Antimicrobial hydrochloric acid catheter lock solution and method of use

Abstract

A catheter lock solution includes a hydrochloric acid solution having a concentration of 0.3 Molar to 1.0 Molar. This hydrochloric acid solution may be used to lock a catheter and/or salvage an infected catheter.

Claims

1. A method of inhibiting microbial contamination in a catheter, the method comprising the step of: infusing a lumen of the catheter with a hydrochloric acid solution having a concentration of 0.3 Molar to 1.0 Molar, wherein the hydrochloric acid solution further includes silver sulfadiazine.

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of: allowing the hydrochloric acid solution to dwell within the lumen for about an hour.

3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising the step of: drawing the hydrochloric acid solution from the lumen following the hour dwell time.

4. The method according to claim 3, further comprising the step of: flushing the catheter with a saline solution following the withdrawal of the hydrochloric acid solution.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the hydrochloric acid solution has a hydrochloric acid concentration of 0.3 Molar to 0.5 Molar.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the hydrochloric acid solution further includes an antimicrobial agent.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the silver sulfadiazine is at a concentration of at least 128 ppm.

8. The method according to claim 6, wherein the antimicrobial agent includes Rifampin and Minocycline.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the hydrochloric acid solution further includes an anti-coagulant.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the anti-coagulant is heparin.

11. A method of treating a patient having a microbial contamination of an indwelling catheter, the method comprising the steps of: infusing a lumen of the catheter with a hydrochloric acid solution having a concentration of 0.3 Molar to 1.0 Molar, wherein the hydrochloric acid solution further includes silver sulfadiazine.

12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising the step of: allowing the hydrochloric acid solution to dwell within the lumen for about 30 minutes.

13. The method according to claim 12, further comprising the step of: drawing the hydrochloric acid solution from the lumen following the hour dwell time.

14. The method according to claim 13, further comprising the step of: flushing the catheter with a saline solution following the withdrawal of the hydrochloric acid solution.

15. The method according to claim 11, wherein the hydrochloric acid solution has a hydrochloric acid concentration of 0.3 Molar to 0.5 Molar.

16. The method according to claim 11, further comprising the step of: selecting a hydrochloric acid concentration of 0.4 Molar to 1.0 Molar in response to a biofilm of microbial contamination being present in the catheter.

17. The method according to claim 11, wherein the hydrochloric acid solution further includes an antimicrobial agent.

18. The method according to claim 11, wherein the silver sulfadiazine is at a concentration of at least 128 ppm.

19. The method according to claim 17, wherein the antimicrobial agent includes Rifampin and Minocycline.

20. The method according to claim 11, wherein the hydrochloric acid solution further includes an anti-coagulant.

21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the anti-coagulant is heparin.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a graph showing the effect of 0.2 M HCl on various bacterial strains in planktonic suspensions.

(2) FIG. 2 is a graph showing the effect of various concentrations of HCl on Candida albicans in planktonic suspension.

(3) FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of 0.1 M HCl on various bacterial strains m pre-formed bacterial biofilms.

(4) FIG. 4 is a graph showing the effect of various concentrations of HCl on Candida albicans in pre-formed bacterial biofilms over time.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(5) Embodiments of the invention provide a hydrochloric acid (HCl) catheter lock solution, a HCl catheter salvage solution, a method of inhibiting microbial growth in a catheter, and a method of treating a patient having a microbial contamination of an indwelling catheter, and a catheter kit. In various embodiments, the HCl catheter lock solution and/or HCl catheter salvage solution may have any suitable concentration. In general, examples of suitable concentrations include those concentration capable of antibacterial properties either alone or in combination with other agents. Particular examples of suitable HCl concentrations include between 0.3 molar (M) to 1M. In other examples shown herein, concentrations of HCl as low as 0.001 M either alone or in combination with another agent may be suitable for use as an antibiotic catheter lock and/or salvage solution. Furthermore, HCl concentrations greater than 1 M may also be suitable for use as an antibiotic catheter lock and/or salvage solution.

(6) In a particular example, the catheter lock and/or salvage solution disclosed here contains between 0.3M-1M HCl. At this concentration range HCl can kill both bacteria and yeast in less than 60 minutes and has no systemic effect if accidentally flushed due to rapid neutralization by phosphate in blood. In the event of leakage or accidental flush of this lock solution in the blood stream the local pH remains in the physiological range i.e. at pH 7.38-7.42. Unlike the other antimicrobial lock solutions described before, the HCl catheter lock and/or salvage solution described in this invention is fast acting requiring a dwelling period of less than an hour, thus can be utilized as an effective catheter salvage solution when catheter infection is suspected.

