Pipeline pig with hydraulically balanced collapsible sealing elements

Abstract

A pipeline pig that can traverse dual- or multiple-diameter pipes or pipelines has collapsible and expandable sealing elements that support the pig, provide a sliding (dynamic) seal with the pipe wall, and maintain the necessary pressure for driving or cleaning as the elements collapse and expand. The sealing elements each have an internal cavity sized to house a first volume of a fluid and a reservoir sized to house a second volume of the fluid. The cavity and reservoir are arranged so that a portion of the volumes of the fluid can move between each. An accumulator maintains a pressure of the first and second volumes of the fluid so that regardless of the sealing element's current size, or whether the element is transitioning between sizes, the element can maintain a sliding seal engagement with the pipe wall and perform the primary function of driving or cleaning (or both).

Claims

1. A pipeline pig comprising: a central mandrel; a hollow elastomeric seal element arranged about said central mandrel of the pipeline pig and having a centerline extending laterally outward relative to the central mandrel, said hollow elastomeric seal element defining an internal cavity surrounded by said hollow elastomeric seal element, the hollow elastomeric seal element arranged to move between a first diameter corresponding to a first diameter pipeline to be traversed and a second different diameter corresponding to a second different diameter pipeline to be traversed, said hollow elastomeric seal element containing only a volume of fluid, said volume of fluid housed in said internal cavity of the hollow elastomeric seal element being greater when in the first diameter than in the second different diameter; and an accumulator in communication with the hollow elastomeric seal element and forming a closed fluid containment system with the internal cavity of the hollow elastomeric seal element, the accumulator arranged to self-balance a sliding seal pressure of the volume of fluid housed by the internal cavity of the hollow elastomeric seal element with a differential driving pressure of the pipeline pig when in the first diameter and the second different diameter; wherein the first diameter is a maximum diameter of the pipeline pig when traversing the first diameter pipeline under differential pressure and the second different diameter is a maximum diameter of the pipeline pig when traversing the second diameter pipeline under differential pressure; and wherein the centerline of the hollow elastomeric seal element is at a different angle relative to the central mandrel when the hollow elastomeric seal element is in the first diameter than when in the second different diameter.

2. The pipeline pig according to claim 1 wherein the elastomeric seal element is curve-shaped in cross section.

3. The pipeline pig according to claim 1 wherein the elastomeric seal element is polygonal shaped in cross-section.

4. The pipeline pig according to claim 1 wherein the elastomeric seal element is configured as a cleaning element.

5. The pipeline pig according to claim 1 wherein the first sliding seal diameter is in a range of 1.05 times to 3.0 times that of the second different sealing diameter.

6. A pipeline pig comprising: an elastomeric seal element arranged about a central mandrel of the pipeline pig and having a centerline extending laterally outward relative to the central mandrel and an internal cavity surrounded by said elastomeric seal element, said internal cavity sized to house a first volume of a fluid and a reservoir sized to house a second volume of the fluid, the reservoir arranged so a portion of the said volumes of the fluid can move between the internal cavity and the reservoir; and at least one accumulator arranged to self-balance a sliding seal pressure of the first and second volumes of the fluid with a differential driving pressure of the pipeline pig, the internal cavity and the at least one accumulator forming a closed fluid containment system, the sliding seal pressure being effective for the elastomeric seal element to form a first sliding seal diameter corresponding to a first diameter pipeline and a second different sliding seal diameter corresponding to a second different diameter pipeline, said sliding seal diameters being a maximum diameter of the pipeline pig when traversing a respective first or second different diameter pipeline under differential pressure; wherein said elastomeric seal element contains only said fluid; and wherein the centerline of the elastomeric seal element is at a different angle relative to the central mandrel when in the first sliding seal diameter than when in the second different sliding seal diameter.

7. The pipeline pig according to claim 6 wherein the sliding seal pressure is effective for the elastomeric seal element to form an intermediate sliding seal diameter between the first and second different sliding seal diameters.

8. The pipeline pig according to claim 6 wherein a total volume of the accumulator is less than the second volume of the fluid when the second volume of fluid is at a maximum.

