Coffee products and related processes

Abstract

A coffee milling process comprising the steps of: a) introducing particles of a roasted coffee precursor into a milling chamber; b) introducing particles of soluble coffee into the milling chamber; c) jetting a gas into the milling chamber to mobilise the particles of the roasted coffee precursor and soluble coffee; d) thereby producing a milled and blended coffee product by comminuting the particles of the roasted coffee precursor by self-collision of the particles of the roasted coffee precursor and by collision of the particles of soluble coffee with the particles of the roasted coffee precursor within the milling chamber. Processes and products incorporating milled and blended coffee products are also described.

Claims

1. A process of forming a freeze-dried soluble coffee product, comprising the steps of: (i) forming a concentrated coffee extract; (ii) foaming and pre-freezing the concentrated coffee extract to form a foamed and pre-frozen coffee intermediate; (iii) freezing the foamed and pre-frozen coffee intermediate to form a frozen coffee intermediate; (iv) grinding and sieving the frozen coffee intermediate to form a ground coffee intermediate; and (v) drying the ground coffee intermediate to form the freeze-dried soluble coffee product; wherein prior to step (ii) and/or step (iii) a milled and blended coffee intermediate is incorporated; and wherein the milled and blended coffee intermediate comprises 10 to 80% by dry weight roasted ground coffee and 20 to 90% by dry weight soluble coffee.

2. A process of forming a spray-dried soluble coffee product, comprising the steps of: i) forming a concentrated coffee extract; ii) foaming the concentrated coffee extract to form a foamed coffee intermediate; iii) optionally filtering and homogenizing the foamed coffee intermediate to form a filtered and homogenized coffee intermediate; and iv) spray drying the foamed coffee intermediate or the filtered and homogenized coffee intermediate to form the spray-dried soluble coffee product; wherein prior to step ii) and/or step iv) a milled and blended coffee intermediate is incorporated; and wherein the milled and blended coffee intermediate comprises 10 to 80% by dry weight roasted ground coffee and 20 to 90% by dry weight soluble coffee.

3. The process of claim 1 wherein the milled and blended coffee intermediate comprises 10 to 70% by dry weight roasted ground coffee and 30 to 90% by dry weight soluble coffee.

4. The process of claim 2 wherein the milled and blended coffee intermediate comprises 15 to 50% by dry weight roasted ground coffee and 50 to 85% by dry weight soluble coffee.

5. The process of claim 4 wherein the milled and blended coffee intermediate comprises 50% by dry weight roasted ground coffee and 50% by dry weight soluble coffee.

6. The process of claim 5 wherein the milled and blended coffee intermediate has a dry Helos particle size distribution D90 of less than or equal to 40 microns.

7. The process of claim 6 wherein the milled and blended coffee intermediate has a dry Helos particle size distribution D90 of less than or equal to 30 microns.

8. The process of claim 1 wherein the freeze-dried or spray-dried coffee product comprises 5 to 30% by dry weight roasted ground coffee and 70 to 95% by dry weight equivalent soluble coffee.

9. The process of claim 8 wherein the freeze-dried or spray-dried coffee product comprises 10 to 20% by dry weight roasted ground coffee and 80 to 90% by dry weight equivalent soluble coffee.

10. The process of claim 9 wherein the freeze-dried or spray-dried coffee product comprises 15% by dry weight roasted ground coffee and 85% by dry weight soluble coffee.

11. The process of claim 1 wherein the soluble coffee of the milled and blended coffee intermediate comprises spray-dried instant coffee, freeze-dried instant coffee, or a mixture thereof.

12. The process of claim 11 wherein the ground coffee intermediate prior to drying has a total coffee solids concentration of greater than or equal to 52% and less than or equal to 63%.

13. The process of claim 3 wherein the coffee intermediate prior to drying has a total coffee solids concentration of greater than or equal to 52% and less than or equal to 63%.

14. The process of claim 13 wherein the total coffee solids concentration is 56% to 60%.

15. The process of claim 1 further comprising forming the milled and blended coffee intermediate from roasted ground coffee particles and from soluble coffee particles.

