HYPOCHLORITE COMPOSITIONS, METHODS OF MANUFACTURE AND USES THEREOF

Abstract

The present invention relates to a family of very stable aqueous hypochlorite products and methods for reducing the self reactivity of Ca(OCl).sub.2.

Claims

1. An uncoated admix comprising: a) calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl).sub.2) having an available chlorine content of from 65-80% and a water content of about 4% to about 10% w/w; and b) a hydrated phase change material (PCM); wherein the Ca(OCl).sub.2 and phase change material is physically and intimately mixed as a solid crystalline form in approximately stoichiometric proportions to form a tablet or a granular mix of solids; wherein the phase change material is a hydrated alkali metal salt selected from hydrated Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, hydrated Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, hydrated Na.sub.3PO.sub.4, hydrated NaHCO.sub.3, hydrated NaHSO.sub.4, hydrated Na.sub.2HPO.sub.4 or hydrated NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4; and wherein the total water is about 30% w/w to about 45% w/w of the uncoated admix; wherein the hydrated phase change material as defined by b) is about 55% w/w to about 70% w/w of the uncoated admix; wherein the Ca(OCl).sub.2 as defined by a is about 35% w/w to about 45% w/w of the uncoated admix; and wherein the uncoated admix has an available chlorine content of from 20-35%.

2. An uncoated admix according to claim 1 wherein the uncoated admix is react-able in water to form a sodium hypochlorite solution with a concentration of less than 15% w/v and a salt.

3. An uncoated admix according to claim 1 wherein the calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl).sub.2) has a water content of about 10% w/w.

4. An uncoated admix according to claim 1 wherein the hydrated PCM is selected from hydrated Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, hydrated Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, hydrated Na.sub.3PO.sub.4, hydrated NaHCO.sub.3.

5. An uncoated admix according to claim 1 wherein the approximately stoichiometric proportions (Ca(OCl).sub.2 to PCM) is about 1:1 to about 1:1.5.

6. An uncoated admix according to claim 1 wherein the approximately stoichiometric proportions (Ca(OCl).sub.2 to PCM) is about 1:1 to about 1:1.4, about 1:1 to about 1:1.3, about 1:1 to about 1:1.2 or about 1:1 to about 1:1.1.

7. An uncoated admix according to claim 1 wherein the total water is about 35% w/w to about 40% w/w of the uncoated admix.

8. An uncoated admix according to claim 1 wherein the hydrated phase change material is about 60% w/w to about 65% w/w of the uncoated admix.

9. A sodium hypochlorite solution produced from the uncoated admix according to claim 1, the sodium hypochlorite solution having a half-life about 1.4 to about 1.7 times than that of Chlor Alkali Plant (CAP) hypochlorites under the same conditions of concentration, temperature profile, exposure to light, storage time and container material; the sodium hypochlorite solution having a chlorate concentration at least 25% less than that of CAP hypochlorites under the same conditions of concentration, temperature profile, exposure to light, storage time and container material; the sodium hypochlorite solution having a perchlorate concentration at least 50% less than that of CAP hypochlorites under the same conditions of concentration, temperature profile, exposure to light, storage time and container material; the sodium hypochlorite solution having a residual ionic concentration of less than 1.7 g moles/litre and preferably about 0.2 g moles/litre; and the sodium hypochlorite solution having an available chlorine concentration of about 100 g/l to about 160 g/l.

10. A hypochlorite solution produced by a reaction of calcium hypochlorite (having an available chlorine content of from 65-80% and a water content of about 4% to about 10% w/w) with a non-hydrated alkali metal salt; wherein the calcium hypochlorite and the non-hydrated alkali metal salt are in approximately stoichiometric proportions; wherein an anion associated with the non-hydrated alkali metal salt is selected from CO.sub.3.sup.2−, SO.sub.4.sup.2−, PO.sub.4.sup.3−, HPO.sub.4.sup.2−, H.sub.2PO.sub.4.sup.−, OH.sup.−, SO.sub.3.sup.2−, HSO.sub.4.sup.−, HSO.sub.3.sup.− and S.sub.2O.sub.3.sup.2−; the hypochlorite solution having a half-life about 1.4 to about 1.7 times than that of Chlor Alkali Plant (CAP) hypochlorites under the same conditions of concentration, temperature profile, exposure to light, storage time and container material; the hypochlorite solution having a chlorate concentration at least 25% less than that of CAP hypochlorites under the same conditions of concentration, temperature profile, exposure to light, storage time and container material; the hypochlorite solution having a perchlorate concentration at least 50% less than that of CAP hypochlorites under the same conditions of concentration, temperature profile, exposure to light, storage time and container material; the hypochlorite solution having a residual ionic concentration of less than 1.7 g moles/litre and preferably about 0.2 g moles/litre; and the hypochlorite solution having an available chlorine concentration of about 100 g/l to about 160 g/l.

11. The sodium hypochlorite solution according to claim 9, wherein the calcium hypochlorite is produced from a reaction of chlorine and calcium hydroxide (calcium process), the sodium hypochlorite solution or hypochlorite solution having a half-life about 20% to about 50% more than that of a hypochlorite solution produced from a reaction of calcium chloride and sodium hypochlorite (sodium process).

12. The sodium hypochlorite solution according to claim 9, further comprising a soluble alkali of about 0.1 g/L to about 0.5 g/L, and optionally an alkaline buffer selected from carbonate, bicarbonate or a mixture thereof, and wherein the sodium hypochlorite solution or hypochlorite solution is produced via a metathesis reaction.

13. A kit of parts for pool or spa (hot tub) water sanitisation, comprising: i) an uncoated admix according to claim 1 which is in tablet form or contained within a sachet; and ii) a floatable device characterised with a compartment (with a top and bottom) for housing the uncoated admix, wherein the top of the compartment is fitted with a plunging means which is designed to reduce the volume of the compartment when in use and wherein the bottom of compartment is fitted with a filtration means.

14-18. (canceled)

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0089] Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of non-limiting example, with reference to the drawings in which:

[0090] FIG. 1 illustrates a comparison of NaOCl stabilities made by metathesis reaction with two different calcium hypochlorites. (one made by Na process, the other by the Ca process).

[0091] FIG. 2 illustrates a comparison of stabilities of hypochlorite solution of the present invention compared to other methods.

[0092] FIG. 3 illustrates the degradation of sodium hypochlorite solutions of the present invention compared to the CAP process.

