VENTED COVER PLATE FOR AN ARRAY OF SYRINGES

Abstract

A cover plate for use in lyophilization processes is provided. The cover plate includes a base portion and a plurality of protuberances which project from the base portion. The protuberances are adapted to fit in one or more delivery containers, such as syringe barrels. The cover plate permits the escape of vapor from the one or more delivery containers during a lyophilization process. In addition, the cover plate prevents the escape of lyophilizate from the one or more delivery containers during a lyophilization process. Vent features provided to provide enhanced and preferred venting operations during lyophilization processes.

Claims

1. A cover plate adapted for communication with a plurality of delivery containers during a lyophilization process, the cover plate comprising: a base portion comprising a length and a width; a plurality of protuberances extending from the base portion and distributed along at least one of the length and the width of the base portion; each of the plurality of protuberances adapted to extend at least partially into a delivery container; each of the plurality of protuberances comprising a plurality of extensions distributed about a circumference of the protuberance; at least one vent provided between the extensions, the at least one vent provided to allow at least one of a gas, a vapor, and a fluid to flow therethrough; and wherein the cover plate substantially prevents the escape of a lyophilizate from the one or more delivery containers during a lyophilization process.

2. The cover plate of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of protuberances comprises a frustoconical member.

3. The cover plate of claim 1, wherein the protuberances comprise a first portion and a second portion, and wherein the extensions are provided proximal to an intersection of the first portion and the second portion.

4. The cover plate of claim 1, wherein the extensions comprise a plurality of rectangular extensions.

5. The cover plate of claim 1, wherein the protuberances are provided in an array.

6. (canceled)

7. A system for handling a plurality of delivery containers during a lyophilization process, the system comprising: a tub; a rack operable to suspend a plurality of containers in an upright position such that an opening of each of the containers faces toward a top of the tub; a cover plate comprising a plurality of protuberances distributed along at least one of a length and a width of the cover plate, wherein each of the plurality of protuberances is adapted to extend at least partially into a container; wherein each of the plurality of protuberances comprises a plurality of extensions distributed about a circumference of the protuberance, each of the plurality of extensions being operable to rest on a container; at least one gap provided between the extensions, the at least one gap provided to allow at least one of a gas, a vapor, and a fluid to flow therethrough; and wherein the cover plate substantially prevents the escape of a lyophilizate from the one or more containers during a lyophilization process.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein the rack comprises a flange and wherein the flange comprises a contact surface for placing the rack in contact with the tub.

9. The system of claim 7, wherein the plurality of extensions extend from an outer surface of the protuberances and provide an irregular shape to the outer surface of the protuberances.

10. The system of claim 7, wherein each of the plurality of protuberances comprises a frustoconical member.

11. The system of claim 7, wherein the protuberances comprise a first portion and a second portion, and wherein the extensions are provided proximal to an intersection of the first portion and the second portion.

12. The system of claim 7, wherein the extensions comprise a plurality of rectangular extensions.

13. The system of claim 7, wherein the protuberances are provided in an array.

14. (canceled)

15. The system of claim 7, wherein the delivery containers contain leuprolide acetate.

16. A cover plate adapted for covering a plurality of syringe barrels during a lyophilization process, the cover plate comprising: a base portion comprising a length and a width; a plurality of protuberances distributed along the length and the width of the base portion, and wherein each of the plurality of protuberances extend from the base portion; each of the plurality of protuberances comprising a frustoconical protuberance adapted to extend at least partially into a syringe barrel; a plurality of extensions operable to provide gaps between the protuberances and associated syringe barrels, and wherein the gaps provide vents to allow at least one of a gas, a vapor, and a fluid to escape the syringe barrel.

17. The cover plate of claim 16, wherein the extensions extend from a flange of the base portion.

18. The cover plate of claim 16, wherein the extensions comprise a plurality of rectangular extensions provided on the protuberances.

19. The cover plate of claim 16, wherein the protuberances are provided in an array.

20. The cover plate of claim 16, wherein each of the plurality of extensions comprises at least three extensions.

21. The cover plate of claim 16, wherein the extensions comprise blocked-shaped extensions on the protuberances.

22. The cover plate of claim 16, wherein distal ends of the extensions comprise support surfaces.

23. (canceled)

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] Those of skill in the art will recognize that the following description is merely illustrative of the principles of the disclosure, which may be applied in various ways to provide many different alternative embodiments. This description is made for illustrating the general principles of the teachings of this disclosure invention and is not meant to limit the inventive concepts disclosed herein.

