Method of preparing core/shell nanocomposite thin films

Abstract

Ag/C crystalline nanocomposite films and a method of forming the films with controllable Ag/C molar ratios using a concurrent excimer laser-induced ablation of a silver target and a hydrocarbon gas under a vacuum atmosphere. Metal/Carbon nanocomposites prepared by concurrent irradiation of a metal target, in the presence of a hydrocarbon gas, during an excimer laser induced process.

Claims

1. A method for making a textured core/shell nanocomposite thin film comprising: vaporizing hexane to form n-hexane gas and passing the n-hexane gas into a deposition chamber, concurrently irradiating a silver metal target and the n-hexane gas, present within a deposition chamber, with an excimer laser beam; wherein the irradiating forms carbon in the form of graphite from the n-hexane gas, and silver nanoparticles of said silver metal target which are present in an ejecta plume formed by the irradiating and are spherical or cubic in form, thereby forming core/shell nanocomposite particles having a silver nanoparticle core covered by a graphite shell; wherein the core/shell nanocomposite particles form a nanocomposite thin film on a substrate within the deposition chamber; wherein the pressure of the n-hexane gas in the deposition chamber during the irradiating is within a range of 20-100 Pascal.

2. The method of claim 1, which forms the nanocomposite thin film within 30-90 seconds.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising varying the pressure of the n-hexane gas to vary a mass ratio of carbon to metal in the core/shell nanocomposite particles.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the irradiating forms the core/shell nanocomposite particles having an average particle size of 5-20 nm in diameter.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the excimer laser beam is generated by an excimer laser selected from the group consisting of ArF and KrF excimer lasers having a beam wavelength of 193 nm-300 nm.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the excimer laser is an ArF excimer laser with a wavelength of 193 nm.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the core/shell nanocomposite particles have absorption peaks in a range from 417 nm-525 nm.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the nanocomposite thin film forms a coating for a biomedical device.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the biomedical device is a stent.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the core/shell nanocomposite thin film forms a coating for a solar light harvesting device or sensor.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) A more complete appreciation of the disclosure and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

(2) FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of experimental setups for deposition of Ag/C nanocomposite textures.

(3) FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the optical emission spectra measurement of a plume produced from silver target.

(4) FIG. 3A shows SEM images and corresponding Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) results (inset) of as-deposited Ag/C composite textures prepared in the presence of n-hexane at pressures of 20 Pa.

(5) FIG. 3B shows SEM images and corresponding Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) results (inset) of as-deposited Ag/C composite textures prepared in the presence of n-hexane at 60 Pa.

(6) FIG. 3C shows SEM images and corresponding Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) results (inset) of as-deposited Ag/C composite textures prepared in the presence of n-hexane at 100 Pa.

(7) FIG. 3D shows the molar ratios of carbon to silver at varying pressures of n-hexane.

(8) FIG. 4A shows TEM images and the corresponding SAED patterns (inset) of as-deposited Ag/C nanocomposites in the presence of n-hexane at pressures of 20 Pa.

(9) FIG. 4B show the phase results obtained from the corresponding selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns from FIG. 4A.

(10) FIG. 4C shows the particle size distributions (sample size=50) obtained from the corresponding selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns from FIG. 4A.

(11) FIG. 5A shows TEM images and the corresponding SAED patterns (inset) of as-deposited Ag/C nanocomposites in the presence of n-hexane at pressures of 60 Pa.

(12) FIG. 5B show the phase results obtained from the corresponding selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns from FIG. 5A.

(13) FIG. 5C shows the particle size distributions (sample size=50) obtained from the corresponding selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns from FIG. 5A.

(14) FIG. 6A shows TEM images and the corresponding SAED patterns (inset) of as-deposited Ag/C nanocomposites in the presence of n-hexane at pressures of 100 Pa.

(15) FIG. 6B show the phase results obtained from the corresponding selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns from FIG. 6A.

(16) FIG. 6C shows the particle size distributions (sample size=50) obtained from the corresponding selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns from FIG. 6A.

(17) FIG. 7 shows FT-IR spectra of as-deposited Ag/C nanocomposite textures in the presence of n-hexane at different pressures.

(18) FIG. 8 shows Raman spectra of Ag/C nanocomposites deposited in the presence of n-hexane at different pressures.

(19) FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C and 9D shows Optical emission spectra of ionized silver plasma generated by the ArF excimer laser at the distance of 0 mm away from the target surface in the presence of n-hexane at different pressures of 0 Pa (A), 20 Pa (B), 60 Pa (C) and 100 Pa (D), respectively.

(20) FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C and 10D shows Optical emission spectra of ionized silver plasma generated by the ArF excimer laser at the distance of 10 mm away from the target surface in the presence of n-hexane at different pressures of 0 Pa (A), 20 Pa (B), 60 Pa (C) and 100 Pa (D), respectively.

(21) FIG. 11 shows UV-Vis spectra of Ag/C composite textures on quartz substrates deposited in the presence of n-hexane at pressures of 20 Pa, 60 Pa and 100 Pa, respectively.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

(22) Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views.