[0093] FIG. 4 illustrates the formation of chlorate from sodium hypochlorite solutions of the present invention compared to the CAP process.

[0094] FIG. 5 illustrates the formation of perchlorate from sodium hypochlorite solutions of the present invention compared to the CAP process.

[0095] FIG. 6 illustrates a comparison of degradation of sodium hypochlorite solutions at 52° C.

[0096] FIG. 7 illustrates a comparison of commercial and lithium hypochlorite solutions of the present invention, compared with simulation results of a high strength low salt (HSLS) sodium hypochlorite belonging to Powell Manufacturing.

[0097] FIG. 8 a table which compares hypochlorite solutions made using different processes.

[0098] FIG. 9 a table showing the economics associated with drinking water chlorination.

[0099] FIG. 10 a table showing the results of stoichiometric mixture with brake fluid and UN protocol.

[0100] FIG. 11 illustrates an exploded CAD depiction of a floatable device suitable for dispensing the admix of the present invention into a pool or spa (hot tub).

[0101] FIG. 12 illustrates further details of the exploded CAD of a part of a floatable device suitable for dispensing the admix of the present invention into a pool or spa (hot tub).

[0102] FIG. 13 illustrates a CAD of the assembled floatable device suitable for dispensing the admix of the present invention into a pool or spa (hot tub).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0103] In one aspect, the present invention is predicated on the discovery that the reactivity of solid calcium hypochlorite can be reduced by mixing, at least in stoichiometric proportion, with a hydrated alkali metal salt (a phase change material (PCM)). When mixed with water, such resultant hypochlorite product is more stable than CAP and HSLS (by Powell) hypochlorites, and has a residual ionic concentration less than 1.7 g.Math.mole/litre and as low as 0.2 g mole/litre. Advantageously, the solid calcium hypochlorite admixes have a lower oxidizer classification than calcium hypochlorite alone, which facilitates its safe transportation and storage.

[0104] To solve the problem of the safe transportation and storage of calcium hypochlorite, the inventors have developed an uncoated admix composition which allows for a new way to safely handle raw materials for the salt metathesis reaction.

[0105] Accordingly, the present disclosure also relates to a admix comprising:

[0106] a) calcium hypochlorite having an available chlorine content of from 65-80% and a water content of about 4% to about 10% w/w; and

[0107] b) a hydrated phase change material (PCM);

[0108] wherein the admix is in a solid form,

[0109] wherein the phase change material is a hydrated alkali metal salt selected from hydrated Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, hydrated Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, hydrated Na.sub.3PO.sub.4, hydrated NaHCO.sub.3, hydrated NaHSO.sub.4, hydrated Na.sub.2HPO.sub.4 or hydrated NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4;

[0110] wherein the phase change material and the calcium hypochlorite are mixed in approximately stoichiometric proportions; and

[0111] wherein the weight ratio of total water (for instance, approximately 10% H.sub.2O in Ca(OCl).sub.2+H.sub.2O in PCM) to the admix is about 30% w/w to about 45% w/w;

[0112] wherein the hydrated phase change material is about 55% w/w to about 70% w/w of the admix; and

[0113] wherein the admix is react-able in water to form a sodium hypochlorite solution and a salt.

[0114] Advantageously, the metathesis process can allow for the preparation of fresh hypochlorites (family includes Na, Li, and K) at the point of use.

[0115] The water present in the admix includes water that is chemically bonded and/or free. This water includes water of hydration, which is water that is stoichiometrically bound in a crystal. The water can be chemically bonded via hydrogen bonding. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of total water (H.sub.2O in PCM+approximately for example 4% to 10% H.sub.2O in Ca(OCl).sub.2) to the admix is about 30% w/w to about 45% w/w, about 30% w/w to about 40% w/w, or about 35% w/w to about 40% w/w.

[0116] Advantageously, the phase change material and the calcium hypochlorite are mixed in approximately stoichiometric proportions (for instance about 1:1) which allows for calcium hypochlorite to be downgraded from a 5.1 oxidizer to one which is less reactive. This allows for easy compliance with legislated requirements for the safe storage and transport of dangerous goods as compared to pure Ca(OCl).sub.2 feedstock alone. The admix may also be more safely distributed and stored for retail and wholesale markets as metathesis feedstock. In addition to acting as a heat sink, the phase change material is also a feed material for a salt metathesis reaction to convert the calcium hypochlorite to a very pure sodium hypochlorite. Further, the hydrated phase change material provides a source of water for the salt metathesis reaction. Salt metathesis reactions can be tailored to go to completion by the choice of very insoluble products of a reactants and contaminants, and by eliminating excess reactants. In this regard, the supply chain logistics (storage, transport and handling) are safer and simplified to allow calcium hypochlorite to be used as a metathesis feedstock.

[0117] Hazard class 5 oxidizers are defined as materials that can start and support a fire through the chemical reaction of oxidation. A subset of class 5 oxidizers are 5.1 oxidizers. 5.1 oxidizers refers to a material that may, generally by yielding oxygen, cause or enhance the combustion of other materials. A solid material is classed as a Division 5.1 material if, when tested in accordance with the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, its mean burning time is less than or equal to the burning time of a 3:7 potassium bromate/cellulose mixture. A material is classed as a Division 5.1 material if, when tested in accordance with the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, it spontaneously ignites or its mean time for a pressure rise from 690 kPa to 2070 kPa gauge is less than the time of a 1:1 nitric acid (65%)/cellulose mixture.

[0118] In some embodiments, the weight ratio of calcium hypochlorite (including up to about 10% H.sub.2O) to the uncoated admix is about 35% w/w to about 45% w/w. In other embodiments, the damp (approximately up to 10% H.sub.2O) calcium hypochlorite is about 40% w/w to about 60% w/w, about 40% w/w to about 55% w/w, about 45% w/w to about 55% w/w or about 45% w/w to about 50% w/w.

[0119] Because diluents and PCM's are biologically inactive, they reduce the efficacy of the treated Ca(OCl).sub.2 admix, as a result, manufacturers and patent holders have restricted the amount of these materials they include in the admix to less than 40% w/w.

[0120] In contrast the present invention uses the selected hydrated PCM's in an amount greater than about 55% w/w of the total admix, the PCM reduces the self reactivity of calcium hypochlorite to a greater extent whilst serving as a reactant for a salt metathesis reaction.

[0121] The phase change material contains water in its hydrated form and acts as a heat sink with its high latent heat of fusion, and also acts as reactant.

