Pore opened zeolite nanosheets and their suspensions and methods and uses related thereto

Abstract

Methods for forming two-dimensional (2D) zeolite nanosheets include exposing a multi-lamellar (ML) zeolite material including an organic structure directing agent (OSDA) to a mixture including sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide under conditions sufficient to remove substantially all of the OSDA from the ML zeolite material; and after exposing the ML zeolite material, treating a solution containing the ML zeolite material to sonication and/or mixing under conditions sufficient to substantially exfoliate layers of the ML zeolite to obtain porous two-dimensional zeolite nanosheets that are substantially free of the OSDA. In some cases, without further treatment such as secondary growth of the zeolite coating layer, a deposit of the OSDA-free nanosheets on polymer support exhibits hydrocarbon isomer selectivity.

Claims

1. A method, comprising: exposing a multi-lamellar (ML) zeolite material comprising an organic structure directing agent (OSDA) to a mixture comprising sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide under conditions sufficient to remove substantially all of the OSDA from the ML zeolite material; and after exposing the ML zeolite material, treating a solution containing the ML zeolite material to sonication and/or mixing under conditions sufficient to substantially exfoliate layers of the ML zeolite to obtain porous two-dimensional zeolite nanosheets that are substantially free of the OSDA.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the ML zeolite material comprises an WI zeolite.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the ML zeolite material comprises an MWW zeolite.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture comprises at least 2.5 parts sulfuric acid to 1 part hydrogen peroxide by volume.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the mixture comprises no more than 7 parts sulfuric acid to 1 part hydrogen peroxide by volume.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein exposing the ML zeolite material comprises providing the ML zeolite material in the sulfuric acid and adding the hydrogen peroxide to the sulfuric acid or by preparing a mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide and adding the ML zeolite to the mixture.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising synthesizing the ML zeolite material using the OSDA prior to exposing the ML zeolite material.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the ML zeolite material is exposed to the mixture for a time sufficient to remove the OSDA to a desired level.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the ML zeolite material is exposed to mixtures comprising sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide multiple times to remove substantially all of the OSDA from the ML zeolite material.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the sonication or mixing is performed by a technique selected from the group consisting of bath sonication, horn sonication, vortexing, and shaking including combinations of them.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution containing the ML zeolite material is an aqueous solution.

12. A method of forming a zeolite membrane, comprising: obtaining porous two-dimensional zeolite nanosheets using the method of claim 1; and forming the zeolite membrane using the porous two-dimensional zeolite nanosheets.

13. A method, comprising: exposing a zeolite nanosheet material comprising an organic structure directing agent (OSDA) to a mixture comprising sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide under conditions sufficient to remove substantially all of the OSDA from the zeolite nanosheet material; and after exposing the zeolite nanosheet material, dispersing it in a polar solvent.

14. The method of claim 13, where the polar solvent is water.

15. The method of claim 13, further comprising, prior to exposing the zeolite nanosheet material to the mixture, exfoliating a ML zeolite material to provide the zeolite nanosheet material.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the ML zeolite material is exfoliated by melt blending.

17. A method of forming a zeolite membrane, comprising: obtaining porous two-dimensional zeolite nanosheets using the method of claim 13; and forming the zeolite membrane using the porous two-dimensional zeolite nanosheets.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a schematic of the exfoliation of the multi-lamellar (ML) zeolites through detemplation followed by sonication.

(2) FIG. 2 shows X-ray diffraction patterns of as-made ML-MFI zeolites. Specifically, FIG. 2 shows small-angle (A) and wide-angle (B) powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of (a) as-made ML-MFI (synthesized from a gel with composition of 100SiO.sub.2:10SDA:24NaOH:18Na.sub.2SO.sub.4:400EtOH:4000H.sub.2O hydrothermally treated at 140? C. for 7 d), (b) ML-MFI after horn sonication, and (c) ML-MFI sample after 3-times piranha treatment (5 hour at room temperature, followed by two 24 hour-treatments at 80? C.).

(3) FIG. 3A shows thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curves of (a) the as-synthesized ML-MFI (gel composition of 100SiO.sub.2:10SDA:24NaOH: 18Na.sub.2SO.sub.4:400EtOH:4000H.sub.2O; hydrothermally treated at 140? C. for 7 d); (b) the as-synthesized ML-MFI after horn sonication treatment: 40% amplitude, 10 min with 2 sec of pause for each 5 sec sonication; (c) sample after piranha solution treatment at room temperature for 5 hours; (d) sample c after a second piranha solution treatment at 80? C. for 1 day; and (e) sample d after a third piranha solution treatment at 80? C. for 1 day.

