting point of shearing at the time of cutting or cutting-through, and a region 15 as the treatment region 15 in the range of at least 1 mm, preferably in the range of at least 5 mm from the cutting edge 11, thereby dimples 16 are formed in this treatment region 15 as shown in FIG. 2(B).

[0085] In the present embodiment, both of the inclined surfaces on both sides of the cutting edge 11 are set as the treatment region 15. The treatment region 15 may be one face which receives greater frictional resistance during cutting (the rake face 12 in the example of FIG. 1).

[0086] Although the treatment region 15 of the machining tool 10 may be in a state in which a burr is attached to the cutting edge or a state in which a machining mark such as a tool mark is formed, it is preferable to perform preliminary polishing to a surface roughness of 3.2 m or less at an arithmetic average roughness (Ra).

[0087] The method of such preliminary polishing is not particularly limited. Preliminary polishing may be performed by manual lapping or buffing. However, preliminary polishing may be performed by blasting using an elastic abrasive.

[0088] Here, the elastic abrasive is an abrasive in which abrasive grains are dispersed in an elastic body such as rubber or elastomer, or abrasive grains are carried on the surface of an elastic body. Such an elastic abrasive can be made to slide on the treatment region 15 by obliquely ejecting the elastic abrasives, for example. As a result, the surface of the treatment region 15 can be polished to a mirror surface state or a state close thereto in a relatively simple manner.

[0089] The abrasive grains to be dispersed or carried on the elastic body of the elastic abrasive can be appropriately selected according to the material of the machining tool to be treated and the like. As an example, grains having a particle diameter of # 1000 grit to # 10000 grit made of silicon carbide, alumina, diamond abrasive grains can be used.

Surface Treatment

[0090] The surface treatment of the treatment region 15 located in the predetermined range from the cutting edge 11 of the machining tool 10 is performed by ejecting the substantially spherical ejection particles and making the particles to collide with the treatment region described above.

[0091] The ejection particles, an injection device and injection conditions used. for this surface treatment are described below as an example.

Ejection Particle

[0092] Substantially spherical in the substantially spherical ejection particles used in the surface treatment method of the present invention does not necessarily means that the ejection particle is strictly a sphere. As long as it is a particle of any non-angular shape and which is generally used as shot, it is included in the substantially spherical ejection particle used in the present invention, even if it is an elliptical shape or a barrel shape, for example.

[0093] As the material of the ejection particles, either metallic or ceramics material can be used. Examples of the material of the metallic ejection particle include alloy steel, cast iron, high-speed tool steel (high-speed steel) (SKH), tungsten (W), stainless steel (SUS) and the like. Examples of the material of the ceramic ejection particle include alumina (Al.sub.2O.sub.3), zirconia (ZrO.sub.2), zircon (ZrSiO.sub.4), hard glass, glass, silicon carbide (SiC), and the like. For these ejection particles, it is preferable to use ejection particles of a material having hardness equal to or higher than that of the base material of the machining tool to be treated.

[0094] The particle diameter of the ejection particles to be used can be in the range of 1 to 20 m in median diameter (D.sub.50). For iron-based ejection particle, the diameter is 1 to 20 m in median diameter (D.sub.50), preferably 5 to 20 m. For ceramics-based ejection particle, the diameter is 1 to 20 m in median diameter (D.sub.50), preferably in the range of 4 to 16 m. From the ejection particles with these particle diameters, ejection particles capable of forming a dimple with a diameter and a depth described later are selected and used according to the material of the machining tool to be treated.

Ejection Device

[0095] A known blasting apparatus that ejects an abrasive together with compressed gas can be used as an ejection device that ejects the aforementioned ejection particles to the surface of the treatment region.

[0096] Commercially available blasting apparatuses include a suction type blasting apparatus that ejects abrasives by utilizing a negative pressure generated by the ejection of compressed gas, a gravity type blasting apparatus that ejects an abrasive dropped from an abrasive tank so as to be ridden on compressed gas, a direct pressure type blasting apparatus in which compressed gas is introduced into a tank into which an abrasive is supplied and the abrasive flow from the abrasive tank is combined with the compressed gas flow from a separately provided compressed gas supply source, a blower type blasting apparatus which ejects the compressed gas of the direct pressure type blasting apparatus is ejected onto a gas flow generated by a blower unit and the like. Any of these can be used for ejecting the ejection particles described above.

Treatment Conditions

[0097] The ejection of the ejection particles using the above-mentioned blasting apparatus, can be performed as an example, with the ejection pressure range of 0.01 MPa to 0.7 MPa, preferably, in the range of 0.05 to 0.5 MPa. In view of the material of the machining tool to be treated, the ejection particles are ejected for forming the dimples 16 each having an equivalent diameter of 1 to 18 m, preferably 1 to 12 m, and a depth of 0.02 to 1.0 m or less than 1.0 m so that the formation area (projected area) of the dimples 16 occupies 30% or more of the area of the surface of the treatment region.

Post Treatment

[0098] As described above, the dimples 16 are formed on the treatment region by the ejection of the ejection particles, and the machining tool 10 which has been subjected to micronization or the like of crystal grains in the vicinity of the surface may be used for machining such as cutting and the like as it is. In this manner, by ejecting and sliding the same elastic abrasives as described in pretreatment on the treatment region 15 after forming the dimples 16, post-polishing may be performed to remove minute protrusions 17 generated at the time of forming the dimples 16.