16. The process of claim 2 further comprising forming the milled and blended coffee intermediate from roasted ground coffee particles and from soluble coffee particles.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the workings of a jet mill;

(3) FIG. 2 is a graph of particle size in microns against Helos particle size distribution D90;

(4) FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating prior art processes for forming freeze-dried and spray-dried soluble coffee;

(5) FIG. 4a is a flow diagram illustrating a process for forming a freeze-dried soluble coffee product according to the present disclosure;

(6) FIG. 4b is a flow diagram illustrating a modification of the process of FIG. 4a;

(7) FIG. 5a is a flow diagram illustrating another process for forming a freeze-dried soluble coffee product according to the present disclosure;

(8) FIG. 5b is a flow diagram illustrating a modification of the process of FIG. 5a;

(9) FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating a process for forming a spray-dried soluble coffee product according to the present disclosure;

(10) FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating another process for forming a spray-dried soluble coffee product according to the present disclosure;

(11) FIG. 8 is a graph of colour reduction in La units for various freeze-dried soluble coffee products;

(12) FIG. 9 shows a first example of container;

(13) FIG. 10 shows a second example of container;

(14) FIG. 11 shows an example of a beverage preparation machine;

(15) FIGS. 12 to 15 show scanning electron microscope photographs of various sample products.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(16) In one aspect of the present disclosure a milled and blended coffee product may be produced by comminuting a roasted coffee precursor in a milling apparatus such as a jet mill. A suitable jet mill is the Jet-O-Mizer? mill available from Fluid Energy Processing and Equipment Company, Telford, Pa., USA. Another suitable mill is the Hosokawa Alpine Fluid Bed Opposed Jet MillAFG, available from Hosakawa Micron Ltd, Runcorn, Cheshire, United Kingdom. Other suitable milling apparatus include mills referred to as spiral mills and vortex mills.

(17) A schematic illustration of the working principles of a jet mill is shown in FIG. 1. The mill 1 comprises a milling chamber 2 having a feed inlet 3, a series of gas inlets 4, a size classification wheel 8 and a product outlet 5.

(18) The milling chamber 2 of FIG. 1 takes the form of a generally cylindrical body having the gas inlets 4 at a lower end and spaced around the periphery and the product outlet 5 located near an upper end.

(19) The feed inlet 3 communicates with the milling chamber 2 to allow ingredient precursor(s), in the form of whole or coarsely-ground roasted coffee beans and soluble coffee particles, to be fed into the milling chamber 2 tangentially at a location at or near the chamber periphery.

(20) The size classification wheel 8 is located near the upper end of the milling chamber 2 and is adapted to received comminuted particles from the chamber 2 and pass those under a desired particle size to the product outlet 5.

(21) The roasted coffee precursor and the soluble coffee precursor are dry batch mixed at the required ratio and then deposited in a hopper which communicates with the feed inlet 3 as shown schematically in FIG. 1 by arrow A. A feed gas supply may be provided to entrain the precursors from the hopper and convey them to the chamber 2.

(22) Compressed gas is supplied in use to the plurality of gas inlets 4. The gas inlets 4 are orientated at an angle to the radial direction of the chamber 2preferably tangentially to the chamber 2such that flow of gas through the gas inlets 4 sets up a swirling, spiralling gas flow within the chamber 2.

(23) In use, to comminute the roasted coffee precursor, the precursors are fed into the chamber 2 and mobilised in the chamber 2 by the high speed flow of gas entering the chamber 2 through the gas inlets 4 (and also the feed gas (where used) entering with the precursors through the feed inlet 3).

(24) Comminution occurs due to the high velocity collisions between the particles of roasted coffee precursor and the soluble coffee resulting in pulverisation of the roasted coffee precursor. As the particle size reduces the smaller particle sizes move up the chamber 2 into the size classification wheel 8. The size classification wheel 8 acts to classify the particles it receives and pass onward to the product outlet 5 those particles less than a desired particle size. The particles exit the mill as shown schematically in FIG. 1 by arrow B. The larger particles are retained in the chamber and are subject to further comminution. Thus, the jet mill also helps to classify the particle size output through the product outlet 5.

(25) Depending on the type of jet mill, the orientation and configuration of the milling chamber 2, gas inlets 4, and product outlet 5 can be altered.

(26) The gas supplied to the gas inlets 4 and the feed gas for conveying the roasted coffee precursor into the chamber 2 may be air, but is preferably an inert gas, such as nitrogen. The feed gas may be dehumidified and/or chilled in order to help remove moisture from the chamber 2 generated during milling. Dehumidification may be, for example, by use of a desiccant- or compressor-based dehumidifier. In addition, or alternatively, the gas supplied to the gas inlets 4 may be chilled.

(27) The roasted coffee precursor may be whole roasted coffee beans or alternatively may be coffee beans that have been coarsely ground using a conventional milling process to have a particle size of greater than 100 microns.

(28) The soluble coffee may be a spray-dried or freeze-dried instant coffee product. The particle size of the soluble coffee product before jet milling is typically between 100 and 350 microns for spray-dried soluble coffee and 0.1 to 3.5 mm for freeze-dried soluble coffee.