9. The pipeline pig according to claim 6 wherein the accumulator is housed by the central mandrel of the pipeline pig.

10. The pipeline pig according to claim 6 wherein the reservoir is housed within the accumulator.

11. The pipeline pig according to claim 6 wherein the fluid is a liquid.

12. The pipeline pig according to claim 6 wherein the elastomeric seal element is curve-shaped in cross section.

13. The pipeline pig according to claim 6 wherein the elastomeric seal element is polygonal shaped in cross-section.

14. The pipeline pig according to claim 6 wherein the elastomeric seal element is configured as a cleaning element.

15. The pipeline pig according to claim 6 wherein the first sliding seal diameter is 1.05 times that of the second different sliding seal diameter.

16. The pipeline pig according to claim 6 wherein the first sliding seal diameter is 1.5 times that of the second different sliding seal diameter.

17. The pipeline pig according to claim 6 wherein the first sliding seal diameter is 3.0 times that of the second different sliding seal diameter.

18. The pipeline pig according to claim 6 wherein the pipeline pig does not require an element separate from that of the elastomeric seal element to support the pipeline pig within a pipe.

19. The pipeline pig according to claim 6 wherein the first sliding seal diameter is in a range of 1.05 times to 3.0 times that of the second different sealing diameter.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a prior art selection graph for dual diameter pipeline pigs based on a worst-case scenario of high friction pigging in a dry pipeline environment. The graph is reproduced from FIG. 1.1 of Dave Bacon, Pipeline Engineering and Supply Company Limited, Pushing the Boundaries of Dual Diameter Pig Design (Pigging Products and Services Association, 2002).

(2) FIG. 2 is a cross-section view of a preferred embodiment of a pipeline pig having hydraulically balanced, collapsible sealing (or cleaning) elements made according to this invention. The sealing elements are shown in a first maximum diameter that provide a sliding (dynamic) seal in a larger diameter pipe and keep the pig moving forward in the pipeline under differential pressure.

(3) FIG. 3 is a cross-section view of the pipeline pig of FIG. 2 with the sealing elements shown in a second minimum diameter that provide a sliding seal as the pig traverses a smaller diameter pipe. A bladder-style accumulator ensures the sealing elements maintain a predetermined pressure to maintain the primary function of driving or cleaning.

(4) FIG. 4 is a view of the pipeline pig of FIG. 2 as it traverses two different size pipes along a length of pipeline.

(5) FIG. 5 is a view taken along section line 5-5 of FIG. 4.

(6) FIGS. 6A to 6E show example cross-sections of preferred embodiments of the hydraulically balanced, collapsible sealing (or cleaning) elements.

(7) FIG. 7 is a cross-section view of another preferred embodiment of a pipeline pig having hydraulically balanced, collapsible sealing (or cleaning) elements made according to this invention. A piston-type accumulator ensures the sealing elements maintain a predetermined pressure to maintain the primary function of driving or cleaning.

(8) FIG. 8 is a cross-section view of the pipeline pig of FIG. 7 with the sealing elements shown in a second minimum diameter.

(9) FIG. 9 is a table showing various from and to pipe sizes that preferred embodiments of the sealing element made according to this invention can traverse (shaded area of table), the range of pipe sizes being in a range of about 3:1 (collapsing) and 1:3 (expanding).

ELEMENTS AND NUMBERING USED IN THE DRAWINGS AND DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(10) 10 Pipeline pig

(11) 11 Central longitudinal body or mandrel

(12) 13 Centerline of 11

(13) 15 Forward end

(14) 17 Rearward end

(15) 20 Collapsible and expandable sealing or cleaning element

(16) 21 Internal cavity

(17) 23 Outer circumferential surface (in sliding seal engagement with pipe wall)