[0099] That is, the dimples 16 are formed by causing the above-described ejection particles to collide with the treatment region 15, whereby as shown in FIG. 3, in the treatment region 15, a constituent material pushed out by collision of the ejection particles swells the periphery of the dimple 16 to form the protrusions 17. The protrusions 17 formed in this manner increase the contact resistance when contacting the surface of the workpiece 20 or the swarf 21.

[0100] Therefore, it is preferable to remove the minute protrusions 17 generated at the time of formation of the dimples 16 while leaving the dimples 16 by performing the above-described post-polishing by ejecting the elastic abrasives.

[0101] Further, a ceramic-based coating layer such as TiAlN, TiC or the like may be formed in the treatment region after ejecting the ejection particles, in some cases, furthermore, in the treatment region after ejecting the elastic abrasives.

[0102] The coating layer formed on the treatment region after forming the dimples in this manner is preferably formed with a film thickness of 1 to 10 m.

[0103] Such a coating layer can be formed by using various known film forming techniques such as physical vapor deposition (PVD) typified by sputtering and the like, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and the like.

Operations and Effects etc.

[0104] As described above, in the surface treatment method of the present invention, the ejection particles of a predetermined diameter are ejected, thereby forming the dimple 16 having a predetermined diameter and a predetermined depth at the cutting edge 11 of the machining tool 10 and in the treatment region 15 located in a certain range from the cutting edge 11 for making the treatment region 15 irregular.

[0105] Therefore, as described in the section of the problem to be solved by invention, in light of the common technical knowledge in the technical field of the present invention that a built-up edge 25 is likely to be formed easily on the cutting edge 11 portion where the irregularities are formed on the surface, it can be predicted that the formation of the built-up edge 25 will be promoted in the machining tool 10 whose cutting edge 11 portion is made irregular by forming the dimples 16.

[0106] However, when machining (cutting) is carried out using a tool 10 whose cutting edge 11 portion is treated by the treatment method of the present invention, contrary to the predicted results in light of the common technical knowledge, it has been found that adhesion of the workpiece 20 to the cutting edge 11 portion typified by generation of the built-up edge 25 can be prevented.

[0107] Probably, the adhesion preventing effect of the workpiece 20 in such a manner can be achieved by the following principle. in the machining tool 10 subjected to the surface treatment on the cutting edge portion by the method of the present invention, a comparatively small dimple 16 corresponding to the particle diameter of the ejection particles is formed in the cutting edge 11 (edge) and a region 15 (treatment region) located in a predetermined range from the cutting edge 11.

[0108] Due to the formation of the dimple 16, in the machining tool 10 subjected to the surface treatment of the present invention, the lubricating oil is easily supplied to the cutting edge 11, and the dimple 16 functions as an oil reservoir and holds the lubricating oil, whereby an oil film is formed on the rake face 12 and/or a flank 13 both of which are located within a certain range from the cutting edge 11, it is possible to greatly reduce the frictional resistance at the time of contact between the distal end portion of the machining tool 10 and a swarf 21 and a finished surface 24 of the workpiece 20.

[0109] Here, the above-mentioned built-up edge 25 is generated by physically and chemically changing part of the swarf 21 due to the pressure, the large frictional resistance, and the high cutting heat generated between the swarf and the rake face 12 of the tool 10 and adhering to the rake face 12 in the vicinity of the cutting edge 11. However, as described above, by performing the surface treatment of the present invention, it is possible to greatly reduce the contact resistance between the swarf 21 and the rake face 12 by forming the dimples 16 that hold the oil film on the rake face 12. Therefore, when applying the treatment method of the present invention, all the generation conditions of the built-up edge 25 does not exist.

[0110] As a result, in the machining tool 10 in which the surface treatment method of the present invention is performed, the built-up edge 25 is difficult to generate. Thus, it is possible to solve problems such as bluntness of the cutting edge 11 caused by generation of the built-up edge 25, a decrease in machining accuracy due to an increase in the amount of cut, and temperature rise at the time of cutting and early abrasion of the cutting tool accompanying an increase in cutting resistance due to friction and excessive cutting.

[0111] Further, when the dimples 16 for holding the lubricating oil are also formed on the flank 13 of the tool, the contact between the finished surface 24 and the flank 13 of the workpiece 20 also becomes smooth, whereby it is possible to perform cutting with continuous shearing due to a constant cutting resistance. As a result, occurrence of roughening such as irregularities on the treatment surface can be more suitably prevented.

[0112] As described above, continuous shearing with a constant cutting resistance is carried out, which is assured by the fact that in the cutting using the machining tool to which the surface treatment of the cutting edge portion is applied by the surface treatment method of the present invention, the swarf is not a shear type, a plough and tear type, or a crack type but a flow type which is generated smoothly and continuously.

[0113] Note that in the machining tool 10 which has been subjected to the cutting edge portion treatment by the surface treatment method of the present invention, the crystal grains are micronized in the range of about 3 m from the surface of the treatment region 15 by the collision of the ejection particles described above. This micronization can suppress occurrence of thermal cracks due to expansion and contraction caused by heat generated at the time of cutting, whereby high durability and long lifespan can be achieved. Particularly, in the case where the machining tool 10 made by SKD11 is treated, the crystal grains in the vicinity of the surface of the treatment region can be micronized to the nano level, whereby further higher durability and longer lifespan can be achieved.

[0114] Further, in the machining tool 10 treated by the treatment method of the. present invention, it has been found that not only is the structure near the surface of the treatment region micronized, but also when the residual stress has been measured, a high compressive residual stress is imparted.

