Synthetic silica as packing material in supported liquid extraction

Abstract

In embodiments, a packing material for supported liquid extraction has a sorbent media that includes synthetic silica particles. In embodiments, the synthetic silica particles can have physical properties relating to one or more of particle surface area, shape, size, or porosity. In one embodiment, synthetic silica particles have a surface area less than about 30 m.sup.2/g. In another embodiment, the synthetic silica particles have an approximately uniform particle shape. In further examples, synthetic silica particles have a particle size in a range of about 30-150 μm inclusive or greater than about 200 μm. In another embodiment, synthetic silica particles are arranged to have a pore size greater than about 500 Angstroms. In an embodiment, an apparatus for supported liquid extraction includes a container and a sorbent media that includes synthetic silica particles. In a further embodiment, a method for extracting target analytes through supported liquid extraction is provided.

Claims

1. An apparatus for supported liquid extraction, comprising: a container removably coupled to a collection vial; and a sorbent media positioned within the container as a stationary phase in the supported liquid extraction, wherein the sorbent media are synthetic particles consisting essentially of silica having a surface area less than about 30 m.sup.2/g.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the synthetic silica particles have a substantially uniform particle shape.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the substantially uniform particle shape comprises a substantially spherical shape having a substantially uniform diameter across a distribution of the synthetic silica particles.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the synthetic silica particles have a particle size in a range of about 30-150 μm inclusive.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the synthetic silica particles have a particle size greater than about 200 μm.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the synthetic silica particles have a pore size greater than about 500 Angstroms.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: first and second layers of porous frit composition positioned within the container on opposite sides of the sorbent media.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate one or more examples of embodiments and, together with the description of example embodiments, serve to explain the principles and implementations of the embodiments.

(2) FIG. 1 is a diagram of an apparatus having synthetic silica for use as a stationary phase in SLE according to an embodiment.

(3) FIG. 2 is flowchart diagram of a method for extracting target analytes that includes using synthetic silica as a stationary phase in SLE according to an embodiment.

(4) FIG. 3 is diagram illustrating aspects of the method of FIG. 2 according to an embodiment.

(5) FIG. 4 shows Scanning Electronic Microscopic (SEM) Images of Agilent SLE material 1 used for SLE under 100× magnification according to an embodiment.

(6) FIG. 5 shows Scanning Electronic Microscopic (SEM) Images of Agilent SLE material 2 used for SLE under 25× magnification according to an embodiment.

(7) FIG. 6 shows Scanning Electronic Microscopic (SEM) Images of Agilent SLE material 3 used for SLE under 50× magnification according to an embodiment.

(8) FIG. 7 shows Scanning Electronic Microscopic (SEM) Images of a competitive SLE product under 50× magnification in an analysis carried out by inventors.

DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

(9) Example embodiments are described herein in the context of sample preparation and in particular with respect to containers and applications involving supported liquid extraction (SLE). Embodiments described here include a sorbent media having synthetic silica particles for SLE. Embodiments include packing materials and apparatuses for SLE, and methods for extracting target analytes through supported liquid extraction (SLE).

(10) The inventors identified several features and parameters that can be used in preferred embodiments of the sorbent media having synthetic silica particles for SLE. First, synthetic silica particles with low surface area (less than about <30 m2/g) and large pore size (greater than about >500 Å) provide an ideal SLE performance in an embodiment. Second, for vacuum or positive pressure flow initiation, particle sizes should be in the range of about 30-150 microns to ensure a consistent eluent flow at a rate that gives efficient analyte extraction without the need for high vacuum or pressure. For gravity flow initiation, the particle size should be larger than about 200 microns to ensure acceptable flow rates. The synthetic silica particles should be of high cleanliness to avoid the introduction of impurities that can lead to analytical variability.

(11) Those of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the following description is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. Other embodiments will readily suggest themselves to such skilled persons having the benefit of this disclosure. Reference will now be made in detail to implementations of the example embodiments as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The same reference indicators will be used to the extent possible throughout the drawings and the following description to refer to the same or like items.

(12) In the detailed description of embodiments that follows, references to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “an example embodiment”, etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to effect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.