[0027] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the disclosure and together with the general description of the disclosure given above and the detailed description of the drawings given below, serve to explain the principles of the disclosures.

[0028] FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a syringe nest and associated tub.

[0029] FIG. 2 is a detailed perspective view of a syringe nest and associated tub.

[0030] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a tub, syringe nest and cover plate.

[0031] FIG. 4 is a side elevation view of a cover plate according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0032] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional elevation view of a cover plate according to the embodiment of FIG. 5.

[0033] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a cover plate in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0034] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a cover plate in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0035] It should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily to scale. In certain instances, details that are not necessary for an understanding of the disclosure or that render other details difficult to perceive may have been omitted. It should be understood, of course, that the disclosure is not necessarily limited to the particular embodiments illustrated herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] Cover plates of the present disclosure can be constructed from any suitable material. The material, or combination of materials, is preferably resistant to the temperature and pressure changes that exist during the lyophilization process. In addition, the material is preferably durable, inexpensive, and reusable. Suitable materials include, but are not limited to plastics, TEFLON, rubber, fiberglass, glass, and any combination thereof. Plastic is one preferable material for making the cover plate, as it is relatively light, durable, easy to use and relatively inexpensive.

[0037] As shown in FIG. 1, a syringe nest or rack 2 is provided within a tub 4. The syringe nest 2 comprises a plurality of wells 6 for receiving syringes 7, the syringes 7 comprising an open end 8 of a barrel portion. The open end 8 comprises an opening that is generally exposed and adapted to receive a plunger rod (for example) after filling and/or sterilization process of the syringes are complete. FIG. 1 depicts a syringe nest 2 with a plurality of syringes 7 disposed therein and wherein the open ends 8 of the syringes 7 are exposed to an outside environment.

[0038] FIG. 2 is a detailed perspective view of the system of FIG. 1, wherein syringes 7 comprise an open end 8. As shown, the open ends 8 allow access to an interior portion of a syringe barrel for various operations including, but not limited to, filling and lyophilization.

[0039] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a syringe storage system or assembly comprising a syringe nest or rack 2 in combination with a tub 4 and a cover plate 12. The cover plate 12 comprises a plurality of protuberances 14. The number and geometry of the protuberances 14 preferably correspond to the number of wells provided in the syringe nest 2. The cover plate 12, as shown and described in more detail herein, generally comprises a cover plate for placing in contact and communication with the syringe nest 2 and associated syringes. In various embodiments, the cover plate 12 comprises a device that is adapted to rest on the syringe nest 2 and/or the plurality of syringes. In other words, the plate is not fastened or securely connected to the syringes or the syringe nest, but rests on the syringes or syringe nest under the force of gravity. In alternative embodiments, however, a restrictor plate is provided comprising one or more fasteners to securely connect the plate to the syringe nest 2 or the tub 4.

[0040] FIG. 4 is a front elevation view of a cover plate 12 in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown, the cover plate 12 comprises a plurality of protuberances 14 extending from a base portion 16. The base portion 16 preferably comprises a rectangular and substantially planar base. The base portion 16 extends outwardly beyond the protuberances 14 to provide a flange 17 extending around a perimeter or a portion of the perimeter of the base portion 16. The protuberances further comprise a first portion 15 and a second portion 18. The first portions 15 and the second portions 18 of the protuberances preferably comprise frustoconical members wherein the smallest outer diameter of the second portions 18 is greater than the largest outer diameter of the first portions 15. The first portions 15 are provided to extend at least partially into a delivery container, such as a syringe barrel. The second portions 18 are provided and adapted to provide support and rest above an open end of the delivery container at least when the plate 12 is provided in a first position of use. The second portions 18 comprise extensions 20 that are preferably distributed about a circumference of the second portion 18 and/or first portion 15. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, the extensions 20 comprise rectangular or blocked shaped extensions, giving the second portions a turret-like appearance, and wherein distal ends of the extensions 20 comprise support surfaces for resting on a proximal end of a delivery container, such as a syringe barrel. When provided in a position of use, with the distal ends of the extensions 20 resting on the proximal ends of the delivery container(s), the spacing or gaps between the extensions comprise gaps or vents 30 (see FIG. 6) to allow gas and vapor to escape from the delivery container(s) during a lyophilization procedure, for example. Although the extensions provided in FIG. 4 comprise a plurality of rectangular extensions extending from the second portions 18 and along an outer surface of the first portions 15, it will be recognized that the extensions 20 may comprise any number of shapes, geometries, orientations, positions, etc. and still constitute features within the scope of the present disclosure. It will further be recognized that a void space, or spacing between the extensions 20 provide vent features or fluid flow paths to allow gas to flow between and/or around the extensions 20 and therefore escape a delivery container in which the gas is stored or formed. Accordingly, the extensions 20 are contemplated as comprising extensions of any shape, size, position, etc.