(29) It is not necessary for the mill 1 to be subjected to cryogenic cooling prior or during the milling process. Rather, the mill 1 is preferably operated at substantially the ambient temperatures existing at the location where the mill 1 is situated.

(30) As noted above, the feed gas and/or gas supplied to the gas inlets may optionally be chilled which may result in a modicum of cooling of the apparatus components. For example it has been found that the throughput of the jet mill may be beneficially increased by using cool gas supplied to the gas inlets 4, for example to a temperature of ?16 degrees Celsius, in particular where the ratio of dry weight of roasted ground coffee to dry weight soluble coffee in the milled and blended coffee product is greater than 50%. In particular this may allow the percentage by dry weight of the roasted ground coffee in the mix to be up to 80%. The following results were achieved using a Roto-Jet 15 mill available from Fluid Energy Processing and Equipment Company, Telford, Pa., USA. The mill was fed with 100% Arabica beans roasted to 8 La. The pressure to the gas inlets 4 was 7 bar and the supplied gas was desiccated air which was cooled to +5 degrees Celsius for the first sample and ?16 degrees Celsius for the second sample. For both samples the classifier of the jet mill was controlled to produce a particle size distribution D90 of 30 microns.

(31) TABLE-US-00002 Ratio of roasted Equivalent ground roast & coffee to Total ground coffee soluble Grinding Throughput throughput coffee Mill Air Temp (kg/hr) kg/hr 70/30 Fluid bed Jet- +5? C. 20.9 14.6 Mill 70/30 Fluid bed Jet- ?16? C. 68.2 47.7 Mill

(32) As can be seen, use of an air temperature of ?16 degrees Celsius results in a significant increase in the throughput of the jet mill while still maintaining the required particle size distribution.

(33) However, it is to be noted that this is still a relatively high temperature compared to prior art cryogenic cooling processes and it is to be noted that the roasted coffee precursor and soluble coffee are not subject to cryogenic cooling before entering the jet mill.

(34) The roasted coffee precursor is not subjected to cryogenic cooling or any cryogenic pre-treatment prior to milling. Typically, the temperature of the roasted coffee precursor when filled into the hopper 6 will be in the range 5 to 30? C. The roasted coffee precursor may be at the ambient room temperature of the milling apparatus.

(35) The milled and blended coffee product obtained from product outlet 5 comprises 20 to 90% by dry weight soluble coffee and 10 to 80% by dry weight roasted ground coffee. Preferably the milled and blended coffee product obtained from product outlet 5 comprises 30 to 90% by dry weight soluble coffee and 10 to 70% by dry weight roasted ground coffee. More preferably the milled and blended coffee product comprises 50 to 85% by dry weight soluble coffee and 15 to 50% by dry weight roasted ground coffee. In one example the milled and blended coffee product comprises 50% by dry weight soluble coffee and 50% by dry weight roasted ground coffee.

(36) After milling, the milled and blended coffee product has a particle size distribution with a dry Helos particle size distribution D90 of less than or equal to 40 microns, more preferably less than or equal to 30 microns.

EXAMPLES

(37) FIG. 2 shows results for the dry Helos particle size distribution D90 (and in addition wet Helos figures) for milled and blended coffee products produced according to the present disclosure as a function of the dry weight percentage of roasted ground coffee present. As can be seen, from 10 to 70% of roasted ground coffee the dry Helos particle size distribution D90 is less than or equal to 40 microns. Above 70% roasted ground coffee the dry Helos particle size distribution D90 increases deleteriously. (As noted above, this may be ameliorated by chilling the feed gas to the jet mill). At or below 50% roasted ground coffee a dry Helos particle size distribution D90 of 30 microns or less is achievable.

(38) In a separate example, a blend of Brazilian and Columbian Arabica beans was roasted to a colour of 11.5 La and pre-ground to a D50 of 500 microns. The resulting roasted coffee precursor was dry batch mixed with Arabica spray-dried coffee at a ratio of 50% roasted coffee precursor to 50% spray-dried coffee precursor. The resultant blend was then milled in a Hosokawa Alpine Fluid Bed Opposed Jet MillAFG at a variety of feed rates and classifiers speeds. The following results were obtained:

(39) TABLE-US-00003 Classifier Feed Rate Speed Run time Dry Helos Dry Helos (kg/hour) (RPM) (mins.) D50 D90 120 2350 30 10.5 27.5 50 2000 38 11.4 28.7 50 2000 60 11.0 27.2

(40) Advantageously, as can be seen for each example a dry Helos particle size distribution D90 of less than 30 microns was obtainable at a range of feed rates and classifier speeds.