(13) Synthetic Silica Packing Material for SLE

(14) In an embodiment, a sorbent media having synthetic silica particles is used as a packing material. For example, a sorbent media made up of synthetic silica particles can be used as a stationary phase material in SLE. In embodiments, as described further below, synthetic silica particles can be used having particular physical properties including surface area, shape, particle size, or porosity. Using synthetic silica particles as described herein overcomes disadvantages of other known SLE bed materials and allows more control of physical properties of the packing material to improve SLE sample preparation.

(15) The inventors found a number of further examples with particular physical properties that are advantageous. In one example, with respect to particle surface area, a sorbent media includes synthetic silica particles having a surface area less than about 30 m2/g.

(16) In a further feature, the synthetic silica particles have an approximately uniform particle shape. For example, the approximately uniform particle shape can be approximately spherical shape and have an approximately uniform diameter across a distribution of the particles. The approximately uniform particle shape can also be rounded in oblong, ovals or other rounded shapes without shards, sharp, pointed or jagged edges.

(17) Further embodiments relate to particle sizes. In one example, the synthetic silica particles have a particle size in a range of about 30-150 μm inclusive. In another example, synthetic silica particles have a particle size greater than about 200 μm.

(18) In a further feature, porosity of the synthetic silica particles is considered. In one example, the synthetic silica particles are arranged to have a pore size greater than about 500 Angstroms (Å).

(19) Finally, in examples, the inventors developed three types of synthetic silica particles manufactured by Agilent Technologies Inc., and referred to herein as Agilent SLE material 1, 2, or 3. These three types of synthetic silica particles have different particle size distributions from one another. The first type, noted as Agilent SLE material 1 in the following context, has relatively small particle size (less than 150 μm) and requires positive pressure or vacuum to initiate flow of liquid through the sorbent bed. The second type, noted as Agilent SLE material 2 in the following context, has a larger particle size (greater than 600 μm) and supports flow of liquids under gravity (gravity flow without the need of positive pressure or vacuum manifold). A third type, noted as Agilent SLE material 3 has particle size 300 μm and also supports eluent flow under gravity.

(20) FIG. 4 shows Scanning Electronic Microscopic (SEM) Images of Agilent SLE material 1 used for SLE under 100× magnification according to an embodiment. FIG. 5 shows Scanning Electronic Microscopic (SEM) Images of Agilent SLE material 2 used for SLE under 25× magnification according to an embodiment. FIG. 6 shows Scanning Electronic Microscopic (SEM) Images of Agilent SLE material 3 used for SLE under 50× magnification according to an embodiment.

(21) In contrast, FIG. 7 shows Scanning Electronic Microscopic (SEM) Images of competitor SLE sorbent under 50× magnification in an analysis carried out by inventors. The competitive SLE sorbent shown comprises a sample obtained from Phenomenex (Torrance, Calif.) referred to as a SLE product named, Novum™.

(22) Additional material description and characterization of these Agilent SLE material 1, 2, and 3 silica particles is described further below with respect to a comparison analysis carried out by the inventors. The comparison analysis compares Agilent SLE material 1, 2, and 3 from a competitive SLE sorbent.

(23) Further Advantages and Features

(24) The inventors recognized further advantages to synthetic silica particles as described herein. The inventors recognized the physical properties of the synthetic silica such as particle size, surface area, and/or porosity can be easily tuned by adjusting the synthetic parameters when different SLE characteristics are desired.

(25) The inventors identified several advantages for synthetic silica examples over traditional diatomaceous earth for SLE workflows: Comparable or better extraction performance in terms of analyte recovery, reproducibility, and flow consistency; High cleanliness to minimize introduction of impurities that may produce analytical variability; Easy adjustment of physiochemical properties including particle size, surface area, and pore size; A reliable synthetic process allows for stringent quality control; The synthesis is fast, simple, scalable, and low price; and This disclosure further provides multiple sorbent media specifications to support workflows with vacuum, positive pressure and gravity.

(26) Further description of synthetic packing material for SLE and applications therefor that can be used in further embodiments will now be described with respect to an SLE apparatus and method for extracting analytes.

