High gain optically pumped far infrared laser

Abstract

A new optically pumped far infrared (FIR) laser with separate pump beam reflector and FIR output coupler is developed. The configuration of the new FIR laser greatly simplifies the tuning of the laser and enables the optimization of the pump beam absorption without affecting the laser alignment.

Claims

1. A FIR laser comprises a vacuum chamber, a beam pump source coupled to the chamber, a rear mirror with an off center hole, a waveguide, wherein the rear mirror and waveguide are housed in the chamber, a pump beam reflector coupled to the chamber opposite the rear mirror, and an output coupler positioned external to the chamber, wherein the distance between the rear mirror and output coupler define the cavity length of the FIR laser.

2. The FIR laser of claim 1, further comprising a vacuum window coupled to the chamber adjacent the rear mirror.

3. The FIR laser of claim 1, wherein a beam output from the pump source is split into two beams to pump two identical FIR lasers.

4. The FIR laser of claim 1, wherein the pump beam reflector and the output coupler are separate components.

5. The FIR laser of claim 1, wherein the pump beam reflector is configured as a dichroic mirror and positioned on an output end of the chamber separated from the output coupler.

6. The FIR laser of claim 1, wherein the rear mirror and the pump beam reflector are mounted to the ends of first and second bellows on opposite ends of the chamber.

7. The FIR laser of claim 6, wherein the bellows allow angle adjustments between the rear mirror and the pump beam reflector.

8. The FIR laser of claim 1, wherein the output coupler is movable to enable the cavity length to be adjusted for resonance.

9. The FIR laser of claim 3, wherein the output coupler is movable to enable the cavity length to be adjusted for controlling a beat frequency between the two FIR lasers.

10. The FIR laser of claim 1, wherein the pump beam reflector is configured as a vacuum window on the output end of the chamber.

11. The FIR laser of claim 1, wherein the output coupler comprises a parallel mesh Fabry-Prot.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

(1) The accompanying drawings, which are included as part of the present specification, illustrate the presently preferred embodiment and, together with the general description given above and the detailed description of the preferred embodiment given below, serve to explain and teach the principles of the present invention.

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic of a typical optically pumped FIR laser resonator.

(3) FIG. 2 is a schematic showing (a) a hybrid hole output coupler; (b) a hybrid metal mesh dielectric coupler; (c) a substrate talonmetal mesh Fabry-Prot coupler; and (d) a new parallel metal mesh Fabry-Prot coupler with a separate dielectric coated substrate pump beam reflector.

(4) FIG. 3 is a schematic of an optically pumped FIR laser of the present invention.

(5) FIG. 4 is a schematic of an example diagnostic system setup utilizing the optically pumped FIR laser.

(6) It should be noted that the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale and that elements of similar structures or functions are generally represented by like reference numerals for illustrative purposes throughout the figures. It also should be noted that the figures are only intended to facilitate the description of the various embodiments described herein. The figures do not necessarily describe every aspect of the teachings disclosed herein and do not limit the scope of the claims.

DESCRIPTION

(7) The embodiments provided herein are directed to a new optically pumped far infrared (FIR) laser with separate pump beam reflector and FIR output coupler. This configuration of the new FIR greatly simplifies the tuning of the laser and enables the optimization of the pump beam absorption without affecting the laser alignment.

(8) In one embodiment, the new optically pumped FIR laser comprises a vacuum chamber, a beam pump source coupled to the chamber, a rear mirror with an off center hole and a waveguide housed in the chamber, a pump beam reflector coupled to the chamber opposite the rear mirror, a vacuum window coupled to the chamber adjacent the rear mirror, and an output coupler positioned external to the chamber. In one embodiment, the beam output from the pump source is split into two beams to pump two identical FIR lasers

(9) The pump beam reflector and the output coupler are separate components. The pump beam reflector is preferably configured as a dichroic mirror and positioned on an output end of the chamber separated from the output coupler. Both the rear mirror and the dichroic mirror are mounted to the ends of first and second bellows on opposite ends of the chamber to allow angle adjustments. The output coupler is movable to enable the cavity length to be adjusted for resonance, and for controlling the beat frequency between the two FIR lasers. The adjustment of the dichroic mirror optimizes the pump beam absorption without compromising the FIR alignment. The dichroic mirror is also used as the vacuum window on the output end of the chamber.