(23) The present disclosure pertains to a method for preparing silver/carbon nanocomposites. Herein the present disclosure combines the advantages of performing laser ablation of a metal target in a dry atmosphere, with the simultaneous decomposition of a hydrocarbon, triggered by the controlled interaction of the laser energy, material and ambient hydrocarbon gas, thus forming a carbonized metal nanocomposite, and further a carbonized metal nanocomposite thin film.

(24) One primary use for silver/carbon nanocomposites and composite films is water remediation. Previously, suitable anchoring substrates were not available; therefore much of the silver nanoparticle or nanocomposite catalyst was lost to its undesirable release into the water. Therefore, prior water remediation has been hampered by the great difficulty of using catalysts in their powdered form for heterogeneous plasmonic photocatalysis applications. Thin film preparation of a metal/carbon nanocomposite on a suitable anchoring substrate will result in the simplification of the recycling process from an aqueous solution. Thin film preparation techniques, resulting in the rapid production of stable metal/carbon nanocomposites for use in water remediation, is therefore necessitated. Further water purification applications include the antibacterial properties of the silver ion, and the use of the Ag/C nanocomposites as possessing antibacterial properties.

(25) The Ag/C nanocomposites and nanocomposite thin films can be included in SERS based sensors for the detection of contaminants in an aqueous phase, such as water. As such, purification systems and water purification applications are greatly improved.

(26) The Ag/C nanocomposites and nanocomposite thin films of the present disclosure have a role in biomedical devices. Medical devices or implants that are in contact with body fluids or body tissues, such as catheters, electrodes, and implants, are susceptible to immune reactions, formation of a thrombus, inflammation, and infection. In order to avoid these conditions, the surfaces of the biomedical devices can be coated with the Ag/C nanocomposites and nanocomposite thin films, for example in a form immobilized on a surface, or covalently bonded with biocompatible molecules. One application of the silver/carbon nanocomposite thin film is for use on tubular intravascular stents, which may comprise a radially expandable mesh type metal network. This metal network tends to be thrombogenic. It is within the scope of this disclosure to utilize specific coating parameters and fixturing techniques in order to coat stents, and other medical devices and implants, with a flexible and fully encapsulating Ag/C nanocomposite film. The advantage of this biocompatible Ag/C thin film is increased flexibility over traditional diamond like carbon films and the inclusion of silver for antimicrobial/antibacterial effects. More specifically, by controlling the deposition pressures during formation of the nanocomposite thin films, it is possible to produce biocompatible nanocomposite thin films for use on stents or other related bio-medical applications with varying amounts of carbon to silver molar ratios.

(27) Ag/C crystalline nanocomposite textures with controllable Ag/C molar ratios have been developed using an excimer laser-induced ablation process and silver target under an alkane atmosphere, e.g., n-hexane atmosphere.

(28) Laser ablation has advantages in fabricating nanocomposites because a large amount of atom clusters, or nanoparticles, are formed during the ablation process. The shape of the nanoparticles ablated from the target surface material is also a significant and necessary characteristic in defining how a nanoparticle acts, interacts, or can be acted upon. Spherical and cubic particles are desirable for their uniform shape and repeatable characteristics. Laser processing can form very high-quality nanoscale particles of generally spheroid morphology and exceptionally tight particle size distribution. Additionally, these laser-induced ablations are very fast in comparison to magnetron sputtering and chemical vapor deposition methods.

(29) In view of optical properties, the excimer laser, also known as an exciplex laser, possesses advantages over other types of lasers, including the Nd:YAG laser, in thin film manufacturing. These advantages include superior ablation characteristics and much better energy stability. An excimer laser is a form of ultraviolet laser which emits a cool beam of ultraviolet light. The excimer laser typically uses a mixture of a noble gas (argon, krypton, or xenon), and a halogen gas such as fluorine or chlorine. When the laser pulse is absorbed by a surface material target, energy is first converted to electronic excitation and then into thermal, chemical and mechanical energy resulting in evaporation, ablation, plasma formation and even exfoliation. In a preferred embodiment, during application, an excimer laser adds enough energy to disrupt the molecular bonds of the surface of the target material, resulting in the ejection of matter from the surface of a solid metal target material in a tightly controlled manner through ablation. At sufficiently high laser powers, the ejected material can be further excited to a plasma phase or plume, or an ejecta event in a vacuum phase. In the present disclosure, the use of the term plume or ejecta event will signify the ablation of the target metal into a stream comprising nanoparticles. Concurrently, the decomposition of the hydrocarbon into carbon and/or graphite takes place under excimer laser beam irradiation. A laser ablative pulse gives rise to the decomposition of the hydrocarbon gas into smaller molecules and ions, by thermal or photo-chemical decomposition. Excimer lasers have the useful property that they can remove exceptionally fine layers of surface material with almost no heating or change to the remainder of the material which is left intact, while concurrently interacting with a gaseous environment to decompose said gaseous components into their atomic constituents. Furthermore, excimer lasers provide the shortest commercially available wavelengths and correspondingly, the highest commercially available photon energies for laser material processing. Depending on the laser gas, the emission of excimer lasers covers a range of wavelengths from 157 nm to 351 nm. In conjunction with its high ultraviolet output energies, an excimer laser ablation process offers great flexibility in terms of the target material spectrum and the ablation area. Furthermore, the high energy photons of the excimer laser allow virtually all target materials to be deposited, including such materials as oxides, nitrides, and carbides. Process stability and thin film quality in Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) procedures largely benefit from the exceptional pulse-to-pulse stability of the excimer laser radiation. The top-hat beam profile, which is imaged on the sample, minimizes fractionation during the ablation process and supports stoichiometric transfer from the target material to a substrate, thus enabling a controlled thin film deposition.