(18) 25 Passageway

(19) 29 Reservoir

(20) 30 Accumulator

(21) 33 Piston

(22) F Fluid, preferably liquid

(23) H Hydraulic fluid or liquid

(24) P1 Larger (or largest) diameter pipe

(25) P2 Smaller (or smallest or intermediate) diameter pipe

(26) S1 First size

(27) S2 Second size

(28) W Pipe wall

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(29) Preferred embodiments of a pipeline pig having hydraulically balanced, collapsible sealing (or cleaning) elements are described below. Because of an accumulator arranged to maintain a pressure within an internal cavity of each element, the elements are able to perform the primary function of driving or cleaning (or both) regardless of whether the element is at its maximum diameter, minimum diameter, or somewhere in between the maximum and minimum diameters. The elements provide a sliding (dynamic) seal with an opposing inner wall surface of the pipe and the pig continues to move forward under differential pressure. Unlike prior art dual-diameter pigs, the same sealing elements can perform the functions of sealing (and preferably also support) as the pig traverses different diameter pipes or sections of pipeline, including three or more different diameter pipes or sections. For the purpose of this disclosure, the maximum diameter corresponds to the largest diameter pipe for which the sealing element is sized and the minimum diameter corresponds to the smallest diameter pipe for which the sealing element is sized, the largest and smallest diameter pipes typically being part of the same pipeline and the sealing element providing a sliding seal for both diameter pipes, including diameters in between.

(30) Referring to FIGS. 2 to 5, a pipeline pig 10 includes a pair of circumferential sealing elements 20 arranged about a central longitudinal axis 13 of the pig body or mandrel 11. Two or more sealing elements 20 may be used, with at least one element 20 located toward a forward end 15 of the pig 10 and another element 20 located toward a rearward end 17 of the pig 10. Together, the elements 20 support and help keep the pig 10 centered in a pipeline and perform the primary function of driving or cleaning (or both).

(31) Preferably, the sealing elements 20 are made of an elastomeric material such as urethane or its equivalent. The elements 20 can be any shape preferable including elements that have a curve-shape in cross section or a polygonal-shape in cross-section (see FIGS. 6A-E, FIG. 6B being the preferred shape). Additionally, one or more of the sealing elements 20 could be configured as cleaning element, including but not limited to having a scraping or peeling edge. For certain cross-section shapes, the area of outer circumferential surface 23 in sliding seal engagement with the pipe wall P changes as sealing element 20 changes size (compare e.g. FIGS. 7 & 8).

(32) Each sealing (or cleaning) element 20 is a hollow sealing element, having an internal cavity 21 sized to house a first volume of a fluid F and a reservoir 29 sized to house a second volume of the fluid F. Preferably, the fluid F is a liquid. The reservoir 29 and internal cavity 21 communicate with one another by way of a passageway 25 that permits a portion of the first and second volumes of the fluid F to between the internal cavity 21 and the reservoir 29. This movement of fluid F is triggered by the outer circumferential surface 23 of the sealing element 20 experiencing increased force or resistance as it transitions to a smaller diameter pipe or decreased force or resistance as it transitions to a larger diameter pipe.

(33) Together, the internal cavity 21 and the reservoir 29 form a closed fluid containment system. As the first volume of fluid F increases in the internal cavity 21, the second volume of fluid F decreases in the reservoir 29 (and vice versa). Therefore, when the first volume is at its maximum, the second volume is at its minimum and sealing element 20 is at its maximum diameter or circumference. When the second volume is at its maximum, the first volume is at its minimum and sealing element 20 is at its minimum diameter or circumference. In this way, each sealing element 20 collapses or expands between a first size S1 and a second different size S2. In cases in which first size S1 corresponds to maximum diameter and second different size S2 corresponds to the minimum diameter, there are intermediate or in-between sizes of the sealing element 20 which provide sliding seal engagement. The centerline 43 of the sealing element 20, which extends in a lateral direction relative to the central longitudinal axis 13 of the mandrel 11, is at a different angle relative to the central longitudinal axis 13 of the mandrel 11 when the sealing element 20 is in the first size or diameter S1 than when in the second different size or diameter S2.