(27) Apparatus for SLE

(28) FIG. 1 is a diagram of an apparatus 100 having synthetic silica for use as a stationary phase in SLE according to an embodiment. Apparatus 100 includes a container 110 removably coupled to a collection vial 130. A sorbent media 120 is positioned within container 110 for use as a stationary phase in supported liquid extraction. Sorbent media 120 includes synthetic silica particles as described herein. First and second layers of porous frit composition 115 and 125 respectively, are positioned within the container on opposite sides of sorbent media 120. Container 110 can have an opening on one end to receive a sample. Collection vial 130 can be arranged at another end of container 110 and configured to receive analytes extracted from an eluted sample passed through container 110.

(29) In examples, the mass, particle size, and surface area of the synthetic silica particles in sorbent media 120 determine a loading capacity with an aqueous sample. According to one feature, SLE performance (recovery and precision) can be at least comparable to LLE.

(30) This embodiment is illustrative and not intended to be limiting. Container 110 for example can be a tube, cartridge, well in a well plate, or other type of container suitable for SLE. Porous frit layers 115, 125 can be any type of porous frit including but not limited to a granulated glass, polymeric, and/or ceramic composition. Porous frit layers 115, 125 are also optional and can be omitted. Other materials or layers may also be used on either side of sorbent media 120 depending upon a particular SLE application as would be apparent to a person skilled in the art given this description. Collection vial 130 is also optional and other receptacles or tubing can be used to collect or pass an output sent through container 110.

(31) Examples of the use of apparatus 100 to extract analytes of interest as in drug testing or other types of analysis is described further below with respect to FIGS. 2-3.

(32) Method for Extracting Target Analytes

(33) FIG. 2 is flowchart diagram of a method 200 for extracting target analytes that includes using synthetic silica as a stationary phase in SLE according to an embodiment (steps 210-260). In many examples used in sample preparation, an aqueous sample may include the analytes of interest to be extracted. Examples of an aqueous sample that may be used include but are not are not limited, blood, plasma, urine, saliva, water, or sweat. These samples may be used in drug testing for example when the analytes of interest indicate the presence of drugs, controlled substances or other chemicals in the samples. These examples are illustrative and not intended to be limiting. Other samples may be used in different applications to detect analytes of interest in pharmaceutical, forensic chemistry, environmental analysis or other SLE applications.

(34) For brevity, method 200 will be described with reference to apparatus 100 but is not necessarily intended to be limited to this specific apparatus or example.

(35) As shown in FIG. 2, method 200 includes positioning sorbent media in a container as a stationary phase for SLE (step 210). Sorbent media includes synthetic silica particles as described herein. The container can be a container 110 as described with respect to FIG. 1.

(36) Sample preparation may also require first pretreating a sample (step 220). This is optional in that some aqueous samples may also not require pretreating the sample.

(37) In step 230, an aqueous sample having analytes of interest is loaded onto sorbent media. FIG. 3 for example shows a diagram A of an aqueous sample 302 loaded onto sorbent media 304 having synthetic silica particles. Aqueous sample 302 as used here refers to an aqueous sample with or without optional pretreating.

(38) An equilibrating step is carried out (step 240) to obtain a layer of the aqueous sample on the synthetic silica particles. For example, the aqueous sample may be allowed to soak into the stationary phase. As shown in diagram B in FIG. 3, the loaded sample and sorbent media are equilibrated on the synthetic silica particles.

(39) Next, elution is carried out (step 250). In particular, the aqueous sample layer on the synthetic silica particles is eluted with an organic solvent to extract target analytes. For example, a water immiscible organic solvent can be passed through the sorbent media 304 stationary phase to extract analytes of interest to be collected for analysis. As shown in FIG. 3, the eluting removes analytes of interest.

(40) In step 260, the extracted analytes of interest are outputted for analysis. For example, they can be output to a receptacle for collection as shown in diagram C in FIG. 3. In one embodiment, the synthetic silica particles have a particle size of less than about 150 μm, and the outputting includes applying a positive pressure or vacuum to initiate a flow of the aqueous sample through the synthetic silica media at a consistent flow rate. Initiating with gravity is also contemplated. In another embodiment, the synthetic silica particles have a particle size greater than about 200 μm, and the outputting includes initiating with gravity a flow of the aqueous sample through the sorbent media at a consistent flow rate.