(4) FIG. 3B shows TGA curves of MWW zeolites before (a) and after piranha solution treatment at 80? C. for 1 day (b).

(5) FIG. 3C shows TGA curves of as-synthesized silica self-pillared pentasil (Si-SPP) zeolites before (a) and after piranha solution treatment at 80? C. for 24 hours with total treatment of two times (b).

(6) FIG. 4A shows 87 K Argon adsorption isotherms of (1) an ML-MFI sample after piranha solution treatment at r.t. for 5 h and a second piranha solution treatment at 80? C. for 1 day; (2) sample in (1) after a third piranha solution treatment at 80? C. for 1 d; (3) as-synthesized ML-MFI used in (1) after calcination at 550? C. for 5 h.

(7) FIG. 4B shows Nonlocal density functional theory (NLDFT) pore size distributions of the sample shown in FIG. 4A (1). Density functional theory (DFT) Calculation Model: Ar at 87 K zeolites/silica (cylinder pores, NLDFT)

(8) FIG. 4C shows NLDFT pore size distributions of the sample shown in FIG. 4A (2). DFT Calculation Model: Ar at 87 K zeolites/silica (cylinder pores, NLDFT)

(9) FIG. 4D shows NLDFT pore size distributions of the sample shown in FIG. 4A (3). DFT Calculation Model: Ar at 87 K zeolites/silica (cylinder pores, NLDFT)

(10) FIG. 5A shows a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the as-synthesized ML-MFI sample (gel composition of 100SiO.sub.2:10SDA:24NaOH:18Na.sub.2SO.sub.4:400EtOH:4000H.sub.2O; hydrothermally treated at 140? C. for 7 d).

(11) FIG. 5B shows an SEM image of the ML-MFI sample shown in FIG. 5A after treated by piranha solution for 3 times.

(12) FIG. 5C shows an SEM image of MFI nanosheets coated on the silicon wafer.

(13) FIG. 5D shows an SEM image of calcined MFI nanosheets on silicon wafer at 400? C. for 4 hours.

(14) FIG. 6A shows a low magnification SEM image of MFI nanosheets on a silicon wafer.

(15) FIG. 6B shows a high magnification SEM image of the MFI nanosheets on the silicon wafer.

(16) FIG. 7 shows a high magnification SEM image of MFI nanosheets on silicon wafer after calcination at 400? C. for 4 hours.

(17) FIG. 8A shows AFM image of nanosheets deposited on silicon substrate using drop-coating method.

(18) FIG. 8B shows height profiles along the profile lines shown in FIG. 8A.

(19) FIG. 8C shows a low magnification transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of nanosheets.

(20) FIG. 8D shows a high magnification TEM image of the nanosheets shown in FIG. 8C.

(21) FIG. 9 shows an SEM image of an as-synthesized ML-MFI from a gel composition of 100SiO.sub.2:7.5SDA:24NaOH:18Na.sub.2SO.sub.4:400EtOH:4000H.sub.2O, hydrothermally crystallized at 150? C. for 7 days.

(22) FIG. 10 shows thermogravimetry (TG) curves of ML-MFI zeolites after piranha solution treatments at 80? C. for 1 day repeated: (a) one, (b) two, (c) three, and (d) four times. The synthesis gel composition of the ML-MFI is 100SiO.sub.2:7.5SDA:24NaOH:18Na.sub.2SO.sub.4:400EtOH:4000H.sub.2O and crystallization was done at 150? C. for 7 days.

(23) FIG. 11 shows attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) of as-synthesized (trace a) and detemplated (trace b) ML-MFI (gel composition of 100SiO.sub.2:7.5SDA:24NaOH:18Na.sub.2SO.sub.4:400EtOH:4000H.sub.2O crystallized at 150? C. for 7 days).

(24) FIG. 12 shows XRD patterns of (a) as-synthesized ML-MFI, and (b) after piranha solution treatment at 80? C. for 1 day repeated two, (c) three, and (d) four times. The synthesis gel composition of the ML-MFI was 100SiO.sub.2:7.5SDA:24NaOH:18Na.sub.2SO.sub.4:400EtOH:4000H.sub.2O and crystallization was at 150? C. for 7 days.

(25) FIG. 13 shows 87K argon adsorption isotherms for ML-MFI zeolites after repeated piranha solution treatment at 80? C., 1 day for (a) twice, (b) three, and (c) four times. The synthesis gel composition of the ML-MFI was 100SiO.sub.2:7.5SDA:24NaOH:18Na.sub.2SO.sub.4:400EtOH:4000H.sub.2O, crystallization at 150? C. for 7 days.