[0041] In preferred embodiments, a plurality of extensions 20 are provided that are evenly spaced about a circumference of the protuberance 14 such that each of the extensions are adapted to rest on an open end of a delivery container and each protuberance 14 is evenly supported on or in the delivery container. The extensions 20 extend from an outer surface of the protuberances and provide an irregular shape to the outer surface of the protuberances. In some embodiments, the protuberances 14 comprise triangular, circular, irregular, or other extensions with at least one gap provided between extensions. In one alternative embodiment, a protuberance is provided with one or more flutes or recesses such that the protuberance rests in and/or on a delivery container and vapor or gas is allowed to escape from the delivery container and the restrictor plate through the flute(s) or recess(es). The flutes are contemplated as comprising slots or depressions in the sidewall(s) of the protuberances, wherein the sidewall of the protuberances contact the syringe barrel, and the flutes extend above and below the rim or lip of the syringe barrel to allow for egress of lyophilized contents. The flutes may be of various shape including, for example, oval, circular, tear-drop shaped, etc.

[0042] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional elevation view of a single protuberance 14 extending from a base portion 16 of a cover plate 12, and taken through a center-line of the protuberance 14. As shown, the protuberance 14 comprises a first portion 15 and a second portion 18. At least a portion of the first portion 15 is adapted to extend into an internal volume of a delivery container. The external surface and distal end 19 of the protuberance 14 serve to cover and trap lyophilizate within an interior volume of a delivery container, while the second portion 18 and extensions 20 allow for the escape of gas and material necessary to the completion of a lyophilization process, or similar process.

[0043] In various embodiments, the cover plate comprises between 1 to about 300, 1 to about 200, 50 to about 150 or, preferably, about 75 to about 125 protuberances 14. As shown and described, the protuberances serve as a non air-tight stopper, plug or cap over a delivery container, thereby preventing the escape of lyophilizate from the delivery container during lyophilization. In addition, suitable protuberances can catch lyophilizate that contacts the protuberance 14 during lyophilization. Accordingly, a suitable protuberance 14 prevents lyophilizate from one delivery container from being introduced into another delivery container during lyophilization, thereby contaminating the contents of one delivery container with the contents of another delivery container. In addition, a suitable protuberance 14 permits lyophilization to proceed by allowing vapor to pass from the interior of the delivery container to the exterior of the delivery container during lyophilization.

[0044] The protuberances 14 preferably fit within an opening 8 of the delivery container 7 to prevent the escape of lyophilizate from the delivery container 7 and to allow vapor to pass from the interior of the delivery container 7 to the exterior of the delivery container 7 during lyophilization. As such, the protuberance 14 can have any suitable shape. The protuberance 14 can assume any suitable shape which generally corresponds with or is received within the shape of the opening 8 of the delivery container 7, so long as the protuberance 14 cooperates with the opening 8 of the delivery container 7. The protuberance 14 may be shaped in any suitable manner provided it caps or plugs the opening 8 of the delivery container 7 and permits the passage of vapor during lyophilization. As such, the shape of the protuberance 14 can depend upon the shape of the opening 8 of the delivery container 7.