[0122] Accordingly, in some embodiments, the weight ratio of the hydrated phase change material to the admix is more than 55% w/w to about 70% w/w of the admix, or about 60% w/w to about 70% w/w, or about 65% w/w to about 70% w/w In other embodiments, the hydrated PCM is about 55% w/w to about 60% w/w, about 55% w/w to about 65% w/w, or about 55% w/w to about 70% w/w.

[0123] In some embodiments, the Ca(OCl).sub.2 and phase change material are in approximately stoichiometric proportions. In this regard, either the Ca(OCl).sub.2 or the phase change material can be in slight excess. For example, the stoichiometric equivalence ratio of Ca(OCl).sub.2 to phase change material (such as hydrated Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, hydrated Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, hydrated NaHCO.sub.3, hydrated NaHSO.sub.4) can be 0.9:1, 1:1, 1.1:1, 1:0.9, or 1:1.1. The stoichiometric equivalence ratio of Ca(OCl).sub.2 to phase change material (such as hydrated Na.sub.3PO.sub.4, hydrated Na.sub.2HPO.sub.4 or hydrated NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4) can be 2.9:2, 3:2, 3.1:2, 3:1.9, or 3:2.1.

[0124] In some embodiments, the stoichiometric equivalence ratio of the phase change material to calcium hypochlorite is from 1:1 to about 1.5:1. In other embodiments, the stoichiometric ratio is about 1.4:1 to about 1:1, about 1.3:1 to about 1:1, about 1.2:1 to about 1:1 or about 1.1:1 to about 1:1.

[0125] In some embodiments, the stoichiometric ratio of phase change material to calcium hypochlorite is about 1:1 to about 1:1.5. In other embodiments, the stoichiometric ratio is about 1:1 to about 1:1.4, about 1:1 to about 1:1.3, about 1:1 to about 1:1.2 or about 1:1 to about 1:1.1.

[0126] In some embodiments, the phase change material has a heat of fusion of about 150 kJ/kg to about 280 kJ/kg. In other embodiments, the heat of fusion is about 160 kJ/kg to about 280 kJ/kg, about 170 kJ/kg to about 280 kJ/kg, about 180 kJ/kg to about 280 kJ/kg, about 190 kJ/kg to about 280 kJ/kg or about 200 kJ/kg to about 280 kJ/kg

[0127] In other embodiments, the phase change material has a phase transition temperature of about 19° C. to about 70° C. In this regard, the ‘phase transition temperature’ is the temperature at which a change of state occurs, resulting in a transition of that state to another state. For example, the phase transition can be from one solid phase (crystal structure) to another solid phase (crystal structure) or to a liquid phase. In other embodiments, the phase transition temperature is about 25° C. to about 70° C., about 30° C. to about 70° C., about 40° C. to about 70° C. or about 50° C. to about 70° C.

[0128] In other embodiments, wherein the phase change material is selected from Na.sub.2CO.sub.3.10H.sub.2O, Na.sub.2SO.sub.4.10H.sub.2O or Na.sub.3PO.sub.4.12H.sub.2O.

[0129] When the composition is added to water, the following metathesis reactions occur:

Ca(OCl).sub.2+Na.sub.2CO.sub.3.10H.sub.2O.fwdarw.2NaOCl+CaCO.sub.3+10H.sub.2O

Ca(OCl).sub.2+Na.sub.2SO.sub.4.10H.sub.2O.fwdarw.2NaOCl+CaSO.sub.4+10H.sub.2O

3Ca(OCl).sub.2+2Na.sub.3PO.sub.4.12H.sub.2O.fwdarw.6NaOCl+Ca.sub.3(PO.sub.4).sub.2+12H.sub.2O

[0130] Advantageously, as opposed to hydrated magnesium sulphate, commonly reported in the literature, these PCM's do not add to the hardness of the water system that the Ca(OCl).sub.2 is being used to treat. Accordingly, this results in the water system (for example of a swimming pool) that is clean and sparkling.

[0131] Further, due to the low solubility of calcium by-products such as CaCO.sub.3, Ca.sub.2SO.sub.4 and Ca.sub.3(PO.sub.4).sub.2, these insoluble salts can be removed, further improving the purity of the hypochlorite solution. A device fitted with a filtration means for removing such by-products is described further below which can be used to dispense the admix into a body of water (such as a pool or spa (hot tub)) in order to effect a metathesis reaction and generate sodium hypochlorite in situ.

[0132] In other embodiments, the sodium hypochlorite solution is characterised by a lower chlorate concentration governed by the total ionic concentration but more particularly by a residual ionic concentration of less than 1.7 M, down to about 0.2 M.

[0133] The chlorate content will still be dependent upon time, temperature history, strength of the hypochlorite solution and starting chlorate concentration, but will always be less than CAP hypochlorite and, in some instances, HSLS hypochlorites because of the advantage of the lowest residual ionic strength.

[0134] In other embodiments the sodium hypochlorite solution is characterised by a lower perchlorate concentration governed by the total ionic concentration but more particularly by the residual ionic concentration of less than 1.7 M, down to about 0.2 M

[0135] The perchlorate content will still be dependent upon time, temperature history, strength of the hypochlorite solution and starting perchlorate concentration, but will always be less than CAP hypochlorite and, in some instances, HSLS hypochlorites because of the advantage of the lowest residual ionic strength.

[0136] In other embodiments, the admix is provided as a tablet or a granular mix of solids. The admix is physically and intimately mixed as a solid crystalline form.

[0137] To solve the problem of high generation of chlorates and perchlorates in CAP hypochlorates, the inventors have discovered a new family of extremely stable aqueous hypochlorite products made by a salt metathesis process.

[0138] In an aspect, the present invention provides a family of extremely stable aqueous hypochlorite products including Na, K, and Li which have a residual ionic strength of less than 1.7 M.

[0139] The stability and rate of disproportionation of aqueous hypochlorites is markedly dependant on the concentration of the hypochlorite molecules in solution. In order to understand the impact of impurities upon hypochlorite stability it is necessary to devise a way of removing hypochlorite concentration from consideration. This was done by comparing hypochlorites based on their residual ionic strengths instead of the conventional total ionic strength. As a result, it was discovered that the stability of hypochlorites could be reliably indicated by calculating their residual ionic strengths. (or calculating from experimental measurements) Furthermore, for the first time, it was found that residual ionic strength was a quantitative method of defining a family of hypochlorite products that are markedly different (greater stability) to standard CAP hypochlorite which has a residual ionic strength greater than about 1.7 M.