(10) The output coupler comprises a parallel mesh Fabry-Prot. As noted above, it is installed outside the vacuum boundary of a chamber, making it very convenient to tune and align the laser.

(11) Turning to the figures a schematic of the new FIR laser 100 is shown in FIG. 3. The FIR laser 100 includes a chamber 20 housing a rear mirror 3 with an off center hole and a waveguide 11, and an output coupler 9 external to the chamber 20. The FIR laser 100 includes support frames 6 with holes and connectors for the working gas and cooling water flows. In a working example embodiment, the waveguide 11 is a 1.52 m long Pyrex tube with 38 mm inside diameter. Also in the working example, the rear mirror 3 is a 50 mm diameter gold-coated copper mirror with a 4 mm hole for the pump laser beam injection. The hole in the rear mirror 3 is 8 mm off center. The offset from center is a compromise between the minimization of the FIR cavity loss and the maximization of the overlap of the FIR laser cavity mode volume and the pump beam path.

(12) A pump source 1 coupled to the chamber 20 is preferably split into two beams to pump two identical FIR lasers (see FIG. 4; the second FIR laser is not shown FIG. 3). In a working example, the pump source is a GEM Select-50 Coherent CO2 laser grating tuned to the 9R20 line with CW output power of about 58 W and each FIR laser 100 is filled with formic acid (HCOOH) vapor to produce a 433 m wavelength radiation.

(13) In the new FIR laser 100, a pump beam reflector 8 and the FIR output coupler 9 are separate components as shown in FIGS. 2(d) and 3. The substrate of the pump beam reflector 8 is preferably a crystal quartz plate with the thickness chosen to have maximum transmission at the preferred wavelength of the FIR, while it is coated to provide >98% reflection for the pump laser, making it a dichroic mirror. The adjustment of the dichroic mirror 8 optimizes the pump beam absorption without compromising the FIR alignment. It is also used as the vacuum window, as shown in FIG. 3.

(14) A parallel mesh Fabry-Prot [15], depicted in FIG. 2(d), is used as the output coupler 9. As shown in FIG. 3, the output coupler 9 is installed outside the vacuum boundary of a chamber 20, making it very convenient to tune and align the laser.

(15) In a working example, the new optically pumped FIR laser 100 utilizing HCOOH vapor and operating at 433 m achieves a high laser gain of 3 dB/m and power conversion efficiency of 16.4% of the Manley-Rowe limit with the pump beam optimization by tuning a dichroic mirror 8 which reflects the pump beam. The variable parallel mesh coupler 9 enables the characterization of the laser gain and optimization of the coupling coefficient. The mesh coupler 9 is placed outsize the vacuum boundary of the chamber 20, making it very convenient to tune up the laser. Stable laser performance is achieved by choosing meshes with line density of 120 to 150 lines per inch. The output laser beam has near Gaussian beam quality as expected.

(16) The dichroic mirror 8 is preferably separated from the output coupler 9 as discussed above. Both the rear mirror 3 and the dichroic mirror 8 are mounted to the ends of first and second bellows 4 on opposite ends of the chamber 20 to allow angle adjustments. The output coupler 9 is mounted on a motorized translation stage 10 so that the cavity length can be adjusted for resonance, and for controlling the beat frequency between the two FIR lasers 100. Decoupling of the pump beam reflector from the FIR output coupler allows independent optimization of the pump laser beam absorption to maximize the FIR laser gain and power by adjusting the pump beam incident angle and the reflector (see 8 in FIG. 3), and the alignment/tuning of the FIR laser cavity by adjusting the rear mirror (see 3 in FIG. 3) and the output coupler (see 9 in FIG. 3).

(17) Thus, an advantage of the new FIR laser 100 is that the decoupling of the pump beam reflector 8 from the FIR output coupler 9 allows the optimization of the pump laser beam absorption to maximize the FIR laser gain and power, as indicated in FIG. 3 and discussed above. Another advantage of the new FIR laser 100 is that the output coupler 9 is placed outside the vacuum boundary of the chamber 20 making it very convenient to tune and operate the laser 100. Also if a new wavelength of operation is desired and a new output coupler 9 needs to be used, a new coupler can be quickly swapped for the old coupler and the laser 100 retuned. Yet another advantage of the new FIR laser 100 is that the laser 100 takes full advantages of using a parallel mesh coupler, which includes the flexibility to optimize the laser operation and to measure the gain of the laser.