(26) FIG. 14 is an SEM image of a sample after four times repeated piranha solution treatment at 80? C. for 1 day. The image is taken from the solid collected at the bottom of a centrifuge tube after centrifugation of the piranha solution treated suspension.

(27) FIG. 15A shows an SEM image of MFI nanosheets dried from a water suspension prepared by detemplation of ML-MFI (gel composition 100SiO.sub.2:7.5SDA:24NaOH:18Na.sub.2SO.sub.4:400EtOH:4000H.sub.2O; hydrothermally treated at 150? C. for 7 d) followed by vortexing for 10 min, repeated three times. Scale bar=1 ?m.

(28) FIG. 15B shows an SEM image of the MFI nanosheets shown in FIG. 15A after shaking for 12 hours. Scale bar=1 ?m.

(29) FIG. 15C shows an SEM image of the MFI nanosheets shown in FIG. 15B after horn sonication, 20% amplitude, 10 min. Scale bar=1 ?m.

(30) FIG. 15D shows an SEM image of the MFI nanosheets shown in FIG. 15C after bath sonication, 90 min. All the suspensions were sedimented for 3 days and then each supernatant was collected and drop-coated on a silicon wafer for SEM observation. Scale bar=1 ?m.

(31) FIGS. 15E-15F show SEM images of a top view and a cross-sectional view, respectively, of the self-standing MFI film formed by drop-coating the MFI nanosheets on an alumina support. Scale bar=10 ?m for FIG. 15E. Scale bar=1 ?m for FIG. 15F.

(32) FIG. 16A-16B show photographs of self-standing disc composed of OSDA-free nanosheets (diameter is approximately 2 cm). FIG. 16A shows a top view image of the disc on a surface marked with M. FIG. 16B shows a cross-section SEM image of the disc showing a thickness of approximately 3.5 ?m.

(33) FIGS. 17A-17F show photographs and top view SEM images of a porous polybenzimidazole (PBI) support before (FIGS. 17A, 17C, and 17E) and after (FIGS. 17B, 17D, and 17F) filtration of water suspension of OSDA-free MFI nanosheets. Inset in FIG. 17E is a high magnification view of a portion of FIG. 17E; inset in FIG. 17F is a high magnification view of a portion of FIG. 17F.

(34) FIG. 18A is a schematic showing OSDA-free MFI nanosheets fabricated by the application of piranha solution treatment to exfoliated nanosheets (made, for example, using melt-blending ML-MFI with a polymer like polystyrene).

(35) FIG. 18B is an XRD plot of the OSDA-free nanosheets after four-time piranha solution treatment.

(36) FIG. 18C is an argon adsorption isotherm plot of calcined 300 nm MFI particles, calcined self-pillared single unit cell MFI (SPP) particles, and exfoliated nanosheets treated four-time by piranha solution.

(37) FIG. 18D is an AFM (tapping mode) topographical image of OSDA-free nanosheets (made by exfoliation followed by 4 times piranha solution treatment) coated on Si wafer by use of a Langmuir trough; scale bar is 200 nm.

(38) FIG. 18E is a plot of the height vs. length data along the lines highlighted in FIG. 18D.

(39) FIG. 19A is a TEM image of OSDA-free nanosheets obtained by melt compounding followed by piranha solution treatment. Scale bar is 200 nm.

(40) FIG. 19B is a high-resolution Weiner filtered TEM image of a single nanosheet shown in FIG. 19A. Scale bar is 10 nm.

(41) FIG. 19C is a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the image shown in FIG. 19B showing spots typical of MFI crystal structure. Scale bar is 1 nm.sup.?1.

(42) FIGS. 20A and 20B show top view SEM images of a porous polyimide support before (FIG. 20A) and after (FIG. 20B) filtration of water suspension of OSDA-free MFI nanosheets.

(43) FIG. 21 shows a photograph of a porous PBI hollow fiber.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(44) Referring to FIG. 1, solution-based methods to exfoliate multi-lamellar (ML) zeolites based on a detemplation-sonication sequence are disclosed. In a first step, a ML zeolite material (110) that includes an OSDA is first treated with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide (known as piranha solution) to remove the OSDA (120). The wet oxidation in a strong acid may avoid the condensation of nanosheets, which is dominant when detemplation takes place by calcination.

(45) Afterwards, the OSDA-free zeolite (130) is placed in a suspension, which is treated with sonication (140) to obtain exfoliated 2D nanosheets (e.g., 1.5 unit-cell-thick) with basal size up to 1 ?m (150) or more. Different from the polymer-melt-compounding technique, the detemplation-sonication method provides MFI nanosheets that are hydrophilic and can be dispersed in water.