[0140] Residual ionic strength (RI) is first defined.

[0141] Aqueous hypochlorites are difficult to describe as they have variable parameters such as:— [0142] 1 Metallic parent, (Ca, Ba, Mg, Na, K, and Li) [0143] 2 Strength, which may be measured as gpl of available chlorine [0144] 3 Method of preparation (CAP and Salt Metathesis) [0145] 4 Impurities, e.g. NaCl, CaCl.sub.2), heavy metals etc.

[0146] An important parameter influencing the stability of an aqueous hypochlorite is its ionic strength. The Total Ionic strength for aqueous alkali metal hypochlorites is expressed as

I.sub.T−½Σm.sub.iz.sub.i.sup.2=½(m.sub.1z.sub.1.sup.2+m.sub.2z.sub.2.sup.2+ . . . +m.sub.nz.sub.n.sup.2) where  (V1) [0147] n=total number of different ionic species in solution [0148] m=molal concentration, in this case molar. [0149] z=Charge on the ion of specific species i [0150] I.sub.T=Ionic Strength as defined by G. N. Lewis

[0151] (Alkaline earth hypochlorites require a different expression for ionic strength to reflect complex multivalent ionic interactions.)

[0152] Because the Total Ionic strength represented by equation VI includes the concentrations of the anion and cation of the hypochlorite species, the total ionic strength is a function of the hypochlorite strength. If the ionic strength of the hypochlorite species is removed from the total ionic strength calculation then a new function called “residual ionic strength (RI)” is newly defined.

RI=Total Ionic Strength (I.sub.T)−[Ionic strength of Hypochlorite species]

[0153] This new parameter “Residual Ionic Strength” is only dependent on:— [0154] 1) The purity of the reactants involved in its production [0155] 2) The type of anion bound to the alkali metal reactant, used in the salt metathesis reaction. [0156] 3) The solubility of the salt produced by the metathesis reaction. [0157] 4) The solubility of salts produced as by-products or impurities associated with the reactants of the metathesis reaction.

[0158] The term “Residual Ionic Strength” can therefore be used to define a new family of hypochlorite products, produced by metathesis, which have residual ionic strengths below 1.7 g mole/litre, which is the minimum residual ionic strength of traditional CAP hypochlorite.

[0159] The uncoated admix of the present invention provides a sodium hypochlorite solution that has a residual ionic concentration of less than about 1.7 molarity.

[0160] This embodiment defines a new family of aqueous hypochlorite products, including Li, Na, and K, defined by their exceedingly low residual ionic strengths, which contributes to improved stability and the associated lowest rate of disproportionation into chlorates and perchlorates. (See equations VII, and VIII)

[0161] The problem with the Chlor Alkali Process (CAP) for making hypochlorites Reaction (1) is product instability (due to amongst other things the co-generation of salt) and the associated generation of harmful by-products, such as chlorates and perchlorates. (see FIG. 2).

[0162] To mitigate this problem, hypochlorite solutions of the present invention are produced from a metathesis reaction. The hypochlorites produced by metathesis contain chlorate levels about 25% lower, and perchlorate levels about 50% lower than the equivalent CAP hypochlorite.

[0163] In some embodiments, the metathesized sodium hypochlorite solution has a residual ionic concentration less than about 1.7 molarity, down to about 0.2 molarity. In other embodiments, the residual ionic concentration is from about 0.2 M (g mole/l) to about 1.7 M. In other embodiments, the residual ionic concentration is from about 0.2 M to about 1.5 M, about 0.2 M to about 1.4 M, about 0.2 M to about 1.3 M or about 0.2 M to about 1.0 M.

[0164] A feature of this family of very stable aqueous hypochlorite products, which include LiOCl, KOCl and NaOCl, is their very low residual ionic concentrations. Residual Ionic concentrations as low as about 0.2 gm mole/litre, can be obtained by judicious choice of the alkali metal salt (or the equivalent hydrated alkali metal salt) used as a reactant.

[0165] In other embodiments, the sodium hypochlorite solution has a sodium hypochlorite concentration of up to about 15% w/v NaOCl.

[0166] Hypochlorites made by using Ca(OCl).sub.2 (Ca) which has been made by the calcium process, (reaction (V)) are more stable than products made by using Ca(OCl).sub.2 (Na) which has been made by the sodium process (reaction (IV)). (see FIG. 1).

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Common impurities in calcium hypochlorite produced by the sodium or calcium process, including the % w/w of available chlorine. Sodium Process Calcium Process Solubility % w/w equation % w/w equation (g/100 g in H.sub.2O Impurities (IV) (V) at 20° C.) Available 65-80 65 (minimum) chlorine Ca(OH).sub.2 5 (typical) 6 (maximum) 0.165 CaCO.sub.3 1 (typical) 1 (typical) 0.0014 NaCl (soluble) 20 (max) 0 35.7 CaCl.sub.2 0 9 (maximum) 74.5 Ca(ClO.sub.3).sub.2 0 1 (maximum) (soluble) H.sub.2O 10 (max) 4 (max) MgCO.sub.3 Trace Trace 0.01 Mg(OH).sub.2 Trace Trace 0.0009 BaCO.sub.3 Trace Trace 0.0022 Ba(OH).sub.2 Trace Trace 1.67

[0167] It is believed that the increased stability of aqueous metathesis hypochlorites formed from Ca(OCl).sub.2 (Ca) made by the calcium process is due to a smaller quantity of CaCl.sub.2) in the product from the calcium process compared with the NaCl content of product from the sodium process. Further, the general insolubility of calcium impurities resulting in a purer aqueous hypochlorite and accordingly has a better aqueous stability as compared to the one made using the sodium process. A lower rate of formation of chlorate/perchlorate in the NaOCl made by Ca(OCl).sub.2 (Ca) as compared to that made by using Ca(OCl).sub.2 (Na), was also found.

[0168] In some embodiments, the admix is react-able in water to form a sodium hypochlorite solution and a salt. In other embodiments, the salt is insoluble in water. In this regard, the salt can be removed easily from the solution by filtration or by other known means.

[0169] Advantageously, this further improves the purity of the resultant sodium hypochlorite solution, which has better stability with respect to lower disproportionation rates into chlorate and/or perchlorate.

