Electrically conductive membrane pump system

Abstract

Pump systems having electrically conductive membranes are described. In embodiments of the invention, the electrically conductive membranes can be utilized as speakers to produce ultrasonic and audible sounds. The electrically conductive membranes are made from materials such as graphene, graphene oxide, and polymer films having a thin conductive coating.

Claims

1. A system comprising: (a) a first device comprising a first electrically conductive membrane pump system, wherein (i) the first electrically conductive membrane pump system comprises one or more first electrically conductive membranes, and (ii) the first electrically conductive membrane pump system is operable to transmit information through the air via ultrasonic waves; (b) a second device comprising a second electrically conductive membrane pump system, wherein (i) the second electrically conductive membrane pump system comprises one or more first electrically conductive membranes, and (ii) the second electrically conductive membrane pump system is operable to receive the information transmitted through the air via ultrasonic waves by the first device and is further operable to emit sound within the auditory range of humans that corresponds to the information transmitted.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more first electrically conductive membranes are one or more graphene membranes.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more second electrically conductive membranes are one or more graphene membranes.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the ultrasonic waves have a frequency in a range between 20 KHz and 1000 kHz.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the first electrically conductive membrane pump system further comprises: (a) a gate and a trace operatively connected to at least one of the one or more first electrically conductive membranes; (b) an input voltage source operatively connected to the gate and the trace, wherein the input voltage source is operable to control movement of the at least one of the first electrically conductive membranes to generate the ultrasonic waves.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the first device is selected from the group consisting of a smart-phone or a smart-watch and the second device is an earbud.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the first device is a smart-watch.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the second device is an earbud.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein the second electrically conductive membrane pump system is operable to harvest power from the ultrasonic waves transmitted from the first device.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein the second device is a pair of earbuds.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein the information transmitted from the first device and received by the second device comprises information from an audio file.

12. The system of claim 1, wherein (a) the information transmitted from the first device and received by the second device comprises a first component and a second component, (b) the first component comprises information that corresponds to the sound emitted by the second device within the auditory range of humans, and (c) the second component pairs the first device and the second device such that the second device is informed from the second component to allow the sound corresponding to the first component to be emitted.

13. A device that comprises an electrically conductive membrane pump, wherein the electrically conductive membrane pump comprises: (i) a cavity having an electrically conductive membrane, wherein (a) the electrically conductive membrane is operable to change the volume capacity of the cavity, (a) the electrically conductive membrane comprises a polymer coated with a conductive coating, and (b) the conductive coating has a conductivity in the range of ten thousand ohms/cm2 to one billion ohms/cm2; (ii) a gate and a trace operatively connected to the electrically conductive membrane; and (iii) an input voltage source operatively connected to the gate and the trace, wherein the input voltage source is operable to control movement of the electrically conductive membrane to change the volume capacity of the cavity.

14. The device of claim 13, wherein the polymer film comprises polyethylene terephthalate.

15. The device of claim 13, wherein the conductive coating is formed from the deposition of an antistatic fluid on the polymer.

16. The device of claim 13, wherein the conductive coating is less than 5 nm in thickness.

17. The device of claim 13, wherein the conductive coating comprises a metal.

18. The device of claim 17, wherein the conductive coating is less than 5 nm in thickness.

19. The device of claim 17, wherein the conductive coating is formed from the deposition of the metal using vapor deposition.

20. The device of claim 13, wherein the device is operable as a speaker.

21. The device of claim 13, wherein the device is operable as a compact audio speaker.

22. The device of claim 21, wherein the electrically conductive membrane is operable for producing an audio signal having a frequency in the audio frequency range.