(34) Generally speaking and not taking into account other factors including but not limited to the mass of the pig, the type of material and shape being used for the sealing element, the pipeline fluid, or the surface of the pipe the differential pressure required to drive the pig forward is inversely proportional to the pipe diameter:
Force acting on the pig=Differential PressureArea(Eq. 1)
A smaller differential pressure in a larger diameter line can generate more force on the pig than can, for example, a larger differential pressure in a much smaller diameter line. Typical, differential pressure (in bars) to drive different pipeline pig configurations is:
Driving Differential Pressure=K/Nominal Diameter(Eq. 2)
where Nominal Diameter is in inches and the value of K is determined by the type of pig:

(35) TABLE-US-00001 Type of pig or tool K Sphere and foam 1 2-cup 4 4-cup 7 Disc 9 Cup and brush 12 Disc and brush 15 UT in-line inspection 19 MFL in-line inspection 24
All things being equal, as the nominal diameter of the sealing elements increases, the differential pressure required to drive the pig decreases. Once the pig 10 is set in motion by the differential pressure, the pressure being maintained in sealing element 20 by accumulator 30 is effective for providing a sliding seal against an opposing surface of the pipe wall W as pig 10 is moved forward under the driving differential pressure.

(36) The pressure provided by accumulator 30 is balanced so that pig 10 moves forward under differential pressure while sealing elements 20 maintain their sliding seal engagement with the pipe wall W. Preferably, the accumulator 30 in combination with sealing element 20 is not configured or arranged to provide the amount of pressure required for pig 10 to perform as a stationary, temporary plug. However, pig 10 could slow at times or momentarily stall in its movement depending on the operating environment or pipe conditions. When in a stall condition, because the sealing elements 20 remain in sliding seal engagement with the pipe wall W, pipeline pressure continues to build up behind pig 10 and reaches a point where pig 10 begins to move forward again under differential pressure.

(37) The ratio between the first size S1 and second different size S2 of the sealing element 20 can be determined empirically based upon the application. For example, the ratio could be 3:1, which would allow the pig 10 to traverse a pipeline having sections of pipe that vary in diameter from one another within this same range. In other preferred embodiments, the first diameter (size S1) is at least 1.05 times that of the second different diameter (size S2), at least 1.5 times that of the second diameter, or at least 3 times that of the second diameter (see e.g. FIG. 5 showing a 3:1 ratio and FIG. 9 showing preferred ratios).

(38) Regardless of whether the sealing elements 20 are collapsing or expanding between the first and second different sizes S1, S2 (or between intermediate sizes), the sealing elements 20 maintain a sliding seal engagement with the opposing inner wall surface W of the pipe so as to perform the primary function of driving or cleaning. At times, the forward sealing element 20 could be a different size than the rearward sealing element 20 as the forward element 20 transitions from a larger diameter pipe P1 into a smaller or intermediate diameter pipe P2 prior to the other element 20 reaching the smaller diameter pipe P2 (see FIGS. 4 & 5).

(39) The ability to maintain the needed pressure while traversing multi-diameter pipes or pipelines is a unique and inventive feature of pig 10. At least one accumulator 30 is arranged within the central mandrel 11 and holds pressure on the fluid in the internal cavity 21 and reservoir 29. Accumulator 30 can be a bladder-style or piston-style accumulator (see FIGS. 2, 3, 7 & 8) housing an hydraulic fluid H for maintaining pressure against fluid F. Additionally, a single accumulator 30 could be arranged to service two or more sealing elements 20, or each sealing element 20 could have its own accumulator 30.

(40) The accumulator 30 is sized so the volume of the fluid F residing in reservoir 29 can, when the volume is at its maximum, still maintain the pressure required for the sealing elements 20which would now be at their minimum working circumference or diameterto perform the function of driving or cleaning in the smaller diameter pipe. The same holds true when the volume of the fluid residing in reservoir 29 is at its minimum with the sealing elements at their maximum working circumference or diameter.

(41) Because of accumulator 30, whether sealing element 20 is collapsing or expanding, the size of the sealing element 20 is self-correcting relative to pipe diameter and provides a sliding seal as pig 10 is moved forward under differential pressure. Therefore, pig 10 can traverse multiple diameter sections of pipeline with the same set of sealing elements 20 providing the sliding seal engagement throughout.