[0115] The presence of such a compressive residual stress brings about improvement in durability, and due to the above-described micronization and compressive residual stress, the cutting edge treatment of the present invention has been made to have high hardness and high strength, and can replace a heat treatment of carburization or nitriding, or a formation of a ceramic-based hard coating layer.

[0116] Such micronization and application of compressive residual stress is similarly obtained when the treatment is performed on a machining tool wherein a ceramic-based coating layer is formed on a treatment region.

[0117] Further, as described above, the surface hardness of the treatment region where the ejection particles collided is increased accompanying with the micronization. When a ceramic-based coating layer is formed on this treatment region, as the hardness difference between the base material and the coating layer becomes smaller, the adhesion strength of the coating layer is improved, while dimples corresponding to the surface shape of the base material layer are formed on the surface of the coating layer formed with a substantially uniform film thickness on the base material on which the dimples are formed, whereby it is possible to obtain the effect associated with the formation of dimples as it is.

EXAMPLES

[0118] Hereinafter, the results of the test for validating effects, in which the machining is carried out by using the machining tool subjected to the surface treatment of the cutting edge portion by the surface treatment method of the. present invention, are shown as test examples.

Test Example 1

Test for Validating Effects for Cutting Tool Outline of the Test

[0119] Cutting tools whose cutting edge portion is treated by the surface treatment method of the present invention (Examples) and cutting tools whose cutting edge portion is not treated and cutting tools treated under treatment conditions deviating from the conditions specified in the present invention (Comparative Examples) are used to perform cutting, and each lifespan is measured by determining that each cutting tool reaches its lifespan when chipping and adhesion of the cutting edge occur.

Cutting Tool to be Treated

[0120] The cutting tools shown in the following Table 1 are used.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Cutting tool to be tested Size Diameter Blade length Tool type Material (mm) (mm) Straight drill SKH51 10 95 Ball end mill SKH51 12 36 Bite Cemented carbide 24 Bite Alumina 24 Bite Cermet 24 Tap SKH57 6 19 Broach SKH51 9 9.5 Flat milling cutter SKH5l 100 Side milling SKH57 52 cutter Hob SKH57 75 Reamer SKH57 6 47 Metal saw Cemented carbide 125 2

Surface Treatment Conditions

[0121] Surface treatment was carried out under the conditions indicated in the following Tables 2 to 13 with respect to the cutting edge and the range of 5 mm from the cutting edge of each of the above cutting tools.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Straight chill (SKH51) Example Example Comparative 1 2 Example 1 Surface Ejection method SF SF SF treatment Median diameter 13 13 48 D.sub.50 (m) (alloy (alloy (high- of ejection particle steel) steel) speed steel) Ejection pressure 0.3 0.3 0.3 (MPa) Nozzle diameter 7 7 7 (mm) Ejection time (sec) 5 5 5 Post- Ejection method LD polishing Elastic Particle 650 abrasive diameter D.sub.50 (m) Abrasive # 10000 grain (Diamond) # (material) Ejection pressure 0.05 (MPa) Nozzle diameter 9 (mm) Ejection time (sec) 10

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Ball end mill (SKH51) Example Example Example Comparative 3 4 5 Example 2 Surface Ejection SF FD LD LD treatment method Median 8 4 20 80 diameter (Zirconia) (Alumina) (Alloy (Alloy D.sub.50 (m) of steel) steel) ejection particle Ejection 0.5 0.3 0.03 0.05 pressure (MPa) Nozzle 7 5 9 9 diameter (mm) Ejection 3 3 3 3 time (sec)

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Bite (carbide) Compar- ative Example Example Example 6 7 3 Pre- Ejection method SF polishing Elastic Particle 650 abrasive diameter D.sub.50 (m) Abrasive # 10000 grain # (Diamond) (material) Ejection pressure 0.3 (MPa) Nozzle diameter 9 (mm) Ejection time 15 (sec) Surface Ejection method SF FD FD treatment Median diameter 15 7 36 D.sub.50 (m) (Zirconia) (Alloy (High- of ejection steel) speed particle steel) Ejection pressure 0.3 0.3 0.3 (MPa) Nozzle diameter 7 5 5 (mm) Ejection time 3 3 3 (sec)

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Bite (Alumina) Comparative Example 8 Example 4 Surface Ejection method SF SF treatment Median diameter D.sub.50 (m) of 20 80 ejection particle (Zirconia) (Zirconia) Ejection pressure (MPa) 0.6 0.5 Nozzle diameter (mm) 7 7 Ejection time (sec) 3 3

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Bite (Cermet) Comparative Example 9 Example 5 Surface Ejection method FD SF treatment Median diameter D.sub.50 (m) of 8 63 (Alloy ejection particle (Zirconia) steel) Ejection pressure (MPa) 0.5 0.5 Nozzle diameter (mm) 5 7 Ejection time (sec) 3 3

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Tap (SKH57) Comparative Example 10 Example 6 Surface Ejection method FD FD treatment Median diameter D.sub.50 (m) of 15 63 ejection particle (Zircon) (Zircon) Ejection pressure (MPa) 0.1 0.1 Nozzle diameter (mm) 5 5 Ejection time (sec) 3 3

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Broach (SKH51) Example Example Example Comparative 11 12 13 Example 7 Surface Ejection SF FD LD SF treatment method Median 16 15 13 44 diameter (Alumina) (Zircon) (Alloy (Alumina) D.sub.50 (m) of steel) ejection particle Ejection 0.1 0.3 0.05 0.1 pressure (MPa) Nozzle 7 5 9 7 diameter (mm) Ejection 5 5 5 5 time (sec)