(41) Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to processes for producing novel soluble instant coffee products incorporating a milled and blended coffee product containing a percentage of roasted ground coffee.

(42) Prior art processes for forming spray-dried and freeze-dried soluble coffee both start with the steps of producing a coffee concentrate intermediate from coffee beans by the processes of roasting and extraction. FIG. 3 illustrates the stages involved. Green coffee beans are roasted and then ground before being added to water to extract the coffee bean constituents. Optionally, coffee aroma may be stripped at this point to produce a liquid aroma product. The extraction liquid is then concentrated, for example in percolation columns to produce a concentrated extract, commonly known as coffee liquor. Optionally, at this point the previously produced aroma product may be incorporated to produce an aromatised coffee concentrate intermediate. Such processes are well known.

(43) The remainder of the procedure depends on whether the soluble product is to be spray-dried or freeze-dried. For spray-dried soluble coffee the remaining process steps include foaming, filtering and homogenising and spray drying to produce the spray-dried product. For freeze-dried soluble coffee the remaining process steps include foaming and pre-freezing, freezing, grinding & sieving and vacuum drying.

(44) According to the present disclosure these known processes are adapted by the incorporation of a milled and blended coffee intermediate containing a percentage of roasted ground coffee. In each of the processes described below, the milled and blended coffee intermediate itself may contain 10 to 80% by dry weight roasted ground coffee and 20 to 90% by dry weight soluble coffee. Preferably, the milled and blended coffee intermediate contains 10 to 70% by dry weight roasted ground coffee and 30 to 90% by dry weight soluble coffee. More preferably, the milled and blended coffee intermediate contains 15 to 50% by dry weight roasted ground coffee and 50 to 85% by dry weight soluble coffee. In one example the milled and blended coffee intermediate comprises 50% by dry weight soluble coffee and 50% by dry weight roasted ground coffee.

(45) The soluble coffee component of the milled and blended coffee intermediate in any of the processes below may be derived from spray-dried instant coffee, freeze-dried instant coffee, or a mixture thereof.

(46) The milled and blended coffee intermediate preferably has a dry Helos particle size distribution D90 of less than or equal to 40 microns, more preferably less than or equal to 30 microns.

(47) In each of the processes described below the end coffee product may comprise 5 to 30% by dry weight roasted ground coffee and 70 to 95% by dry weight equivalent of soluble coffee. (For example, a soluble coffee end product containing 15% by dry weight roasted ground coffee and 85% by dry weight equivalent soluble coffee can be obtained by mixing the liquid coffee concentrate with a dry milled and blended coffee intermediate having 50% by dry weight roasted ground coffee and 50% by dry weight soluble coffee in a ratio of 70:30 coffee concentrate intermediate to milled and blended coffee intermediate.

(48) In a preferred option, the milled and blended coffee intermediate is produced using the novel process of the present disclosure described above with reference to FIG. 1. However, milled and blended coffee intermediates having the requisite percentages of roasted ground coffee and soluble coffee may be used, even where produced by alternative means.

(49) FIG. 4a shows a first freeze-dried process for forming a freeze-dried soluble coffee product 25. A coffee concentrate intermediate 20 (aromatised or non-aromatised) is mixed with a milled and blended coffee intermediate 30 using a high shear mixer 50 prior to the foaming and pre-freezing step 21. Suitable mixers include high shear batch mixers and high shear in-line mixers available from Silverson Machines Ltd, Chesham, United Kingdom. The mixture is then foamed and pre-frozen at step 21 and then fed to a belt freezer 22 for a further freezing step. The frozen intermediate is then ground and sieved at step 23 to produce a particle size range of 0.3 to 3.5 mm, preferably 0.3 to 2.5 mm, more preferably 0.3 to 1.5 mm. The intermediate is then vacuum dried at step 24 to produce the freeze-dried soluble coffee product 25. The product may then be packed in a container.

(50) A modification to the process of FIG. 4a is shown in FIG. 4b. The process is as described above with reference to FIG. 4a up to step 22. At step 23, however, the frozen intermediate is ground and sieved to produce a larger particle size range of 1.0 to 3.5 mm. The intermediate is then vacuum dried at step 24 to produce an intermediate freeze-dried soluble coffee product 25a. At step 26 the intermediate freeze-dried soluble coffee product 25a is subject to a secondary grinding to reduce the particle size range to 0.3 to 1.5 mm to produce the freeze-dried soluble coffee product 25. The product may then be packed in a container.