(30) In a preferred embodiment, an argon fluoride laser (ArF laser) is used to carry out the method of this disclosure. It is a deep ultraviolet excimer laser, having an emission wavelength of 193 nm, and may be used in the production of semiconductor integrated circuits, eye surgery, micromachining, and scientific research. Other excimer lasers, such as the KrF laser, with a wavelength of 248 nm, may also be capable of producing the metal/carbon nanocomposite textures as well.

(31) Pulsed laser deposition occurs when a high-power pulsed laser beam is focused inside a vacuum chamber to strike a target of material which deposits to form a film. This material is vaporized from the target, which deposits as a thin film on a substrate. More specifically, the ejected species expand into the surrounding vacuum in the form of an ejecta plume or ejecta spray containing many energetic species including atoms, molecules, electrons, ions, clusters, before depositing on a substrate. This process typically occurs under reduced pressure, 100-900 mTorr, for example, preferably 200-800 mTorr, or 300-500 mTorr. It may also take place in the presence of a background, or assist gas, which can be used to provide a second target material, and reaction of the two target materials thus forming a nanocomposite. The byproducts of the laser induced hydrocarbon decomposition process when combined with the ablated metal species can form metal/carbon nanocomposites.

(32) A solid target, which may be in the form of microparticles, is employed as the starting material in the production of nanoparticles, and nanocomposites. Microparticles can be composed of a wide variety of materials of any shape. Preferably, such materials are solid at room temperature and are not susceptible to chemical degradation during the practice of the present disclosure. Representative examples of suitable materials include Group 9, 10, and 11 Transitional Metals such as gold, silver, palladium, platinum, nickel, iron and cobalt.

(33) The first step in the creation of uniformly sized and cubic or spherical shaped nanoparticles is ablation of a target surface to create a plume or ejecta event which moves radially away from the surface of the target material. In a heavy atmosphere, i.e. a fluid medium, this ejecta event is known as an ejecta plume which has a Knudsen boundary layer separating the vapor within the plume (which contains the ejecta material) from the heavy atmosphere. In a vacuum, vaporization and/or ablation of metal particles is preferably accomplished by delivering a specific energy packet (typically photon or electric energy) to the target surface. This becomes phonon energy within the target surface which is sufficient to break the intra-nuclear bonds around small clusters of atoms, and further eject clusters away from the target surface at a rate which reduces residual heat within the target material that may lead to ion production. Altering the physical properties of the target material affects the ablation rate of that target. For instance, annealed metal targets, such as Ag, have reduced intra-nuclear bonding energies and thus produce particles at higher rates from a constant energy delivered.

(34) Assist gasses can be used to modify the environment in which the laser process occurs. If a hydrocarbon gas is supplied to the laser interaction zone, a decomposition reaction, ignited by the laser pulse, will result in the generation of carbon and carbonaceous products with partial or complete graphite-like structures. The excimer laser strikes the hydrocarbon vapor to decompose it and initiate particle nucleation in a reaction zone. Low molecular carbonaceous species can be produced by simultaneous dielectric breakdown of a hydrocarbon gas by the excimer laser beam. Under certain conditions it may be possible to cause the generation of a liquid hydrocarbon phase at the surface of the metal target.

(35) The hydrocarbon gases of this disclosure may be in a liquid form prior to vacuum treatment to render them into their gaseous phase. Additionally the hydrocarbon, when initially in a liquid phase, may undergo distillation to remove impurities prior to placing it on a vacuum line. It is within the scope of the present disclosure to use hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane and/or ethylene in this process. Representative examples of a suitable hydrocarbon include linear or branched hydrocarbons, along with cyclic or aromatic hydrocarbons. In a preferred embodiment, the hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of short-medium- and long chained inert carbonaceous gases. In a further preferred embodiment, the hydrocarbon is a straight-chained alkane or an alkene. In a most preferred embodiment, the hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to, C.sub.3-C.sub.10 n-alkane or n-alkene hydrocarbons, which include n-propane, n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, and n-decane, as well as n-propene, n-butene, n-pentene, n-hexene, n-heptene, n-octene, n-nonene and n-decene, and branched derivatives thereof. It is also within the scope of this invention to deliver more than one alkane or alkene, or combination thereof, hydrocarbon gas into the deposition chamber. In a most preferred embodiment, the hydrocarbon is n-hexane. The approach in this invention is to deliver a hydrocarbon gas, or gases, into the deposition chamber, where a suitable combination of the excimer laser, the metal material being irradiated, and thus ablated, the feature being formed by ablation, and pressure within the deposition chamber can be selected so as to form a nanocomposite thin film of selected texture in the laser ablation process.

(36) It is desirable to confine the hydrocarbon gas and the solid metal substrate target material so that they interact. This can be achieved by selecting a structure which suitably contains the hydrocarbon vapor and the solid metal substrate target so that the excimer laser can interact with both, and so that upon ablation, interaction of the hydrocarbon gas, or decomposition products thereof, and the ablated plume of metal nanoparticles can ensue. Such confinement can occur in a deposition chamber such as a reactor as shown in FIG. 1, which may be spherical in form and may be made of amorphous glass. It is desirable that an appropriate mass flow rate of the hydrocarbon is maintained so that said hydrocarbon remains in gas phase, that, when exposed to the excimer laser beam, results in the formation of carbon atoms for carbonization of the metal nanoparticles released by the solid metal target material during ablation with the excimer laser beam.

(37) In a preferred embodiment, the pressure of the n-alkane (n-hexane) may be adjusted such that the laser beam has interaction with the hydrocarbon gas at an optimal pressure within the range of 20-100 Pascals. The molar ratio of carbon to silver can be controlled through adjusting the n-alkane (n-hexane) pressure, producing spherical or cubic silver nanoparticles with a size range of 5-20 nm and a relatively narrow size distribution, thus providing a means of controlling the thickness and texture of the nanocomposite thin-film.

(38) Reference is now made to FIG. 1 showing a representative laser deposition system 106 for performing the method of the present invention. As shown, the experimental pulsed laser deposition system 106 includes a vacuum deposition chamber 108 and a laser system (not shown). The vacuum deposition chamber is designed to confine all of the reactants of the laser ablation process. In a preferred embodiment, the deposition chamber 108 is a spherical glass reactor having a diameter in the range of 10-15 cm. The deposition chamber may contain several windows 114 for viewing and for the transmission of laser energy, only one of which is shown for clarity. A vacuum pump 124 is provided to evacuate the deposition chamber during the pulsed laser deposition process. As will be described in greater detail below, a pulsed laser beam 110 is used to irradiate a target within the vacuum deposition chamber 108 in order to deposit ablated material(s) on a substrate 116. Further, one skilled in the art will recognize and understand that all material surfaces within the chamber, input and output ports, tubing and static fixture materials are preferentially nonreactive, non-attractive and non-absorbent to or with the specific nanoparticles being created. For example, untreated glass and quartz will readily absorb many types of nanoparticles, particularly metallic particles and pose substantial problems for use as materials for the reaction chamber. Preferred materials for carrying out the preferred method of this invention include Teflon, PTFE, PEEK, and PET.

(39) A primary excimer laser emits or delivers a discrete energy packet of photon energy in a pulsed manner. Laser beam 110 is generated by an excimer laser (not shown). Any commercially available excimer laser capable of generating a laser light in the ultra violet wavelengths in the range from 157 nm to 351 nm can be employed. In one embodiment, irradiation conditions range from 1 s-120 s in time, with a repetitive frequency of 5 to 15 Hz, and an energy range of 50 mJ/pulse to 100 mJ/pulse. In a preferred embodiment, irradiation conditions range from 55 s-65 s in time, with a repetitive frequency of 9 to 11 Hz, and an energy range of 70 mJ/pulse to 90 mJ/pulse. In a most preferred embodiment, irradiation occurs for a 60 s time interval, with a repetitive frequency of 10 Hz, and an energy of 80 mJ/pulse.

(40) The selection of a specific laser depends on the optical properties of the microparticles and the size of the nanoparticles desired. In a preferred embodiment, laser beam 110 with a wavelength range of 193-300 nm, can be generated using an ArF excimer laser. In a most preferred embodiment, laser beam 110 with a wavelength of 193 nm is generated using an ArF excimer laser. Additionally, laser beam 110 can be generated with a KrF excimer laser having a wavelength of 248 nm.

(41) In order to carry out the method of the present invention, a target 120 and a substrate 116 were placed within the deposition chamber 108. The target 120 material can be any of a number of Group 9, 10, or 11 transition metals such as silver, gold, platinum, nickel, cobalt or palladium. In a preferred embodiment, the target material is silver. The substrate 116 upon which the nanocomposite will be deposited is a non-reactive substance. Untreated quartz, amorphous glass and polished NaCl will all readily absorb many types of nanoparticles, particularly metallic nanoparticles and can be used as a surface substrate 116 for the formation of the Ag/C nanoparticles, or other metal/carbon nanoparticles, and resulting films. In a preferred embodiment the substrate is amorphous glass. In an alternate preferred embodiment, the substrate is polished NaCl. Furthermore, the sample collector 116 is positioned at an opposite side of the hydrocarbon gas inlet tube so that the sample collector is placed in the path of the laser-irradiated and therefore, laser-ablated material.

(42) According to an important aspect of the present invention, the deposition chamber 108 is evacuated to a relatively moderate vacuum level, in the range of 20 to 100 Pascals. The hydrocarbon gas enters the deposition chamber 108 via a gas inlet line 122. Flow controller 104 is a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) stopcock valve used to restrict or isolate the flow of the gas thru the line of the aerosol feed source 122 from a pressurized gas source (not shown). The hydrocarbon gas is introduced into the deposition chamber 108 in a manner so that it reacts with the plasma ejecta plume 118 created when the target is irradiated, forming a nanocomposite material which is directed toward the substrate 116 for deposition of the material thereon. The hydrocarbon gas flow is introduced and delivered in the direction of the line through a line 122 so that it purges other ambient gases from the deposition chamber prior to irradiating with the laser. As previously stated, line 122 is connected to a source of hydrocarbon liquid (not shown) which is distilled on a vacuum line and furthermore rendered into its gas phase under reduced pressure prior to entering line 122. In a further preferred embodiment, the alkane hydrocarbon is n-hexane. The hydrocarbon gas fills chamber so as to fill voids remaining after the target 120, substrate 116, and static supporting fixtures 100 and 102 are placed within the deposition chamber. The hydrocarbon gas is found under these conditions within the deposition chamber 108 before any laser reaction is initiated and takes place. The pressure is monitored and controlled by a pressure sensor (not shown) and an equipped stopcock valve 104. In a preferred embodiment the pressure sensor is an Edward Barocel. In a preferred embodiment the stopcock valve 104 is made of a non-reactive material such that it does not collect any nanoparticulate, graphite or nanocomposites.

(43) Laser beam 110 is introduced into the vacuum deposition chamber 108 at an angle of 180? which may vary by +/?5? after passing through a spherical converging lens 112 (f=30), the focal length being the distance at which a beam of collimated light will be focused to a single spot, and enters through a quartz glass window 114 before converging on the target metal 120. Furthermore the beam 110 is focused on the surface of the metal target material 120 which is placed on a static fixture 102 inside the deposition chamber 108. As the excimer laser (not shown) emits or delivers a discrete energy packet of photon energy via the laser beam 110, laser irradiation and furthermore, ablation, takes place. Once a pulse from emission 110 interacts with the surface of the target 120, the energy of the laser photons transfers into the lattice structure of the target 120 becoming a phonon. This energy breaks the intra-nuclear bonds within the lattice structure and releases particles from the target 120 surface. This creates ablated particles within an ejecta plume.

(44) The utilization of a hydrocarbon atmosphere, as the laser emission 110 interacts with the target 120, the ablated particles form an initial ejecta plume containing discrete plume 118 to be deflected towards a substrate on which the nanoparticles and or nanocomposites can form. During the process, nanoparticles are collected or deposited on a substrate 116, said substrate held in place by a static fixture 100.

(45) In order to facilitate continuous production and removal of the ablated and carbonized particles, the chamber contains a gas inlet line 122 and evacuation output port 112 which are connected through input and output tubing or piping or other similar structures to a tank or other similar holding vessels or chambers that contains the desired fluid, whether liquid or gas or other heavy atmosphere. A mechanism for mixing the desired fluid, whether by stirring or other mechanism may be included. The pressure in gas systems can be controlled by controlling the gas pressure. Similarly, in vacuum systems, the creation and maintenance of the vacuum within the system will operate with commonly understood components. The tank can further include a sample port (not shown) which could also include sensors for temperature, and/or fluid volume.

(46) In a preferred embodiment, n-hexane underwent distillation on a vacuum line (not shown) prior to entering the deposition chamber 108 via the gas line 122. Flow was adjusted by flow controller PTFE stopcock 104 so that n-hexane pressure was in the range of 20-100 Pascals, or the equivalent range of 150-750 mTorr. The pressure was monitored and controlled by an Edwards Barocel pressure sensor (not shown) and equipped with PTFE flow controller valve 104. According to an important aspect of the invention, n-hexane underwent decomposition and dielectric breakdown via an excimer laser to yield low molecular carbonaceous species. The carbonization process takes place adjacent to the silver microparticle mass. The simultaneous dielectric breakdown, or decomposition, of n-hexane and the ablation of silver by the excimer laser results in the formation of a low molecular weight carbonaceous species, along with spherical or cubic silver nanoparticles of a relatively small size distribution of 5-20 nm. The presence of the carbonaceous species, preferably in a graphite form, allows the formation of a covering, or shell encompassing the silver nanoparticles, resulting in Ag/C nanocomposites which are crystalline in structure. The Ag/C molar ratios can be controlled via the variation of the pressure of the alkane. In particular the pressure of n-hexane adjusted within the range of 20-100 Pa, more specifically within a sub-range of 20-80 Pa, most specifically within the range of 50-70 Pa, influences the molar ratio of carbon to silver in the nanocomposite and nanocomposite thin film. The lowest carbon to silver molar ratios were attained at the lower end of the pressure range (i.e. 20 Pa). The ratio at 20 Pa was found to be 1.10:1.00. The carbon:silver molar ratio was found to increase with increasing pressures to a maximum of 1.75:1.00 at a pressure of 60 Pa. An increase of pressure beyond 60 Pa to 100 Pa resulted in a similar, yet slightly lower carbon:silver molar ratio of 1.65:1.00. Concurrent with this was the formation of thicker films. At lower pressures (20-60 Pa) a thicker film (up to 1000 nm) was obtained on the substrate, while at the increased pressure of 100 Pa, a much thinner film was achieved.

(47) Vacuum was maintained in the deposition chamber by an evacuation line 124. The deposition chamber was evacuated to a relatively moderate vacuum level of between 20 and 100 Pascals of the hydrocarbon gas n-hexane. The target 120 metal, silver (Ag) was then irradiated with pulsed light laser beam 110 emanating from the laser (not shown). The interaction of the light from the laser and the target causes ejection of atomic and molecular species from the silver target 120, resulted in plume 118. By virtue of the relatively moderate vacuum level, ejected material is slowed by collisions with the background n-hexane gas, which in itself was decomposed by said laser beam when striking the hydrocarbon. This allows the ejected atoms and molecules from the target material to recombine with the decomposition graphite products in the gas phase to effectively produce nanocomposites having a core silver metal and a hydrocarbon and/or carbon and/or graphite shell. The nanocomposites then collect on a substrate 116 held in place inside the deposition chamber 108 by a static fixture 100. The laser irradiation continues for a time sufficient to collect the desired layer of nanocomposite on the substrate 116. In this way, the nanocomposite is a core/shell composite of the silver target nanoparticles, and the carbon from the hydrocarbon gas. The layer of silver/carbon nanocomposite film deposited on the substrate may vary in texture due to the variation of pressure of said hydrocarbon gas, and the time the nanoparticles spend in the laser interaction zone. One skilled in the art will also note that temperature may also affect the texture of said nanocomposite thin film and varying the temperature so as to affect the texture of the nanocomposite thin film is also considered within the scope of this invention. In the preferred embodiment, parameters for the laser, such as pulse energy, repetition rate, pulse duration, wavelength, and beam size, are first set to optimize laser ablation. Adjustments are then made to optimize the generation of carbonization of the hydrocarbon gas so that the carbon to metal ratio in the resulting nanocomposites and nanocomposite films results in desirable nanocomposite thin film textures. In one embodiment the texture of the film, when measured in nm, refers to the average height of protrusions from the surface of the film.

(48) As mentioned above, adjustments may also be made to assure transport of the irradiated, and thus ablated, metal away from the laser interaction zone, such as through the use of confinement and deflection magnetics. This step is important in influencing the overall efficiency and/or amount of carbon deposited on the metal nanoparticles during the laser ablation process, as it can avoid or encourage re-deposition of materials back into the laser interaction zone, thus affecting the core/shell ratio by influencing the graphite deposition on the metal nanoparticles. However, an increase in material found in the laser interaction zone conversely reduces the overall process efficiency of the laser process.

(49) Referring now to FIG. 2, there is depicted a schematic spectroscopic set up used for the optical emission (OE) investigation of the plume 118. A spectrophotometer system 130, including a photometer 128, and a detector 126, is integrated into the laser ablation setup to record the optical emission (OE) spectra of ablated materials collected from the metal target at various distances from the said target surface. The photometer 128 used to determine the optical properties of said plume may include a UV-vis spectrometer, such as, but not limited to a Shimadzu model. The photometer 128 was used to confirm the release of ionized metal, as well as electrons, from the surface of the target metal in a hydrocarbon atmosphere.

(50) Further to the characterization of the nanomaterials is an analysis by SEM-EDX, TEM-EDX, SAED, FTIR, Raman and UV-Vis absorption analysis, as further discussed below.

(51) The examples below are intended to further illustrate protocols for preparing and characterizing the various embodiments of metal/carbon nanocomposites and nanocomposite thin films described herein, and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims.

Example 1

(52) Ablation of Silver Microparticles in a n-Hexane Vacuum to Form Ag/C Nanocomposites and Texturized Nanocomposite Thin Film: Using the apparatus as shown schematically in FIG. 1, silver nanoparticles were dispersed into an argon stream after a deposition chamber was evacuated to a pressure of 20, 60 or 100 Pascals n-hexane (after distillation on a vacuum line). The pressure of the n-hexane was monitored and controlled by an Edward Barocel pressure sensor (not shown) and a flow line 122 equipped with a PTFE valve 104, respectively. A silver target was irradiated with the output of an ArF 193 nm excimer laser beam as the source of excitation, for a collective irradiation period of 60 seconds. The solid microparticles that were ablated by irradiation resulted in silver nanoparticles. These silver nanoparticles interacted with carbon, in the form of graphite, concurrently released from the decomposition of n-hexane gas, thus forming a silver core and graphite shell (Ag/C) nanocomposite. These nanocomposites were collected downstream from the laser by an amorphous glass substrate 116 positioned at an edge of the spherical glass deposition chamber 108 (diameter=13 cm) opposite the hydrocarbon flow line 122. The as-prepared Ag/C nanocomposite texture was named according to the preparation conditions as illustrated by Ag/C-x, and wherein x (x=20, 60 and 100) was the pressure of n-hexane gas (in units of Pascal) filled inside the deposition chamber 108 before irradiation.

(53) Ag/C nanocomposite thin films were directly deposited on polished NaCl substrates for FT-IR measurements, on quartz substrates during UV-Vis spectra analysis, and on Beryllium substrates for EDX analysis; all under identical experimental conditions as compared to the initial collection of said thin films.

(54) Determining the size distribution of the nanoparticles generated in accordance with the practice of this invention typically requires a large number of individual nanoparticles so that a statistically significant distribution can be obtained. Herein, all measurements were conducted twice and the average value was adopted in the process of collecting the nanoparticles disclosed herein. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be used to obtain photomicrographs of nanoparticles. For instance, nanoparticles can be deposited on a quartz substrate and the surface of the quartz substrate can subsequently be scanned to photograph the nanoparticles. In addition, it is well known in the art to employ transmission electron microscopy to obtain images of the nanoparticles. The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) technique is a crystallographic experimental technique that can be performed inside a transmission electron microscope. As a diffraction technique, it can be used to identify crystal structures and examine crystal defects.

(55) Further techniques include energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), a useful analytical technique for the elemental analysis or chemical characterization of a sample, as it allows for the elemental composition of a sample specimen to be measured via the number and energy of the X-rays emitted form a specimen. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a measurement technique is used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption, emission, photoconductivity or Raman scattering of a solid, liquid, or gas. This can be used to identify the decomposition products of n-hexane by ArF excimer laser, as well as the products of the target/hydrocarbon interaction.

(56) Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique used to observe low-frequency modes in a system. It relies on inelastic scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is the resonant oscillation of conducting electrons at the interface between a negative and positive permittivity material stimulated by incident light. SPR is the basis of many standard tools for measuring adsorption of material onto planar metal surfaces, or onto the surface of metal nanoparticles.

(57) Characterization Methods

(58) The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, including selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns of as-deposited Ag/C nanocomposites, were recorded on a transmission electron microscope (JSM-6510). Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) of Ag/C nanocomposites deposited on polished NaCl substrates were recorded at room temperature using a FTIR spectrophotometer (Impact 400, Thermo Nicolet), in order to identify the decomposition products of n-hexane induced by ArF excimer laser.

(59) The decomposition products of carbon that converted from n-hexane under irradiation of ArF excimer laser were further investigated using laser Raman spectrometer (?=473 nm, 30% of Power). The deposited solid textures were carefully transferred to a polished tungsten substrate by scratching before the laser Raman spectroscopy measurement. FIG. 2 depicts the acquisition/deposition system 106, spectrometer, 126 and detector 128 of the spectroscopic setup that was used for the optical emission (OE) investigation of the ablation plume. The optical property of as-deposited Ag/C nanocomposite textures on quartz was measured by a UV-Vis spectrometer (Shimadzu). The complete graphite-like structure, C?C group and sp3 CH stretch vibration were observed from Raman and F-IR measurements. The remarkable decrease in optical intensity of the silver plume by increasing the pressure of n-hexane from 60-100 Pa was found, which could be the main reason responsible for the much thinner layer deposited at pressure of 100 Pa. The dependent of SPR position (red-shift amount) on the silver nanoparticles concentration was also noticed and such red shift is deduced to be caused by the mutual polarization of the particles.

(60) SEM-EDX Analysis

(61) The morphology of as-deposited Ag/C textures was investigated using SEM and the corresponding composition analysis was carried out as well (as depicted in FIG. 3). EDX analysis that was measured on a beryllium substrate suggests the existence of carbon and silver elements. The pressure of n-hexane, the main source of carbon, was the greatest influence on the amount of carbon deposited on the substrate. The product yield of carbon, as well as the molar ratio of carbon to silver, was found to increase with the increase in pressure of n-hexane up to 60 Pa. At that pressure, the molar ratio of carbon to silver reaches 1.75:1. A further increase in pressure of n-hexane above 60 Pa did not yield further increases in product yield of carbon nor improve the ratio of carbon to silver, thus indicating that the saturation of carbon yield was most likely reached by a pressure of n-hexane at 60 Pa. In such situation, it is understood that virtually all the photons from the ArF excimer laser have contributed in the conversion of n-hexane to carbon.

(62) TEM-EDX Analysis

(63) TEM and SAED were carried out to further investigate the morphology and the crystal structures of metallic silver in Ag/C composites deposited in the presence of n-hexane in the 20-100 Pa pressure range. As clear from FIG. 4, spherical nanoparticles with the size of 5-20 nm and relatively narrow size distribution can be clearly observed from the representative TEM images of Ag/C-20 and Ag/C-60. The position and relative intensity of scattering vectors calculated from the SAED pattern, could be well indexed as the existence of cubic silver (JCPDS No. 04-0783), demonstrating the cubic metallic silver were deposited on the substrate after being atomized from the target under excimer laser irradiation.

(64) FT-IR Analysis

(65) The Ag/C nanocomposite textures were directly deposited on polished NaCl substrates under identical experimental conditions for FT-IR measurement. As depicted in FIG. 5, no peak could be distinguished from the FT-IR spectrum of the Ag/C-100 sample due to the small thickness of as-deposited sample, except the absorption at 2360 cm.sup.?1 which is attributed to the CO.sub.2 asymmetric stretch vibration (not shown). The stretching mode of C.sub.2 can be observed at wavenumbers 1562 and 1593 cm.sup.?1 for the samples Ag/C-20 and Ag/C-60, respectively. Moreover, the sp.sup.3 CH stretch vibration can be observed at wavenumbers centered at 2861/2924/2958 cm.sup.?1 and 2918 cm.sup.?1 for the samples Ag/C-20 and Ag/C-60, respectively. The FT-IR results are aligned with the findings of the Raman analysis.

(66) Raman Analysis

(67) The structure of carbonaceous products converted from n-Hexane by ArF excimer laser was further studied by means of Raman characterization. It should be noticed that only 30% of the incident laser power was utilized during the Raman spectra measurement in order to prevent unnecessary damage (oxidation) of the samples. As depicted in FIG. 6, all of the Ag/C nanocomposite samples display two Raman peaks centered at ?1366 cm.sup.?1 and ?1585 cm.sup.?1, which correspond to the D band and G band scatterings, respectively. Compared to the broad D band observed, the G band, which is caused by the first-order scattering of the E.sub.2g mode observed from sp.sup.2 carbon domains, is much sharper and has far higher Raman intensity, demonstrating the existence of carbonaceous products with complete graphite-like structures in the Ag/C nanocomposites.

(68) Optical Emission Spectra During Laser Ablation Process

(69) FIG. 7 depicts the optical emission spectra collected from the target surface level (d=0 cm) at a distance of 1 cm from the target surface. It can be found that most of the lines exhibited in these spectra could be attributed to the ionized silver. In both cases, the strong lines centered at 519 and 545 nm are identified as the silver transitions of 4d.sup.105p-4d.sup.105d. [A. Striganove, N. Sventiski, Table of Spectral Lines of Neutral and Ionized Atoms, Plenum Press, New York, 1968 Incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.] The strongest line at approximately 385 nm is caused by the second harmonic from the ArF excimer laser. From the optical emission spectra series measured at the surface of target, no apparent changes in the emission intensity in the UV-Vis region were observed in the presence of n-hexane at varying pressures. However, the negative effect of excessive n-hexane on the emission intensity detected at the distance of 10 mm from the target can be visibly discerned in FIG. 7. The OE intensity apparently does not change in the presence of n-hexane at pressures varying from 20 Pa to 60 Pa. Nevertheless, the optical emission intensities at both wavelengths, 518 nm and 546 nm, decrease almost two fold after filling n-hexane in the 60 Pa to 100 Pa pressure range. The ionization energy of silver atoms and the photon energy of the ArF excimer laser (?=193 nm) were 7.57623 eV and 6.42 eV respectively. Thus approximately 1.2 photons are needed for the ionization of one silver atom from the target, and concurrently, an electron will be emitted from the target as well. The lower pressure from 20 Pa to 60 Pa of n-hexane may lead to higher emission speed for electrons. This facilitates the recombination of electrons and ions or atoms; therefore, a much thicker texture is obtained. In contrast, a further increase in the pressure of n-hexane, for example to 100 Pa, inhibits the emission speed of electrons, giving rise to thinner films.

(70) UV-Vis Absorption Analysis

(71) Silver particles can be identified by UV-Vis absorption measurements, as silver particles exhibit an intense absorption band caused by the surface plasmonic excitation. As depicted in FIG. 8, the absorption bands in the visible region suggest that silver nanoparticles are produced. The absorption peak of the Ag/C composites deposited in the presence of n-hexane at 20 Pa is centered at 519 nm. The small red-shift to 471 nm (?50 nm of shift) can be found when increasing the pressure of n-hexane to 60 Pa (increasing the carbon/silver molar ratios from 1.1 to 1.75. Furthermore, the Ag/C-100 sample which has a similar molar ratio of carbon/silver compared with sample of Ag/C-60, exhibits a similar surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) position centered at approximately 525 nm. These results clearly suggest that the SPR position is strongly dependent on the concentration of metal (silver) nanoparticles in the composites, and is most likely caused by the mutual polarizations of the particles. Conclusively, the method of producing metal/carbon nanocomposites and nanocomposite thin films with variations in texture was carried out within a relatively short time frame of 60 seconds, and produced the largest molar ratio of carbon graphite to silver nanoparticles at a n-hexane pressure of 60 Pascals.

(72) Thus, the foregoing discussion discloses and describes merely exemplary embodiments of the present invention. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. Accordingly, the disclosure of the present invention is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting of the scope of the invention, as well as other claims. The disclosure, including any readily discernible variants of the teachings herein, defines, in part, the scope of the foregoing claim terminology such that no inventive subject matter is dedicated to the public.