[0170] In some embodiments, the sodium hypochlorite solution has a concentration of less than 15% w/v, less than 20% w/v, less than 25% w/v, or less than 30% w/v.

[0171] The disproportionation products of hypochlorites are chlorates and perchlorates. The inventors have further investigated the hypochlorite, chlorate, perchlorate and O.sub.2 content of the solution and determined that these concentrations are dependent on several factors such as temperature, starting chlorate, hypochlorite and ionic strengths. By regulating these factors, the disproportionation products of the composition can be controlled to a minimum, and when compared to hypochlorite produced by CAP and other commercially available solid such as LiOCl and Ca(OCl).sub.2 (made into aqueous solutions), the present family of hypochlorites show superior stabilities and hence less disproportionation (see FIG. 2).

[0172] Accordingly, the present invention also relates to an uncoated admix comprising:

[0173] a) calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl).sub.2) having an available chlorine content of from 65-80% and a water content of about 4% to about 10% w/w; and

[0174] b) a hydrated phase change material;

[0175] wherein the Ca(OCl).sub.2 and phase change material is physically and intimately mixed as a solid crystalline form in approximately stoichiometric proportions to form a tablet or a granular mix of solids;

[0176] wherein the hydrated phase change material is a hydrated alkali metal salt selected from hydrated Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, hydrated Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, hydrated Na.sub.3PO.sub.4, hydrated NaHCO.sub.3, hydrated NaHSO.sub.4, hydrated Na.sub.2HPO.sub.4 or hydrated NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4;

[0177] wherein the total water (H.sub.2O in the PCM+ for instance, approximately 10% H.sub.2O in Ca(OCl).sub.2) is about 30% w/w to about 45% w/w of the uncoated admix;

[0178] wherein the hydrated phase change material is about 55% w/w to about 70% w/w of the uncoated admix;

[0179] wherein the damp (eg approximately 10% H.sub.2O), Ca(OCl).sub.2 is about 35% w/w to about 45% w/w of the uncoated admix;

[0180] wherein the uncoated admix has an available chlorine content of from 20-35%; wherein the uncoated admix is react-able in water to form a sodium hypochlorite solution with a concentration of less than 15% w/v and a salt; and

[0181] wherein the uncoated admix is classified as a non Division 5.1 oxidizer.

[0182] The present invention also relates to a sodium hypochlorite solution produced from the uncoated admix, the sodium hypochlorite solution having a half-life about 1.4 to about 1.7 times than that of Chlor Alkali Plant (CAP) hypochlorites under the same conditions of concentration, temperature profile, exposure to light, storage time and container material; the sodium hypochlorite solution having a chlorate concentration at least 25% less than that of CAP hypochlorites under the same conditions of concentration, temperature profile, exposure to light, storage time and container material;

[0183] the sodium hypochlorite solution having a perchlorate concentration at least 50% less than that of CAP hypochlorites under the same conditions of concentration, temperature profile, exposure to light, storage time and container material;

[0184] the sodium hypochlorite solution having a residual ionic concentration of less than 1.7 g moles/litre and preferably about 0.2 g moles/litre; and

[0185] the sodium hypochlorite solution having an available chlorine concentration of about 100 g/i to about 160 g/l.

[0186] The present invention relates to a hypochlorite solution produced by a reaction of calcium hypochlorite with a non-hydrated alkali metal salt;

[0187] wherein the calcium hypochlorite and the non-hydrated alkali metal salt (family includes Na, Li and K) are in approximately stoichiometric proportions; [0188] wherein an anion associated with the non-hydrated alkali metal salt is selected from CO.sub.3.sup.2−, SO.sub.4.sup.2−, PO.sub.4.sup.3−, HPO.sub.4.sup.2−, H.sub.2PO.sub.4.sup.2−, OH.sup.−, SO.sub.3.sup.2−, HSO.sub.4.sup.−, HSO.sub.3.sup.− and S.sub.2O.sub.3.sup.2−;

[0189] the hypochlorite solution having a half-life about 1.4 to about 1.7 times than that of Chlor Alkali Plant (CAP) hypochlorites under the same conditions of concentration, temperature profile, exposure to light, storage time and container material;

[0190] the hypochlorite solution having a chlorate concentration at least 25% less than that of CAP hypochlorites under the same conditions of concentration, temperature profile, exposure to light, storage time and container material;

[0191] the hypochlorite solution having a perchlorate concentration at least 50% less than that of CAP hypochlorites under the same conditions of concentration, temperature profile, exposure to light, storage time and container material;

[0192] the hypochlorite solution having a residual ionic concentration of less than 1.7 g moles/litre and preferably about 0.2 g moles/litre; and

[0193] the hypochlorite solution having an available chlorine concentration of about 100 g/l to about 160 g/l.

[0194] In some embodiments, the calcium hypochlorite is produced from a reaction of chlorine and calcium hydroxide (calcium process). The sodium hypochlorite solution or hypochlorite solution can have a half-life about 20% to about 50% more than that of a hypochlorite solution produced from a reaction of calcium hypochlorite produced by the reaction of calcium chloride and sodium hypochlorite (sodium process).

[0195] In an embodiment, the admix further comprises a soluble alkali. The soluble alkali can be sodium hydroxide. Other alkali can be potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide or lithium hydroxide.

[0196] In another embodiment, the soluble alkali is present in an amount of about 0.1 g/L to about 0.5 g/L. In other embodiments, the concentration is about 0.1 g/L to about 0.4 g/L, about 0.1 g/L to about 0.3 g/L or about 0.1 g/L to about 0.2 g/L.

[0197] In another embodiment, the admix further comprises an alkaline buffer to the sodium hypochlorite, wherein the alkaline buffer is selected from carbonate, bicarbonate or a mixture thereof.

[0198] In other embodiments, the sodium hypochlorite solution or hypochlorite solution further comprises a soluble alkali of about 0.1 g/L to about 0.5 g/L, and optionally an alkaline buffer selected from carbonate, bicarbonate or a mixture thereof; and

[0199] wherein the sodium hypochlorite solution or hypochlorite solution is produced via a metathesis reaction.

[0200] In another embodiment, the composition is substantially free of impurities. This is especially so if the calcium hypochlorite made by calcium process is used.