(7) In addition to HCl, it is within the purview of this and other embodiments of the invention that other suitable agents may be incorporated into the catheter lock and/or salvage solution. Examples of suitable agents includes other antibiotics, antiseptics, antimicrobial peptides, antithrombogenics, fibrinolytics, anticoagulants (particularly heparin), anti-inflammatory agents, anti-pain agents, vasodilators, antiproliferatives, antifibrotics, growth factors, cytokines, antibodies, peptides and peptide mimetics, nucleic acids, and/or the like.

(8) Medical devices suitable for use with various embodiments of the invention may include catheters, tubes, etc. Other devices suitable for use with embodiments of the invention include those that would benefit from having a broad spectrum of antimicrobial and/or antifungal activity such as devices that interface with blood, blood products, and/or fibrinogenic fluids, tissues, and/or products.

(9) Methods

(10) Experiment 1

(11) Preparation of Catheter Lock/Salvage Solutions

(12) A stock solution of 2M HCl was purchased from Fisher Scientific of Pittsburgh, Pa. 15275 U.S.A. One hundred milliliters (100 mL) of solutions each containing varying HCl concentration ranging from 0.001M-2M were prepared in deionized water as shown in Table 1 below:

(13) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Catheter Lock/Salvage Solutions Lock/Salvage 2M HCl Water solution (mL) (mL) .sup.2M HCl 100 0 .sup.1M HCl 50 50 0.5M HCl 25 75 0.4M HCl 20 80 0.3M HCl 15 85 0.2M HCl 10 90 0.1M HCl 5 95 0.01M HCl 0.5 99.5 0.001M HCl 0.05 99.95
Experiment 2
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

(14) The HCl solutions as listed in Table 1 were prepared in Muller-Hinton broth instead of water. The pH of each of the solution was measured and then tested against Candida albicans (C. albicans), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) for range-finding of its MIC. The organism and the MIC of HCl for the respective organism (with corresponding pH in parenthesis) are as follows:

(15) C. albicans=0.08M-0.1M HCl (pH 2.07-1.93)

(16) P. aeruginosa=0.001M-0.02M (pH 7.33-4.06)

(17) S. aureus=0.02M-0.04M (pH 4.06-3.12)

(18) Experiment 3

(19) Antimicrobial Effect of HCl on Planktonic Microorganisms as Determined by Time to Kill Assay

(20) Time to kill planktonic microbial cultures was determined following the exposure to either 0.1M or 0.2M HCl. The cultures included six bacterial and one yeast. The six bacterial strains tested were: 1) S. aureus SA; 2) Klebsiella pneumoniae KP; 3) Escherichia coil EC; 4) Acinetobacter baumannii AB; 5) P. aeruginosa PA; and 6) Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis EF. The yeast tested was Candida albicans CA. The time of exposure for the planktonic microbial cultures was for 5, 10, 30 and 60 minutes.

(21) Briefly, the procedure for time to kill planktonic bacteria assay is as followswells of 48-well plates were filled with 1 mL each of the HCl solutions or the control solution which is 0.85% saline, followed by addition of 10.sup.6 colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) of a test organism. Subsequently, an aliquot of 10 microliters (L) from each well was removed every 5, 10, 30, 60 minutes and serially diluted in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Ten (10) l of each dilution was then plated onto the surface of Dey/Engley (D/E) Neutralizing Agar. Plates were inverted and incubated at 37 C. for 24 hours. Subsequently number of colonies per plate was recorded and CFU/mL was determined. Each test was run in triplicate.

(22) Results from the testing of 0.2M HCl are shown in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 1, all six bacterial strains tested were killed within 10 minutes of exposure to 0.1M HCl.

(23) Although not shown in FIG. 1, C. albicans was tested in the same manner as the bacterial samples. While exposure to 0.2 M HCl killed planktonic bacteria essentially instantly, approximately 2 hours of exposure was required to kill planktonic C. albicans at 0.2M HCl. By increasing the HCl concentration to 0.4 M as shown in FIG. 2, the time to kill planktonic C. albicans was reduced to 30 minutes.