(51) FIG. 5a shows a second freeze-dried process for forming a freeze-dried soluble coffee product 25. The process is the same as the first process described above with reference to FIG. 4a with the exception that the milled and blended coffee product 30 is incorporated after the foaming and pre-freezing step 21. Again, a high shear mixer 50 of the type described above may be used and in other respects the process is the same as the first process.

(52) A modification to the process of FIG. 5a is shown in FIG. 5b. The process is as described above with reference to FIG. 5a up to step 22. At step 23, however, the frozen intermediate is ground and sieved to produce a larger particle size range of 1.0 to 3.5 mm. The intermediate is then vacuum dried at step 24 to produce an intermediate freeze-dried soluble coffee product 25a. At step 26 the intermediate freeze-dried soluble coffee product 25a is subject to a secondary grinding to reduce the particle size range to 0.3 to 1.5 mm to produce the freeze-dried soluble coffee product 25. The product may then be packed in a container.

(53) An advantage of the modified processes of FIGS. 4b and 5b is that the particle size during vacuum drying is larger than in the processes of FIGS. 4a and 5a which has been found to lead to less product losses during drying. It has been found that with the processes of FIGS. 4a and 5a potential product losses occur when vacuum drying very small particle sizes due to the particles being carried off along with the evaporating water content of the intermediate.

(54) A further advantage of each of the freeze-drying processes of the present disclosure described above is that it has been surprisingly found that a better freeze-drying performance is achieved and a higher concentration of soluble solids can be incorporated in the product prior to freeze drying where finely milled roasted ground coffee is included.

(55) The term freeze-drying performance refers to the avoidance of dried product quality problems, specifically melt-back and sticky lumps. Melt-back refers to the failure to remove water from each granule structure by sublimation during freeze drying, and sticky lumps arise from the failure to remove water vapour that has sublimated from individual granules from the overall coffee bed tray.

(56) A typical freeze drying process involves freezing of foamed coffee extract on a cold room belt. When frozen, the coffee slab is granulated and sieved to a particular granule size before drying in a freeze-dryer.

(57) The capacity of a freeze dryer is limited by its de-watering ability. The amount of water in the frozen coffee particles fed to the freeze-drier is dependent on the concentration of total coffee solids of the liquid coffee extract when it is frozen. The higher the coffee solids concentration the lower the water content and thus the freeze-drier requires less utilisation of its capacity to remove that water.

(58) Therefore for a given de-watering ability of a freeze-drier one might attempt to increase product throughput by increasing the solids concentration fed to the dryer. However, increasing the concentration has previously been found to have a detrimental effect on product quality such as melt back of product and production of sticky lumps of agglomerated granules. Because of this limitation, it has been previously accepted that the feed extract should contain no more than about 50% total coffee solids.

(59) However, according to the processes and products of the present disclosure it has been found that total coffee solids concentrations of up to 63% can be fed to a freeze-drier while avoiding melt-back and sticky lumps. For example, superior extracts of 56% and 60% concentration may be formed with 15% (by dry weight) of finely milled roasted ground coffee, with a particle size D50 of 30 to 40 microns and a D99 of below 60 microns, and 85% (by dry weight) of pure soluble coffee solids.

EXAMPLES

(60) To illustrate the improved drying performance and product qualities, the following freeze-dried samples were prepared. In each case, the base extract was prepared by re-dissolving freeze-dried granules and adding water to make the required concentration of coffee solids. Drying was carried out under the same conditions for all samples: the dryer was a Rayl model available from GEA Niro, of Soeborg, Denmark; samples were dried in a standard tray with the heating profile, initial product weight, particle size of feed material to dryer being identical.

Sample 1-1(Comparative)

(61) The final extract had a coffee solids concentration of 56% (exclusively pure soluble coffee solids) and was foamed by air, frozen, grinded, sieved between 0.7 mm-3.35 mm sizes, and finally vacuum dried. Ice coffee granules were frozen at ?40 degrees C. and vacuum dried for 3.0 hrs or 3.4 hrs.

(62) TABLE-US-00004 Frozen and grinded Dry product coffee granules after before drying freeze-drying Water (%) 44 0 Soluble coffee 56 100 solids (%) Insoluble coffee 0 0 solids (%)

Sample 2-1

(63) The final extract had a coffee solids concentration of 56% (made-up by soluble coffee solids from the base extract and coffee solids from the finely milled roasted ground coffee added before foaming with the end product comprising 15% by dry weight roasted ground coffee and 85% by dry weight equivalent soluble coffee) and was foamed by air, frozen, grinded, sieved between 0.7 mm-3.35 mm sizes and finally dried. Ice coffee granules were frozen at ?40 degrees C. and vacuum dried for 3.0 hrs or 3.4 hrs.