23. The device of claim 13, wherein the device is operable for medical applications.

24. The device of claim 13, wherein the device is operable for electronic applications.

25. A device that comprises an electrically conductive membrane pump, wherein the electrically conductive membrane pump comprises: (i) a cavity having an electrically conductive membrane, wherein the diaphragm is operable to change the volume capacity of the cavity; (ii) a first valve connected to the cavity, wherein (a) the first valve is operable to be in an open position, wherein fluid can flow (I) through the first valve into the cavity and (II) from the cavity through the first valve, depending upon the pressure differential across the first valve, and (b) the first valve is operable to be in a closed position, wherein fluid cannot flow (I) through the first valve into the cavity and (II) from the cavity through the first valve, regardless of the pressure differential across the first valve; and (iii) a second valve connected to the cavity, wherein (a) the second valve is operable to be in an open position, wherein fluid can flow (I) through the second valve into the cavity and (II) from the cavity through the second valve, depending upon the pressure differential across the second valve, and (b) the second valve is operable to be in a closed position, wherein fluid cannot flow (I) through the second valve into the cavity and (II) from the cavity through the second valve, regardless of the pressure differential across the second valve; wherein (I) at least one of the cavity, first valve, or second valve comprises an electrically conductive membrane, (II) the electrically conductive membrane comprises a polymer coated with a conductive coating, and (III) the conductive coating has a conductivity in the range of ten thousand ohms/cm2 to one billion ohms/cm2.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 depicts a perspective view of the graphene-drum pump system.

(2) FIG. 2 depicts a close-up of a graphene-drum pump (in the graphene-drum pump system of FIG. 1) in exhaust mode.

(3) FIG. 3 depicts a close-up of a graphene-drum pump (in the graphene-drum pump system of FIG. 1) in intake mode.

(4) FIG. 4 depicts a graphene-drum internal combustion engine in ignition mode.

(5) FIG. 5 depicts a perspective view of a graphene-drum Stirling engine system.

(6) FIG. 6 depicts a side view of the graphene-drum Stirling engine system of FIG. 5.

(7) FIG. 7 depicts an alternative embodiment of a graphene-drum pump system.

(8) FIG. 8 depicts the graphene-drum pump system of FIG. 7 with the graphene drum in a different position.

(9) FIG. 9 depicts a further alternative embodiment of a graphene-drum pump system.

(10) FIG. 10 depicts a further alternative embodiment of a graphene-drum pump system.

(11) FIG. 11 is an illustration of two devices having graphene-drum pump systems (such as devices incorporating the systems shown in FIGS. 9-10) that have been paired for sending and receiving ultrasonic waves.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(12) In an embodiment of the present invention, one or more graphene drums can be utilized in a pump system. FIG. 1 depicts a graphene-drum pump system 100 that has an array of graphene-drum pumps 101 (as illustrated there are nine graphene pumps 101 in FIG. 1). As oriented in FIG. 1, the top layer 102 is graphene. The top layer is mounted on an insulating material 103 (such as silicon dioxide).

(13) FIG. 2 depicts a close-up of a graphene-drum pump 101 in the graphene-drum pump system 100 of FIG. 1. Graphene-drum pump 101 utilizes a graphene drum as the main diaphragm (main diaphragm graphene drum 201). The main diaphragm seals a boundary of the cavity 202 of the graphene-drum pump 101. The cavity is also bounded by insulating material 103 and a metallic gate 203 (which is a metal such as tungsten). The metallic gate 203 is operatively connected to a voltage source (not shown), such as by a metallic trace 204. The main diaphragm graphene drum 201 can be designed to operate in a manner similar to the graphene drums taught and described in the PCT US09/59266 Application.

(14) The graphene-drum pump also includes an upstream valve 205 and a downstream valve 206. As illustrated in FIG. 2, upstream valve 205 includes another graphene drum (the upstream valve graphene drum 207). The upstream valve 205 is connected (a) to a fluid source (not shown) by a conduit 208 and (b) to the cavity 202 by conduit 209, which conduits 208 and 209 are operable to allow fluid (such as a gas or a liquid) to flow from the fluid source through the upstream valve 205 and into the cavity 202. The upstream valve 205 also has a cavity 210 bounded (and sealed) by the upstream valve graphene drum 207, the insulating material 103, and upstream valve gate 211. The upstream valve graphene drum 207 can be designed to operate in a manner similar to the graphene drums taught and described in the PCT US09/59266 Application. For instance, the upstream valve 205 can be closed or opened by varying the voltage between upstream valve graphene drum 207 and upstream valve gate 211. When the upstream valve 205 is closed, van der Waals forces will maintain the upstream valve graphene drum 207 in the seated position, which will keep the upstream valve 205 in the closed position.