(24) Experiment 4

(25) Antimicrobial Effect of HCl as Determined by Time to Eradicate Pre-Formed Biofilm

(26) Pre-formed biofilm of E. coli EC, K. pneumoniae KP, S. aureus SA, Vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis EF, P. aeruginosa PA, A. baumanii AB, and C. albicans CA were exposed to either broth, saline, or solutions containing 0.1M-0.5M HCl for 5-60 minutes. The procedure to determine time to eradicate pre-formed biofilms is as follows: half a centimeter segments were cut from sterile 14 French Gauge (Fr) double lumen CARBOTHANE. extrusions (CARBOTHANE. is a thermoplastic polycarbonate and is a registered Trademark of Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. of Wickliffe, Ohio 44092, U.S.A.). In a 48 well micro-titer plate (one per organism), wells were filled with either 1 mL of Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) to grow bacteria or Yeast malt broth (YMB) for growing yeast. Subsequently, using a sterile forceps one catheter segment was placed in each well of the plate followed by addition of the organism per well. Plates were then incubated for 24 hours (hrs) at 37 C. in an incubator with shaking at 100 revolutions per minute (rpm). After 24 hrs, the catheter segments were removed from the media and placed into another 48 well plate, containing 1 ml of either TSB, YMB, saline, 0.1M, 0.2M, 0.3M, 0.4M or 0.5M HCl. At the indicated time point, the segments were removed and placed into another 48 well plate, containing 1 mL of D/E broth (Dey-Engley neutralizing broth) in each well. The 48 well plate was placed into a suitable sonication bath and sonicated for 20 minutes at approximately 50 C. Examples of suitable sonication baths include the VWR 250HT, manufactured by VWR International of West Chester, Pa. 19380 U.S.A.). Once sonication was completed, an aliquot of 10 l was removed and serially diluted in PBS. Ten microliters (10 l) of each dilution was then plated onto the surface of D/E Neutralizing Agar. Plates were incubated at 37 C. for 24 hrs and number of colonies per plate was recorded to determine CFU/mL. As shown in FIG. 3, all bacterial biofilm were eradicated within half an hour of exposure to 0.1M HCl. As shown in FIG. 4, yeast biofilm were eradicated in less than an hour by HCl at concentrations higher than 0.4M.

(27) Experiment 5

(28) Ability of HCl Lock to Salvage Infected Catheter

(29) The arterial ports of 15 Fr, 19 centimeter (cm) hemodialysis catheters were locked with 10.sup.3 CFU of C. albicans in YMB (in a volume that is specified on the product as the priming volume). The catheters were incubated in sterilization pouches for 24 hours at 37 C. Thereafter, the catheters were removed from the pouches and the YMB was flushed out. Catheters were then re-locked with either YMB or HCl solutions. After an incubation period of 30 minutes, the lock solutions were removed and saved for plating on D/E agar. The catheters were cut into segments and transferred into 15 mL conical tubes containing 5 mL of D/E broth. The tubes containing the catheter segments were sonicated for 20 minutes. From each of the lock solutions and the catheter sonicate, 10 ul was removed and serially diluted in PBS. 10 l of each dilution was then plated onto the surface of D/E Neutralizing Agar. Plates were inverted and incubated at 37 C. for 24 hours. Subsequently number of colonies per plate was recorded and CFU/mL was determined.

(30) Within 30 minutes both 0.4 and 0.5M HCl solutions were able to eradicate Candida biofilm growing for 24 hours in the catheters. As shown in Table 2, both the HCl lock solution that was recovered after a treatment period of 30 minutes and the catheter segment treated with HCl lock were negative for presence of any organism.

(31) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Catheter Salvage Lock solution Catheter Test Solution CFU/mL CFU/mL YMB 4.E+05 8.E+04 0.5M HCL 0 0
Experiment 6
HCl Lock Prevents Microbial Migration

(32) Both the arterial and venous ports of 15 Fr, 19 cm hemodialysis catheters were locked with either YMB or 0.5M HCl (in a volume that is specified on the product as the priming volume for each port). Catheters were then suspended for 24 hours at 37 C. in sterile 100 mL measuring cylinders that contained 20 mL of human plasma pre-inoculated with 10.sup.5 CFU of C. albicans. During the 24 hr incubation period, the plasma was kept stirring, and care was taken to prevent catheter tip from touching the bottom of the cylinder. Subsequently, the lock solutions were removed and saved for serial dilution and plating on D/E agar. The catheters were cut into segments and transferred into 15 mL conical tubes containing 5 mL of D/E broth. The tubes containing the catheter segments were sonicated for 20 minutes. From each of the lock solutions and the catheter sonicate, 10 ul was removed and serially diluted in PBS. 10 l of each dilution was then plated onto the surface of D/E Neutralizing Agar. Plates were inverted and incubated at 37 C. for 24 hours. Subsequently number of colonies per plate was recorded and CFU/mL was determined.