[0045] Specifically, the protuberance 14 can be spherically shaped, conically shaped, frustoconically shaped or cylindrically shaped. In addition, the cylindrically shaped protuberance 14 can be tapered. The protuberance 14 can be tapered from a first end of the protuberance proximal to the base portion 16 to a second end of the protuberance provided distally therefrom and adapted to be inserted into a delivery container. Alternatively, the protuberance(s) 14 can be tapered from the lowest point vertically on the protuberance 14 after the cover plate 12 is placed atop a tub.

[0046] In various embodiments, the protuberance(s) comprise a length as small as hundredths of an inch or as large as several inches, depending upon the size and depth of delivery containers. Generally, the longer the protuberances 14, the more firmly in place they will keep the cover plate 12 relative to the delivery containers 8 during lyophilization. In one embodiment, a length of each protuberance 14 is between about 1.0 inch and about 2.0 inches, and more preferably is about 1.4 inches to about 1.6 inches.

[0047] The suitable length of the protuberance 14 can typically depend upon the length of the delivery containers and the amount of contents in the delivery containers. Preferably, the suitable length of the protuberance 14 will minimize or lessen the occurrence of the contents of the delivery containers 7 from obtaining sufficient kinetic energy to be ejected out of the delivery containers 7. The suitable length of the protuberance 14 will minimize or lessen this occurrence by extending within about 0.5 inch, within about 0.25 inch, or within about 0.1 inch of the contents of the delivery containers 8.

[0048] In various embodiments, the spacing and positioning of the protuberances 14 are provided to correspond to the spacing and positioning of wells or delivery containers 7 to which the cover plate 12 is designed to cooperate or mate with. Accordingly, this spacing or positioning can be varied. In one embodiment, a distance between axial centers of adjacent protuberances in the same row, can be about 0.5 inch to about 0.9 inch, and more specifically can be about 0.6 inch to about 0.7 inch. The distance horizontally between axial centers of the nearest two protuberances 30 in adjacent rows, can be about 0.25 inch to about 0.5 inch, and more specifically can be about 0.3 inch to about 0.4 inch. The distance horizontally between axial centers of the nearest two protuberances 30 in adjacent rows, can be about 0.4 inch to about 0.9 inch, and more specifically can be about 0.6 inch to about 0.7 inch.

[0049] As shown in FIG. 6, each of the protuberances 14 comprise a plurality of extensions 20 distributed about a circumference of the protuberance. In the depicted embodiment, four extensions 20 are provided on each protuberance 14. It will be recognized, however, that the number, type, and/or location of the extensions may be various without deviating from the scope and spirit of the present invention. The cover plate 12 of the present disclosure provides a reliable system and method for venting during a lyophilization procedure, wherein the cover plate's ability to vent contents housed within a delivery container is not substantially altered or affected by age, sterilization processes, and other factors known to affect the size, shape and integrity of a cover plate. It is contemplated that the extensions 20 as shown and described herein provide a novel arrangement for providing desired venting properties, and wherein such venting properties are not substantially degraded by minor changes in the size, shape, hardness, etc. of the cover plate, which are known to vary over time in existing devices. The extensions 20 are distributed and spaced-apart to provide vents 30 between adjacent extensions 20.

[0050] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a cover plate according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown, the cover plate 12 comprises a plurality of protuberances 14 extending from a base portion 16. The base portion 16 preferably comprises a rectangular and substantially planar base. The base portion 16 extends outwardly beyond the protuberances 14 to provide a flange extending around a perimeter or a portion of the perimeter of the base portion 16. The cover plate 12 of FIG. 7 further comprises a plurality of extensions in the form of posts 40 provided on the flange 17. The posts 40 are operable to provide a stand-off height between the cover plate 12 and a rack and/or tub (not shown in FIG. 7). Specifically, the posts 40 comprise a height with a first end provided on the flange 17 and a second end comprising a free end. The second end is operable to contact at least one of a rack and a tub, and limit an amount, distance, or extent in which the protuberances 14 are allowed to extend into delivery containers when the cover plate is applied or positioned on the delivery containers. When the second end of the posts 40 is provided in contact with the tub and/or rack, a stand-off height is provided wherein the protuberances 14 are prevented from fulling extending into and therefore occluding the delivery containers. Accordingly, an annular gap is provided between each of the protuberances and a corresponding delivery container. The annular gaps serve as vent features to allow for escape of matter during lyophilization and sublimation. As shown, the posts 40 are provided at each of the four corners of the cover plate 12 to provide stability. It will be recognized, however, that the posts and similar stand-off features may be provided at various different positions on the plate 12. Additionally, although four posts 40 are shown in FIG. 7, various numbers of posts are contemplated in alternative embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0051] Delivery containers as disclosed and described herein may include any receptacle in which a pharmaceutical can be lyophilized. Specifically, the delivery containers may comprise ampules, vials, or syringes. Syringes are specifically suitable for lyophilizing pharmaceuticals whose ultimate use will be administration from a syringe. The pharmaceutical can be reconstituted, if necessary, in the syringe in which the pharmaceutical was lyophilized. Accordingly, syringes are especially suitable for lyophilizing an injectable pharmaceutical (i.e., medication), since the medication is ultimately administered from the syringe.

