METHOD FOR MONITORING OF FOULANTS PRESENT ON CHROMATOGRAPHIC RESINS USING FLUORESCENCE PROBE

Abstract

Disclosed is a method for monitoring of foulants present on chromatographic resins using fluorescence probe. The method comprises packing a chromatographic column with a fresh chromatographic resin. The resin packed chromatographic column is washed and an initial reading of fluorescence intensity of the chromatographic resin is measured. The column is then subjected for protein purification followed by excitation of the column at a predefined wavelength. The final reading of fluorescence intensity is measured at a predefined wavelength and the foulant deposited on the column is determined by subtracting the initial reading from the final reading of the fluorescence intensity.

Claims

1. A method for monitoring of foulants present on chromatographic resins using fluorescence probe, the method comprising the steps of: packing a chromatographic column with a fresh chromatographic resin; washing the resin packed chromatographic column; measuring an initial reading of fluorescence intensity of the chromatographic resin; subjecting the column for protein purification; exciting the column and measuring the final reading of fluorescence intensity at a predefined wavelength; and determining the foulant deposited on the column by subtracting the initial reading from the final reading of fluorescence intensity.

2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the column is washed in a predefined sequence using a solution selected from the group consisting of a wash buffer, an equilibration buffer, a clarified broth, a protein sample, an elution buffer and a cleaning buffer.

3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the predefined wavelength used for column excitation and measurement of the final reading is in a range of 250 nm to 500 nm.

4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the monitoring of foulants is carried out in a real time using a set up, the set up includes at least one column and a fluorescent measuring unit.

5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the at least one column includes a column holder, the column holder includes a black sheet that surrounds the column.

6. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the fluorescent measuring unit includes a light source, an excitation monochromator, a slit, a polarizer, a sample chamber, an emission monochromator and a detector.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] FIG. 1A is a schematic drawing of a setup for real time monitoring of foulants, in accordance with the present invention;

[0012] FIG. 1B shows a schematic drawing of a fluorescent measuring unit of the set up of FIG. 1, in accordance with the present invention;

[0013] FIG. 2A-2B are graphical representations of real time monitoring of reused resin, in accordance with the present invention;

[0014] FIG. 3A-3B are graphical representations showing emission spectra of fresh and fouled resin for protein A purification of IgG4 and IgG1 molecule, in accordance with the present invention;

[0015] FIG. 4A-4B are graphical representations showing percent ligand degradation and foulant clearance using single step cleaning and two step cleaning procedure, in accordance with the present invention;

[0016] FIG. 5A is a graphical representation showing emission spectra of fresh and fouled multimode cation exchange resin for purification of recombinant human serum albumin (HSA) produced in Pichia pastoris, in accordance with the present invention;

[0017] FIG. 5B is a graphical representation showing emission spectra of fresh and fouled multi modal hydrophobic interaction chromatography resin during recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) purification, in accordance with the present invention; and

[0018] FIG. 5C is a graphical representation showing emission spectra of fresh and fouled cation exchange chromatography resin during mAb purification, in accordance with the present invention;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] The invention described herein is explained using specific exemplary details for better understanding. However, the invention disclosed can be worked on by a person skilled in the art without the use of these specific details.

[0020] References in the specification to one embodiment or an embodiment means that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, or function described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase in one embodiment in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.

[0021] References in the specification to preferred embodiment means that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, or function described in detail thereby omitting known constructions and functions for clear description of the present invention.

[0022] In general aspect, the present invention describes a method for a real time fluorescence monitoring of foulants present on a chromatographic resin. The method comprises direct measurement of absorbance and fluorescence of the foulants present on the chromatographic resin. The method of the present invention is used by a user to choose appropriate cleaning conditions for clearing the foulants deposited on the resin. The method of the present invention is applicable to all types of chromatography.

[0023] The present invention is illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawings, throughout which reference numbers indicate corresponding parts in the various figures.

[0024] Referring to FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B, in one aspect, a setup 100 for fluorescence monitoring of foulants in accordance with the present invention is shown. The setup 100 comprises at least one column 102, a first container 104, a second container 106, a third container 108, a fourth container 110, a fifth container 112, a sixth container 114, and a fluorescent measuring unit 116.