(15) As illustrated in FIG. 2, the downstream valve 206 includes another graphene drum (the downstream valve graphene drum 212). The downstream valve 206 is connected (a) to the cavity 202 by a conduit 213 and (b) to a fluid output (not shown) by conduit 214, which conduits 213 and 214 are operable to allow fluid to flow from the cavity 202 through the downstream valve 205 and into the fluid output. The downstream valve 206 also has a cavity 215 bounded (and sealed) by the downstream valve graphene drum 212, the insulating material 103, and downstream valve gate 216. The downstream valve graphene drum 212 can be designed to operate in a manner similar to the graphene drums taught and described in the PCT US09/59266 Application. For instance, the downstream valve 206 can be closed or opened by varying the voltage between downstream valve graphene drum 212 and downstream valve gate 216. When the downstream valve 206 is closed, van der Waals forces will maintain the downstream valve graphene drum 212 in the seated position, which will keep the downstream valve 206 in the closed position. Generally, upstream valve gate 211 and downstream valve gate 216 are synchronized so that when the upstream valve 205 is opened, downstream valve is closed (and vice versa).

(16) FIG. 2 depicts the graphene-drum pump 101 in exhaust mode. In the exhaust mode, the upstream valve 205 is closed and the downstream valve 206 is opened, while the main diaphragm graphene drum 201 is being pulled downward (such as due to a voltage between the main diaphragm graphene drum 201 and metallic gate 203). This results in the fluid (such as air) being pumped from the cavity 202 through the downstream valve 205 and into the fluid output.

(17) FIG. 3 depicts the graphene-drum pump 101 in intake mode. In the intake mode, the upstream valve 205 is opened and the downstream valve 206 is closed, while the main diaphragm graphene drum 201 moves upward. (For instance, by reducing the voltage between the main diaphragm graphene drum 201 and metallic gate 203, the graphene drum 201 will spring upward beyond its relaxed position). This results in the fluid (such as air) being drawn from the fluid source through the upstream valve 205 and into the cavity 202.

(18) To reduce or avoid wear of the upstream valve 205 that utilizes an upstream valve graphene drum 207, embodiments of the invention can include an upstream valve element 217 to sense the position between the upstream valve graphene drum 207 and bottom of cavity 210. Likewise to reduce or avoid wear of the downstream valve 206 that utilizes a downstream valve graphene drum 212, embodiments of the invention can include an downstream valve element 218 to sense the position between the downstream valve graphene drum 212 and bottom of cavity 215. The reason for this is because of the wear that upstream valve 205 and downstream valve 206 will incur during cyclic operation, which can be on the order of 100 trillion cycles during the device lifetime. Because of such wear, upstream valve graphene drum 207 and downstream valve graphene drum 212 cannot repeatedly hit down upon the channel openings to conduit 209 and conduit 213, respectively.

(19) As shown in FIG. 2, upstream valve element 217 is shown in the center/bottom of cavity 210 of the upper valve 205, and downstream valve element 218 is shown in the center/bottom of cavity 215 of downstream valve 206. Upstream valve element 217 is used to sense the position of the upstream valve graphene drum 207 relative to the bottom of cavity 210 by using extremely sensitive tunneling currents as feedback. A separate circuit (not shown) is connected between the upstream valve element 217 and the upstream valve graphene drum 207. Likewise downstream valve element 218 is used to sense the position of the downstream valve graphene drum 207 relative to the bottom of cavity 215 by using extremely sensitive tunneling currents as feedback. A separate circuit (not shown) is connected between the upstream valve element 218 and the upstream valve graphene drum 212.