(33) The solution containing 0.5M HCl was able to prevent migration of Candida from the infected plasma into the catheter lumen as can be seen in Table 3 below.

(34) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Inhibiting Microbial Migration Number of colonies Lock Solution Lock solution Catheter YMB TNTC* TNTC* 0.4N HCL 8 1 0.5N HCL 0 1

(35) In a similar experiment as above, subsequent to 24 hour suspension of the locked catheters in plasma, the lock solutions from each catheter were collected and the pH measured at the tip, middle and distal location in the catheter lumen. For example, if the lock volume was 1 ml, three aliquots each of 333 l were collected in three separate tubes pre-labeled as tip, middle and distal. Subsequently, the pH of each solution was measured.

(36) As shown in Table 4 each HCl solution was able to maintain inhibitory pH through out the length of the locked catheter.

(37) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Maintenance of Inhibiting pH Concentration Test Solution pH after 24 hr 0.3N HCl Original solution 1.37 Solution from Distal 1.37 Solution from Middle 1.37 Solution from Tip 1.39 0.4N HCl Original solution 1.32 Solution from Distal 1.32 Solution from Middle 1.32 Solution from Tip 1.33 0.5N HCl Original solution 1.29 Solution from Distal 1.29 Solution from Middle 1.29 Solution from Tip 1.30
Experiment 7
Safety of HCl Lock

(38) The normal pH of human plasma is 7.38-7.42, a pH below 7.38 is too acidic, whereas a plasma pH above 7.42 is too alkaline (Atherton J. C. (2009) Acid-base balance: maintenance of plasma pH. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Med. 10: 557-561). To determine how local pH would be affected if a portion or the entire volume of the HCl lock is inadvertently administered into the blood stream, 20 mL of un-coagulated serum was supplemented with 0, 20, 40 or 100 L of solutions with varying HCl concentration, followed by pH measurement.

(39) The priming volume for the 15 Fr, 24 cm CANNON hemodialysis catheters is 5 mL of HCl and the blood serum volume in an average human is of 2.5 L. (CANNON is a registered Trademark of Arrow International Investment Corp. of Wilmington Del. 19810, U.S.A.) Therefore the serum to HCl lock ratio would be 1:500 if the entire lock volume of 5 mL gets flushed into the blood stream. Significant drop in pH was observed at 1:500 ratio when HCl concentration was higher than 0.5M as shown in Table 5 below.

(40) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Safety of HCl Lock Solution HCl Volume Serum:HCl 2M 1M 0.5M 0.4M 0.3M added (L) lock ratio HCl HCl HCl HCl HCl 0 Serum alone 7.42 7.42 7.42 7.42 7.42 20 1:1000 7.27 7.35 7.40 7.41 7.42 40 1:500 7.07 7.28 7.38 7.39 7.41 100 1:200 6.85 7.17 7.32 7.35 7.39
Experiment 8
HCl Lock Synergy with Antimicrobial Catheters and Antimicrobial Agents Coated Onto Catheters

(41) Synergy of HCl with antibiotics used on antimicrobial catheters was determined by zone of inhibition (ZOI) assay. One centimeter long catheter segments were cut from Multi-lumen Central Venous Catheters (CVC) from Rifampin and Minocycline impregnated CVCs (Rif/Mino). Cultures of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were started in Muller Hinton Broth. For each organism, concentration of the inoculum was adjusted to 110.sup.8 CFU/ml using 0.5 McFarland standard. Muller Hinton Agar plates either without HCl or with varying HCl concentrations were prepared. The highest HCl concentration that allowed formation of a confluent lawn of organisms was 0.01M. Plates were sneaked with a single organism using a sterile cotton applicator that was dipped into the broth culture. Using sterile forceps, 1 cm long catheter segments from the control and Rif/Mino catheters were vertically inserted into the agar. Plates were then incubated for 24 hours at 37 C. Each test was run in triplicate. Subsequently the zones of inhibition (ZOI) were measured, in millimeters (mm) using calipers and the three ZOI measurements for each test were averaged. Results of these tests are shown in Table 6.

(42) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Synergy of dilute Hydrochloric acid with Rif/Mino catheters HCl Conc. Avg. ZOI (mm) (M) HCl Alone S. Aureus P. aeruginosa 0 N/A 34 7 0.001 0 36 8 0.01 0 41 18

(43) As shown in Table 6, synergistic effects were observed against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa when HCl concentrations exceeded 0.001 M. These synergistic effects were completely unexpected at least because dilute HCl alone produces no measurable ZOI even at a concentration of 0.01 M. It is an advantage of embodiments of the invention that using an HCl lock solution in Rif/Mino catheters provides antibacterial properties even at, near, or in close proximity to the distal tip of the catheter where the lock solution comes in contact with and is diluted by bodily fluids. For example, comparing Rif/Mino catheters with and without HCl lock solution, if the HCl lock solution is initially 0.3 M HCl, enhanced antimicrobial properties may still be observed when diluted 300:1 with bodily fluids.

(44) Experiment 9

(45) HCl Lock Synergy with Antimicrobial Agents, Silver Sulfadiazine (SSD) and 5-Fluorouracil (5FU)

(46) In a separate experiment to determine synergy of HCl with antimicrobial agents, Silver sulfadiazine (SSD) and 5-Fluorouracil (5FU), Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) of each compound was determined in presence of varying HCl concentration in Muller Hinton Agar by the Kirby-Bauer antibiotic testing method (also known as the disk diffusion antibiotic sensitivity testing method).

(47) Agar plates and cultures of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) were set up as described in EXPERIMENT 8. Briefly, various; amounts of HCl ranging from 0.0001M-0.01M were added to Muller Hinton Agar and allowed to solidify at room temperature. Cultures were diluted to 110.sup.8 CFU/ml.

(48) Stock solutions of SSD and 5FU at 256 g/ml were prepared and diluted two fold in water to obtain a concentration range of 256 ppm-0.125 ppm. From each of the test solution, 20 L was then dispensed over the Kirby Bauer diffusion disks. The disks were air dried for five minutes and using forceps applied over the agar plates. Plates were then incubated for 24 hours at 37 C. Subsequently the zones of inhibition were measured, in millimeters (mm) using calipers. Each test was run in triplicate.

(49) The MIC of SSD against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus (no HCl) was determined to be 128 ppm. SSD tested at this concentration in presence of HCl, yielded further increase in zones of inhibition with increasing HCl concentration above 0.001 M as shown in Table 7 below:

(50) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Synergy of dilute Hydrochloric acid with SSD (128 ppm) HCl Conc. Avg. ZOI (mm) (M) HCl Alone S. Aureus P. aeruginosa 0 N/A 4.5 1.1 0.001 0 6.4 1.2 0.01 0 6.1 2.4

(51) As shown in Table 8, HCl displays a synergy with 5-FU against S. aureus at HCl concentrations above 0.001 M. As shown in Table 9, at a concentration of 0.01 M, HCl also enhanced inhibition of 5FU against E. aerogenes.

(52) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Synergy of dilute Hydrochloric acid with 5-FU (8 ppm and 16 ppm) against S. aureus S. Aureus Avg. ZOI (mm) HCl Conc. 5-FU 5-FU (M) HCl Alone (8 ppm) (16 ppm) 0 N/A 0.0 10.0 0.001 0 0.0 11.5 0.01 0 13.8 21.4

(53) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Synergy of dilute Hydrochloric acid with 5-FU (128 ppm and 256 ppm) against E. aerogenes E. aerogenes Avg. ZOI (mm) HCl 5-FU 5-FU Conc.(M) HCl Alone (128 ppm) (256 ppm) 0 N/A 11.15 16.15 0.01 0 12.35 18.95

(54) As shown in Table 7-9, synergistic effects were observed against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa when HCl concentrations exceeded 0.001 M. These synergistic effects were completely unexpected at least because HCl alone produces no measurable ZOI even at a concentration of 0.01 M. It is an advantage of embodiments of the invention that using an HCl lock solution in conjunction with SSD and/or 5-FU provides antibacterial properties even when diluted, such as, for example by bodily fluids. SSD and/or 5-FU may be incorporated into a suitable catheter. In use, such as when installed in a patient, the antimicrobial agent may elute out of the catheter and inhibit bacterial colonization of the surface of the catheter, adjacent to, and/or in close proximity to the surface. It is an advantage of various embodiments of the invention that these antimicrobial agents work synergistically with HCl to further inhibit microbial growth.

(55) The many features and advantages of the invention are apparent from the detailed specification, and thus, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such features and advantages of the invention which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and variations will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation illustrated and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.