(46) A variety of techniques can be used to synthesize ML zeolites. Exemplary synthesis techniques for ML silicalite-1 zeolites are described by M. Choi et al., Nature 2009, 461, 246, K. Varoon et al., Science 2011, 334, 72, and W. Park et al., Chem. Mater. 2011, 23, 5131, for example. In an exemplary synthesis technique used for the MFI examples described below, diquaternary ammonium surfactant [C.sub.22H.sub.45N.sup.+(CH.sub.3).sub.2C.sub.6H.sub.12N.sup.+(CH.sub.3).sub.2C.sub.6H.sub.13](Br.sub.2) (C.sub.22-6-6Br.sub.2) was used as structural directing agent (SDA). C.sub.22-6-6Br.sub.2 was synthesized by alkylation of N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine with 1-bromodocosane at 65? C. overnight followed by alkylation of the resultant product by 1-bromohexane at 85? C. overnight. For the synthesis of multi-lamellar silicalite-1, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was hydrolyzed in the presence of OSDA, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sulfuric acid (H.sub.2SO.sub.4) and deionized water to obtain a gel composition of 100SiO.sub.2:10SDA:24NaOH:18Na.sub.2SO.sub.4: 400EtOH:4000H.sub.2O or 100SiO.sub.2:7.5SDA:24NaOH:18Na.sub.2SO.sub.4:400EtOH:4000H.sub.2O. After hydrolysis for 24 hours at room temperature, the resultant gel was crystallized in a rotating Teflon-lined steel autoclave at 140? C. for 7 days or 150? C. for 7 days (for the latter gel composition). The product was obtained by centrifugation. The cake was washed with deionized water and dried at 80? C. overnight.

(47) More generally, the methods can be applied to other ML zeolites in addition to MFI zeolites. For example, the use of piranha detemplation for the removal of OSDA can also be applied to other ML zeolites such as the layered precursor to the MWW framework, known as MCM-22(P), as described below.

(48) Removal of the OSDA from the ML zeolite material is achieved by oxidizing solution treatment using piranha solution. In some embodiments, the ML zeolite material is added to concentrated sulfuric acid (e.g., >90%). Then, hydrogen peroxide is added (e.g., dropwise) to the sulfuric acid. The ratio of sulfuric acid to hydrogen peroxide can vary. The ratio can be, for example as low as about 2.5:1 (sulfuric acid:hydrogen peroxide, by volume) up to about 7:1.

(49) Exposure to piranha solution may be for several hours or more (e.g., 1 day, 2 days, 3 days or more) and may be repeated (e.g., 2, 3, 4, or more times).

(50) After removal of the OSDA, the resulting cake may be washed (e.g., in water) and dried or kept in solution for the sonication step.

(51) In an exemplary procedure, 0.1 g of the as-synthesized ML-MFI zeolite powder was mixed with 12 mL concentrated sulfuric acid (95?98%, Sigma-Aldrich) in a 50 mL Pyrex? glass bottle. After magnetically stirred for 0.5 h, 4 mL hydrogen peroxide (30%, Fisher Scientific) was dropwise added to the above suspension in a hood (the container was very hot due to generation of heat!). The suspension was stirred for another 1 h. During the stir period, the Pyrex? glass bottle was vented occasionally. Then the Pyrex? glass bottle was sealed in a secondary container and put in an 80? C. oven for 24 h at a specially designated area with appropriate safety precautions and limited access to other lab members to digest the organic species. After the secondary container and the Pyrex? glass bottle were completely cooled down, the Pyrex? glass bottle was opened carefully in a hood. The suspension was transferred to 50 mL polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) centrifuge tubes and centrifuged (Beckman Coulter, Model: Avanti J-20 XP equipped with JA25.50 rotor) at 40,000 g for 1 hour to recover the solid. The resulting cake was dispersed in approximately 50 mL DI water and the suspension was centrifuged at 40,000 g for 1 hour and the supernatant was discarded. The washing step was repeated until the pH of supernant was between 6?7. The final cake was dried at 70? C. overnight to get powder or just kept in wet cake form for next processing.

(52) In general, a variety of treatment techniques can be used for exfoliation of detemplated nanosheets. In particular, four different types of treatment (vortexing, shaking, horn sonication, and bath sonication) were assessed for their ability to lead to exfoliation of the detemplated nanosheets. As shown in FIGS. 15A-15D, which show SEM images of single layer nanosheets, all four treatments produced MFI single layer nanosheets.