[0025] The at least one column 102 has a column holder. The column holder includes a black sheet that surrounds the column 102 with a specified window space to detect the foulants present on the resin. The column holder is adapted to measure the foulants present on the chromatographic column 102.

[0026] The first container 104 contains a wash buffer, the second container 106 contains an equilibration buffer, the third container 108 contains a storage buffer, the fourth container 110 contains a Cleaning-in-place buffer (hereinafter, CIP) and/or regeneration buffer, the fifth container 112 contains an elution buffer and the sixth container 114 contains a clarified broth and/or protein solution.

[0027] As shown in FIG. 1B, the fluorescent measuring unit 116 comprises a light source 118, an excitation monochromator (not shown), a slit, a polarizer 120, a sample chamber (not shown), an emission monochromator 122 and a detector 124.

[0028] In an embodiment, the light source 118 is Xenon light. The sample chamber is designed to measure the foulants present on the chromatographic column 102. The light emitted by the light source 118 is transferred to the slit and the polarizer 120 through the excitation monochromator. The slit and the polarizer 120 transmit light of a predefined wavelength to the emission monochromator 122. The predefined wavelength emitted by the emission monochromator 122 is passed through the black sheet of the column 102 packed with resin thereby resulting in the recording of fluorescence intensity by the detector 124.

[0029] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for monitoring of foulants present on chromatographic resins using fluorescence probe. Specifically, the method is described in conjunction with FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B. The method in an initial step comprises packing the column 102 with a fresh chromatographic resin.

[0030] In a next step, the method involves washing the resin packed chromatographic column 102. The column 102 is washed in a predefined sequence using a solution selected from the group consisting of a wash buffer, an equilibration buffer, a clarified broth, a protein sample, an elution buffer and a cleaning buffer.

[0031] In the context of the present invention, the column 102 packed with the resin is subjected to a first wash with the wash buffer followed by a second wash with the equilibration buffer. The column 102 is again subjected to a third wash with the wash buffer. Thereafter, the equilibration buffer is passed through the column 102 packed with the resin followed by the clarified broth 114. The column 102 is then subjected to wash with the wash buffer. The column 102 is then subjected to an elution by using the elution buffer. The CIP buffer and/or regeneration buffer is passed through the column 102 and the column 102 is again washed with wash buffer. The column 102 is stored by passing storage buffer there through when not in use. The storage buffer is removed from the column 102 for next time use and the resin is further washed and equilibrated using the wash buffer and the equilibration buffer. The equilibration, sample loading, washing and elution are repeated in every cycle. The subsequent washings with the wash buffer 106 and the equilibration buffer 108 results in excitation of the column 102.

[0032] In the next step, the method involves measuring an initial reading of fluorescence intensity of the chromatographic resin. In the next step, the method involves subjecting the column for protein purification.

[0033] In the next step, the method involves exciting the column 102 at a predefined wavelength and measuring the final reading of fluorescence intensity at a predefined wavelength. The predefined wavelength used for column excitation and measurement of the final reading is in a range of 250 nm to 500 nm.

[0034] In the next step, the method involves determining the foulant deposited on the column by subtracting the initial reading from the final reading of fluorescence intensity. Specifically, the fluorescence intensity is recorded at every cycle and the deposition of foulants is estimated by subtracting the reading obtained for the freshly packed column 102 with fresh chromatographic resin that is taken at the start of the run. The increase in the amount of fluorescence intensity at the end of respective cycles estimated the deposition of foulants on the resin over reuse. The foulant deposition on the resin over cycling is monitored by the fluorescent measuring unit 116 as shown in FIG. 1B. The user decides that number of cycles when the intensity needs to be taken.

[0035] In the context of the present invention, the column 102 packed with resin is connected to the fluorescent measuring unit 116 for recording the stability of three signals, namely the UV, pH and conductivity signals during the third wash with the wash buffer 106. Further, the column excitation is recorded at 250 nm to 500 nm and emission spectra or a single point reading is recorded at 250 nm to 500 nm for fresh resin.

[0036] The method of the present invention is applicable to all types of protein purification protocols on different types of column chromatography. The wash buffer, equilibrium buffer, elution buffer, CIP buffer, storage buffer and the clarified broth is selected from the groups shown in the table below depending upon the type of protein and column chromatography.