(64) TABLE-US-00005 Frozen and grinded Dry product coffee granules after before drying freeze-drying Water (%) 44 0 Soluble coffee 48 85 solids (%) Insoluble coffee 8 15 solids(%)
The presence of sticky lumps was quantified by sieving using a 3.35 mm size sieve, with the following results:

(65) TABLE-US-00006 Sample 1-1 (Comparative) Sample 2-1 Feed to Dryer 56% 56% 56% 56% concentration (%) Drying time (Hrs) 3.4 3.0 3.4 3.0 Stickied Free flow of clumps clumps yes yes granules product from tray Quantity (%) 60.9 65.9 0.4 0.1 Physical Density 21.5 22.3 21.6 21.9 quality (g/100 ml)

(66) As can be seen the inclusion of finely milled roasted ground coffee substantially eliminates the presence of sticky lumps.

(67) As well as comparison by sieving, direct visual comparison was made by scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs. FIG. 12 shows SEM photographs of the dried coffee products of Sample 1-1. while FIG. 13 shows SEM photographs of the dried coffee products of Sample 2-1.

(68) As can be seen from the photos, Samples 2-1 containing finely milled roasted ground coffee show fewer collapsed areas in their structure compared to pure soluble solids Samples 1-1.

Samples 1-2(Comparative)

(69) The final extract had a coffee solids concentration of 60%, (exclusively pure soluble coffee solids) and was foamed by air, frozen, grinded, sieved between 0.7 mm-3.35 mm sizes and finally vacuum dried. Ice coffee granules were frozen at ?40C and vacuum dried for 3.0 hrs.

(70) TABLE-US-00007 Frozen and grinded Dry product coffee granules after before drying freeze-drying Water (%) 40 0 Soluble coffee 60 100 solids (%) Insoluble coffee 0 0 solids (%)

Samples 2-2

(71) The final extract had a coffee solids concentration of 60% (made-up by soluble coffee solids from the base extract and coffee solids from the finely milled roasted ground coffee added before foaming with the end product comprising 15% by dry weight roasted ground coffee and 85% by weight equivalent soluble coffee) and was foamed by air, frozen, grinded, sieved between 0.7 mm-3.35 mm size and finally dried. Ice coffee granules were frozen at ?40C and vacuum dried for 3.0 hrs.

(72) TABLE-US-00008 Frozen and grinded Dry product coffee granules after before drying freeze-drying Water (%) 40 0 Soluble coffee 51 85 solids (%) Insoluble coffee 9 15 solids (%)

(73) Again, the presence of sticky lumps was quantified by sieving using a 3.35 mm size sieve, with the following results:

(74) TABLE-US-00009 Sample 1-2 (Comparative) Sample 2-2 Feed to Dryer 60% 60% concentration (%) Drying time (Hrs) 3.0 3.0 Stickied Free flow of clumps yes granules product from tray Quantity (%) 66 0 Physical Density 22.0 22.7 quality (g/100 ml)

(75) Direct visual comparison was made by scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs. FIG. 14 shows an SEM photograph of the dried coffee product of Sample 1-2. while FIG. 15 shows an SEM photograph of the dried coffee product of Sample 2-2.

(76) As can be seen from the photos, Sample 2-2 containing finely milled roasted ground coffee shows fewer collapsed areas in structure compared to Sample 1-2.

(77) As another, separate benefit it has been found that the grinding of frozen coffee extract, which contains finely milled roasted ground coffee produces improved grinding performance in that fewer fines are generated compared to frozen coffee extracts formed from pure soluble coffee:

(78) TABLE-US-00010 Frozen coffee chips Product (0.7-3.335 mm) Fines (below 0.7 mm) 56% concentration 80% 20% with finely milled roasted ground coffee 56% concentration 75% 25% without finely milled roasted ground coffee 60% concentration 79% 21% with finely milled roasted ground coffee 60% concentration 75% 25% without finely milled roasted ground coffee
For the grinding, the same machine, process and parameters were used: Grinder screen 8 mm, sieve screen 0.7-3.35 mm

(79) FIG. 6 shows a first spray-dried process for forming a spray-dried soluble coffee product 44. A coffee concentrate intermediate 20 (aromatised or non-aromatised) is mixed with a milled and blended coffee intermediate 30 using a high shear mixer 50 prior to the foaming step 41. A high shear mixer 50 of the type described above may be used. The mixture is then foamed at step 41 and then filtered and optionally homogenised at step 42. The intermediate is then spray dried at step 43 to produce the spray-dried soluble coffee product 44. The product may then be packed in a container.