(53) For example, referring to the example described above, the recovered wet cake was redispersed in 30 mL deionized (DI) water or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The above suspension was sonicated by an ultrasonicator (Bransonic Ultrasonic cleaner, 1210) for 90 min.

(54) Horn sonication was also used. The wet cake after piranha solution treatment was redispersed in 30 mL DI water. The formed suspension was treated by a horn sonicator (Qsonica Q500, 500 watts, ? micro-tip) for 10 min under the setting of 40% output intensity and 2 sec of pause for each 5 sec sonication sequence. The suspension was cooled in an ice bath to avoid getting hot during the horn sonication.

(55) Other mechanical mixing methods were also used, specifically vortexing and shaking. For example, 30 mL DI water suspension was stirred by vortexing (Fisher Scientific vortex mixer) at ?2500 rpm for 10 min and repeated 3 times. In another implementation, a 50 mL capped vessel with 30 mL DI water suspension was loaded on a rotation unit for shaking treatment with a rotation speed of about 10 rpm for 12 h.

(56) Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the interaction between the long-chain tails of OSDA directs the compact stacking of zeolite layers to form ordered multi-lamellar structure. As shown by the XRD patterns for MFI zeolite layers, for example, in FIG. 2 (traces a and b), sonication-only does not alter significantly the multi-lamellar stacking. Mild acid treatments followed by sonication show similar outcomes. Accordingly, it is believed that oxidizing agents stronger than mild acids are necessary to remove organic residues. The so-called piranha solution is known as one of the strongest oxidizing agents and was used to decompose the OSDA in ML-MFI.

(57) Indeed, after repeatedly treating by piranha solution, the ML-MFI sample presents vanishing low-angle XRD peaks, yet well-resolved MFI-peaks in the wide-angle region, suggesting less ordered stacking (see FIG. 2, trace c in particular, where suppression of the peaks from 00 to 20 relative to traces a and b is clear). The powder XRD measurements were carried out using a Bruker-AXS (Siemens) D5005 diffractometer with a CuK? (?=0.15406 nm) radiation source with a step of 0.04? and dwell time of 1 second.

(58) Referring to FIGS. 3A-3C, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicates that the weight loss (in the 120?700? C. range) may be decreased from ?35% to 14% after the as-synthesized ML-MFI zeolite is treated by piranha solution at room temperature for 5 hours (compare traces a and b to trace c). The weight loss further decreased to 8.5% (trace d) when the above as-obtained powder was treated by piranha solution for a second time under more harsh conditions (80? C. for 1 day) and ultimately to 4.0% (trace e) for a third treatment under the same conditions.

(59) Here, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed using a Shimadzu TGA-50 analyzer. Analysis was carried out by heating about 6 mg of the samples in air flow (100 mL/min) from 100 to 750? C. at a heating ramp rate of 10? C./min.

(60) Referring to FIGS. 4A and 4B, argon adsorption shows 40 cc/g and 53 cc/g for the sample with weight loss of 8.5% and 4.0%, respectively. These results suggest that most of the organic species were removed and more than half of the micropores (?90 cc/g for the same sample calcined at 550? C.) were opened after the repeated piranha solution treatment. Methods for sample 1-3 are described in FIGS. 4A and 4B captions.

(61) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Porosity of the ML-MFI after treatment, derived from Ar adsorption isotherms in FIGS. 4A-4D. V.sub.total V.sub.micro Sample S.sub.BET (M.sup.2/g) S.sub.exter (m.sup.2/g) S.sub.micro (m.sup.2/g) (cc/g) (cc/g).sup.a 1 198 131 65 0.33 0.023 2 296 174 122 0.33 0.043 3 372 173 199 0.43 0.072

(62) Argon adsorption-desorption isotherms were obtained using a Quantachrome Autosorb-iQ instrument at 87 K. Samples were degassed at 120? C. for 12 hours under vacuum prior to the analysis. The pore size distributions were obtained from the adsorption branch of the isotherms using the nonlocal density functional theory (NLDFT) method (Quantachrome software, AsiQwin V 3.01).

(63) Referring to FIGS. 5A-5D, SEM images show that the morphology of ML-MFI changes from spherical assemblies consisting of intergrown multi-lamellar MFI sheets for the as-synthesized material (FIG. 5A to few-layer MFI nanosheets after piranha solution treatment (FIG. 5B). The removal of the long-chain tails of OSDA results in wrinkling or curling of the flexible single MFI layers, which combined with the absence of low-angle XRD peaks indicates loose stackinga beneficial outcome for the exfoliation attempt by sonication described next.