TABLE-US-00001 Human serum Recombinant human Monoclonal Monoclonal albumin granulocyte colony antibody antibody (Multimode stimulating factor Sr. (Protein A (Cation exchange cation exchange (Multimode hydrophobic No. Steps chromatography) chromatography) chromatography) interaction chromatography) 1 Wash Milli Q and 25 mM Milli Q and 25 mM Milli Q and 25 mM Milli Q and 35 mM buffer and acetate pH 5.5-6.5 + acetate pH 5.5-6.5 acetate pH 5.0-5.5 + acetate pH 5.3 + column volume 50-150 mM NaCl (5-7 CV) 10 mM NaCl (5-7 350 mM NaCl (5-7 (CV) (5-7 CV) CV) CV) 2 Equilibration 25 mM acetate pH 25 mM acetate pH 25 mM acetate pH 35 mM acetate pH buffer and 5.5-6.5 + 50-150 mM 5.5-6.5 (5-7 CV) 5.0-5.5 + 10 mM 5.3 + 350 mM column volume NaCl (5-7 CV) NaCl, 25 mM NaCl (5-7 CV) acetate pH 4.5 + 1M NaCl (5-7 CV) 3 Elution 100 mM acetate 25 mM acetate pH 15 mM sodium 100 mM acetate buffer and buffer pH 3.5 (4-7 5.5-6.5 + 200-500 phosphate pH 7.7 + pH 4.3, 100 mM column volume CV) step gradient mM NaCl. (15 CV) 200 mM NaCl. (10 CV) Citrate pH 3. (15 CV) Linear gradient Linear gradient Linear gradient 4 CIP 50 mM NaOH + 1M 1M NaCl, 200 mM 0.5-1M NaOH, 0.5-1M NaOH, buffer and NaCl, 2M NaCl NaOH (5CV) 1M NaCl (5CV) 1M NaCl (5CV) column volume (3 CV) 5 Storage 20% Ethanol (5-7 20% Ethanol + 20% Ethanol (5-7 20% Ethanol (5-7 buffer and CV) 0.2M Sodium CV) CV) column volume Acetate (5-7 CV) 6 Protein Sample Clarified broth Neutralized Clarified broth Refold protein (protein loaded: (mAb expressed in protein A elute (mAb expressed solution 80% of 10% DBC) CHO cell lines) in Pichia pastoris)

[0037] The method of the present invention for measuring the foulants on chromatography resin is applicable for all protein purification chromatographic systems where the untagged protein foulants can be measured within the excitation and emission range of 250 to 500 nm. Further, fluorophore labelled foulants on the chromatographic resin are also measured and online monitoring of the fluorophore at respective excitation and emission range are determined.

[0038] In the context of the present invention, the novel method for real time fluorescence monitoring of foulants present on chromatographic resin is demonstrated to yield highly reproducible spectra without the need for extensive sample preparation.

Examples

[0039] The following examples illustrate the invention, but are not limiting thereof.

Example 1: Monitoring of Reused Resin for Fouling

[0040] As represented in FIG. 2, a case study of using the method of the present invention to monitor and control the fouling of protein A chromatography is discussed in detail. Initially the fouling of protein A chromatography was monitored without providing intermediate cleaning. The yield was found to decrease with the increase in fluorescence intensity as shown in FIG. 2A. It was observed that once the fluorescence intensity reached above 300 RFU, the yield decreased <90%.

[0041] In a second case as shown in FIG. 2B, monitoring and controlling the protein A chromatography fouling was performed to avoid performance loss. The fluorescence intensity was monitored every two cycles and as the fluorescence intensity increased above 200 RFU (excitation at 280 nm and emission at 340 nm), cleaning was performed with DTT/DTT followed by NaOH with the contact time of fifteen minutes. Cleaning regimes were established by prior studies. Users decide the cleaning regime, including reagent and contact time based on their experiences. Thus for the second case, the yield was >90% with the fluorescence intensity <300 RFU (FIG. 2B). These results proved that the developed online real time monitoring tool could be utilized to monitor and control chromatography performance loss.