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Flat milling cutter (SKH51) Example Example Comparative 14 15 Example 8 Pre- Ejection method LD polishing Elastic Particle 650 abrasive diameter D.sub.50 (m) Abrasive #3000 grain # (SiC) (material) Ejection pressure 0.06 (MPa) Nozzle diameter 9 (mm) Ejection time (sec) 15 Surface Ejection method FD SF FD treatment Median diameter 7 15 36 D.sub.50 (m) (Alloy (High- Alloy of ejection particle steel) speed steel) steel) Ejection pressure 0.5 0.5 0.5 (MPa) Nozzle diameter 5 7 5 (mm) Ejection time (sec) 5 5 5

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Side milling cutter (SKH57) Comparative Example 16 Example 9 Surface Ejection method LD LD treatment Median diameter D.sub.50 (m) of 20 71 ejection particle (Zirconia) (Zirconia) Ejection pressure (MPa) 0.01 0.05 Nozzle diameter (mm) 9 9 Ejection time (sec) 5 5

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Hob (SKH57) Compar- ative Example Example Example Example 17 18 19 10 Surface Ejection method SF FD LD SF treatment Median diameter 13 16 8 80 D.sub.50 (m) of (Alloy (Glass) (Alumina) (High- ejection particle steel) speed steel) Ejection pressure 0.3 0.5 0.05 0.3 (MPa) Nozzle diameter 7 5 9 7 (mm) Ejection time (sec) 5 5 5 5

TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Reamer (SKH57) Comparative Example 20 Example 11 Surface Ejection method SF SF treatment Median diameter D.sub.50 (m) of 16 68 ejection particle (Glass) (Glass) Ejection pressure (MPa) 0.5 0.5 Nozzle diameter (mm) 7 7 Ejection time (sec) 3 3

TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Metal saw (cemented carbide) Example Example Comparative 21 22 Example 12 Surface Ejection method SF LD LD treatment Median diameter D.sub.50 7 15 46 (m) of ejection (Alloy (Alumina) (Zircon) particle steel) Ejection pressure 0.1 0.05 0.05 (MPa) Nozzle diameter (mm) 7 9 9 Ejection time (sec) 5 5 5

[0122] In Tables 2 to 13, the ejection method indicates the ejection method for the used blasting apparatus, and indicates the use of the blasting apparatus of the following ejection method.

[0123] SF: Suction ejection method (SFK-2 manufactured by Fuji Manufacturing Co., Ltd.)

[0124] FD: Direct pressure ejection method (FDQ-2 manufactured by Fuji Manufacturing Co., Ltd.)

[0125] LD: Gravity ejection method [LDQ-3 manufactured by Fuji Manufacturing Co., Ltd.]

[0126] Polishing with an elastic abrasive was performed by SIRIUS Processing (Fuji Manufacturing Co., Ltd.).

[0127] The hardness for each material of the ejection particles used is indicated in Table 14 below.

TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Material and hardness of ejection particles Material Hardness (Hv) Alloy steel 870 High-speed steel 840 Alumina 1800 Zirconia 1300 Zircon 700 Glass 550

Confirmation of Dimple Formation State

[0128] Confirmation by Electron Micrograph

[0129] As a result of observation of an electron micrograph of the treatment region after ejecting the ejection particles under the treatment conditions of Examples 1 to 22 explained above, it has been found that the dimples are formed under any treatment condition.

[0130] As an example, FIG. 4 shows an electron micrograph of the cutting edge portion of a ball end mill made of high-speed tool steel (SKH51) subjected to surface treatment under the treatment conditions of Example 3.

[0131] The dimples which are relatively clearly shown in FIG. 4 are indicated by being enclosed by a broken line circle. As can be seen from FIG. 4, it can be seen that shallow dimples with a relatively small diameter are formed substantially uniformly on both of the ridgelines that are the cutting edge 11 (edge) and opposite inclined surfaces centering on the cutting edge 11.

[0132] FIG. 5 shows a state photograph of the cutting edge portion of the cutting tool treated by the method of the present invention. In FIG. 5, (A) shows an untreated sample, (B) and (D) show samples treated by the method of the present invention, (C) and (E) show samples treated by the method of Comparative Examples, and (B) to (D) are samples treated by the suction ejection method (SF method). In (B), ejection particles (median diameter of 18 m) made of alloy steel are ejected for 3 seconds at an ejection pressure of 0.5 MPa, in (C), ejection particles (median diameter of 50 m) made of high-speed steel are ejected for 3 seconds at an ejection pressure of 0.5 MPa, in (D), ejection particles (median diameter of 18 m) made of alloy steel are ejected for 3 seconds at an ejection pressure of 0.1 MPa, and in (E), ejection particles (median diameter of 50 m) made of high-speed steel are ejected for 3 seconds at an ejection pressure of 0.1 MPa.

[0133] In the surface treatment method of the present invention, since fine ejection particles with a median diameter of 1 to 20 m are ejected at an ejection pressure of 0.01 MPa to 0.7 MPa to form dimples, as illustrated in FIG. 5(B) and FIG. 5(D), the dimples can be formed while maintaining the sharpness of the cutting edge without damaging or rounding off the ng edge of the machining tool.

[0134] On the other hand, in a machining tool machined by ejecting the ejection particles having a median diameter of 50 m exceeding the above-mentioned range of particle diameter, as shown in FIG. 5(C) and FIG. 5(E), it has been found that the cutting edge is damaged and becomes blunt.