(64) The piranha solution treated ML-MFI zeolite as a wet cake was redispersed in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and treated with bath sonication for 90 min. The resultant suspension was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min and the supernatant was collected, which was drop-coated on a silicon wafer for SEM observations. Single layer MFI nanosheets with uniform thickness are abundant on the silicon wafer substrate, illustrating the successful exfoliation of ML-MFI zeolite by the combined detemplation-sonication method. Isolated MFI nanosheets with plane view size (basal dimensions) as large as 1 ?m are observed (FIG. 5C, for high magnification and wide view SEM images see FIGS. 6A and 6B). After calcination, the nanosheets maintain the original size and dispersion (FIG. 5D, for high magnification SEM image see FIG. 7).

(65) Here, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were acquired using JEOL 6700 microscope operating at 5 kV in a secondary electron image (SEI) mode. Prior to the observations, the suspension was drop-coated on a silicon wafer, which was stuck on a platform by conductive tapes, and dried at room temperature.

(66) Referring to FIGS. 8A-8D, the thickness of the nanosheets was confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). As evident from FIG. 8A, most of the nanosheets exhibit same contrast, indicating uniform thickness, except for some dark spots attributed to the unexfoliated few-layer thick nanosheets. Line profiles across three chosen nanosheets are shown in FIG. 8B. The nanosheets at positions 1 or 2 are about 3.5 nm in thickness with flat surface, corresponding to a 2D monolayer (1.5 unit-cell-thick MFI along its b-axis). The thickness of the darker nanosheet at position 3 is about 7.0 nm and it can be attributed to a bilayer MFI nanosheet.

(67) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was carried out in tapping mode in the repulsive regime using a Bruker Nanoscope V Multimode 8 AFM. Analysis of AFM images was done using Gwiddion 2.31 software. In order to calibrate the AFM height data, freshly cleaved muscovite mica was etched in 50% hydrofluoric acid for 4 hours to produce 2.0 nm steps on mica. These steps were used as the calibration standard. For the preparation of AFM specimens, nanosheets suspension was drop-coated on a silicon wafer. The sample was calcined in air flow at 400? C. for 4 hours to remove the organics from the pores and surface of the nanosheets.

(68) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images further confirm that the exfoliated nanosheets are of uniform thickness with MFI crystal structure (FIGS. 8C and 8D). At least one basal dimension of the nanosheets is larger than 800 nm. TEM was performed on a FEI Tecnai G2 F30 operating at 300 kV. TEM samples were prepared by drop-casting suspensions of nanosheets in water on TEM grids (ultrathin carbon film on holey carbon support film, 400 mesh Cu, Ted Pella). The grid was dried at room temperature and imaged.

(69) Nanosheets with even larger basal dimensions were obtained when ML-MFI with improved morphology (i.e., ML-MFI with larger particle size and reduced rotational intergrowthssee FIG. 9 for SEM image) was used as the starting material. After repeatedly treated by piranha solution for four times, this ML-MFI zeolite shows weight loss as low as 2.6% in the 120?700? C. range, indicating that improved OSDA removal yield to almost completion (see, FIG. 10).

(70) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) also confirmed the absence of detectable levels of OSDA after four times piranha solution treatment (see, FIG. 11). The piranha solution treated samples at all stages preserve the MFI crystal structure, as confirmed by XRD (see, FIG. 12). For a four-times piranha treated ML-MFI at 80? C., Argon adsorption data correspond to DFT-calculated microporosity of 87 cc/g, with a nominal Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area of 376 m.sup.2/g (see, FIG. 13), while SEM examination shows the presence of an aggregated nanosheet morphology (see, FIG. 14). FTIR spectra were recorded in attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode on a Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS50 FT-IR spectrometer equipped with a liquid nitrogen cooled MCT detector. The spectrometer was purged with dry air and the spectra were acquired in the range of 4000-650 cm.sup.?1 and averaged over 16 scans. The data analysis was performed using Omnic software.

(71) By way of further example, 0.1 g of the as-synthesized MCM-22(P) powder was dispersed in 12 mL concentrated sulfuric acid (95?98%) and stirred for 10 min. Then, 4 mL hydrogen peroxide (30%) was dropped into the above suspension (the container was very hot due to generation of heat!). The suspension was stirred for another 1 hour. Then the mixture was heated in an 80? C. oven for 24 hour at a specially designated area with appropriate safety precautions and limited access to other lab members to digest the organic species. After the mixture was completely cooled down, the suspension was centrifuged at 40,000 g for 6 hours to recover the solid. After the treatment, the cake was dispersed in 30 mL DI water. This aqueous suspension was sonicated in an ultrasonicator for 90 min, followed by horn sonication for 10 min under the setting of 40% output intensity. The suspension was cooled in an ice bath to avoid temperature rise during the horn sonication. MWW nanosheets ranging from 100 to 1000 nm were collected from the supernatant after the suspension was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min.