[0052] The syringe can be manufactured from any suitable material. Suitable materials are those materials that are resistant to the temperature and pressure changes that exist during the lyophilization process. The material can be durable and inexpensive. Suitable materials include plastics, glass, and any combination thereof.

[0053] Specifically, the syringe can be manufactured from plastic. Plastic syringes are generally stronger than glass syringes. The increased strength of plastic results in a more durable syringe. The increased durability allows for a safer syringe as a plastic syringe will not break as easily upon administration as compared to a glass syringe. As such, fewer health care professionals will become injured while reconstituting and administering injectable medications in a plastic syringe as compared to a glass syringe.

[0054] Due to the increased strength of plastic syringes, the bore size of plastic syringes is routinely larger than those of comparable glass syringes, thereby decreasing the force required to use the plastic syringe. This is especially useful when reconstituting an injectable medication with a very viscous diluent or for syringe-to-syringe reconstitution. See, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/405,463 filed on Sep. 24, 1999.

[0055] The syringe can be disposable or can be reusable. Disposable syringes are commercially available and are usually constructed from plastic or glass. Disposable syringes are popular due to their convenience and because they are relatively inexpensive. A suitable disposable plastic syringe of the present invention is manufactured by Becton Dickinson & Company in what is known as a Hypak configuration and is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,230, for example.

[0056] The solution containing the pharmaceutical can be cooled to a frozen solid prior to lyophilization. The solution can be cooled by any suitable cooling means (e.g., convention, conduction or radiation). Specifically, the solution can be cooled by convection.

[0057] After the solution is cooled to a frozen solid, a partial vacuum is applied to the lyophilizing apparatus to provide a partial vacuum within the lyophilizing apparatus (i.e., within the inside of the delivery container and on the outside of the delivery container). The partial vacuum can be applied to the solution, in the frozen state, until essentially all of the solvent is removed (i.e., to dryness).

[0058] After lyophilization is completed, the tub can be removed from the lyophilization apparatus. The cover plate 12 can be removed from the delivery container 7 and examined for any retained lyophilizate. If the protuberances 14 of the cover plate 12 contains any lyophilizate, each delivery container 8 from which the lyophilizate originated can be discarded or recycled and the lyophilizate can be recycled or discarded. If any pharmaceutical leaves a delivery container and is captured on the restrictor plate, the amount of lyophilized pharmaceutical remaining in the delivery container is unknown. Thus, any delivery container losing any lyophilizate captured by the cover plate can be discarded or recycled. Accordingly, the cover plate is removed from on top of the delivery container and examined for any retained lyophilizate. If the cover plate contains any lyophilizate, each delivery container from which the lyophilizate originated can be discarded or recycled.

[0059] After lyophilization, the opening 8 of any undiscarded delivery container 7 can be sealed for storage. The delivery container 7 can be sealed with any suitable sealing device known for sealing delivery containers 7. Where the delivery container 7 is a syringe, the proximal opening of the syringe barrel can be sealed with the plunger of the syringe.

[0060] The embodiment of FIG. 7 depicts a cover plate 12 comprising a plurality of posts 40 and a plurality of extensions 20 provided on the protuberances 14. However, in at least some embodiments, it is contemplated that the posts 40 comprise features that obviate the need for the depicted extensions 20.

[0061] In various embodiments, methods of performing lyophilization are provided. In certain embodiments, methods of lyophilization comprise providing a cover plate with a plurality of protuberances as shown and described herein.