[0201] In another aspect, the present invention provides an admix comprising:

[0202] a) calcium hypochlorite having an available chlorine content of from 65-80% and a water content of about 4% to about 10% w/w; and

[0203] b) a non-hydrated alkali metal salt;

[0204] wherein the admix is in a solid form,

[0205] wherein the mix of the non-hydrated alkali metal salt and calcium hypochlorite is in approximately stoichiometric proportions; and

[0206] wherein the admix is react-able in water to form a sodium hypochlorite solution and a salt.

[0207] The alkali metal can be selected from Na, Li or K.

[0208] In other embodiments, the anion associated with the alkali metal salt is selected from CO.sub.3.sup.2−, SO.sub.4.sup.2−, PO.sub.4.sup.3−, HPO.sub.4.sup.2−, H.sub.2PO.sub.4.sup.−, OH.sup.−, SO.sub.3.sup.2−, HSO.sub.4.sup.−, HSO.sub.3.sup.− and S.sub.2O.sub.3.sup.2−.

[0209] In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a method for preparing an admix, including admixing a phase change material with calcium hypochlorite (having an available chlorine content of from 65-80% and a water content of about 4% to about 10% w/w), wherein the admix is in a solid form,

[0210] wherein the phase change material is a hydrated alkali metal salt selected from hydrated Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, hydrated Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, hydrated Na.sub.3PO.sub.4, hydrated NaHCO.sub.3, hydrated NaHSO.sub.4, hydrated Na.sub.2HPO.sub.4 or hydrated NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4;

[0211] wherein the mix of the phase change material to and the calcium hypochlorite is in approximately stoichiometric proportions;

[0212] wherein the weight ratio of total water (for instance, approximately 10% with Ca(OCl).sub.2+PCM hydration) to the composition is about 30% w/w to about 45% w/w; and

[0213] wherein the composition is react-able in water to form a sodium hypochlorite solution and a salt.

[0214] In an embodiment, the method for preparing a admix, includes mixing a phase change material with calcium hypochlorite;

[0215] wherein the admix is in a solid form,

[0216] wherein the phase change material is a hydrated alkali metal salt selected from hydrated Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, hydrated Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, hydrated Na.sub.3PO.sub.4, hydrated NaHCO.sub.3, hydrated NaHSO.sub.4, hydrated Na.sub.2HPO.sub.4 or hydrated NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4;

[0217] wherein the (PCM) and the Ca(OCl).sub.2 are in approximately stoichiometric proportions; and

[0218] wherein the weight ratio of total water (for instance, approximately 10% with Ca(OCl).sub.2+PCM hydration) to the admix is about 30% w/w to about 45% w/w; and

[0219] wherein the admix is react-able in water to form a sodium hypochlorite solution and a salt.

[0220] In an embodiment, the phase change material is in a solid form. In another embodiment, the phase change material is provided as a pellet or a powder. Accordingly, the admix can be provided in a pelletised form, granules or as a tablet.

[0221] The uncoated admixes of the present invention may be used to make sodium hypochlorite within a device for chlorinating pools and spas (hot tubs) that generates the required sodium hypochlorite, in situ, without using liquefied chlorine or electrolysis.

[0222] In an embodiment the device is a floatable dispenser for sodium hypochlorite generation in situ.

[0223] While some existing devices deliver controlled quantities of pre-prepared biocides (eg calcium hypochlorite), none can generate sodium hypochlorite (non electrolytically) in situ.

[0224] Advantages of this device dispenser over existing common treatment methods:—

[0225] The floating sodium hypochlorite dispenser device disclosed herein has the following beneficial features:— [0226] 1 The customer doesn't have to handle the weight, and thus ergonomic strain, associated with liquid chlorine in large carboys (5 l, 12.5 l, 15 l, 20 L or 25 L). (Liquid Chlorine is 87.5% water). For instance, the admixes disclosed herein may be presented in water permeable sachets that are approximately 1/10.sup.th the weight of the equivalent liquid chlorine. [0227] 2 Customers will only need to purchase the device dispenser once as its reusable. [0228] 3 The sachets containing the admix are safer to store at home than calcium hypochlorite since they will not self-react. [0229] 4 Retailers will also be relieved that there is a safer alternative to the storage and handling problems associated with liquid chlorine and calcium hypochlorite. (ie, avoiding problems with oxidizing and self-reacting properties) [0230] 5 The floating sodium hypochlorite dispenser device is safe and simple to use. It releases chlorine in a slow, controlled release manner thus preventing the potential safety risk of exposure to high strength (12.5%) hypochlorite solution. [0231] 6 Since liquid chlorine degrades over time, customers frequently find that the product they purchase is well below the strength shown on the label. (It loses its efficacy over time.) [0232] 7 Easier to control free chlorine levels to target level, based on set volume of disinfectant (number of sachets/tablets) per set volume of pool water compared with liquid dosing.

[0233] In an embodiment and with reference to FIGS. 11-13 the user may operate the device as follows:— [0234] 1. Remove the floating dispenser device from the pool. [0235] 2. Unscrew the bottom cap (1) and check that the filter cloth (2) is being held in place by the perforated retaining plate (3). [0236] 3. Check that the retaining plate (3) is securely attached to the bottom cap (1) by three screws (4). [0237] 4. Lift the plunger (5) and secure it in the compressed position by sliding the rod (6) into the specially shaped hole in the top cap (7). [0238] 5. Insert a sachet or tablet of admix into the bottom chamber of the dispenser device. [0239] 6. Replace the bottom cap (1) of the device. [0240] 7. Place the device into the pool with the rod (6) in the compressed position, and allow it to float overnight or for approximately 12 hours. [0241] 8. 12 hours later, release the rod (6). This will allow the spring to push the plunger down forcing the admix product through the filter cloth into the pool or spa. [0242] 9. When the rod (6) has fully travelled to the bottom of the device, while the device is still in the pool, work the rod (6) up and down in the device several times to pump pool water through the filter cloth (2). This will wash product from the solid residue collected on the filter cloth, and allow the device to be cleaned. [0243] 10. Remove the devise from the pool after use. [0244] 11. Remove the bottom cap (1) by unscrewing. [0245] 12. Remove and residual sachet material (eg plastic), wash in the pool and dispose to household waste. [0246] 13. Remove the accumulated solid residue from the perforated plate (3) and filter (2) by gently tapping the inverted bottom cap (1) over a household waste container. The rinsed solid may be disposed to the garden and buried if desired. Avoid contact with plants (CaSO.sub.4.2H.sub.2O is a clay breaker, CaCO.sub.3 is concentrated agricultural lime). [0247] 14. Rinse the bottom cap (together with attachments) in the garden. The device is now ready for recharging.