(20) With respect to the upstream valve 205, when the upstream valve graphene drum 207 is within about 1 nm of the upstream valve element 217, a significant tunneling current will flow between the upstream valve graphene drum 205 and the upstream valve element 217. This current can be used as feedback to control the voltage of upstream valve gate 211. When this current is too high, the gate voltage of upstream valve gate 211 will be decreased. And, when this current is too low, the gate voltage of upstream valve gate 211 will be increased (so that the valve stays in its closed position, as shown in FIG. 2, until it is instructed to open). There will likely be a gap (around 0.5 nm) between the upstream valve graphene drum 207 and channel opening to conduit 209 when the upstream valve 205 is closed; this gap is so small that it prevents most fluid molecules from passing through the upstream valve 205 yet the gap is large enough to avoid wear. For instance, in an embodiment of the invention, a resistor and voltage source (not shown) can be utilized. The resistor can be placed between the upstream valve element 217 and the voltage source. When the upstream valve graphene drum 207 comes within tunneling current distance (such as around 0.3 to 1 nanometers) of upstream valve element 217, the tunneling current will flow through upstream valve graphene drum 207, upstream valve element 217 and the resistor. This tunneling current in combination with the resistor will lower the voltage between upstream valve element 217 and upstream valve graphene drum 207, thus lowering the electrostatic force between upstream valve element 217 and upstream valve graphene drum 207. If upstream valve graphene drum upstream valve graphene drum moves away from upstream valve graphene 217, the tunneling current will drop and the voltage/force between upstream valve graphene drum 207 and upstream valve element 217 will increase. Thus a 0.3 to 1 nanometer gap between upstream valve graphene drum 207 and upstream valve element 217 is maintained passively which allows the valve to close without causing mechanical wear between upstream valve graphene drum 207 and upstream valve element 217.

(21) With respect to downstream valve 206, downstream valve element 218 can be utilized similarly.

(22) In further embodiments, while not shown, standard silicon elements (such as transistors) can be integrated within or near the insulating material 103 near the respective graphene drums (main diaphragm graphene drum 201, upstream valve graphene drum 207, or downstream valve graphene drum 212) to help control the respective graphene drum and gate set.

(23) In further embodiments, in lieu of using tunneling currents as feedback, the feedback can be the change in capacitance between upstream valve graphene drum 207 and upstream valve gate 211. For instance, a capacitance sensor can be used to detecting the change of capacitance, which would be indicative of the location of the graphene drum.

(24) Embodiments of the graphene-drum pump system 100 shown in FIG. 1 (and graphene-drum pump 101 shown in FIGS. 2-3) as described above, can be modified to operate as a graphene-drum internal combustion engine system. In such instance, the intake fluids from the fluid source can include a combustible fluid mixture (such as fuel and oxygen from the air). Furthermore, the opening and closing of the upstream valve 205 and the downstream valve 206 are generally designed to operate independently (such that both valves can be closed at the same time).

(25) The process by which the graphene-drum internal combustion engine system operates can be as follows.

(26) Intake step: In the intake step, the combustible fluid mixture is placed in the combustion chamber. For example, similar to the pump intake illustrated in FIG. 3, the upstream valve 205 is opened and the downstream valve 206 is closed, while the main diaphragm graphene drum 201 moves upward (such as reducing the voltage between the main diaphragm graphene drum 201 and metallic gate 203). This results in the combustible fluid mixture being drawn from the fluid source through the upstream valve 205 and into the cavity 202.

(27) Compression step: In the compression step, the upstream valve 205 is closed while maintaining the downstream valve 206 in the closed position. The main diaphragm graphene drum 201 is then pulled downward (such as due to a voltage between the main diaphragm graphene drum 201 and metallic gate 203). This results in compression of the combustible fluid mixture in the cavity 202.

(28) Ignition Step: In the ignition step, the combustible fluid mixture is ignited. FIG. 4 depicts a graphene-drum internal combustion engine 400 in the ignition mode. For instance, a metallic trace or via (connected to a voltage source) can provide a high-voltage electrical spark to ignite the combustible fluid mixture in the cavity 202. FIG. 4 depicts the ignited combustible fluid mixture 401. This figure also depicts that upstream valve 205 and the downstream valve 206 are generally closed during the ignition step.

(29) Instead of drawing in just air or some other fluid, the engine system would draw in an air-fuel mixture. Like conventional internal combustion engine, the graphene-drum internal combustion engine can compress the fuel-air mix until it reached ignition (or was set off by a spark between main graphene drum and gate), the hot gas would then expand during the power stroke and then, as discussed below, the exhaust pumped out. Unlike a conventional internal combustion engine, the graphene-drum internal combustion engine can use the time-varying capacitance between the graphene drum 201 and metallic gate 203 to extract electrical power from system during power stroke. Compressing the fuel-air mixture is accomplished by applying a voltage between graphene drum 201 and metallic gate 203. This compression voltage can also be used to seed the time-varying capacitance process needed for power extraction. The valves would work in same manner as described for pump above.