[0135] As described above, in the treatment according to the surface treatment method of the present invention, since the cutting edge does not become blunt and the dimples can be formed while maintaining the sharpness, the surface roughness of the finished surface and the reduction in machining precision accompanying a change in the amount of cut do not occur.

Measurement of Diameter, Depth, Projected Area of the Dimple

[0136] Each of Table 15 (Examples) and Table 16 (Comparative Examples) indicates the result of measurements of the diameter, the depth, and the projected area of the dimple formed on the cutting edge portion of the cutting tool after performing the surface treatment under the treatment conditions of the Examples 1 to 22 and the treatment conditions of Comparative Examples 1 to 12 described above respectively.

[0137] The diameter (equivalent diameter) and the depth of the dimple were measured using a shape analysis laser microscope (VK-X250 manufactured by KEYENCE CORPORATION).

[0138] In the case where the surface of the cutting edge portion of the cutting tool can be directly measured, the measurement was performed directly, and when the direct measurement cannot be performed, methyl acetate was dropped on the acetylcellulose film to make it conform to the surface of the cutting edge portion of the cutting tool, then dried and peeled off. Then, the measurement was carried out based on dimple which are reversely transferred to an acetylcellulose film.

[0139] The measurement was performed using multi-file analysis application (VK-H1XM, manufactured by KEYENCE CORPORATION) on the data of the surface image photographed by the shape analysis laser microscope (however, in the measurement using the acetylcellulose film, the image data obtained by reversing the photographed image was used).

[0140] Here, the multi-file analysis application is an application that can perform, using data measured with a laser microscope, measurements such as surface roughness, line roughness, height and width, analysis of equivalent circle diameter and depth, reference surface setting, and image processing such as height inversion.

[0141] In the measurement, the reference surface is set at first by using the image processing function (However, when the surface shape is a curved. surface, the reference surface setting is set after correcting the curved surface to a flat surface by using the surface shape correction). Next, the measurement mode is set to recess from the function of volume area measurement of the application, and the recess with respect to the set reference surface is measured. The average value of the results of the average depth and the equivalent circle diameter is determined as the depth and the equivalent diameter of the dimple from the measurement result of the recess.

[0142] The above-mentioned reference surface was calculated from the height data using the least squares method.

[0143] In addition, the aforementioned equivalent circle diameter or equivalent diameter was measured as the diameter of the circular shape measured by converting the projected area measured as a recess (dimple) into a circular projected area.

[0144] The reference surface mentioned above refers to the flat surface that is the zero point (reference) of the measurement in the height data, and is mainly used for the measurement in the vertical direction such as depth and height,

TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Diameter, depth, and projected area of the dimple (Example) Dimple Treatment Diameter Depth conditions (m) (m) Example 1 12.4 0.66 Example 2 12.6 0.61 Example 3 8.4 0.46 Example 4 3.3 0.16 Example 5 7.5 0.21 Example 6 13.4 0.55 Example 7 6.2 0.38 Example 8 9.1 0.09 Example 9 3.6 0.06 Example 10 8.3 0.11 Example 11 10.5 0.19 Example 12 14.5 0.26 Example 13 4.2 0.14 Example 14 8.8 0.72 Example 15 16.3 0.93 Example 16 1.7 0.02 Example 17 13.4 0.59 Example 18 15.1 0.70 Example 19 4.6 0.05 Example 20 11.3 0.56 Example 21 5.4 0.08 Example 22 5.3 0.04

TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Diameter, depth, and projected area of the dimple (Comparative Example) Dimple Treatment Diameter Depth conditions (m) (m) Comparative 41.3 2.05 Example 1 Comparative 36.7 1.68 Example 2 Comparative 21.1 1.22 Example 3 Comparative 43.3 1.74 Example 4 Comparative 28.5 1.41 Example 5 Comparative 22.9 1.19 Example 6 Comparative 24.3 1.36 Example 7 Comparative 31.2 2.61 Example 8 Comparative 27.1 1.63 Example 9 Comparative 63.3 2.94 Example 0 Comparative 37.7 2.32 Example 11 Comparative 19.6 1.07 Example 12

Cutting Condition

[0145] Cutting was performed on pre-hardened steel (HRC 30) using a cutting tool subjected to each of the above-described surface treatments and an untreated cutting tool.

[0146] Machining was carried out under the cutting conditions indicated in the following Table 17.

TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Cutting conditions Cutting Tool Type Cutting conditions Straight drill Cutting, speed 15 min Feeding 0.3 mm/rev Ball end mill Rotational speed 800 min.sup.1 Feeding 300 mm/min Bite Cutting speed 60 m/min Feeding 0.5 mm Tap Cutting speed 6 m/min Broach Cutting speed 5 m/min Flat milling cutter Cutting speed 10 m/min Feeding 0.03 mm/blade Side milling cutter Cutting speed 10 m/min Feeding 0.03 mm/blade Hob Cutting speed 50 m/min Feeding 2 mm/rev Reamer Cutting speed 4 m/min Feeding 0.5 mm/min Metal saw Cutting speed 20 m/min Feeding 0.4 mm/min

Evaluation Method and Test Result.

[0147] An untreated cutting tool, the cutting tool to which the surface treatment of the present invention is applied (Example) and cutting tools subjected to surface treatment under conditions deviating from the surface treatment conditions of the present invention (Comparative Examples) are used, cuttings are respectively carried out under the above cutting conditions, and the timing when adhesion and chipping of the cutting edge occurs is determined to be a lifespan. The results relating to the durability are indicated in Table 18.

[0148] Lifespan in Table 18 indicates how many times the lifespan of the cutting tool of the Examples and the Comparative Examples is increased when the lifespan of the untreated cutting tool is set to 1.

TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 18 Cutting test (durability test) result Treatment Tool Treatment Tool type conditions Lifespan type conditions Lifespan Straight Example 1 2.6 Broach Example 11 1.5 drill Example 2 3.0 Example 12 1.3 Comparative 0.9 Example 13 1.3 Example 1 Comparative 0.9 Ball end Example 3 1.6 Example 7 mill Example 4 1.6 Flat Example 14 1.4 Example 5 1.8 milling Example 15 1.8 Comparative 1.0 cutter Comparative 0.8 Example 2 Example 8 Bite Example 6 1.5 Side Example 16 1.7 (Cemented Example 7 2.1 milling Comparative 1.0 carbide) Comparative 1.2 cutter Example 9 Example 3 Hob Example 17 1.6 Bite Example 8 1.3 Example 18 1.3 (Alumina) Comparative 0.7 Example 19 1.6 Example 4 Comparative 0.9 Bite Example 9 1.6 Example 10 (Cermet) Comparative 1.1 Reamer Example 20 1.4 Example 5 Comparative 1.0 Tap Example 10 2.3 Example 11 Comparative 1.2 Metal Example 21 1.5 Example 6 saw Example 22 1.5 Comparative 1.0 Example 12

Study of Cutting Test Results

[0149] As a result of the cutting test, it has been found that each of the cutting tools subjected to the surface treatment of Examples 1 to 22 had a longer lifespan as compared with the untreated cutting tool.

[0150] Such longer lifespan can be improved by performing the surface treatment of the present invention. An improvement in the surface hardness of the cutting edge portion of the cutting tool, and an improvement in the lubricity of the rake face because of an oil reservoir formed clue to the formation of dimples on the rake face, can make it possible to suppress heat generation accompanying frictional contact with the swarf, and smoothly discharge the swarf. In addition, as a result of preventing adhesion of the swarf to the rake face, this is thought to enable to improve durability.

[0151] As described above, as shown in Table 15, the cutting edge portion of the cutting tool subjected to the surface treatment according to the treatment conditions of Examples 1 to 22 in which the lifespan is improved have relatively small dimples within the range of 1 to 18 m in equivalent diameter, with a depth of 0.02 to 1.0 m or less than 1.0 m and with a projected area of 30% or more. It is understood that formation of dimples within this numerical range is effective in preventing adhesion of cutting tools and the like, and improving durability.

[0152] In the Examples for a carbide bite tool, it has been found that further longer lifespan is attained in Example 7 (lifespan of 2.1) and Example 15 (lifespan of 1.8) in which preliminary polishing is performed using an elastic abrasive prior to the formation of dimples by ejecting ejection particles in comparison with Example 6 (lifespan of 1.5) and Example 14 (lifespan of 1.4 which such preliminary polishing is not performed.

[0153] From these results, it is though that removing tool marks and the like remaining on the surface of the cutting tool before forming dimples by ejecting the ejection particles, and forming dimples having the uniform height of irregularities contribute to further improvement in lubricity.

[0154] Further, in the Example in which the surface treatment of the present invention is applied to a straight drill, it has been found that further longer lifespan is attained even in Example 2 (lifespan of 3.0) in which post-polishing is performed by ejecting an elastic abrasive after forming the dimples by ejecting the ejection particles in comparison with Example 1 (lifespan of 2.6) in which such post-polishing is not performed.

[0155] From this result, as described with reference to FIG. 3, this is thought that removing fine protrusions generated at the peripheral edge portion of the dimple at the time of forming the dimple by post-polishing also contributes greatly to the reduction in the contact resistance with the workpiece and the swarf.

[0156] In comparison with the untreated products, in the surface treatment conditions of Examples 1 to 22 in which it has been found that each of them had a longer lifespan, it has been found that a slight improvement in the lifespan is attained in Comparative Example 5 (lifespan of 1.1) which is a treated example of bite (cermet) among the cutting tool subjected to the surface treatment of Comparative Examples 1 to 12 in comparison with the untreated product. However, in the other Comparative Examples, the lifespan is shortened as compared with the untreated products.

[0157] Here, also in the cutting tool subjected to the surface treatment under the treatment conditions of the Comparative Examples, since the ejection particles are made to collide with the cutting edge portion, it is thought that due to the deformation caused by collision of the ejection particles, the dimple is formed in the cutting edge portion, and hardness in the vicinity of the surface is increased by work hardening accompanying such deformation.

[0158] However, in the treatment method of the Comparative Examples, the particle diameter of the ejection powder used for the surface treatment is larger than that of the Examples, and as a result, the formed dimples also exceeded the range in the Examples (see Table 16), i.e., an equivalent diameter of 1 to 18 m and a depth of 0.02 to 1.0 m or less than 1.0 m, thereby generating the same state as when chipping (cutout) occurred at the cutting edge, thus dimple does not function as an oil reservoir. In addition, cutting resistance and heat generation accompanying this resistance increase as a result of rounding off the cutting edge thus reducing machinability, resulting in a shorter lifespan than that of the untreated product.

[0159] Therefore, it has been found that in the surface treatment method of the present application, use of an ejection particle having an equivalent diameter of 1 to 18 m validates the effectiveness of forming dimples having an equivalent diameter of 1 to 18 m and a depth of 0.02 to 1.0 m or less than 1.0 m in the cutting edge portion.