(18) For different applications, different wavelengths of FIR laser beams are desired. It is quite easy to adapt the laser described herein (operating at a wavelength of 433 m) to operate at other wavelengths. Three changes are required. First, change the lasing medium, i.e., fill the laser cavity using a different molecular gas; second, change the pump laser beam wavelength, which can be easily done if a grating tuned CO2 laser is used as the pump source; and third, change the metal mesh of the output coupler.

(19) Turning to FIG. 4, the FIR laser described herein can be used for high temperature plasma diagnostics. It can provide plasma electron density profiles and fluctuations, internal magnetic field structures, by interferometry and polarimetry. An example system 200 for far infrared laser polarimetry and far forward scattering diagnostics is depicted in FIG. 4. The system 200 includes a grating-tuned CO2 laser (Coherent, model GEM Select-50) operating at a wavelength of 9.27 m and a CW output power of 60 W used as the pump source 201 for two FIR lasers 210 and 211 using formic acid (HCOOH) vapor and operating at a wavelength of 433 m [7]. The FIR1 and FIR2 laser beams are linearly polarized in the same direction. A half-wave plate (WP1) rotates the FIR1 polarization by 90, so that both FIR beams can be combined to propagate co-linearly by the polarizer (P). A quarter-wave plate (WP2) then converts the two perpendicularly linearly polarized FIR beams into right-hand and left-hand circularly polarized beams, respectively. Partial power of the combined FIR beams is focused onto and detected by the reference mixer (Ref). The remaining FIR laser is split into two beams to probe the plasma, which propagate across the C-2 confinement vessel with impact parameters of 20.3 and 30.5 cm, respectively, and then be detected by two signal mixers (SM1 and SM2). The FIR chords are preferable aligned perpendicular to the machine axis and equilibrium poloidal magnetic field, while toroidal (azimuthal) magnetic field will be projected along the chord direction and will be detected by Faraday rotation measurements. The chords are 8.3 cm away axially from the mid-plane, parallel to the chords of the two-color interferometer. Therefore, the density profile measured by the interferometer can be directly used for the interpretation of the polarimetry data. All lasers (FIR1 and FIR2), beam combining polarizer (P), wave-plates (WP1 and WP2), and the reference mixer (Ref) and related components including mirrors (M), beam splitters (BS) and lenses (L) are installed on a non-magnetic 3 feet by 10 feet optical table 220, supported by 4 Newport S-2000A vibration isolators. The lens L1 and the turning mirror (M) before it are supported by a structure aluminum attached to the optical table. The beam splitter (BS), mirrors (M), lenses (L), and signal mixers (SM1 and SM2) are mounted on two separate aluminum structures attached to each arm of the U-shaped support of the two-color interferometer.

(20) Other applications include satellite remote sensing, concealed weapon detection, and near field microscopy imaging for characterization of nano and semiconductor devices, etc.

LIST OF REFERENCES

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(22) While the invention is susceptible to various modifications, and alternative forms, specific examples thereof have been shown in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not to be limited to the particular forms or methods disclosed, but to the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

(23) In the description above, for purposes of explanation only, specific nomenclature is set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are not required to practice the teachings of the present disclosure.

(24) The various features of the representative examples and the dependent claims may be combined in ways that are not specifically and explicitly enumerated in order to provide additional useful embodiments of the present teachings. It is also expressly noted that all value ranges or indications of groups of entities disclose every possible intermediate value or intermediate entity for the purpose of original disclosure, as well as for the purpose of restricting the claimed subject matter.

(25) It is understood that the embodiments described herein are for the purpose of elucidation and should not be considered limiting the subject matter of the disclosure. Various modifications, uses, substitutions, combinations, improvements, methods of productions without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention would be evident to a person skilled in the art. For example, the reader is to understand that the specific ordering and combination of process actions described herein is merely illustrative, unless otherwise stated, and the invention can be performed using different or additional process actions, or a different combination or ordering of process actions. As another example, each feature of one embodiment can be mixed and matched with other features shown in other embodiments. Features and processes known to those of ordinary skill may similarly be incorporated as desired. Additionally and obviously, features may be added or subtracted as desired. Accordingly, the invention is not to be restricted except in light of the attached claims and their equivalents.