[0248] The above procedure can be repeated indefinitely as required to keep the pool or spa (hot tub) sanitized.

[0249] Accordingly, in another aspect the invention provides a kit of parts for pool or spa (hot tub) water sanitisation, comprising: [0250] i) an uncoated admix as described above which is in tablet form or contained within a sachet; and [0251] ii) a floatable device characterised with a compartment (with a top and bottom) for housing the uncoated admix, wherein the top of the compartment is fitted with a plunging means which is designed to reduce the volume of the compartment when in use and wherein the bottom of compartment is fitted with a filtration means.

[0252] In an embodiment the filtration means is a plastic cloth with a weave that retains the finest (less than 1 micron) particles, for instance, the by-product insoluble salt CaSO.sub.4, or CaCO.sub.3.

[0253] In another aspect the invention provides a floatable device for pool or spa water sanitisation, said device characterised with a compartment comprising a top and bottom wherein the compartment has an internal volume for housing a pool or water sanitisation product in solid form, wherein the compartment is fitted with both one or more floatation means and the top of the compartment has a plunging means which is internally fitted within the compartment and is designed to reduce the volume of the compartment when in use, and wherein the bottom of compartment is fitted with a filtration means and is in fluid communication with the pool or spa (hot tub) water.

[0254] In an embodiment, the filtration means is a plastic cloth with a weave sufficient to remove particles of less than 1 micron.

[0255] It will be appreciated the pool or water sanitisation product may be the uncoated admix as disclosed herein and the product is in any solid form such that the product doesn't just escape from the compartment once the device is added to the pool. This ensures the generation of the sanitising hypochlorite (i.e., from reaction of the product with water) occurs over an extended period (eg over 12 hours such as discussed above). The solid may be as a tablet, or granules, or a solid form in a sachet, as discussed previously.

[0256] In another embodiment the filtration means is fitted to the bottom of the compartment by means of a screw cap arrangement such that the filtration means can be unscrewed from the compartment so as to fill the compartment with the desired amount of the solid sanitisation product. This arrangement is also advantageous as it allows the user to easily clean the filtration means after use or indeed replace, for instance, the plastic cloth which is the actual filter.

[0257] In another embodiment, the floatation device is attached to the outside of the compartment such that it enables the device to remain on the water surface and also serves to keep the filtration means in fluid communication with the water. In an embodiment then, it will be appreciated that the filtration means is submerged within the water while the top of the compartment remains above the surface.

[0258] In another embodiment the floatation means is a set of floatation wings which are composed of a material which floats (eg polystyrene, or polyurethane). [0259] Advantageously, the admix can allow for the preparation of fresh hypochlorites at the point of use, such pool or spa (hot tub) water.

[0260] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing an admix, including mixing a non-hydrated alkali metal salt (family includes Na, Li and K) with calcium hypochlorite having an available chlorine content of from 65-80% and a water content of about 4% to about 10% w/w;

[0261] wherein the admix is in a solid form,

[0262] wherein the non-hydrated alkali metal salt and the calcium hypochlorite are in approximately stoichiometric proportions; and

[0263] wherein the admix is react-able in water to form a hypochlorite solution and a salt.

[0264] In an embodiment, the process further comprises a soluble alkali. The soluble alkali can be sodium hydroxide. Other alkali can be potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide or lithium hydroxide.

[0265] In another embodiment, the soluble alkali is present in an amount of about 0.1 g/L to about 0.5 g/L. In other embodiments, the concentration is about 0.1 g/L to about 0.4 g/L, about 0.1 g/L to about 0.3 g/L or about 0.1 g/L to about 0.2 g/L. Advantageously, the soluble alkali acts to further stabilise the hypochlorite solution.

[0266] In another embodiment, the process further comprises a step of adding an alkaline buffer to the sodium hypochlorite, wherein the alkaline buffer is selected from carbonate, bicarbonate or a mixture thereof.

[0267] In another embodiment, the metathesis reaction is performed at room temperature, or at about 1° C. to about 35° C.

[0268] In another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a metathesized metal hypochlorite solution, the metal hypochlorite solution having an residual ionic concentration less than 1.7 molarity, the metal hypochlorite solution having an available chlorine content of about 100 g/L to about 160 g/L; and

[0269] wherein the metal is selected from Na, K or Li.

[0270] In some embodiments, the metathesized hypochlorite solution has a residual ionic concentration less than about 1.7 molarity. In other embodiments, the residual ionic concentration is from about 0.2 M (g.Math.mole/L) to about 1.7 M. In other embodiments, the residual ionic concentration is from about 0.2 M to about 1.6 M, about 0.2 M to about 1.5 M, about 0.2 M to about 1.4 M or about 0.2 M to about 1.2 M. In some embodiments, the hypochlorite solution has a residual ionic concentration of about 0.2 M to about 1 M.

[0271] Advantageously, the metathesized alkali metal hypochlorite solution has good aqueous stability compared to Chlor Alkali Plant (CAP) hypochlorite when exposed to the same 30 conditions and at the same concentrations. For example, there is an approximately 25% reduction of chlorate when compared with CAP hypochlorite exposed to the same conditions and at the same concentrations.

[0272] Advantageously, the metathesized metal hypochlorite solution has approximately 50% reduction of perchlorate when compared with CAP hypochlorite exposed to the same conditions and at the same concentrations.

[0273] In other embodiments, the metathesized alkali metal hypochlorite solution comprises a soluble alkali of about 0.1 g/l to about 0.5 g/l. In other embodiments, the concentration is of about 0.1 g/l to about 0.4 g/l or about 0.2 g/l to about 0.4 g/l.

[0274] In other embodiments, the metathesized alkali metal hypochlorite solution comprises an alkaline buffer selected from a carbonate/bicarbonate mixture.

[0275] In other embodiments, the metathesized hypochlorite solution has a half life of at least 1.4 times greater than that of Chlor Alkali Plant (CAP) hypochlorites. Preferably, the half life is at least 1.7 time greater than that of CAP hypochlorites.

[0276] In other embodiments, the metathesized hypochlorite solution is produced from an alkali metal salt or its corresponding hydrated form.

[0277] In other embodiments, the anion associated with the alkali metal salt or its corresponding hydrated form is selected from CO.sub.3.sup.2−, SO.sub.2.sup.−, P.sub.4.sup.3−, HPO.sub.4.sup.2−, H.sub.2PO.sub.4.sup.−, OH.sup.−, SO.sub.3.sup.2−, HSO.sub.4.sup.−, HSO.sub.3.sup.− and S.sub.2O.sub.3.sup.2−.