(72) The whole solid was recovered by centrifugation at 40,000 g for 6 hours and dried at 80? C. overnight to check the amount of OSDA in MWW zeolite. Referring to FIG. 3B, TGA curves show the OSDA amount was greatly reduced from 15% to 4.7% after piranha solution treatment at 80? C. for 24 hr.

(73) The use of piranha detemplation can also be used to remove the OSDA from nanosheets after exfoliation. FIG. 18A schematically illustrates an example of such detemplation. This method includes a melt-compounding step introduced before the piranha solution treatments. This step results in a composite material composed of an exfoliated, OSDA-containing zeolite material in a polymer phase. Methods of melt-blending exfoliation are described, for example, in Zeolite Nanosheets Membrane Tsapatsis M. and Agraval K. V., U.S. application Ser. No. 14/130,589.

(74) Referring to FIGS. 18B-18E, in an exemplary implementation, this process was performed for ML-MFI samples. Specifically, ML-MFI samples were mixed with oligomer polystyrene (M.sub.w?1300 g/mol) inside a melt-compounder and the obtained composite was dissolved in toluene and washed by repeated centrifugation to remove the PS oligomer. The cake of exfoliated nanosheets was further treated with piranha solution followed by washing and finally dispersed in DI water. The resulting nanosheets preserve the MFI crystallinity as confirmed by their XRD pattern (FIG. 18B). Argon adsorption measurements demonstrated micropore volume of 80 cc/g (adsorbed at P/P.sub.0=0.01) (see, FIG. 18C). The thickness of the resulting nanosheets was 3.2 nm as confirmed by AFM (see, FIG. 18D), which is the typical 1.5 unit-cell-thickness of the single layer nanosheets from ML-MFI.

(75) Referring to FIGS. 19A-19C, TEM imaging and electron diffraction also confirmed the uniform thickness and MFI crystallinity after the treatment. Specifically, FIG. 19A shows a TEM image of exfoliated MFI nanosheets obtained by melt compounding followed by Piranha treatment. The scale bar is 200 nm. FIG. 19B shows a high-resolution Weiner filtered conventional electron microscope (CTEM) image of a single nanosheet from FIG. 19A. The scale bar here is 10 nm. FIG. 19C shows a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the image shown in FIG. 19B showing spots typical of MFI crystal structure. The scale bar in FIG. 19A is 1 nm.sup.?1.

(76) In some embodiments, the piranha solution treatment can be used for the removal of OSDA of intergrown nanosheets in materials that are called self-pillared zeolites or hierarchical zeolites to replace calcination treatment. For example, the piranha solution treatment can be applied to the hierarchical zeolite material called self-pillared pentasil (SPP) as follows: 0.1 g of the as-synthesized Si-SPP powder was dispersed in 12 mL concentrated sulfuric acid (95?98%) and stirred for 10 min. Then, 4 mL hydrogen peroxide (30%) was dropped into the above suspension (the container was very hot due to generation of heat!). The suspension was stirred for another 1 h. Then the mixture was heated in an 80? C. oven for 24 h at a specially designated area with appropriate safety precautions and limited access to other lab members to digest the organic species. After the mixture was completely cooled down, the suspension was centrifuged at 40,000 g for 6 hours to recover the solid. The resulting cake was treated with piranha solution for one more time the same way as describe above. After the treatment, the cake was dispersed in 30 mL DI water. This aqueous suspension was sonicated in an ultrasonicator for 90 min, followed by horn sonication for 10 min under the setting of 40% output intensity. MFI nanosheets ranging from 100 to 500 nm were collected from the supernatant after the suspension was sedimented for 2 days.

(77) The solid was recovered by centrifugation at 40,000 g for 6 hours and dried at 80? C. overnight to check the amount of OSDA in Si-SPP zeolite. Referring to FIG. 3C, thermogravimetry (TG) curves show the OSDA amount was greatly reduced from 15.5% to 3.1% after piranha solution treatment at 80? C. for 24 h with total treatment of two times.

