METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR ASSAYING BLOOD LEVELS OF LEGUMAIN
20190011451 ยท 2019-01-10
Inventors
Cpc classification
G01N33/54333
PHYSICS
International classification
Abstract
In one aspect, a homogenous assay method for determination of blood levels of legumain molecules (an asparaginyl endopeptidase) is disclosed. In one aspect, the assay utilizes specific sizes of nanoparticles that arc coated with antibody or antibodies specifically towards legumain molecule or its fragment(s). In one aspect, the assay is designed in a homogenous manner with a dynamic range from 0.2 to 160 ng/mL. In another aspect, disclosed herein is a kit for assaying blood levels of legumian comprising two parts of reagents (R1 and R2), which kit is adaptable to be used on clinical chemistry analyzers. In one aspect, the cut-off values for differentiating normal from high risk of cancers such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer and stomach cancer are 183 ng/mL.
Claims
1. A single-step or one-step method using heat-stressed magnetic microparticles in a legumain immunoassay for detecting legumain concentration in a blood, serum or plasma sample containing or suspected of containing legumain at concentrations as low as 0.01 ng/ml, comprising: (a) contacting the blood, serum or plasma sample with a plurality of magnetic microparticles which are prepared by a method comprising: (i) coating each of the plurality of magnetic microparticles with a legumain capturing antibody or an antigen binding molecule that specifically binds the legumain or legumain fragment thereof; (ii) heat-stressing the magnetic microparticles coated with the legumain capturing antibody or the antigen binding molecule thereof for between about 1.0 hour and about 10 days at a temperature of between about 30 C. and about 60 C., wherein the contacting further comprises an addition of a detecting antibody that specifically binds to the legumain molecule at a different binding epitope compared with the legumain capturing antibody or the antigen binding molecule thereof, and the detecting antibody is labeled with chemiluminescent signal generating molecule, and optionally the chemiluminescent signal generating molecule comprises an acridinium ester (AE), an aminobutylethylisolumiol (ABEI), an alkaline phosphatase or a fluorescence generating molecule, wherein optionally the fluorescence generating molecule comprises a fluorescein molecule, and a chemiluminescent signal is generated upon binding of the legumain capturing antibody or the antigen binding molecule thereof to the legumain to form an antibody-legumain conjugate, (b) detecting the chemiluminescent signal using a photomultiplier, and optionally the antibody-legumain conjugate is washed with a wash buffer before the detecting step ; and (c) determining the level of legumain or legumain fragment in the blood, serum or plasma sample using a calibrator curve and comparing with a calibrator or calibrated set of a predetermined levels of legumain, where the calibration curve is constructed by using a calibrator or calibrated set of predetermined concentration of legumain.
2-3. (canceled)
4. A legumain immunoassay kit for determining the level of legumain in a sample, comprising: (a) a buffer with its pH value ranging from about 3.0 to about 10.0, or about 5.0 to about 9.0; (b) a plurality of magnetic microparticles coated with a capturing antibody or an antibody fragment specifically against human legumain or a legumain fragment of a degradation fragment thereof; and (c) a detecting antibody or an antibody fragment that specifically binds to the legumain molecule labeled with a chemiluminescent signal generating molecule, and optionally also comprising a calibrator or calibrator set and/or a control or a control set.
5. The kit of claim 4, wherein: the magnetic microparticle has a diameter ranging from about 5 nm to about 2000 nm; and optionally the microparticle has a diameter ranging from about 40 nm to about 400 nm; and optionally the microparticle is a magnetic particle.
6. The method of claim 1, where the diameters of magnetic microparticles are between about 0.1 and about 5.0 m, and preferably between about 0.5 and about 2.0 m.
7. The method of claim 1, where the sensitivity or detection limit of the magnetic microparticle based immunoassay is as low as about 0.01 ng/ml.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step (d), comprising the level of legumain in the sample with a normal reference range or a cut-off value.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the legumain if of mammalian origin.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the legumain is of human origin.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the legumain is an asparaginyl endopeptidase or the legumain has an asparaginyl endopeptidase activity.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody or antigen binding molecule thereof is recombinantly produced or is a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the magnetic microparticle coated with the antibody or antigen binding molecule is heat stressed at 45 C. for about 1 to about 5 days.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the sample comprises a serum or plasma sample from a human, or a non-human mammal.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the magnetic microparticle based immunoassay is a single-step assay wherein the sample, the capturing antibody coated magnetic microparticles and the signal generating molecule labelled detecting antibody are mixed and incubated to form sandwich complex in the same step.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0040] A detailed description of one or more embodiments of the claimed subject matter is provided below along with accompanying figures that illustrate the principles of the claimed subject matter. The claimed subject matter is described in connection with such embodiments, but is not limited to any particular embodiment. It is to be understood that the claimed subject matter may be embodied in various forms, and encompasses numerous alternatives, modifications and equivalents. Therefore, specific details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but rather as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to employ the claimed subject matter in virtually any appropriately detailed system, structure, or manner. Numerous specific details are set forth in the following description in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. These details are provided for the purpose of example and the claimed subject matter may be practiced according to the claims without some or all of these specific details. It is to be understood that other embodiments can be used and structural changes can be made without departing from the scope of the claimed subject matter. It should be understood that the various features and functionality described in one or more of the individual embodiments are not limited in their applicability to the particular embodiment with which they are described. They instead can, be applied, alone or in some combination, to one or more of the other embodiments of the disclosure, whether or not such embodiments arc described, and whether or not such features arc presented as being a part of a described embodiment. For the purpose of clarity, technical material that is known in the technical fields related to the claimed subject matter has not been described in detail so that the claimed subject matter is not unnecessarily obscured.
[0041] Unless defined otherwise, all terms of art, notations and other technical and scientific terms or terminology used herein are intended to have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the claimed subject matter pertains. In some cases, terms with commonly understood meanings are defined herein for clarity and/or for ready reference, and the inclusion of such definitions herein should not necessarily be construed to represent a substantial difference over what is generally understood in the art. Many of the techniques and procedures described or referenced herein are well understood and commonly employed using conventional methodology by those skilled in the art.
[0042] All publications, including patent documents, scientific articles and databases, referred to in this application are incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication were individually incorporated by reference. If a definition set forth herein is contrary to or otherwise inconsistent with a definition set forth in the patents, patent applications, published applications or other publications that are herein incorporated by reference, the definition set forth herein prevails over the definition that is incorporated herein by reference. Citation of the publications or documents is not intended as an admission that any of them is pertinent prior art, nor does it constitute any admission as to the contents or date of these publications or documents.
[0043] All headings are for the convenience of the reader and should not be used to limit the meaning of the text that follows the heading, unless so specified.
[0044] The practice of the provided embodiments will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques and descriptions of organic chemistry, polymer technology, molecular biology (including recombinant techniques), cell biology, biochemistry, and sequencing technology, which are within the skill of those who practice in the art. Such conventional techniques include polypeptide and protein synthesis and modification, polynucleotide synthesis and modification, polymer array synthesis, hybridization and ligation of polynucleotides, and detection of hybridization using a label. Specific illustrations of suitable techniques can be had by reference to the examples herein. However, other equivalent conventional procedures can, of course, also be used. Such conventional techniques and descriptions can be found in standard laboratory manuals such as Green, et al., Eds., Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual Series (Vols. I-IV) (1999); Weiner, Gabriel, Stephens, Eds., Genetic Variation: A Laboratory Manual (2007); Dieffenbach, Dveksler, Eds., PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual (2003); Bowtell and Sambrook, DNA Microarrays: A Molecular Cloning Manual (2003); Mount, Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis (2004); Sambrook and Russell, Condensed Protocols from Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2006); and Sambrook and Russell, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2002) (all from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press); Ausubel et al. eds., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (1987); T. Brown ed., Essential Molecular Biology (1991), IRL Press; Goeddel ed., Gene Expression Technology (1991), Academic Press; A. Bothwell et al. eds., Methods for Cloning and Analysis of Eukaryotic Genes (1990), Bartlett Publ.; M. Kriegler, Gene Transfer and Expression (1990), Stockton Press; R. Wu et al. eds., Recombinant DNA Methodology (1989), Academic Press; M. McPherson et al., PCR: A Practical Approach (1991), IRL Press at Oxford University Press; Stryer, Biochemistry (4th Ed.) (1995), W. H. Freeman, New York N.Y.; Gait, Oligonucleotide Synthesis: A Practical Approach (2002), IRL Press, London; Nelson and Cox, Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry (2000) 3rd Ed., W. H. Freeman Pub., New York, N.Y.; Berg, et al., Biochemistry (2002) 5th Ed., W. H. Freeman Pub., New York, N.Y.; D. Weir & C. Blackwell, eds., Handbook of Experimental Immunology (1996), Wiley-Blackwell, all of which arc herein incorporated in their entireties by reference for all purposes.
[0045] Throughout this disclosure, various aspects of the claimed subject matter are presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the claimed subject matter. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible sub-ranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within the claimed subject matter. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges, and are also encompassed within the claimed subject matter, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the claimed subject matter. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed sub-ranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
[0046] As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms a, an, and the include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, a or an means at least one or one or more. Thus, reference to a reagent refers to one or more reagents, and reference to the method includes reference to equivalent steps and methods disclosed herein and/or known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.
[0047] As used herein, legumain includes the enzyme or enzyme fragments encoded by human LGMN gene. The enzyme has an EC number of [3.4.22.34].
[0048] As used herein, antibody includes not only intact polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, but also fragments thereof (such as Fab, Fab, F(ab)2, Fv), single chain (ScFv), a diabody, a multi-specific antibody formed from antibody fragments, mutants thereof, fusion proteins comprising an antibody portion, and any other modified configuration of the immunoglobulin molecule that comprises an antigen recognition site of the required specificity. An antibody includes an antibody of any class, such as IgG, IgA, or IgM (or sub-class thereof), and the antibody need not be of any particular class.
[0049] As used herein, latex particles includes polystyrene beads with diameters ranging from 40 to 500 nm. The latex particles include polystyrene beads that are carboxylated or aminated. The density of the latex particles, without limitation, will vary generally between about 0.1 mg/mL and about 0.1 g/mL. Most latexes are composed of particles that are roughly microspherical, having diameters, without limitation, that vary between about 0.04 and about 1.0 microns. Most latexes are composed of particles having a net negative surface charge at neutral pH. The charge repulsion between the negative surface charges on the latex is important in maintaining the particles in suspension. As used herein, the term latex is intended to mean the property of suspension of discrete microparticles in an aqueous liquid.
[0050] As used herein the term assessing is intended to include quantitative and qualitative determination in the sense of obtaining an absolute value for the amount or concentration of the analyte present in the sample, and also of obtaining an index, ratio, percentage, visual or other value indicative of the level of analyte in the sample. Assessment may be direct or indirect and the chemical species actually detected need not of course be the analyte itself but may for example be a derivative thereof or some further substance.
[0051] As used herein the term sample includes anything which may contain an analyte for which an analyte assay is desired. The sample may be a biological sample, such as a biological fluid or a biological tissue. Examples of biological fluids include urine, blood, plasma, serum, saliva, semen, stool, sputum, cerebral spinal fluid, tears, mucus, amniotic fluid or the like. Biological tissues are aggregate of cells, usually of a particular kind together with their intercellular substance that form one of the structural materials of a human, animal, plant, bacterial, fungal or viral structure, including connective, epithelium, muscle and nerve tissues. Examples of biological tissues also include organs, tumors, lymph nodes, arteries and individual cell(s). As used herein, a sample can be a solution, a suspension, liquid, powder, a paste, aqueous, non-aqueous or any combination thereof. A biological sample of the present disclosure encompasses a sample in the form of a solution, a suspension, a liquid, a powder, a paste, an aqueous sample, or a non-aqueous sample. As used herein, a biological sample includes any sample obtained from a living or viral (or prion) source or other source of macromolecules and biomolecules, and includes any cell type or tissue of a subject from which nucleic acid, protein and/or other macromolecule can be obtained. The biological sample can be a sample obtained directly from a biological source or a sample that is processed. For example, isolated nucleic acids that are amplified constitute a biological sample. Biological samples include, but are not limited to, body fluids, such as blood, plasma, scrum, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, urine and sweat, tissue and organ samples from animals and plants and processed samples derived therefrom.
[0052] As used herein, blood sample includes a whole blood sample or a plasma or serum fraction derived therefrom. Preferably, the blood sample refers to a human blood sample such as whole blood or a plasma or serum fraction derived therefrom. Also preferably, the blood sample is pre-treated before the assay by removing substantially all hemoglobin (i.e., red blood cells) in order to eliminate or significantly reduce the oxidative interference from the hemoglobin molecules.
[0053] As used herein the term whole blood includes a blood sample that has not been fractionated and contains both cellular and fluid components. As used herein, whole blood refers to freshly drawn blood which is tested before it clots, or a conventionallydrawn blood sample, which may be drawn into a vacutainer, and which may contain an anticoagulant, such as lithium-heparin, EDTA etc., or to which one or more other standard clinical agents may be added in the course of routine clinical testing.
[0054] As used herein, the term plasma includes the fluid, non-cellular component of the whole blood. Depending on the separation method used, plasma may be completely free of cellular components, or may contain various amounts of platelets and/or a small amount of other cellular components. Because plasma includes various clotting factors such as fibrinogen, the term plasma is distinguished from serum as set forth below.
[0055] As used herein, the term serum includes whole mammalian serum, such as whole human serum. Further, as used herein, serum refers to blood plasma from which clotting factors (e.g., fibrinogen) have been removed.
[0056] As used herein, the term fluid includes any composition that can flow. Fluids thus encompass compositions that are in the form of semi-solids, pastes, solutions, aqueous mixtures, gels, lotions, creams and other such compositions.
[0057] As used herein, the term disease or disorder includes a pathological condition in an organism resulting from, e.g., infection or genetic defect, and characterized by identifiable symptoms.
[0058] As used herein, contacting means bringing two or more components together. Contacting can be achieved by mixing all the components in a fluid or semi-fluid mixture. Contacting can also be achieved when one or more components are brought into contact with one or more other components on a solid surface such as a solid tissue section or a substrate.
[0059] As used herein, the term comparing generally means examining in order to note similarities or differences between two or more values. Preferably, comparing refers to quantitative comparisons such as, for example, subtracting one value from another, calculating a ratio of two values, calculating a percentage of one value with respect to another, or combining these types of calculations to produce a single number. As used herein, comparing further refers to comparisons made by a human, comparisons made by a computer or other processor, and comparisons made by a human in combination with a computer or other processor.
[0060] It is understood that aspects and embodiments as provided herein include consisting and/or consisting essentially of aspects and embodiments.
[0061] The term binding is used herein to refer to an attractive interaction between two molecules which results in a stable association in which the molecules are in close proximity to each other. Molecular binding can be classified into the following types: non-covalent, reversible covalent and irreversible covalent. Molecules that can participate in molecular binding include polypeptides, polynucleotides, carbohydrates, lipids, and small organic molecules such as pharmaceutical compounds. Polypeptides that form stable complexes with other molecules are often referred to as receptors while their binding partners are called ligands. Polynucleotides can also form stable complex with themselves or others, for example, DNA-protein complex, DNA-DNA complex, DNA-RNA complex.
[0062] Other objects, advantages and features of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following specification taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
[0063] Latex agglutination immunoassay is based on the formation of detectable agglutination by binding between a multivalent latex antibody reagent and a corresponding multivalent form of the antigen. Latex agglutination immunoassay is a homogenous assay that can be used with general clinical chemistry analyzers commonly available in clinical laboratories. Though latex agglutination immunoassay is commonly used in clinical diagnostics, the method is not as sensitive as heterogeneous assay such as magnetic particle based chemiluminescent immunoassay. The conventional latex agglutination immunoassay is mostly suitable for determining analytes (proteins) at concentrations above 1.0 ng/mL in blood samples. However, the blood concentration of legumain in normal subjects is between 0.3 and 5.0 ng/mL, and the detection sensitivity requirement for low end is below the detection limit of conventional latex agglutination immunoassay. The inventors found that use of larger size of latex particles with their diameter greater than 300 nm and use of higher coupling ratio of antibodies over available coupling sites and spaces on latex particles and as well as use of a right agglutination enhancer (stimulant) and proper heat stress treatment of the antibody coupled latex particles, a highly sensitive latex agglutination immunoassay for legumain can be developed with a limit of detection reached to <0.2 ng/mL. With the combination of the above mentioned improvements, the inventors developed the first latex agglutination based immunoassay for determining blood levels of legumain. The assay is fully automated with clinical chemistry analyzers, and the total reaction time is <10 min, which is a much faster and convenient assay in comparison with the time consuming and cumbersome ELISA assay that takes more than 4 hours. Using the fully automated latex immunoassay for legumain, the inventors determined the clinical cut-off values used for assessing high risks of cancers, especially solid tumors such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer and stomach cancer.
[0064] Latex particles used to practice embodiments as provided herein will be evident to the worker familiar with the field of latex agglutination immunoassay. In general, such particles require the properties necessary to serve as a stable support for the desired antibody reagent for the assay and to undergo agglutination in the presence of a stimulant or enhancer sufficient for analytical purposes. Latex particles are prepared generally by emulsion polymerization or suspension polymerization [Bangs, L. B. (1984) Uniform Latex Particles, Seragen Diagnostics Inc., Indianapolis, Ind. USA]. Swollen emulsion polymerization can also be used [Ugelstad, J. et al (1980) Adv. Colloid and Interface Sci. 13:101-140]. A good selection of latex particles arc commercially available. Polystyrene particles are particularly useful.
[0065] The density of the latex particles, without limitation, will vary generally between about 0.1 mg/mL and about 0.1 g/mL. Most latexes are composed of particles that are roughly microspherical, having diameters, without limitation, that vary between about 0.04 and about 1.2 microns.
[0066] The attachment of the antibody reagent to the latex particles is a matter of applying conventional techniques. In general, the attachment can be covalent or noncovalent. The antibody reagent can consist of whole antibodies, antibody fragments, polyfunctional antibody aggregates, and the like. Normally, whole antibody or IgG fragments such as Fab, Fab, or F(ab).sub.2 are employed. The antibody reagent can be derived by any available technique such as conventional antiserum and monoclonal techniques. However, the selection of the latex particle size, surface density of functional group or parking area and the concentration of antibody conjugation are unique and specific for each analyte, and the optimization of these parameters and conditions determines the success or failure of a latex immunoassay development.
[0067] The immunoassay reaction is conducted at a pH of 7.5 or greater so as to neutralize the positive character of legumain molecule which has a theoretic isoelectric point (IEP) of approximately 6.4, and thereby eliminate the nonspecific agglutination of the latex reagent in the presence of the blood sample. The pH of the reaction mixture will, of course, not be allowed to reach the IEP of legumain at which the immunoreactivity between the analyte and the latex reagent is substantially diminished, that is, to the point that a useful assay is no longer obtainable. Preferably, the pH of the aqueous reaction mixture will have a pH of between about 7.5 and about 10, preferably less than about 8.5, with a pH around 8.0 being particularly useful. Suitable buffers for this purpose can be selected on the basis of convenience and assay performance. Glycine and bicine buffers are preferred.
[0068] The immunoassay reaction as provided herein is conducted under the conditions that generate at least 50 delta mili O.D. between the background absorption and the absorption at 0.3 ng/ml of legumain in the sample, and at least 800 delta mili O.D. between the limit of quantitation (LOQ) and the highest point of the assay linearity.
[0069] Examples of the preparation of latex enhanced immunoassay reagents for determination of legumain in serum or plasma are provided in the Example section.
[0070] The following embodiments are intended to further describe and illustrate various aspects of the present disclosure, but not to limit, the scope of the present disclosure in any manner, shape, or form, either explicitly or implicitly.
[0071] Embodiment 1: A method for determination of blood levels of legumain molecule comprises:
[0072] 1) mixing a serum or plasma sample containing or suspected of containing legumain molecule with a specific size or sizes of microparticles coated with antibody or antibodies against human legumain molecule or its degradation fragment(s);
[0073] 2) measuring the optical or signal change of the reaction mixture, which is used to calculate the concentrations of legumain molecules in the sample by comparing the optical or signal change with calibrators of known concentrations of legumain;
[0074] 3) comparing the concentrations of legumain in samples with the normal reference ranges or cut-off values, concentrations above the cut-off values are indications of higher risk of cancers.
[0075] Embodiment 2: The method according to the Embodiment 1, wherein the legumain molecule is of mammalian origin, preferably of human origin, and is an asparaginyl endopeptidase [EC 3.4.22. 34].
[0076] Embodiment 3: The method according to the Embodiment 1, wherein the antibodies are monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies having specific affinity towards mammalian legumain molecule, preferably towards human legumain molecule or its proteolytic degradation fragment(s).
[0077] Embodiment 4: The method according to Embodiment 1, wherein the microparticles arc latex or gold particles, or magnetic particles of specific sizes (diameters) ranging from 40 to 400 nm. When magnetic particles are used, washing step(s) may be included in combination with chemiluminescence or fluorescence detection.
[0078] Embodiment 5: The method according to Embodiment 1, wherein the ratio of antibodies to the available coating sites on latex particles is between 0.5 to 1.0.
[0079] Embodiment 6: The method according to Embodiment 1, wherein the agglutination enhancer (stimulant) used is polyethylene glycol of molecular weight ranging from 600 to 100,000, and with a final concentration in R1 ranging from 0.3-1.5% (w/v).
[0080] Embodiment 7: The method according to Embodiment 1, wherein the agglutination enhancer (stimulant) used is polyvinyl pyrrolidone with a molecular weight from about 10,000 to about 750,000, and with a final concentration in R1 ranging from 0.1-3.0% (w/v).
[0081] Embodiment 8: The method according to the Embodiment 1, wherein the antibody coupled latex microparticles are heat stressed for at least 10 hours at a temperature between 30 and 50 C., preferably at 45 C. for 1-5 days.
[0082] Embodiment 9: The method according to the Embodiment 1, wherein the blood samples arc scrum or plasma from mammalian, preferably from human.
[0083] Embodiment 10: The method according to the Embodiment 1, wherein the cancers include breast cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer and other types of solid tumors.
[0084] Embodiment 11: A kit for determination of blood levels of legumain molecules consists of at least two parts of reagents (R1 and R2), wherein one of the reagents contains microparticles coated with antibody or antibodies specifically against legumain molecules in the blood samples from mammalian, preferably from human, and the other reagent contains buffer with its pH values ranging from 3.0 to 10.0. A calibrator or a calibrator set is either included in the kit or is packed in a separated kit.
[0085] Embodiment 12: The method according to the Embodiment 7, wherein the blood sample is first mixed with the buffer followed by addition of the reagent containing the microparticles coated with antibody or antibodies specific for mammalian, preferably for human legumain molecule. The optical or singal change of the reaction mixture is measured, and the concentrations of legumain molecule in blood samples are determined using a calibration curve constructed by using a calibrator or calibrator set of known concentrations of legumain.
[0086] Embodiment 13: The method according to the Embodiment 8, wherein the concentrations of legumain in the samples are determined, and the risks of cancers, especially solid tumors including breast cancer, stomach cancer and colorectal cancer are assessed using the established cut-off values of 18.53 ng/mL for high risk of cancers including breast cancer, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer.
[0087] Embodiment 14: The method according to the Embodiment 9, wherein the preferred cut-off value for breast cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer and stomach cancer is 18.5 ng/mL for plasma or serum samples. A cut-off value can also be set between 15.0 ng/mL and 25.0 ng/mL according to sample conditions (female vs male) and type of cancers; whereas the preferred cut-off value for breast cancer and ovarian cancer is 18.5 ng/mL for plasma or serum samples, and a cut-off value can also be set between 10 ng/mL and 30/ng/mL for stomach cancer, colon cancer and lung cancer.
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EXAMPLE 1
Preparation of Reagents and Reaction Buffer Solutions
[0104] Preparation of Reagent 1 (R1):
[0105] As an example, the Reagent 1 (R1) buffer solution contains at least about the following amounts of chemicals per liter of solution:
TABLE-US-00001 Tris base 12.1 g NaCl 10 g Sodium Thiocynate 0.5 g BSA 2 g Mouse gamma globulin 0.05 g Triton x-100 1 g Glycerol 5 g NaN.sub.3 0.9 g 6N HCl/10M NaOH pH 8.2
[0106] In this example, the final R1 reagent preparation is completed by addition of a certain amount (e.g., 0.5-1.5%) of PEG (6-100K), for example, as described below.
[0107] For 45 liter of R1 reagent, 324 g of PEG100K were added to make the final PEG100k of 0.72%. Amount of PEG100k =Liter of R1optimum PEG100k concentration (%)10 g/L=4500.72=324 g. The calculated PEG 100K was mixed well with the R1 buffer, and pH of R1 was adjusted to 8.20.1 with HCl and NaOH.
[0108] Preparation of Reagent 2 (R2)Latex Particle-Antibody Conjugate:
[0109] 1. In this example, 20 mM MES buffer with 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.3 was prepared as follows:
[0110] 3.95 g MES, 1.844 g NaCl/liter H.sub.2O, using 10 M NaOH or 6N HCl to adjust pH.
[0111] 2. Preparation of legumain antibody is described below. Antibodies (800 mg, 3.9 mg/ml) from Abcam (ab125286 and ab47157, Abcam, Cambridge, Mass.) or antibodies from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Calif., US), such as sc-271312 and sc-133234, were dialyzed against 41 liter of MES buffer (prepared in step 1 above) in a dialysis tube (Spectrum), with two dialysis buffer exchange in a cold room for 2 days. Antibody concentration was measured using A280 with an extinction coefficient of 1.38.
[0112] Antibody Con. (mg/mL)=[A280(0.135)diluent factor (31)]/1.38=3.05 mg/mL.
[0113] Preparation of Legumain Wash Buffer:
[0114] Tris Base 12.11 g, Tween 20 1.0 g in 1 liter H2O
[0115] 30 liter buffer: 363.3 g Tris, 30 g Tween 20, 24 liter H2O, 170 mL 6NHCl, pH 8.2
[0116] Preparation of MES Activation Buffer:
[0117] MES 3.905 g/L, for 30 liter, 117.15 g; 21 liter H2O
[0118] 6NHCl 0 ml, 10M NaOH: 30 mL; final pH 6.1
[0119] Preparation of Legumain Reagent 2 (R2) Diluent:
TABLE-US-00002 Tris Base 12.1 g/L BSA 2 g/L Sodium Azide 0.9 g/L Sucrose 120 g/L Tween 20 0.1 g/L HCL/NaOH pH 8.2
[0120] Determination the Amount of EDAC Needed per Liter of R2:
[0121] [eq/gbatch size (L)1.1%]/0.0052=[9110000.011]/ 0.0052=192500 ug=192.5 mg
[0122] For 10 times excess of EDAC: 192.510=1925 mg.
[0123] Determination of the Optimum Amount of IgG Needed per Liter of R2:
[0124] 6/[(density (g/ml)mean diameter m]2.510
[0125] 6/(1.050.32)2.510=446.4 mg
[0126] Determination of Batch Size of R2 (1.1% Particle Suspension) from IgG Available:
[0127] Batch size=621.9 mg/446.4 mg=1.4 L R2 (1.1% particle suspension)
[0128] Particle Activation:
[0129] Add the calculated volume (0.154L) of the original particle suspension stock (10.12%) and the MES Activation buffer of 1.25L to a glass container and mix until homogenous.
[0130] Measure the Initial Aggregation Ratio of the Particle Suspension by:
[0131] Blank a spectrophotometer with MES Activation buffer at 340 nm and 650 nm wavelengths. Dilute a small sample of particle suspension with the MES buffer so that it has an absorbance of 1.0+/0.1 at 340 nm and record the dilution factor. Record the A340/A650 absorbance ratio as below:
[0132] Dilution factor 2.5 uL: 900 uL
[0133] A340/A650=1.078/0.174=6.196
[0134] NHS and EDAC Activation:
[0135] Add the calculated amount of NHS (16.1 g) to the 1.1% particle suspension and mix for at least 10 min or until completely dissolved, but no more than 20 min. Using a stir plate to help dissolving (room temperature).
[0136] Add the calculated amount of EDAC (2695 mg) powder immediately to the particle suspension and mix vigorously at 2-8C for 60 min +/5 min using a stir plate (vigorous mixing should result in a visible vortex but without foaming).
[0137] Diafiltration and Sonication of Activated Particles:
[0138] Once the system is ready, start the diafiltration and collect the filtrate in an appropriate container. Adjust the follow rate of the incoming buffer so that the level of the liquid in the mixing vessel remains relatively constant. Turn the pump to a setting of 360 RMP or until inlet pressure reaches a maximum pressure of 10 PSI.
[0139] Turn on the sonicator to a setting of 30-50% of the maximum output.
[0140] Required amount of MES Activation buffer=12batch size=1.21.4=17L.
[0141] Diafilter and sonicate the particles until the required amount of MES activation buffer has been used. Continue to monitor the filtrate throughout the diafiltration process.
[0142] After the required amount of MES activation buffer has been used, take a small sample of the particles and measure the aggregation as previously described.
[0143] A340/A650=1.05/0.173=6.176
[0144] Take a small sample of the filtrate and measure the A280, make sure A280 is <0.1.
[0145] After the sonication is completed, disconnect the buffer line then continue diafiltration until the particle mixture is concentrated to approximately 50% of the original volume (before diafiltration volume).
[0146] Turn off the sonicator then drain the system.
[0147] Remove the mixing vessel containing the activated particles.
[0148] Antibody Coupling to the Activated Particles:
[0149] Prepare the required amount of the activated particle in a glass mixing container capable of holding the combined volumes of the particles and IgG stock. Starting mixing the particle suspension at 2-8C. Adjust the mixing speed so that a vortex is visible to ensure that adequate mixing is achieved.
[0150] Add the calculated amount of antibody (622 mg) to the activated microparticles (1.4 L) while mixing at room temperature. The coupling reaction is continued for 2 hours +/10 min.
[0151] Monitor the Conjugation Efficiency:
[0152] Take 500 uL of conjugation solution, centrifuge at 20K rpm for 20 min, (may centrifuge twice to remove the fine particles). Use the activation buffer to run the baseline spectrum (250-750 nm). Take 150-200 uL of the supernatant to record the spectrum. Read A280 and use the absorption and extinction coefficient of 1.38 to calculate the antibody concentration (mg/mL) in the supernatant. The coupling efficient =antibody concentration remaining in the supernatant/the total antibody concentration
[0153] A280=0.0276; the supernatant antibody concentration=A280/1.38 =0.0276/1.38=0.02 mg/mL
[0154] The original total antibody concentration: 622 mg antibody in 1.4 L or 0.444 mg/mL.
[0155] The coupling efficiency=(0.444-0.02)/0.444=0.955 or 95.5%.
[0156] Glycine Blocking:
[0157] Required amount of 1M glycine solution=batch size0.1=1.4 L0.1=0.14 L or 140 mL.
[0158] Add 140 mL of 1 M glycine solution to the particle suspension and continue mixing at 2-8C for 6-24 hours.
[0159] Post Conjugation Aggregation Check:
[0160] Blank a spectrophotometer with the wash buffer at 340 nm and 650 nm. Dilute a small sample of particle suspension with the wash buffer so that it has an absorbance of 1.0+/0.1 at 340 nm. Read and record the A340/A650 absorbance ratio below and record the dilution factor:
[0161] A340/A650=1.071/0.900=1.190
[0162] Diafiltration and Sonication of Antibody Conjugated Microparticles:
[0163] Prepare a diafiltration and ultrasonic processor apparatus as described above.
[0164] Place the conjugated particles in an appropriate sealed mixing vessel. Turn on the pump to re-circulate the conjugated particles in the system. Ensure that there are no leaks in the system. Turn the pump to a setting up to 360 rpm or until the inlet pressure reaches a maximum pressure of 10 PSI.
[0165] Open the filtrate line to the hollow fiber module and monitor the filtrate. Ensure that the filtrate is clear and that the particles are not leaking through the filtrate.
[0166] Once the system is ready, start the diafiltration and collect the filtrate in an appropriate container. Adjust the flow rate of the incoming buffer so that the level of the liquid in the mixing vessel remains relatively constant.
[0167] Turn on the sonicator to a setting of 30-50% of maximum output.
[0168] Required amount of Wash Buffer=15Batch Size=151.4=21L
[0169] Diafiltrate and sonicate the conjugated particles until the required amount of Wash Buffer is used. Continue to monitor the filtrate throughout the diafiltration process.
[0170] After the required amount of Wash Buffer has been used, take a small sample of the particles and measure the aggregation ratio as previously described using the Wash Buffer to blank. Record the results below:
[0171] A340/A650=1.025/0.300=3.417
[0172] Continue to sonicate until the target Aggregation value (6) is reached. Measure the final Aggregation result at the end of sonication and record the result below:
[0173] A340/A650=1.045/0.169=6.183
[0174] Turn off the sonicator then drain the system.
[0175] Remove the mixing vessel containing the conjugated particles.
[0176] Add BSA, sodium azide and sucrose to the conjugated particle suspension using the following calculations and amounts:
[0177] BSA: batch size5 g/L=7.75 =38.5 g
[0178] Sodium azide: batch size0.9 g/L=7.70.9=6.93 g
[0179] Dissolve the above chemicals (BSA, sodium azide and sucrose) in small volume of wash buffer, and filtrate through a 0.45 um filter before addition to the conjugated particle suspension. Mix the conjugated particle well.
[0180] Check the pH of the suspension and adjust to 8.2+/0.1 at room temperature with 1N HCl or 1M NaOH if necessary.
[0181] Heat Stress Treatment of Conjugated Microparticles:
[0182] Store the conjugated microparticles in a sealed container and place it into an incubator with temperature of around 40 C., preferably 45 C. for at least 1 day, preferably for 3-5 days +/5 hours.
[0183] Final Aggregation and pH Check:
[0184] Check the aggregation ratio: A340/A650=1.01/0.170=5.941
[0185] R2 Microparticle Optimization:
[0186] Prepare different dilution of R2 microparticles by diluting with legumain R2 diluent, for example, to prepare a series dilution from 1:1.25 to 1:3 dilution, and check the background absorbance.
[0187] R1 Reagent Optimization by Adjusting % of PEG:
[0188] Prepare some legumain R1 reagent containing 0%, 1%, and 2% PEG
[0189] Adjust % PEG by dilution with 0% PEG R1 or adding 2% PEG R1
[0190] Using 3 different dilutions of R2 and 3 different concentrations of PEG in R1, to perform calibration curves on a chemistry analyzer.
[0191] Select the optimum % of PEG in R1 and optimum R2 dilution based on the background (Cal 0 activity), sensitivity (Cal 1 activity) and measuring range (Cal 6 activity Cal 5 activity)/Cal 5 activity.
[0192] Select a combination of microparticle dilution and % of PEG in R1 which makes the calibration curve the best fit and widest window. For example, the optimum % PEG in R1 was found to be around 0.8%.
[0193] Prepare the bulk reagent R1 by adding the optimum % of PEG determined by above optimization experiments.
[0194] Prepare the bulk reagent R2 by making the optimum dilution of the conjugated latex particles with the legumain diluent according to the optimization results found from the above experiments.
[0195] Store both R1 and R2 reagents in 2-8 C. The shelf-life should be greater than 1 year from the manufacturing date.
[0196] Using the optimized R1 and R2 reagents, the reaction procedures (
EXAMPLE 2
Calibration Curve
[0197] A typical calibration curve (dose response curve) of the latex enhanced legumain immunoassay (
TABLE-US-00003 Cal1 0 0.3 mAbs Cal2 0.5 ng/mL 95.1 mAbs Cal3 3.0 ng/mL 210.1 mAbs Cal4 15.0 ng/mL 500.3 mAbs Cal5 95.0 ng/mL 720.1 mAbs Cal6 160 ng/mL 800.2 mAbs
[0198] The latex enhanced legumain immunoassay was compared with a commercially available ELISA method, and the correlation of the test results of 65 samples were shown in
[0199] The latex enhanced legumain immunoassay had a wide assay dynamic range, and the assay linearity was examined to be in the range from 0.2 to 160 ng/mL as shown in
EXAMPLE 3
Assay Results with Controls
[0200] Table 1. Assay Results with Controls: Controls of low, middle, and high values were tested using Hitachi 917 analyzer.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 1 Within Run Precision Control 1 Control 2 Control 3 (0.5 ng/mL) (18.5 ng/mL) (110 ng/mL) N 80 80 80 Mean 0.492 18.38 112.30 SD 0.03 0.05 0.11 CV % 9.5 7.8 5.2
[0201] The precision of the Legumain Assay was evaluated according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (formerly NCCLS) EP5-A guideline. In the study, three levels of Controls containing legumain were tested on Hitachi 917 two runs per day in duplicates over 20 working days.
EXAMPLE 4
Assay Results with Samples from Healthy Volunteer Breast Cancer Patients
[0202]
EXAMPLE 5
Assay Results with Samples from Stomach Cancer Patients
[0203]
EXAMPLE 6
Assay Results with Samples from Colon Cancer Patients
[0204]