Test Example 2

Test for Validating Effects for Blanking Tool Outline of the Test

[0160] A blanking tool in which the cutting edge portion is treated by the surface treatment method of the present invention (Example), an untreated blanking tool, and a blanking tool subjected to surface treatment under treatment conditions deviating from the treatment conditions of the present application (Comparative Example) are used for performing a punch pressing, and the state of the cutting edge portion after the blanking press is observed.

Object to be Treated and Surface Treatment Condition

[0161] Surface treatment was carried out under the conditions indicated in the following Table 19 for the cutting edge portion (cutting edge, and the range in 2 mm from the cutting edge) of a punching punch (length of 3 cm, diameter of 0.5 cm) made by SKD11.

TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 19 Surface treatment conditions for punching punch Comparative Example 23 Example 13 Surface Ejection method SF SF treatment Ejection particle median 15 (High- 80 (High-speed diameter D.sub.50 (m) speed steel) steel) Ejection pressure (MPa) 0.3 0.3 Nozzle diameter (mm) 7 7 Ejection time (sec) 5 5

[0162] In the above Table 19, SF in the ejection method indicates a suction ejection method, and SFK-2 manufactured by Fuji Manufacturing Co., Ltd. was used as a blasting apparatus in the test example.

Punching Conditions and Observation Method

[0163] The punch which had been surface-treated by each of the methods of Example 23 and Comparative Example 13, and an unprocessed punch were used. The punch pressing was carried out 9000 times on steel workpieces (2 mm thick plate material) mad of SS steel. The degree of wear of the surface state of each punch after punch pressing was visually observed and was observed with a microscope.

Observation Result

[0164] The surface state of each punch after punch pressing is shown in the following Table 20.

TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 20 Surface state of the punch after punch pressing Treatment conditions Surface state Example 23 Damage was scarcely observed. Comparative Many streaky scratches in the longitudinal Example 13 direction was observed. Untreated Unavailable at 1800 times.

Consideration

[0165] The punch subjected to the surface treatment under the treatment conditions of Example 23 has dimples having an equivalent diameter of about 13.2 m and a depth of about 0.71 m at the cutting edge portion. It is thought that the dimples thus formed serves as an oil reservoir, and as a result, the sliding property at the time of punching is improved, thereby abrasion of the tool was suppressed.

[0166] Formation of dimples is also confirmed on the cutting edge portion of the punch treated under the treatment condition of Comparative Example 13. The formed dimple has an equivalent diameter of 50.2 m and a depth of 2.81 m, that is, this dimple is large in comparison with the dimple when the surface treatment is performed under the conditions of Example 23.

[0167] As a result, in the example in which the dimple is formed according to the treatment conditions of Comparative Example 13, the shape of the cutting edge is impaired, thus the resistance at the time of punching increased, whereby the cutting edge has worn out early in comparison with the punches subjected to the surface treatment under the conditions of Example 23.

[0168] In the example in which the surface treatment (Example 23) of the present invention is carried out, the hardness after the surface treatment increases to about 950 Hv with respect to the untreated surface hardness of about 750 Hv, and it has been found that the hardness increases by about 21%.

[0169] In addition, the residual stress after the surface treatment (Example 23 of the present invention is 1200 MPa, whereas the residual stress of the untreated product represents about 200 MPa, that is, tensile residual stress, therefore, it has been found hat high compression residual stress is imparted, and it is thought that durability is improved by such high compressive residual stress.

[0170] Crystal analysis of the surface of the punch after surface treatment (Example 23) of the present invention is carried out by Electron Back Scatter Diffraction Patterns (EBSD) which is one of crystal analysis methods by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a result, it has been found that crystal grains on the surface are micronized, and it is thought that such micronization of crystal grains also contributes greatly to improvement in durability.

Test Example 3

Test of Cutting of Side Face of End Mill of Aluminum Alloy Outline of the Test

[0171] Using a cutting tool in which a cutting edge portion has been subjected to a treatment by the surface treatment method of the present invention, cutting is performed using an aluminum alloy (A5052), which is easy to form a built-up edge, as a workpiece, and adhesion and abrasion state of the workpiece (swarf) to the cutting edge is observed.

Object to be Treated and Surface Treatment Condition

[0172] Surface treatment for the cutting edge portion (cutting edge and range of 5 mm from the cutting edge) of the 4-blade carbide end mill (diameter 10 mm) was carried out under the conditions shown in the following Table 21 (Example 24).

TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 21 Surface treatment conditions for planing milling tool Example 24 Surface treatment Ejection method SF Ejection particle median 8 diameter D.sub.50 (m) (alumina) Ejection pressure (MPa) 0.3 Nozzle diameter (mm) 7 Ejection time (sec) 5

[0173] In above Table 21, SF in the ejection method indicates a suction ejection method, and SFK-2 manufactured by Fuji Manufacturing Co., Ltd. was used as a blasting apparatus in this test example.

Cutting Conditions and Observation Method

[0174] Cutting was performed on a plate material made of an aluminum alloy (A5052) as a workpiece (object to be cut) using an end mill subjected to surface treatment under the conditions of Example 24 shown in Table 21 and an untreated end mill.

[0175] Cutting was carried out with the amount of cut at 0.2 mm and at a cutting speed of 100 m/min, the cutting resistance at this time was measured, and the adhesion state of the swarf to the cutting edge was observed.

[0176] The cutting resistance was measured with a three component cutting dynamometer (manufactured by Kistler) and observation of the cutting edge was performed using a microscope (VHX 600 manufactured by KEYENCE CORPORATION) and an electron microscope (S6400N manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation).