[0278] It will be appreciated that many further modifications and permutations of various aspects of the described embodiments are possible. Accordingly, the described aspects are intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

[0279] Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise”, and variations such as “comprises” and “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

[0280] The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or admission or any form of suggestion that that prior publication (or information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavour to which this specification relates.

EXAMPLES

[0281] 1.

[0282] Chlorate, perchlorate and ionic concentrations of the hypochlorite composition of the present invention (Bond Chemicals Pty Ltd) are compared with other hypochlorite solutions in FIG. 8; which shows that production by selected metathesis reactions will produce the lowest perchlorate levels due to the lowest residual ionic concentrations.

[0283] 2.

[0284] The economics (CAPEX and OPEX) associate with drinking water chlorination are detailed in FIG. 9; which again shows that the optimum methodology for water chlorination is by metathesis.

[0285] 3.

[0286] The inventors have tested the reactivity of the solid hypochlorite admixes by contacting them with brake fluid. This provides a simple test for quick and reliable indication of reactivity.

[0287] Selected examples were then tested under the UN Protocol to further confirm the results of the “brake fluid tests”, are in line with the UN Protocol tests.

[0288] Materials used in Reactivity Testing are as follows:—

[0289] (Calcium Hypochlorite used was commercial HY-CLOR Supershock, 700 gm/kg of available chlorine.

[0290] Brake Fluid:—Ampol Dot 4 For Disc and Drum Brakes.

[0291] Examples of reduction in reactivity are disclosed in FIG. 10. The stoichiometric reaction mix of mono hydrated lithium sulphate and calcium hypochlorite showed some reactivity. This may be explained by the fact that the lithium sulphate used was not a deca or dodecahydrate; in fact LiSO.sub.4.H.sub.2O is not listed as a PCM.

[0292] The tests show that the stoichiometric mixes of Ca(OCl).sub.2 with the decahydrates of sodium carbonate and sulphate and mixes of Ca(OCl).sub.2 with the hydrated salts of Na.sub.3PO.sub.4 and Na.sub.2HPO.sub.4 are Non 5.1 Oxidizers.

[0293] Two stoichiometric metathesis reaction mixes of:—

[0294] 39.38% w/w Ca(OCl).sub.2 and 60.62% w/w Na.sub.2CO.sub.3.10H.sub.2O, and

[0295] 36.58% w/w Ca(OCl).sub.2 and 63.41% w/w Na.sub.2SO.sub.4.10H.sub.2O, were found to not be classified as

[0296] “Dangerous Good Division 5.1—Oxidizing Substances” when tested to the UN Protocol.

[0297] These findings will allow salt metathesis reaction admixes to be transported, stored, and handled, safely and cheaply without infringing severely limiting statutory regulations. The avoidance of these restrictions will allow the metathesis route for the formation of hypochlorites to be successfully commercialized.

[0298] 4.

[0299] Studies are conducted on the stabilities of aqueous hypochlorites made by the following metathesis reactions as shown herein. The Ca(OCl).sub.2 was either obtained via the sodium or calcium process as shown by (Na) or (Ca).

Na.sub.2CO.sub.3+Ca(OCl).sub.2(Na).fwdarw.2NaOCl+CaCO.sub.3

Na.sub.2CO.sub.3+Ca(OCl).sub.2(Ca).fwdarw.CaCO.sub.3+2NaOCl

Na.sub.2SO.sub.4+Ca(OCl).sub.2(Na).fwdarw.2NaOCl+CaSO.sub.4

Na.sub.2SO.sub.4+Ca(OCl).sub.2(Ca).fwdarw.2NaOCl+CaSO.sub.4

Li.sub.2SO.sub.4+Ca(OCl).sub.2(Na).fwdarw.CaSO.sub.4+2LiOCl

K.sub.2SO.sub.4+Ca(OCl).sub.2(Na).fwdarw.CaSO.sub.4+2KOCl

K.sub.2CO.sub.3+Ca(OCl).sub.2(Na).fwdarw.CaCO.sub.3+2KOCl

2NaOH+Ca(OCl).sub.2(Na).fwdarw.Ca(OH).sub.2+2NaOCl

[0300] For chlorate formation, the reaction rate expression is given by:—(Pisarenko, Gordon et al)

d(ClO3′)/dt=3*K2[1/(3K2t+(OCl′){circumflex over ( )}−1)]{circumflex over ( )}2−K3(ClO3′)[1/(3K2t+(OCl′){circumflex over ( )}−1)]  (VII)

where

Log K2=0.149*I+log(2.083*10{circumflex over ( )}10*T*EXP((−1.018*10{circumflex over ( )}5)/(R*T))*EXP(−56.5/R))

[0301] Where I=total ionic concentration

Log K3=0.0788*I+log(2.084*10{circumflex over ( )}10*T*EXP((−1.01*10{circumflex over ( )}5/(R*T))*EXP(−106/R))

[0302] Because the residual ionic concentration of all aqueous solutions of metathesis hypochlorites are less than those of the equivalent CAP hypochlorite, the rate of formation of ClO.sub.3 will always be less.

[0303] For perchlorate formation, the reaction rate expression is given by:—(Pisarenko, Gordon et al)

d(ClO.sub.4.sup.−)/dt=K3*(ClO.sub.3.sup.−)*(OCl.sup.−)  (VIII)

[0304] where K3 is provided above.

[0305] Because the residual ionic concentration of all aqueous solutions of metathesis hypochlorites are less than those of the equivalent CAP hypochlorite, the rate of formation of ClO.sub.4.sup.− will always be less.

[0306] The reaction rate of OCl.sup.− is given by:—(Pisarenko, Gordon et al)

d(ClO.sup.−)/dt=−3K2*(OCl.sup.−){circumflex over ( )}2

[0307] where K2 was supplied previously.

[0308] Although the disproportionation of hypochlorite is second order with respect to the OCl.sup.− concentration, the plot of disproportionation versus time does not align with the rate equation supplied. The reason for this is that the disproportionation of hypochlorite occurs through two parallel paths, one to chlorate and the other to oxygen. The path to chlorate is then followed by a consecutive reaction to perchlorate. The final concentration of hypochlorite can only be ascertained by combining the rate equations and a mass balance.