(78) In general, the aqueous suspension containing OSDA-free exfoliated layers can be used in a variety of applications. In some embodiments, aqueous suspension containing OSDA-free exfoliated layers can be used to form self-standing and supported films. For example, when directly dropped on a porous alumina support (see, e.g., K. V. Agrawal, AlChE J. 2013, 59, 3458 describing exemplary techniques) and dried at 80? C., forms a transparent film that peels off from the alumina support (see, FIGS. 15E and 15F). As evident in FIG. 15E, the peeled off film is flat and cracked-free. From the cross-section view, one can see that the self-supported nanosheet film has thickness of about 1 ?m (see, FIG. 15F). The hydrophilic MFI nanosheets adhered together sufficiently strongly while their interface with the support was rather weak due to the high and low concentration of OH groups in the nanosheets and alumina support, respectively. A film that had been peeled off after depositing by filtration OSDA-free nanosheets on a porous polybenzimidole (PBI) support is shown in FIGS. 16A and 16B.

(79) In some embodiments, films of the OSDA-free nanosheets are deposited on porous supports without peeling off. This can be achieved by treatment of the support to increase nanosheet-support adhesion. For silica and alumina supports, this can be achieved by piranha solution treatment to increase the surface hydrophilicity of the supports. For PBI support there can be good adhesion. FIGS. 17A-17F show photos and SEM images of porous PBI support before and after nanosheet deposition. A uniform and well-packed nanosheet coating can be formed completely covering the PBI support pores. The formed membrane without any further treatment (i.e., without secondary growth and calcination) exhibits membrane performance characteristic of MFI micropores with a n-butane over iso-butane selectivity of 5.4 as shown in Table 2.

(80) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 n-/i-Butane single gas ideal selectivity and permeance of the OSDA-free nanosheets coated on PBI porous support (room temperature and atmospheric pressure feed). Data from five different membranes are shown. n-Butane permeance Membrane (mol/m.sup.2-s-Pa) Ideal selectivity 1 3.7 ? 10.sup.?7 5.5 2 3.8 ? 10.sup.?7 5.5 3 3.5 ? 10.sup.?7 5.4 4 3.3 ? 10.sup.?7 5.4 5 3.2 ? 10.sup.?7 5.3 Average (3.5 ? 0.3) ? 10.sup.?7 5.4 ? 0.1

(81) As an example, FIG. 20A shows a porous polyimide support. As shown in FIG. 20B, the OSDA free nanosheet deposit is stable and uniformly coated on the polyimide support without peeling-off. The formed membrane, without further treatment (e.g., without secondary growth and calcination), exhibits membrane performance characteristic of MFI micropores with a n-butane over iso-butane selectivity of 4.5 with n-butane permeance of 6.4?10.sup.?7 mol/m.sup.2-s-Pa.

(82) As another example, FIG. 21 shows an OSDA-free nanosheets deposited on porous PBI hollow fiber support. The thickness of the coating layer is controlled by the OSDA-free nanosheet concentration and the coating time. The deposit is stable and uniformly coated on the porous PBI hollow fiber support without peeling-off. The formed membrane, without further treatment (e.g., without secondary growth and calcination), exhibits membrane performance characteristic of MFI micropores with a n-butane over iso-butane selectivity of 2.9 with n-butane permeance of 2.7?10.sup.6 mol/m.sup.2-s-Pa.

(83) Although the selectivity shown in Table 2 is about one order of magnitude smaller than that achieved by well-intergrown MFI membranes made after secondary hydrothermal growth on ceramic supports followed by calcination, it shows that isomer selective molecular sieving from a membrane made by 2D porous layers is feasible. It is believed that further improvements in nanosheet aspect ratio and packing will result in better performance. Incorporation of a polymer, organic or inorganic component in the suspension and/or deposit may also block defects and increase selectivity.

(84) Pore-opened zeolite nanosheets can be used as building blocks for zeolite membranes, e.g., for molecular adsorption or molecular separation (e.g., selective separation of isomers). Conventionally, zeolite nanosheets are made using organic additives that end up in the micropores. These organics have to be removed to allow for transport of molecules (molecular sieving). Up to now, the zeolite nanosheets were deposited on inorganic supports and the organics were removed from the micropores by high temperature calcination. Typically, the lowest temperature at which calcination (thermal detemplation) can achieve full opening of the micropores is ?300? C. This temperature is too high for polymeric supports. In contrast, zeolite nanosheets formed using the disclosed methods may be used with polymeric supports because the organic molecules are removed from the micropores using a wet chemical approach at low temperature (e.g., <100? C.) and they are obtained as a suspension (in non-aggregated form) in water.

(85) In some embodiments, pore-opened zeolite nanosheets can be components of composite materials. For example, the nanosheets can form one or more layers of a composite that is built up layer by layer. For example, pore-opened zeolite nanosheets can be incorporated in organic polymer or inorganic composites.

(86) A number of embodiments have been described. Other embodiments are in the claims.