(80) FIG. 7 shows a second spray-dried process for forming a spray-dried soluble coffee product 44. The process is the same as the first spray-dried process described above with the exception that the milled and blended coffee product 30 is incorporated into a dry mix. In particular, the spray-drying apparatus (as known in the art) comprises a fines collector for recycling coffee powder fines. At step 51, the milled and blended coffee intermediate 30 is fed into the recycling line from the fines collector and is therefore incorporated into the product during the spray-drying stage.

(81) It has been found that the milled and blended coffee intermediate formed by jet milling has very good dispersion characteristics in liquids (such as hot water or concentrated liquid coffee extract).

EXAMPLES

(82) To illustrate the beneficial dispersion qualities of the jet milled and blended coffee intermediate, the following samples were prepared as follows:

Sample 1(Comparative)

(83) 100% Arabica beans, roasted to colour 8.5 La, then cryogenically ground using prior art techniques. 15% by dry weight of the resultant ground material was then dry mixed by hand with 85% of Arabica-based dried soluble coffee-end composition 15% by dry weight roasted ground coffee, 85% by dry weight equivalent soluble coffee.

Sample 2

(84) 15% Arabica beans roasted to colour 8.5 La, then jet milled with 85% Arabica-based, dried soluble coffee-end composition 15% by dry weight roasted ground coffee, 85% by dry weight equivalent soluble coffee.

Sample 3

(85) 30% Arabica beans roasted to colour 8.5 La, then jet milled with 70% Arabica-based, dried soluble coffee to form blended intermediate. 50% by dry weight of blended intermediate dry mixed by hand with 50% by dry weight of Arabica-based dried soluble coffee-end composition 15% by dry weight roasted ground coffee, 85% by dry weight equivalent soluble coffee.

Sample 4

(86) 50% Arabica beans roasted to colour 8.5 La, then jet milled with 50% Arabica-based, dried soluble coffee to form blended intermediate. 30% by dry weight of blended intermediate dry mixed by hand with 70% by dry weight of Arabica-based dried soluble coffee-end composition 15% by dry weight roasted ground coffee, 85% by dry weight equivalent soluble coffee.

(87) Beverages were then prepared from the samples and dry and wet Helos (with and without ultrasound) particle size distributions were measured, with the following results:

(88) TABLE-US-00011 % roasted ground coffee:% Wet Helos - soluble Dry Helos Wet Helos - Ultrasound Sample coffee D90 ?m Stirred D90 ?m D90 ?m 1 15:85 27.2 69.4 22.1 2 15:85 10.5 28.5 17.8 3 15:85 17.4 35.6 23.1 4 15:85 27.2 60.7 29.8

(89) Wet Helos of the stirred sample represents the particle size when first made up and is higher where there is poor dispersion of the finely ground roasted coffee particles in water, thereby forming clumps of material.

(90) That clumps are formed can be determined by comparing to the Wet Helos with ultrasound measurement. The ultrasound acts to break up the clumps (if present).

(91) As can be seen from the results, the comparative Sample 1 formed with cryogenically-ground roasted coffee had poor dispersion characteristics and significant clumpingverified by the large difference between the wet Helos figures with and without ultrasoundeven though the product had the same total roasted ground coffee content as Samples 2 to 4. By comparison, Samples 2 and 3 of the present disclosure have much better dispersion where the milled and blended coffee intermediate has 15 or 30% by dry weight roasted ground coffee. Sample 4 with 50% by dry weight roasted ground coffee shows some improvement over the prior art composition but less than Samples 2 and 3.

(92) Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a novel freeze-dried soluble coffee product having an appearance reminiscent of roasted ground coffee.

(93) It has been surprisingly discovered that the addition of roasted ground coffee of small particle size to a freeze-dried soluble coffee product can produce a darkening of the end product that results in the freeze-dried product looking more similar to roasted ground coffee than prior art freeze-dried coffee products.

(94) The roasted ground coffee particles are preferably colloidal in size with a dry Helos particle size distribution D90 of less than or equal to 100 microns, preferably less than or equal to 50 microns, more preferably less than or equal to 30 microns.

(95) The roasted ground coffee may constitute 5 to 30% by dry weight of the freeze-dried product.

(96) The roasted ground coffee may be derived from cryogenic milling of whole roasted coffee beans. However, preferably, the roasted ground coffee is obtained by the milling process of the present disclosure described above with reference to FIG. 1 in which the roasted ground coffee is a component of the milled and blended coffee intermediate.

(97) The roasted ground coffee may be incorporated into the product by high shear mixing. Preferably, where the milled and blended coffee intermediate of the present disclosure is to be used, the roasted ground coffee is incorporated using one of the processes described above with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5.