[0062] For illustrative purposes, a method of lyophilization according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is provided as follows: lyophilization of leuprolide acetate is achieved by providing a solution containing leuprolide acetate in a solvent, e.g. water, prepared by mixing leuprolide acetate in water until dissolved. A tub of syringes is opened so the opening of the proximal end of each syringe is exposed. Leuprolide acetate solution with approximately 7.5 mg of leuprolide acetate is filled into each syringe by means of a pipette (for example) through the opening of the proximal end of each syringe. This procedure is repeated with three additional tubs of syringes into which leuprolide acetate solution with approximately 22.5, 30, or 45 mg of leuprolide acetate is filled. When the syringes in a tub are filled with the leuprolide acetate solution, the tub containing the plurality of syringes is placed on a shelf of a lyophilizing apparatus. The syringes are then covered with a cover plate (see FIG. 6, item 12, for example). The shelf of the lyophilizing apparatus includes a refrigerant circulating within the shelf to control temperature and to facilitate a conductive heat transfer between the shelf and tub. The temperature of the shelf is reduced to approximately 50 C. until the solution in each syringe is frozen well below 0 C. by radiant and/or convectant cooling. A vacuum is applied to the chamber and the shelf temperature is slowly raised to room temperature until the water in the syringes is removed by sublimation, wherein sublimated fluid is allowed to escape through the one or more vent features provided by the extensions provided on each protuberance of the cover plate. The result is a lyophilized powder in each syringe of approximately 7.5, 22.5, 30 or 45 milligrams. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that processes of the present disclosure, including the aforementioned process, may be varied by altering the amounts and concentrations provided. For example, the resultant quantity of lyophilized powder may be varied providing a larger or smaller initial volume of the of the leuprolide acetate solution. Additionally, the initial concentration of the solution of leuprolide acetate in water may be varied. Variations of the quantities noted above may be provided to produce a different resultant quantity of lyophilized powder or to provide the same resultant quantity using different inputs while performing essentially the same method steps.

[0063] The tub is removed from the lyophilizing apparatus. The cover plate is removed from the opening of the syringes. Each area of the covering plate is examined for captured lyophilizate and the syringes from which any such captured lyophilizate came are discarded. Plunger tips are installed into the opening of the proximal end of the syringes, and plunger rods are screwed into the corresponding plunger tips. The syringes are now ready for reconstitution.

[0064] In the following example, lyophilization experiments were conducted to determine the effects of syringe occlusion: syringes were intentionally occluded to observe effects of restricting water vapor flow from the syringe during lyophilization. Syringes were occluded by creating a vent through stoppered syringes using needles of varied gauges. Specifically, partial occlusion was accomplished by piercing syringe stoppers with a 27 gauge needle (0.21 mm nominal ID), a 20 gauge needle (0.63 mm nominal ID), and a 16 gauge needle (1.2 mm nominal ID).

[0065] The syringes were filled with a leuprolide acetate solution by hand using a micropipette and were weight checked. The syringes were loaded into tubs and were subjected to a lyophilization cycle such as those described herein. Meltback or failed lyophilization was observed in syringes that were occluded and lacked sufficient venting. Specifically, it was observed that it is desirable to have a vent or opening of at least approximately 1.0 mm.sup.2 to facilitate proper lyophilization. It will be recognized, however, that the present disclosure is not limited to any particular minimum area for a vent feature. In certain embodiments, however, it is preferable to provide at least approximately 1.0 mm.sup.2 of vent area between an otherwise covered or closed end of a delivery container that is subjected to a lyophilization process.

[0066] The results of this experiment showed that the degree of occlusion for the syringes impacts lyophilization. When vent size was varied from 0.21 mm (27G) to 1.2 mm (16G) using hypodermic needles, the degree of success of lyophilization was also varied. Syringes with 0.21 mm vents showed little if any lyophilization, while those with 1.2 mm vents dried normally.

[0067] While various embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it is apparent that modifications and alterations of those embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. However, it is to be expressly understood that such modifications and alterations are within the scope and spirit of the present invention. Further, the invention(s) described herein are capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. In addition, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purposes of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of including, comprising, or adding and variations thereof herein are meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof, as well as, additional items.