[0177] It should be noted that cutting resistance means a force required to continue cutting and is a force composed of a principal cutting force, a feed force, and a thrust force. Here, the principal cutting force and the feed force are measured.

Measurement and Observation Results

[0178] The measurement results of the cutting resistance at the time of planing, and the observation results of the cutting edge by the above method are shown in the following Table 22.

[0179] The measurement result of the cutting resistance is shown by the ratio when the cutting resistance of the untreated end mill is set to 1.

TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 22 Aluminum planing test result Cutting resistance Abrasion Adhesion Example 24 0.8 None None Untreated 1 Present Present

Consideration

[0180] In the end mill (Example 24) subjected to the surface treatment by the method of the present invention, due to the formation of the dimple at the cutting edge and the predetermined range from the cutting edge, the lubricating oil easily spreads to the cutting edge. Therefore, it has been found that even when an aluminum alloy material, which is relatively soft material, thus likely to generate a built-up edge clue to adhesion, is an object to be cut, adhesion (built-up edge) can be prevented.

[0181] Further, in the end mill subjected to the surface treatment by the method of the present invention, by the formation of the dimple, an oil film is formed on the cutting edge and the rake face and the flank in the vicinity of the cutting edge, whereby the contact resistance to the surface of the workpiece and the contact resistance with the swarf are reduced, the hardness of the cutting edge increases, and the blunting of the cutting edge due to the formation of the built-up edge, the. increase in the cutting resistance, the increase in the amount of cut, etc. do not occur. As a result, a reduction effect of cutting resistance which is 0.8 times with respect to that of the untreated product can he attained.

Examples 25 to 27 and Comparative Example 14

Cutting of Difficult-to-Cut Materials

[0182] Next, an Example in which the present invention is applied to a cutting tool for a difficult-to-cut material as a workpiece will be disclosed.

[0183] In the treatment of the present invention, a machining tool having dimples formed in the cutting edge and in the vicinity thereof is excellent in reducing adhesion of metals called difficult-to-cut materials such as titanium, stainless steel, heat-resistant alloy generated when machining of such materials is performed.

[0184] Here, difficult-to-cut materials are defined as follows: [0185] (1) Materials themselves are difficult cut (material which has properties causing difficult-to-cut properties such as stainless steel, titanium alloy, nickel alloy, iron-nickel alloy, heat-resistant alloy (Inconel, Hastelloy), etc.). [0186] (2) Difficult-to-cut properties are caused by the following material properties: [0187] a high hardness; [0188] hard and brittle; [0189] easy to cause work hardening [0190] high affinity with a tool material [0191] a large high temperature strength [0192] a small thermal conductivity [0193] containing an abrasive erosion substance [0194] a high ductility [0195] difficulty in optimization caused by unknown machinability [0196] (3) Materials with unknown machinability (mainly new materials without cutting data, etc.) [0197] (4) limitable or flammable materials (such as magnesium)

TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 23 Cutting conditions Cutting tools Insert chip (cemented carbide + TiN coating) Object to be cut Pure titanium Cutting speed 60 m/min Feeding amount 0.07 mm Lubricant None

TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 24 Treatment conditions Comparative Example 25 Example 26 Example 27 Example 14 Surface Ejection SFK-2 FD-2 LDQ-3 SFK-2 treatment device (manufactured (manufactured (manufactured (manufactured by Fuji by Fuji by Fuji by Fuji Manufacturing Manufacturing Manufacturing Manufacturing Co., Ltd) Co., Ltd) Co., Ltd) Co., Ltd) Ejection SF FD LD SF method Ejection 16 (alumina) 4 (zirconia) 20 (alloy 80 (high- particle steel) speed steel) median diameter D50 (m) Ejection 0.5 MPa 0.2 MPa 0.05 MPa 0.3 MPa pressure (MPa) Nozzle 7 5 9 7 diameter (mm) Ejection 3 3 3 3 time (sec)

TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 25 Dimple diameter and depth Treatment Dimple conditions Diameter (m) Depth (m) Example 1 14.1 0.79 Example 2 3.1 0.12 Example 3 6.4 0.17 Comparative Example 26.5 1.51

Evaluation Method

[0198] Evaluation is performed by observing presence or absence of the adhesion of the cutting edge after machining one object to be cut.

Consideration

[0199]

TABLE-US-00026 TABLE 26 Evaluation results Examples 25 to 27 Comparative Example 14 Adhesion Minute Large

TABLE-US-00027 TABLE 27 Surface roughness of cutting surface Comparative Example 25 Example 14 Surface roughness Ra (m) 1.34 1.51

[0200] In Examples 25 to 27, almost no adhesion was observed after machining. In Comparative Example 14, apparent adhesion can be observed (see FIG. 6).

[0201] Also, in observing the discharge state of the swarf during cutting, swarfs are entwined in the Comparative Example. However, in Examples 25 to 27, the swarf was smoothly discharged without being entwined (see FIG. 7).

[0202] It is thought that dimples formed by the treatment of the present invention reduces the cutting resistance and furthermore the contact resistance between the swarf and the tool at the time of discharging the swarf can be reduced thereby adhesion can be prevented.

DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE NUMERALS

[0203] 10 Cutting tool (machining tool)

[0204] 11 Cutting edge

[0205] 12 Rake face

[0206] 13 Flank

[0207] 15 Treatment region (or region)

[0208] 16 Dimple

[0209] 17 Protrusions

[0210] 20 Workpiece

[0211] 21 Swarf

[0212] 22 Surface

[0213] 23 Shear surface

[0214] 24 Finished surface

[0215] 25 Built-up edge