(98) The freeze-dried coffee end product has a colour of 13 to 30 La units on the Lange scale, preferably 16 to 25 La units, more preferably 17 to 20 La units.

(99) The density of the soluble coffee product also has an affect on the colour. Typically the denser the product the darker the colour. However, it is undesirable to have a soluble product that is too dense. Hence the present disclosure provides a flexible alternative which can be used separately from (or in combination with) control of the density of the product to select the desired product colour.

(100) FIG. 8 illustrates results for a first set of three sample products, A to C. For all three samples A to C the total solids (soluble coffee solids and roasted ground coffee solids where applicable) concentration of the product fed to the freeze-drier was 50% and the drying time was 3.37 hours. Samples A to C had the following characteristics:

Sample A (Comparative Example)

(101) Standard Net Robusta concentrated extract was foamed and freeze-dried using known prior art techniques without the inclusion of any roasted ground coffee. The datum colour change of 0 is set for a density of Sample A of 210 g/l. An increased density of 220 g/l results in a colour change of ?1.5 La units. An increased density of 230 g/l results in a colour change of ?2.7 La units.

Sample B

(102) A freeze-dried product according to the process of FIG. 5a with roasted ground coffee added after foaming with the end product comprising 15% by dry weight roasted ground coffee and 85% by dry weight equivalent soluble coffee.

(103) Compared to Sample A, Sample B produced a darker product with a colour change of ?3.0 La units at a density of 210 g/l; ?3.8 La units at a density of 220 g/l.

Sample C

(104) A freeze-dried product according to the process of FIG. 4a with roasted ground coffee added before foaming with the end product comprising 15% by dry weight roasted ground coffee and 85% by dry weight equivalent soluble coffee.

(105) Compared to Sample A, Sample C produced a darker product with a colour change of ?1.5 La units at a density of 210 g/l; ?2.4 La units at a density of 220 g/l and ?3.4 La units at a density of 230 g/l.

(106) The results may be tabulated as follows:

(107) TABLE-US-00012 Color change from datum Sample Density (g/l) (La) A 210 0 A 220 ?1.5 A 230 ?2.7 B 210 ?3.0 B 220 ?3.8 C 210 ?1.5 C 220 ?2.4 C 230 ?3.4

(108) The following table illustrate results for a second set of two sample groups of products D and E subjected to differing solids concentrations and drying times. Sample groups D and E had the following characteristics:

Sample D (Comparative Example)

(109) Standard Net Arabica concentrated extract was foamed and freeze-dried without the inclusion of any roasted ground coffee. The datum colour change of 0 was set for a density of sample of 220 g/l for three conditions; feed to dryer solids concentration of 56% with 3 hrs drying time, feed to dryer solids concentration of 60% with 3 hrs drying time and feed to dryer solids concentration of 56% with 3.37 hrs drying time.

Sample E

(110) A freeze-dried product according to the process of FIG. 4a with roasted ground coffee added before foaming with the end product comprising 15% by dry weight roasted ground coffee and 85% by dry weight equivalent soluble coffee and a density of 220 g/l. The same three conditions as Sample D were evaluated.

(111) TABLE-US-00013 Total solids Color concentration Drying time change from Sample fed to dryer (%) (Hrs) datum (La) D 56 3.0 0 E 56 3.0 ?11.05 D 60 3.0 0 E 60 3.0 ?7.45 D 56 3.37 0 E 56 3.37 ?9.35

(112) As can be seen from the data above, the inclusion of the roasted ground coffee produces a marked darkening of the end product compared to a pure soluble coffee product.

(113) It has also been found that the freeze-dried product is more reminiscent of roasted ground coffee where it is ground at step 23 to a particle size of 0.3 to 3.5 mm, preferably 0.3 to 2.5 mm, more preferably 0.3 to 1.5 mm.

(114) The milled and blended coffee product described above or the soluble coffee product described above or the freeze-dried soluble coffee product described above may be packaged for sale in a container such as a jar 101 as shown in FIG. 9. Alternatively, the milled and blended coffee product or the soluble coffee product or the freeze-dried soluble coffee product may be packaged in a container suitable for use in a beverage preparation machine. For example, FIG. 10 shows a suitable container in the form of a cartridge 102 that may be used in a beverage preparation machine 103 as shown in FIG. 11.

(115) The product may contain one or more additional beverage components such as natural or artificial sweeteners, dairy or non-dairy based creamers, lactose, vegetable fat, whey proteins, emulsifiers, stabilisers, modified starches, carriers, fillers, flavours, colours, nutrients, preservatives, flow agents or foaming agents.