(41) Example Analytical Results and Discussion Relative to LLE

(42) The inventors further performed an analysis comparing the results of LLE extraction and three lots of synthetic silica particles. The three lots of synthetic silica particles represented examples of each of respective Agilent SLE materials 1, 2, and 3. The Agilent SLE material 1, 2, and 3 were compared to LLE in this evaluation analysis and demonstrated acceptable performance of the SLE synthetic silica materials when used in an example SLE workflow.

(43) In the analysis for testing purposes, a SLE sample preparation of human plasma was spiked with a 10 ng/mL drug of abuse mixture. Performances of the three SLE stationary phases were tested by spiking a mixture of 24 common drugs of abuse into human plasma and conducting the SLE protocol. Percent recovery was determined using pre-spiked plasma samples at 10 ng/mL and blank plasma samples post-spiked at 10 ng/mL. Both pre-spiked and blank plasma samples were diluted 1:1 (V/V) with 0.5 M ammonium hydroxide and mixed. Next, 400 μL of diluted plasma was loaded onto the stationary phase in a 3 cc cartridge. Vacuum was applied, as necessary, to pull the sample into the bed. The sample was allowed to equilibrate for 5 min before eluting with MTBE (2×2 mL). The collected eluent was evaporated to dryness and reconstituted with 200 μL of 85:15 (V/V) 5 mM ammonium formate+0.1% formic acid:acetonitrile. The samples were then injected onto an Agilent 1290LC/6490 QQQ liquid chromatography/mass spectrometer (LC/MS) system for analysis using a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method for quantitation.

(44) As shown in FIG. 3, picture A and B, the sample being tested was loaded and allowed to “equilibrate” on the SPE stationary phase for several minutes before elution to allow the formation of a thin aqueous layer for subsequent extraction. After 5 min, a water immiscible organic solvent (DCM, ethyl acetate, hexane, MTBE, etc.) was passed through the stationary phase to extract the analytes of interest. The aqueous phase remains in the cartridge while the organic extract is collect in a secondary vessel for analysis (picture C).

(45) Table 1 summarizes the results of a LLE extraction using MTBE and 3 silica materials in an SLE workflow. Recovery (% Rec.) and reproducibility (% RSD) is shown for the 24 analytes with respect to the stationary phase. Analyte recovery is used to access material and workflow suitability, where 100% recovery indicates ideal performance. The % RSD measures method and material consistency and a range of 0-20 is acceptable. Bed masses were optimized for each synthetic silica material by measuring aqueous holding capacity with respect to bed mass using the protocol described with respect to FIG. 3. For the results shown in this example, 3 cc tubes contain 0.50 g Agilent SLE Material 1, 0.60 g Agilent SLE material 2, and 0.50 g Agilent SLE material 3.