Example 2: Protein a Chromatography for mAb Purification

[0042] FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B represents the difference in the emission spectra for fresh and fouled resin for protein A purification of IgG4 and IgG1 molecule. The emission lambda maxima for fresh (0.sup.th cycle) and fouled protein A resins (50.sup.th and 100.sup.th cycles) were different (FIG. 3A). For fresh protein A resin (0.sup.th cycle), the intensity was least at 340 nm as compared to fouled resin (FIG. 3A). The intensity at 340 nm increased with increase in number of cycles (FIGS. 3A and 3B). Recombinant protein A had tyrosine and phenylalanine residue in its sequence but lacks tryptophan. On the other hand, the foulants (host cell proteins and mAb) had tryptophan along with tyrosine and phenylalanine (detected using LC-MS/MS). Thus, the fluorescence intensity at 340 nm was typically due to foulants present on the resin while the fluorescence intensity at 303 nm was due to protein A ligand present on the resin.

Example 3: Screening for CIP Buffers on Protein A Chromatography

[0043] To evaluate cleaning conditions, fouled resin after 50 cycles was incubated under different cleaning regimens. An incubation time of 15 min was used and this corresponds to the CIP contact time in the column. Cleaning was evaluated for single step and multi-step CIP buffers. The detailed conditions for CIP buffers and their sequence are described in Table 1. All experiments were carried out in triplicates. After cleaning, the resins were monitored for ligand degradation and foulant clearance using fluorescence approach.

[0044] For single step cleaning, resin samples were incubated with different samples of NaOH, urea, and DTT. Effect of salt concentration in combination with NaOH was also evaluated. FIG. 4A represents the impact of increasing NaOH concentration on ligand degradation and foulant clearance. With increase in NaOH concentration from 50 mM to 500 mM, the foulant clearance increased from 20% to 75% whereas the ligand degradation increased from 20% to 50% due to increase in concentration of NaOH from 50 mM to 500 mM. Addition of salt in the NaOH solution reduced ligand degradation but also reduced foulant clearance. With increase in urea concentration, ligand degradation increased from 10% to 18% and foulant clearance capacity was 50%. Reducing agents aid in removal of impurities by breaking the disulfide bonds. With the use of DTT, the foulant clearance was 60% with negligible ligand degradation. Among the three cleaning reagents examined (NaOH, chaotropes and DTT), DTT was found to have a comparable foulant clearance capacity as NaOH, however with negligible ligand degradation as compared to NaOH.

[0045] Two step cleaning approaches were also examined using different concentrations of chaotrope, reducing agent and combinations of chaoptropes and reducing agents in the first step followed by different NaOH concentration in the second step (Table 1). Urea and DTT followed by NaOH were found to improve foulant clearance. Two step cleaning resulted in foulant clearance capacity >80% in all cases (FIG. 4B). Cleaning with reducing agent followed by NaOH resulted in maximum foulant clearance form resin and lower ligand degradation (Conditions highlighted in FIG. 4B).

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 List of Different CIP buffers used for single and two step cleaning Exp No. CIP 1 CIP 2 1 PBS buffer 2 50 mM NaOH 3 50 mM NaOH + 0.5M NaCl 4 50 mM NaOH + 1M NaCl 5 50 mM NaOH + 2M NaCl 6 250 mM NaOH 7 500 mM NaOH 8 3M Urea 9 3M Urea 50 mM NaOH 10 3M Urea 250 mM NaOH 11 3M Urea 500 mM NaOH 12 3M Urea + 50 mM DTT 50 mM NaOH 13 3M Urea + 50 mM DTT 250 mM NaOH 14 3M Urea + 50 mM DTT 500 mM NaOH 15 3M Urea + 100 mM DTT 50 mM NaOH 16 3M Urea + 100 mM DTT 250 mM NaOH 17 3M Urea + 100 mM DTT 500 mM NaOH 18 6M Urea 19 6M Urea 50 mM NaOH 20 6M Urea 250 mM NaOH 21 6M Urea 500 mM NaOH 22 6M Urea + 50 mM DTT 50 mM NaOH 23 6M Urea + 50 mM DTT 250 mM NaOH 24 6M Urea + 50 mM DTT 500 mM NaOH 25 6M Urea + 100 mM DTT 50 mM NaOH 26 6M Urea + 100 mM DTT 250 mM NaOH 27 6M Urea + 100 mM DTT 500 mM NaOH 28 50 mM DTT 29 50 mM DTT 50 mM NaOH 30 50 mM DTT 250 mM NaOH 31 50 mM DTT 500 mM NaOH 32 100 mM DTT 33 100 mM DTT 50 mM NaOH 34 100 mM DTT 250 mM NaOH 35 100 mM DTT 500 mM NaOH

[0046] Further, Examples 4A, 4B and 4C illustrate case studies of protein purification on a different chromatographic resin which has been disclosed below:

Example 4A: Multimode Cation Exchange Chromatography for HSA Purification

[0047] FIG. 5A represents the spectra for fresh and fouled multimode cation exchange resin utilized for purification of recombinant human serum albumin (HSA) produced in Pichia pastoris. The chromatographic resin utilized in this case consisted of highly cross-linked agarose matrix with a multimodal weak cation exchanger. It was observed that the fresh resin did not show any emission in the range of 300 to 400 nm while the fouled resin showed emission spectra in this range indicating deposition of foulants i.e foulants containing host cell protein and the strongly bound HSA.

Example 4B: Multimode Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography for GCSF Purification

[0048] FIG. 5B represents the comparison of fresh and fouled multimodal hydrophobic interaction chromatography resin during recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) purification. The resin consisted of a highly cross-linked cellulose matrix with hexylamine and phenylpropanolamine synthetic ligands. It was observed that the fresh resin did not show any emission in the range of 300 to 400 nm while the fouled resin showed emission spectra in this range indicating deposition of foulants i.e foulants containing host cell protein and the strongly bound GCSF.

Example 4C: Cation Exchange Chromatography for mAb Purification

[0049] FIG. 5C represents a comparison of fresh and fouled cation exchange chromatography resin during mAb purification. Cation exchange chromatography resin consisted of agarose base with sulfonate ligand. It was observed that the fresh resin did not show any emission in the range of 300 to 400 nm while the fouled resin showed emission spectra in this range indicating deposition of foulants i.e foulants containing host cell protein and the strongly bound mAb.

[0050] The method of the present invention facilitates appropriate control of column cleaning thereby resulting in a significant improvement in resin lifetime. Further, the method of the present invention advantageously aims to deliver results without the need of performing tedious and time-consuming column unpacking and repacking.

[0051] Further, the method of the present invention advantageously ensures that the performance of the chromatographic resin does not slip below the threshold throughout entire lifecycle usage of the resin. The method of the present invention helps in monitoring foulants directly on the resin. Furthermore, direct monitoring and measurement of the foulants present on the resin can facilitate the use of appropriate cleaning conditions at the right time to clear the foulants deposited on the resin. The method of the present invention is applicable to all types of protein purification protocols on different types of column chromatography.

[0052] The set up 100 is utilized for real time monitoring of chromatography fouling. The set up 100 is also utilized for continuous evaluation of the column performance so that column performance can be maintained at par. The set up 100 is also used for screening and selection of cleaning reagents or a combination of cleaning reagents and/or for deciding number and sequence of cleaning steps to be taken to minimize extent of fouling. The set up 100 is utilized to study resin stability in various cleaning regimes. The set up 100 is used as an indicator to optimal utilization of cleaning conditions on protein A chromatography to avoid column performance loss. The set up 100 is utilized for continuous execution of control action to maintain the protein A chromatography yield >90%.

[0053] The method and the set up 100 are utilized to set an upper limit for carrying out cycling study to an acceptable performance level. The method and the set up 100 are utilized not only to monitor foulants species but also resin Protein A ligand in case of mAb purification. The method and the set up 100 are utilized to track foulants deposited on column in multimode cation exchange chromatographic purification of recombinant human serum albumin from Pichia pastoris. The method and the set up 100 are utilized to track foulants deposited on column in multi mode hydrophobic interaction chromatographic purification of recombinant GCSF. The method and the set up 100 are utilized to measure the extent of fouling in cation exchange chromatography for mAb purification. The method and the set up 100 are utilized to monitor fouling in all types of chromatography process.

[0054] The foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present invention to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching.

[0055] The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the present invention and its practical application, to thereby enable others, skilled in the art to best utilize the present invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

[0056] It is understood that various omission and substitutions of equivalents are contemplated as circumstance may suggest or render expedient, but such are intended to cover the application or implementation without departing from the scope of the present invention.