(30) This results in expansion of the combusted fluid mixture, which can then be used to produce useful work. Such expansion generally acts to cool the combusted fluid mixture and vary the capacitance between metallic gate 203 and graphene drum 201. This time varying capacitance can be used along with external circuitry (not shown) to covert expansion forces into electrical energy.

(31) Exhaust Step: In the exhaust step, the cooled combusted fluid mixture is exhausted. For example, similar to the pump exhaust illustrated in FIG. 2, the upstream valve 205 is closed and the downstream valve 206 is opened, while the main diaphragm graphene drum 201 is being pulled downward (such as due to a voltage between the main diaphragm graphene drum 201 and metallic gate 203). This results in the cooled combusted fluid mixture being pumped from the cavity 202 through the downstream valve 206 and into the fluid output. Generally, the cooled combusted fluid mixture will ultimately be exhausted to atmosphere.

(32) In other embodiments of the present invention, the graphene-drum pump system is a graphene-drum Stirling engine system 501, such as depicted in FIG. 5. FIG. 6 depicts a side view of the graphene-drum Stirling engine system of FIG. 5. Like a conventional Stirling engine, the graphene-drum Stirling engine would use a temperature differential (as oriented in the FIG. 5-6, top part 501 of device 500 is kept hot, and bottom part 502 of device 500 cold) to drive the pistons. Device 500 is sealed with a working gas (air, helium, etc.) that can move back and forth between the hot side 501 and the cool side 502. Like the graphene-drum internal combustion engine described above, power would be extracted by seeding the gate with a voltage and then extracting power as the graphene membrane pulled away from the gate. A piezoelectric film in contact with the graphene drums might also be used to extract power from the oscillating membranes. The metal 503 in the center of device 500 is a heat exchanger that cools the working gas as it moves from hot side 501 to cool side 502 and heats the working gas as it moves from cool side 502 to hot side 501. The hair-like structures 504 shown on the bottom of the device 500 can be carbon nanotubes or another kind of thermally conductive nanowire to help keep cool side 502 cool (conventional thermal fins might also be used). Hot side 501 might be in thermal contact with a warm microprocessor to help cool and power the processor. Sunlight could be focused on hot side 501 to generate electrical power at efficiencies that likely exceed photo voltaic cells.

(33) The primary way to extract power from both internal combustion and Stirling graphene-drum engines is by exploiting the fact that the capacitance between the graphene drum and the gate varies with time. If a voltage is placed between the graphene drum and the gate (just before the graphene drum pulls away from the gate), a current will be generated that is proportional to this seed voltage times dC/dt (the time rate of change of graphene drum-gate capacitance). The energy output is proportional to the force to separate the graphene drum away from the gate times the distance of travel of the graphene drum. Extracting energy from time-varying capacitors is further described in Miyazaki M., et al., Electric-Energy Generation Using Variable-Capacitive Resonator for Power-Free LSI: Efficiency Analysis and Fundamental Experiment, International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, Proceedings of the 2003 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, 193-198 (2003), which is incorporated herein by reference.

(34) In FIGS. 7-8, an alternate embodiment of the present invention is shown that locates the graphene drum 201 such that the cavity 202 (in FIG. 2) is separated into two sealed cavities. (The change of position of graphene drum 201 is shown in FIGS. 7-8). Per the orientation of FIGS. 7-8, graphene drum 201 seals an upper cavity 701 and a lower cavity 702. As shown in FIGS. 7-8, upstream valve 205 and the downstream valve 206 are positioned to allow the pumping of fluid in and out of upper cavity 701.

(35) As depicted in FIGS. 7-8, lower cavity 702 is oriented between the graphene drum 201 and the gate 203. Lower cavity 702 can be evacuated to increase the breakdown voltage between the graphene drum 201 and the gate 203. The maximum force (and thus the maximum graphene drum displacement) between the graphene drum 201 and the gate 203 increases as the square of this voltage. Thus, the pumping speed of the device 700 will increase significantly with an increase in the maximum allowable voltage.

(36) As noted above, upper cavity 701 can be filled with air or some other gas/fluid that is being pumped. The vacuum in the lower cavity 702 can be created prior to mounting the graphene drum 201 over the main opening and maintained with a chemical getter. Small channels (not shown) between the lower cavities 702 could be routed to an external vacuum pump to create and maintain the vacuum. A set of dedicated graphene drum pumps mounted in the plurality of graphene drum pumps could also be used to create and maintain vacuum in the lower chambers (since pumping volume is so low these dedicated graphene drum pumps could operate with air in their lower chambers).

(37) Similar to other embodiments shown in this Application, in FIGS. 7-8, graphene drum 201 can act like a giant spring: i.e., once the gate 203 pulls graphene down (as shown in FIG. 7), when released the graphene drum 201 will spring upward (as shown in FIG. 8).

(38) This same approach can also be used in internal combustion embodiments to increase the power density of the device.

(39) In FIG. 9, a further alternate embodiment of the present invention is shown. In The graphene-drum pump system 900 shown in FIG. 9 can be actuated without requiring feedback as described above with respect to FIG. 2. In this embodiment, non-conductive member 904 (such as oxide) is placed between the graphene drum 201 and metallic gate 901 so that the graphene drum 201 cannot go into runaway mode and so that graphene drum 201 will not vigorously impact metallic gate 901 when seating. In embodiments of the invention, setting the graphene drum 201 (non-deflected) to metallic gate 901 distance to 20% of the diameter of the graphene drum 201 will prevent runaway (for a maximum deflection that is in the order of 10% of diameter of the graphene drum 201) and will allow the graphene drum 201 to seat softly on a surface of the non-conductive member 904 (such as oxide) without the need for feedback.

(40) As shown in FIG. 9, when the graphene drum 201 is an open position, fluid can flow either (a) in inlet/outlet 902, through cavity 202, and out outlet/inlet 903 or (b) in outlet/inlet 903, through cavity 202, and out inlet/outlet 902 (due to the pressure differential between inlet/outlet 902 and outlet/inlet 903).

(41) As shown in FIG. 9, the metallic gate 901 and metallic trace 905 have a non-conductive member 904 (such as oxide) between them. A voltage source 907 can be placed between the metallic gate 901 and the metallic trace 905 operatively connected to the graphene drum 201. The non-conductive member 904 physically prevents the graphene drum 201 and the metallic gate 901 from coming in contact with one another. This would prevent potentially damaging impacts of the graphene drum 201 and metallic gate 901.

(42) The graphene-drum pump system 1000 shown in FIG. 10 is similar to graphene-drum pump system 900 shown in FIG. 9, except that graphene-drum pump system does not include inlet/outlet 902. It has been discovered that such graphene-drum pump system 1000 is capable of efficiently transmitting information through the air via ultrasonic waves. Because graphene is so thin, an electroacoustic transducer with graphene membrane 201 can operate at 20 to 1000 kHz and respond very faithfully to input voltage 907. In addition, stator/gate voltages of just 1 to 10 volts (easily created by very compact CMOS circuits) can substantially deflect graphene membrane 201 whereas these voltages would be unable to substantially deflect conventional membranes such as silicon oxide membranes. If a second graphene-based electroacoustic transducer (such as graphene-drum pump system 1000) is placed within a few meters of the first graphene-drum pump system 1000, the second graphene-drum pump system 1000 will pick up this 20-1000 kHz signal as a microphone. Data such as a song file can be sent from one device incorporating graphene-drum pump 1000 (such as a smart-phone or smart-watch) to another device incorporating graphene-drum pump system 1000 (such as an earbud) without the need for a radio signal (such as a Bluetooth signal).

(43) Such a pairing of devices is illustrated in FIG. 11. Person 1100 is shown having a smart-watch 1101 that includes a graphene-based electroacoustic transducer such graphene-drum pump system 1000. This smart-watch has access to song files (such as in its memory or by streaming of audio files, such as via WiFi or a cellular network). Using the graphene-based electroacoustic transducer 1000, the smart-watch 1101 can generate ultrasonic waves 1102. Such ultrasonic waves 1102 are outside the auditory range of humans and most animals and thus are imperceptible to the human ear. However, the ultrasonic waves 1102 are perceptible to earbuds 1103 that include graphene-drum pump system 1000. Earbuds 1103 would then emit sound waves from a small electroacoustic actuator (which may also use a graphene membrane) also located within earbud 1103 that are within the auditory range of humans, such that the sent audio file can be heard.

(44) To increase the amount of information transferred from smart-watch 1101 (or other electronic device such as a smart-phone) to earbud 1103 multiple graphene-based ultrasonic transducers can be used. For example one graphene-based ultrasonic transducer 1000 can operate in a frequency modulation mode at a frequency of 200 kHz+/2 kHz and another graphene-based ultrasonic transducer can operate at a frequency of 210 kHz+/2 kHz.

(45) Earbuds 1103 may also send ultrasonic signals back to smart-watch 1101 and the right earbud may send ultrasonic signals to the left earbud. For example body temperature and heart rate information can be conveyed from earbud 1103 to smart-watch 1101 via ultrasonic signals.

(46) Various pairing techniques can be used so that only earbuds 1103 will reproduce sound from the ultrasonic waves 1102 from smart-watch 1101. For instance, a unique ultrasonic identification signal can be incorporated into ultrasonic waves 1102 that verifies to earbuds 1103 that the ultrasonic waves 1102 are being emitted from smart-watch 1101. These and other pairing techniques used by Bluetooth devices can thus screen out other potential ultrasonic waves (such as if another device emitting ultrasonic waves comes in close enough proximity to be received by earbuds 1103).

(47) Advantages of this graphene-based electroacoustic transducer (relative to existing technologies such as Bluetooth) include extremely small size (each graphene-based ultrasonic transducer 1000 can have a sub-millimeter diameter) and extremely low power consumption (due in part to the low voltage operation noted above). Both of these attributes are very important for battery-based earbuds and smart-watches. The receiving end (the microphone) of a graphene-based ultrasonic transducer 1000 can actually harvest power from the transmitted ultrasonic wave by making use of time-dependent changes in capacitance between the membrane 201 and conductive trace 901 (this energy harvesting technique using other types of variable capacitors is well known in the art). This is a key function since the batteries of earbuds are extremely small and current devices using Bluetooth receivers can only be operated for at most a few hours before needing to recharge the batteries. This same technique can be used with hearing aids.

(48) While not illustrated, in further embodiments of the invention, the graphene-drum pump system can be designed to prevent the graphene drum and metallic gate from coming in contact. For instance, the graphene drum could be located at a distance such that its stiffness that precludes the graphene drum from being deflected to the degree necessary for it to come in contact with metallic gate. In such instance, the graphene drum would still need to be located such that it can be in the open position and the closed position. Or, a second and stabilizing system can be included in the embodiment of the invention that is operable for preventing the graphene drum from coming in contact with the gate.

(49) As noted above, embodiments of the present invention can be used as a pump to displace fluid. This includes the use of present invention in a speaker, such as a compact audio speaker. While the graphene drums in the present invention operate in the MHz range (i.e., at least about 1 MHz), the graphene drums can produce kHz audio signal by displacing air from one side and pushing it out the other (and then reversing the direction of the flow of fluid at the audio frequency). Advantages of utilizing such an approach include: (a) this will provide the ability to make very low and very high pitch sounds with the same and very compact speaker; (b) this will provide the ability to make high volume sounds with a very small/light speaker chip; and (c) this will provide a little graphene speaker that would cool itself with high velocity airflow.

(50) Furthermore, the present invention can be utilized in other devices and systems to take advantageous of the small size and precise fluid flow of the graphene-drum pump. For instance, the small size and precise fluid flow of the graphene-drum pump renders it useful in medical applications (such as drug delivery, miniature heart pumps, etc.) and consumer electronics applications (such as tiny ink pumps, silent fans etc.).

(51) A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

(52) While embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, modifications thereof can be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and teachings of the invention. The embodiments described and the examples provided herein are exemplary only, and are not intended to be limiting. Many variations and modifications of the invention disclosed herein are possible and are within the scope of the invention. For example, graphene-drum pumps and engines can be layered or stacked (for instance, vertically) to increase output. Also, the graphene drums can be shapes other than circles such as squares or rectangles (i.e., the use of the term drums does not limit the shape). Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. The scope of protection is not limited by the description set out above, but is only limited by the claims which follow, that scope including all equivalents of the subject matter of the claims.

(53) The disclosures of all patents, patent applications, and publications cited herein are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, to the extent that they provide exemplary, procedural, or other details supplementary to those set forth herein.