(46) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Table 1. Recovery (% Rec.) and reproducibility (% RSD) results for drugs of abuse in human plasma. LLE and SLE used methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) for extraction and silica materials were used as a stationary phase in an SLE workflow. Analytes were spiked at 10 ng/mL in replicates of six (n = 6). Agilent SLE Agilent SLE Agilent SLE LLE (MTBE) Material 1 Material 2 Material 3 % Rec. % RSD % Rec. % RSD % Rec. % RSD % Rec. % RSD Codeine 89.1 4.5 107.0 2.5 83.0 11.0 90.8 3.5 Oxycodone 87.2 24.5 98.5 6.7 81.2 8.0 82.9 4.7 Amphetamine 79.8 0.6 100.2 4.0 76.0 6.2 90.4 2.3 MDA 82.0 4.3 102.9 4.2 90.9 3.4 87.7 4.3 Hydrocodone 83.9 0.9 96.2 3.0 78.7 9.9 87.1 4.4 MDMA 64.2 27.6 97.4 3.6 89.2 4.1 94.7 1.5 Methamphetamine 86.4 10.8 95.2 6.0 81.6 6.7 80.8 1.7 Strychnine 90.6 6.9 86.8 8.0 51.2 11.8 87.9 5.0 Phentermine 88.4 8.8 94.9 2.9 85.2 7.6 94.3 3.4 MDEA ND ND 99.9 3.2 97.4 4.6 59.0 3.9 Heroin 97.7 8.7 87.4 2.3 89.0 8.1 82.8 7.1 Cocaine 96.3 2.7 100.2 3.1 101.5 3.4 94.5 3.0 Meperidine 85.4 7.2 103.1 4.1 97.2 3.4 93.8 2.4 Trazodone 97.7 2.2 97.6 2.9 100.2 2.4 95.0 1.5 PCP 37.9 24.2 99.3 0.7 58.4 10.9 64.7 3.7 Nitrazepam 70.9 26.4 94.3 6.6 98.3 5.4 100.2 2.0 Oxazepam 119.7 19.5 94.2 1.1 99.9 4.6 96.0 2.3 Verapamil 108.3 11.9 97.9 3.7 82.6 3.6 97.6 2.9 Lorazepam 51.1 18.0 98.4 3.1 93.8 4.7 82.9 4.9 Methadone 90.1 12.2 94.7 3.4 61.8 10.7 94.8 4.6 Alprazolam 36.2 24.1 93.7 4.0 84.2 6.7 68.0 3.9 Temazepam 112.8 2.8 99.8 3.7 97.3 5.4 96.1 4.6 Proadifen 34.8 17.3 79.9 1.4 38.1 16.5 97.4 3.2 Diazepam 91.0 1.9 100.5 1.7 102.1 3.6 35.5 2.0
Example Analytical Results and Discussion Relative to Competitive SLE Sorbent

(47) The inventors further performed analysis comparing several examples of synthetic silica particles according to this disclosure with a competitive SLE product.

First Comparison of Three Example Types

(48) In a first comparison, the inventors performed an analysis comparing three synthetic silica particles (Agilent SLE material 1, 2, and 3) with a competitive SLE material. Results are shown in Tables 2 and 3 below.

(49) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Summary of physical properties for Agilent SLE materials and competitive SLE sorbent. Particle sizes of Agilent SLE Material 1 and a competitive SLE sorbent were measured by Beckman Coulter particle size analyzer. Particle sizes of Agilent SLE Material 2 and 3 were measured under Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). Surface areas of all materials were measured using BET nitrogen adsorption analysis, where the pore sizes were determined by the peak position of adsorption curve. Mean Peak SLE Particle Surface Pore sorbent Size (μm) Area (m.sup.2/g) Size (Å) Agilent SLE 102 29 >1000 Material 1 Agilent SLE 600 16 >1000 Material 2 Agilent SLE 300 26 >1000 Material 3 Competitive SLE 114 43 85 Sorbent

(50) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Table 3. Summary of water holding capacity and flow rate properties for Agilent SLE materials and a competitive SLE material. Water holding capacity characterizes the amount of water the sorbent can hold under 15 inch of Hg vacuum. High water holding capacity is preferred since a larger volume of aqueous sample can load onto a given weight of SLE sorbent. Gravity flow rate measurement were carried out by loading 20 mL water onto 60 cc SLE tube (packed with 20 g sorbent materials) and then eluting 40 mL of Dichloromethane through the sorbent bed, where the gravity flow rate characterizes the flow rate of dichloromethane. Generally, a gravity flow rate of about 3-4 mL/min is preferred to balance analyte recovery and elution time. SLE sorbent Water Holding Capacity Gravity Flow Rate Agilent SLE Material 1 120% 1 mL/min Agilent SLE Material 2 100% 3-4 mL/min Agilent SLE Material 3 105% 3-4 mL/min

Glossary

(51) The following glossary is provided to further aid understanding:

(52) BET—Brunauer, Emmett and Teller

(53) ICP—Inductively coupled plasma

(54) LC—Liquid chromatography system

(55) LLE—Liquid-liquid extraction

(56) MS—Mass spectrometer

(57) SEM—Scanning electron microscope

(58) SLE—Supported-liquid extraction

(59) QQQ—Triple quadrupole

(60) While embodiments and applications have been shown and described, it would be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure that many more modifications than mentioned above are possible without departing from the inventive concepts disclosed herein. The invention, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims.