Combination Therapy III

Abstract

The invention is based on a finding that silencing HDAC4gene sensitizes cancer cells for apoptosis-inducing activity of certain small molecule chemotherapeutic agents. Thus, the invention is directed to a respective combination therapy, sensitization method and pharmaceutical compositions.

Claims

1. A combination of at least one type of HDAC4 silencing agent and a compound of Formula (I): ##STR00016## wherein R is H or alkyl; R is H or alkoxy; R1 and R2 are H or together form oxo; R3 and R4 are independently H, OH or together form oxo: R5, R6, R6, R7, and R8 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, or mono- and dialkylamino; X is CH.sub.2 or O; and n is 0 or 1.

2. The combination according to claim 1, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent is selected from the group consisting of an siRNA molecule, DsiRNA molecule, artificial miRNA precursor, shRNA molecule, antisense oligonucleotide, and ribozyme.

3. The combination according to claim 1, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent comprises a nucleic acid sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 170, and having HDAC4 silencing activity.

4. The combination according to claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of ##STR00017## ##STR00018##

5. The combination according to claim 1 for use in the treatment of a hyperproliferative disease selected from a group consisting of brain cancer, glioma, astrocytoma, and glioblastoma.

6. The combination according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent and the compound of Formula (I) are to be administered simultaneously, sequentially, or separately.

7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a combination according to claim 1, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

8. A method of sensitizing hyperproliferative cells to a chemotherapeutic agent of Formula (I): ##STR00019## wherein R is H or alkyl; R is H or alkoxy; R1 and R2 are H or together form oxo; R3 and R4 are independently H, OH or together form oxo; R5, R6, R6, R7, and R8 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, or mono- and dialkylamino; X is CH.sub.2 or O; and n is 0 or 1, by silencing HDAC4 gene in a human or animal subject in need of such sensitization by administering at least one type of HDAC4 silencing agent concomitantly, simultaneously, or subsequently with said chemotherapeutic agent.

9. A method of treating a hyperproliferative disease in a human or animal subject in need of such treatment by administering at least one type of HDAC4 silencing agent and a compound of Formula (I): ##STR00020## wherein R is H or alkyl; R is H or alkoxy; R1 and R2 are H or together form oxo; R3 and R4 are independently H, OH or together form oxo: R5, R6, R6, R7, and R8 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, or mono- and dialkylamino; X is CH.sub.2 or O; and n is 0 or 1, concomitantly, simultaneously, or subsequently to said subject.

10. The method according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent is selected from the group consisting of an siRNA molecule, DsiRNA molecule, artificial miRNA precursor, shRNA molecule, antisense oligonucleotide, and ribozyme.

11. The method according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent comprises a nucleic acid sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 170, and having HDAC4 silencing activity.

12. The method according to claim 8 or 9 for use in the treatment of a hyperproliferative disease selected from a group consisting of brain cancer, glioma, astrocytoma, and glioblastoma.

13. The method according to claim 8, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent and the compound of Formula (I) are to be administered simultaneously, sequentially, or separately.

14. The combination according to claim 3, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent comprises a nucleic acid sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, and having HDAC4 silencing activity.

15. The method according to claim 11, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent comprises a nucleic acid sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, and having HDAC4 silencing activity.

16. A combination of at least one type of HDAC4 silencing agent and a compound of PKC412, which is represented by the following formula: ##STR00021##

17. The combination according to claim 16, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent is selected from the group consisting of an siRNA molecule, DsiRNA molecule, artificial miRNA precursor, shRNA molecule, antisense oligonucleotide, and ribozyme.

18. The combination according to claim 16, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent comprises a nucleic acid sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 170, and having HDAC4 silencing activity.

19. The combination according to claim 16 for use in the treatment of a hyperproliferative disease selected from a group consisting of brain cancer, glioma, astrocytoma, and glioblastoma.

20. The combination according to claim 16, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent and the compound are to be administered simultaneously, sequentially, or separately.

21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a combination according to claim 16, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

22. A method of sensitizing hyperproliferative cells to a chemotherapeutic agent of PKC412, which is represented by the following formula: ##STR00022## by silencing HDAC4 gene in a human or animal subject in need of such sensitization by administering at least one type of HDAC4 silencing agent concomitantly, simultaneously, or subsequently with said chemotherapeutic agent.

23. A method of treating a hyperproliferative disease in a human or animal subject in need of such treatment by administering at least one type of HDAC4 silencing agent and a compound of PKC412, which is represented by the following formula: ##STR00023## concomitantly, simultaneously, or subsequently to said subject.

24. The method according to claim 23, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent is selected from the group consisting of an siRNA molecule, DsiRNA molecule, artificial miRNA precursor, shRNA molecule, antisense oligonucleotide, and ribozyme.

25. The method according to claim 23, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent comprises a nucleic acid sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 170, and having HDAC4 silencing activity.

26. The method according to claim 23 for use in the treatment of a hyperproliferative disease selected from a group consisting of brain cancer, glioma, astrocytoma, and glioblastoma.

27. The method according to claim 22, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent and the compound are to be administered simultaneously, sequentially, or separately.

28. The combination according to claim 18, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent comprises a nucleic acid sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, and having HDAC4 silencing activity.

29. The method according to claim 25, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent comprises a nucleic acid sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, and having HDAC4 silencing activity.

30. A combination of at least one type of HDAC4 silencing agent and a compound of UCN-01, which is represented by the following Formula: ##STR00024##

31. The combination according to claim 30, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent is selected from the group consisting of an siRNA molecule, DsiRNA molecule, artificial miRNA precursor, shRNA molecule, antisense oligonucleotide, and ribozyme.

32. The combination according to claim 30, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 170.

33. The combination according to claim 32, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent comprises a nucleic acid sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and having HDAC4 silencing activity.

34. The combination according to claim 30 for use in the treatment of a hyperproliferative disease selected from a group consisting brain cancer, glioma, astrocytoma, and glioblastoma.

35. The combination according to claim 30, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent and the compound are to be administered simultaneously, sequentially, or separately.

36. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a combination according to claim 30, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

37. A method of sensitizing hyperproliferative cells to a chemotherapeutic agent of UCN-01, which is represented by the following Formula: ##STR00025## by silencing HDAC4 gene in a human or animal subject in need of such sensitization by administering at least one type of HDAC4 silencing agent concomitantly, simultaneously, sequentially, or separately.

38. A method of treating a hyperproliferative disease in a human or animal subject in need of such treatment by administering at least one type of HDAC4 silencing agent and a compound of UCN-01, which is represented by the following Formula: ##STR00026## concomitantly, simultaneously, sequentially, or separately.

39. The method according to claim 38, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent is selected from the group consisting of an siRNA molecule, DsiRNA molecule, artificial miRNA precursor, shRNA molecule, antisense oligonucleotide, and ribozyme.

40. The method according to claim 38, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 170.

41. The method according to claim 40, wherein the HDAC4 silencing agent comprises a nucleic acid sequence with at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2 and having HDAC4 silencing activity.

42. The method according to claim 38 for use in the treatment of a hyperproliferative disease selected from a group consisting brain cancer, glioma, astrocytoma, and glioblastoma.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) In the following the invention will be described in greater detail by means of preferred embodiments with reference to the attached drawings, in which

(2) FIG. 1A is a western blot demonstrating HDAC4 silencing activity of a scrambled dsRNA (Scr.) and HDAC4 specific dsRNA (HDAC4) in human glioblastoma T98G cells.

(3) FIG. 1B shows the amount of apoptotic nuclear fragmentations in T98G glioblastoma cells after transfection with either scrambled or HDAC4 specific dsRNA for 48 hours followed by treatment with indicated concentration of mentioned drugs for another 24 hours.

(4) FIG. 2A represents the colonogenic potential of scrambled or HDAC4 dsRNA transfected T98G glioblastoma cells after two days of treatment with indicated concentration of chemical compounds.

(5) FIG. 2B shows the quantitative analysis of the results shown in FIG. 2A as a measure of area covered by the T98G cell colonies per well at indicated conditions.

(6) FIG. 2C shows the quantitative analysis of the results shown in FIG. 2A as a measure of fold change in the area covered by T98G cell colonies treated with indicated drugs with respect to the non-treated control cells.

(7) FIG. 3A represents the colonogenic potential of scrambled or HDAC4 dsRNA transfected U87MG-luciferase glioblastoma cells after two days of treatment with indicated concentration of chemical compounds.

(8) FIG. 3B shows the quantitative analysis of the results shown in FIG. 3A as a measure of area covered by the U87MG-luciferase cell colonies per well at indicated conditions.

(9) FIG. 3C shows the quantitative analysis of the results shown in FIG. 3A as a measure of fold change in the area covered by U87MG-luciferase cell colonies treated with indicated drugs with respect to the non-treated control cells.

(10) FIG. 4A is a western blot demonstrating HDAC4 silencing activity of a scrambled dsRNA (Scr.) and HDAC4 specific dsRNA (HDAC4.2) in human glioblastoma T98G cells.

(11) FIG. 4B shows the amount of apoptotic nuclear fragmentations in T98G glioblastoma cells after transfection with either scrambled or HDAC4.2 dsRNA for 48 hours followed by treatment with indicated concentration of mentioned drugs for another 24 hours.

(12) FIG. 4C represents the colonogenic potential of scrambled or HDAC4.2 dsRNA transfected T98G glioblastoma cells after two days of treatment with indicated concentration of chemical compounds.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(13) The present invention is based on a surprising finding that silencing HDAC4 gene increases apoptosis-inducing activity of small molecule agents sharing common structural characteristics

(14) Concomitant silencing of HDAC4 gene and administration of said agent results in synergistic increase in the level of apoptosis. Thus, in one aspect, the invention provides a combination therapy of HDAC4 depletion and said agents.

(15) HDAC4 gene silencing may be obtained by any suitable method known in the art including, but not limited to, RNA interference (RNAi). The most common approach for RNAi-based gene silencing is the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA).

(16) The principle of siRNA is extensively presented in literature. As examples can be mentioned the US patent publications 2003/0143732, 2003/0148507, 2003/0175950, 2003/0190635, 2004/0019001, 2005/0008617 and 2005/0043266. An siRNA duplex molecule comprises an antisense region and a sense strand wherein said antisense strand comprises sequence complementary to a target region in an mRNA sequence encoding a certain protein, and the sense strand comprises sequence complementary to the said antisense strand. Thus, the siRNA duplex molecule is assembled from two nucleic acid fragments wherein one fragment comprises the antisense strand and the second fragment comprises the sense strand of said siRNA molecule. In other words, siRNAs are small double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs). The sense strand and antisense strand can be covalently connected via a linker molecule, which can be a polynucleotide linker or a non-nucleotide linker. The length of the antisense and sense strands may vary and is typically about 19 to 21 nucleotides each. In some cases, the siRNA may comprise 22, 23 or 24 nucleotides.

(17) Another approach for RNAi-based HDAC4 silencing is to use longer, typically 25-35 nt, Dicer substrate siRNAs (DsiRNAs), which in some cases have been reported to be more potent than corresponding conventional 21-mer siRNAs (Kim et al., Nat Biotechol, 2005, 23: 222-226). DsiRNAs are processed in vivo into active siRNAs by Dicer.

(18) In a cell, an active siRNA antisense strand is formed and it recognizes a target region of the target mRNA. This in turn leads to cleaving of the target RNA by the RISC endonuclease complex (RISC=RNA-induced silencing complex) and also in the synthesis of additional RNA by RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), which can activate Dicer and result in additional siRNA duplex molecules, thereby amplifying the response.

(19) As used herein, the term dsRNA refers to both siRNAs and DsiRNAs.

(20) Typically, but not necessarily, the antisense strand and the sense strand of dsRNA both comprise a 3-terminal overhang of a few, typically 1 to 3 nucleotides. The 3 overhang may include one or more modified nucleotides, such as a 2-O-methyl ribonucleotide. The 5-terminal of the antisense is typically a phosphate group (P). The dsRNA duplexes having terminal phosphate groups (P) are easier to administrate into the cell than a single stranded antisense. In some cases, the 5-terminal of the sense strand or of both antisense and sense strands may comprise a P group.

(21) Normal, unmodified RNA has low stability under physiological conditions because of its degradation by ribonuclease enzymes present in the living cell. If the oligonucleotide shall be administered exogenously, it is highly desirable to modify the molecule according to known methods so as to enhance its stability against chemical and enzymatic degradation.

(22) Modifications of nucleotides to be administered exogenously in vivo are extensively described in the art (e.g. in US 2005/0255487, incorporated herein by reference). Principally, any part of the nucleotide, i.e the ribose sugar, the base and/or internucleotidic phosphodiester strands can be modified. For example, removal of the 2-OH group from the ribose unit to give 2-deoxyribonucleotides results in improved stability. Prior disclosed are also other modifications at this group: the replacement of the ribose 2-OH group with alkyl, alkenyl, allyl, alkoxyalkyl, halo, amino, azido or sulfhydryl groups. Also other modifications at the ribose unit can be performed: locked nucleic acids (LNA) containing methylene linkages between the 2- and 4-positions of the ribose can be employed to create higher intrinsic stability.

(23) Furthermore, the internucleotidic phosphodiester linkage can, for example, be modified so that one or more oxygen is replaced by sulfur, amino, alkyl or alkoxy groups. Also the base in the nucleotides can be modified.

(24) Preferably, the oligonucleotide comprises modifications of one or more 2-hydroxyl groups at ribose sugars, and/or modifications in one or more internucleotidic phosphodiester linkages, and/or one or more locked nucleic acid (LNA) modification between the 2- and 4-position of the ribose sugars.

(25) Particularly preferable modifications are, for example, replacement of one or more of the 2-OH groups by 2-deoxy, 2-O-methyl, 2-halo, e.g. fluoro or 2-methoxyethyl. Especially preferred are oligonucleotides where some of the internucleotide phoshodiester linkages also are modified, e.g. replaced by phosphorothioate linkages.

(26) In some embodiments, dsRNAs may contain one or more synthetic or natural nucleotide analogs including, but not limited to, phosphorothioates, phosphoramidates, methyl phosphonates, chiral-methyl phosphonates, and peptide-nucleic acids (PNAs) as long as dsRNAs retain their HDAC4 silencing ability.

(27) It should be stressed that the modifications mentioned above are only non-limiting examples.

(28) One of the challenges related to RNAi is the identification of a potent dsRNA for the corresponding mRNA. It should be noted that genes with incomplete complementarity are inadvertently downregulated by the dsRNA, leading to problems in data interpretation and potential toxicity. This however can be partly addressed by carefully designing appropriate dsRNAs with design algorithms. These computer programs sieve out given target sequence with a set of rules to find sequence stretches with low GC content, a lack of internal repeats, an A/U rich 5-end and high local free binding energy which are features that enhance the silencing effect of dsRNA.

(29) HDAC4 specific dsRNAs are available in the art and further dsRNA molecules may be designed by using commercial and non-commercial algorithms. To this end, the full length cDNA sequence of HDAC4 may be loaded to siRNA algorithm programs, such as Eurofins MWG Operon's Online Design Tool, Dharmacon's siRNA design tool and stand-alone program developed by Cui et al. (Comput Methods Programs Biomed. (2004) 75(1):67-73). Ideally, the algorithm generated siRNA sequences are then screened trough genome wide DNA sequence alignment (BLAST) to eliminate siRNAs which are not free from off-targeting. In other words, all those siRNAs which have even short sequence regions matching with other genes than target gene (HDAC4) should be considered invaluable for further use. Non-limiting example of HDAC4 specific siRNAs suitable for use in various embodiments of the present invention are listed in Table 1.

(30) HDAC4 specific siRNAs may be transfected to different cell lines to test their capacity to degrade mRNA. Further, depletion of the translation of HDAC4 may be studied at protein level by measuring the amount of HDAC4 protein after siRNA treatment with HDAC4 specific antibodies.

(31) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE1 HDAC4specificsiRNAs SEQID siRNAsensesequence Start NO: (5 to3) Region Position 1 CAGUGACCACUGGCCCGUCTT.sup.1 ORF 1627 2 UCAUACACGAGGCCUGUCGUU.sup.1 ORF 2768 3 UCUUUGGCGUCGUACAUUCUU.sup.1 ORF 1502 4 CGACAGGCCUCGUGUAUGAUU.sup.2 ORF 2750 5 AAAUUACGGUCCAGGCUAAUU.sup.2 ORF 1543 6 TCATGAGCCAGGTAACCCAC.sup.3 ORF 613 7 CATACAAGTACCGGGACGGT.sup.3 ORF 681 8 TCATTGCTAGCAATGTCCAC.sup.3 ORF 777 9 CAGAAAGTCCATCTGGATGG.sup.3 ORF 807 10 CTGGTCTCGGCCAGAAAGTC.sup.3 ORF 818 11 TGGGCATGTGGTTCACGCGG.sup.3 ORF 861 12 CACCGTGCTGGGCATGTGGT.sup.3 ORF 869 13 GTCCAGGCGCAGGTCCATGG.sup.3 ORF 935 14 AGTGAGAACTGGTGGTCCAG.sup.3 ORF 949 15 CGGCTCTGCCACAGGCAGTG.sup.3 ORF 965 16 TCCCGCAGGGCCGGCTCTGC.sup.3 ORF 976 17 TGCTGGTGCTTCATGGCCAG.sup.3 ORF 1147 18 TCCTTGTTCTTGAGCTGCTG.sup.3 ORF 1249 19 CCTTCTCCTTGTTCTTGAGC.sup.3 ORF 1254 20 ACTTCATCTTCACTTCTGTG.sup.3 ORF 1296 21 CTTCTTTTTATTGAGGACAA.sup.3 ORF 1325 22 GCTGGAAATGCAGTGGTTCA.sup.3 ORF 1364 23 GAGGGTCGCTGGAAATGCAG.sup.3 ORF 1371 24 AACTCTGGTCAAGGGAACTG.sup.3 ORF 1416 25 CCTAAGAGGGAAGTCATCTT.sup.3 ORF 1499 26 GCTTTAGCCTGGACCGTAAT.sup.3 ORF 1545 27 TTTCTGCTTTAGCCTGGACC.sup.3 ORF 1550 28 CTGCTCCGTCTTTCGGCCAC.sup.3 ORF 1570 29 GTGACCACTGGCCCGTCTTT.sup.3 ORF 1606 30 AGCAGTGACCACTGGCCCGT.sup.3 ORF 1610 31 CGCGGAGTCTGTGACATCCA.sup.3 ORF 1646 32 AAGTGGAGCGGCCGAGCCTT.sup.3 ORF 1802 33 GGCCCAGCGTGATGTTGGGC.sup.3 ORF 1845 34 CAGGCCCAGCGTGATGTTGG.sup.3 ORF 1847 35 GTCCCGCTCCAAGGGCGAGG.sup.3 ORF 1988 36 TCCAGTAAGACCATGTGCTG.sup.3 ORF 2035 37 GCTCCCAGGCCTGTGACGAG.sup.3 ORF 2077 38 AACCAAGGACTGTGCGTGGA.sup.3 ORF 2105 39 TCTGCACCAACCAAGGACTG.sup.3 ORF 2113 40 GTAGGGCTCGTCCAGCAGAG.sup.3 ORF 2393 41 CCTCATCGCTCTCAATGGGC.sup.3 ORF 2475 42 TCTGAAGAGCAGCTCCTGCT.sup.3 ORF 2546 43 GGATGCCGGCGGCCTCCATG.sup.3 ORF 2625 44 ATACACGAGGCCTGTCGTGA.sup.3 ORF 2747 45 ACTCCCGCAGGTGCACTGGT.sup.3 ORF 2786 46 TGCTGCTACTCCCGCAGGTG.sup.3 ORF 2793 47 GCTGCTGCTACTCCCGCAGG.sup.3 ORF 2795 48 TGCACTCGCATTTGCCCCGG.sup.3 ORF 2874 49 TGTGGGCTTCCGAGTGCACC.sup.3 ORF 2931 50 GGTTCGTGCCATACAGGAGG.sup.3 ORF 2952 51 GCCCACAGCCAGGCGGGCTG.sup.3 ORF 3101 52 GACCAGCTCTACCACGCAGC.sup.3 ORF 3119 53 AGGGTCGCTGTAGAAAGCCT.sup.3 ORF 3338 54 TGGAGGGACATGTACAGGAC.sup.3 ORF 3361 55 TAGCGGTGGAGGGACATGTA.sup.3 ORF 3367 56 GCTGCCTGGGAAGAAGTTCC.sup.3 ORF 3395 57 AAGCCTGATGACACCAGCAC.sup.3 ORF 3571 58 TGGCGGAGAGGTTGTAGCCC.sup.3 ORF 3624 59 TACCCGAAGCATCTGGCGGA.sup.3 ORF 3637 60 GCGTTTGCATTGGGTCTTTG.sup.3 ORF 3811 61 CTCCATGGAACGGACAGCGT.sup.3 ORF 3827 62 TCTGAGCCTCGATCAGAGAA.sup.3 ORF 3912 63 TCTTCCATGGGCTCCTCATC.sup.3 ORF 4012 64 CTTCGAGGGAGTGCTACAGG.sup.3 Stopcodon 4041 65 TTTCATAAGAATCAAGTAAG.sup.3 3UTR 5225 66 GCAATCTGCATTCATTTTAT.sup.3 3UTR 5295 67 ACAGGCTCCAAAATCCAGG.sup.3 3UTR 6203 68 GCTGTCCTGGTCAGGCAATC.sup.3 3UTR 6276 69 AAGAGTAAAGACTGGCTGTC.sup.3 3UTR 6290 70 ACTGGTGGCTTCATGTGCTG.sup.3 3UTR 6360 71 GTCTGAACTTCTGCCCCCAA.sup.3 3UTR 6410 72 GAGCACGGTGTGTCTGAACT.sup.3 3UTR 6421 73 CACTCATTTGGTCAAAAGTT.sup.3 3UTR 6508 74 CAAACCACTGTCTCAGAGCT.sup.3 3UTR 6569 75 ATGAGGCCAAGGAGGCCAGA.sup.3 3UTR 6734 76 AGCAGTCCATGTTATCCCAT.sup.3 3UTR 6854 77 GCGTCTCCATTTGAATGAGA.sup.3 3UTR 6911 78 CCTGCCAGGCCTTTGCAGAG.sup.3 3UTR 6932 79 GGAGAAGAGCCGAGTGTGTC.sup.3 3UTR 7031 80 AAGTCCATTGCTAGTGCTGC.sup.3 3UTR 7519 81 GAATGTTCTGATCAAAAAGA.sup.3 3UTR 7548 82 GCCCATAAAACACGTGGGCC.sup.3 3UTR 7623 83 AAAGTGAGGCCGAGCTAAGA.sup.3 3UTR 8399 84 GCACAGAAGTGAAGATGAA.sup.4 ORF 1295 85 CAGCAGAGGTTGAGCGTGA.sup.4 ORF 3268 86 GGAGAAGGGCAAAGAGAGT.sup.4 ORF 1266 87 GGTCCAGGCTAAAGCAGAA.sup.4 ORF 1550 88 GCGATGAGGAAGAGGCAGA.sup.4 ORF 2486 89 CGACAGGCCTCGTGTATGA.sup.4 ORF 2750 90 CAGCAGATCCAGAGGCAGA.sup.4 ORF 1036 91 TGGAGAAAGTCATGGAGAT.sup.4 ORF 3842 92 GCAGAAAGTGGCCGAAAGA.sup.4 ORF 1563 93 GGGACGTGCACCATGGAAA.sup.4 ORF 3308 94 CATTGAGAGCGATGAGGAA.sup.4 ORF 2478 95 TGGTAGAGCTGGTCTTCAA.sup.4 ORF 3125 96 GCAAAGACCCAATGCAAAC.sup.4 ORF 3810 97 GAACAAGGAGAAGGGCAAA.sup.4 ORF 1260 98 GAAGATGAAGTTACAAGAA.sup.4 ORF 1305 99 GGGAATGTACGACGCCAAA.sup.4 ORF 1482 100 CAGAAGTGAAGATGAAGTT.sup.4 ORF 1298 101 AAGTGAAGATGAAGTTACA.sup.4 ORF 1301 102 CCGGGAGGATCCAGAGCAT.sup.4 ORF 2828 103 CCATATGGAACGAGGTGCA.sup.4 ORF 3071 104 CCACAGGGGAGCTGAAGAA.sup.4 ORF 3149 105 AGGTTGAGCGTGAGCAAGA.sup.4 ORF 3274 106 AGCAAAGACCCAATGCAAA.sup.4 ORF 3809 107 ATGAGGAGCCCATGGAAGA.sup.4 ORF 4013 108 CCATGAAGCACCAGCAGGA.sup.4 ORF 1151 109 AGCAGGAGCTGGAGAAGCA.sup.4 ORF 1211 110 TGCAGCAGCTCAAGAACAA.sup.4 ORF 1247 111 CAGCCAAGCTTCTGCAGCA.sup.4 ORF 3254 112 TCGCTGAGTTCCAGAGGCA.sup.4 ORF 1061 113 AGGTGAAGCAGGAGCCCAT.sup.4 ORF 2462 114 GGATCCACCAGCTGAGGAA.sup.4 ORF 2594 115 GGGAGGATCCAGAGCATCT.sup.4 ORF 2830 116 AGAGGTTGAGCGTGAGCAA.sup.4 ORF 3272 117 GGAGAAAGTCATGGAGATC.sup.4 ORF 3843 118 ACGAAGAAGCCGAGACGGT.sup.4 ORF 3941 119 GAAGAAGCCGAGACGGTCA.sup.4 ORF 3943 120 AGGAGATGCTGGCCATGAA.sup.4 ORF 1139 121 AGCGGAAGCTGGAGAGGCA.sup.4 ORF 1184 122 AGGAGCAGGAGCTGGAGAA.sup.4 ORF 1208 123 AGCTCAAGAACAAGGAGAA.sup.4 ORF 1253 124 AAGGAGAAGGGCAAAGAGA.sup.4 ORF 1264 125 AATCTGAACCACTGCATTT.sup.4 ORF 1360 126 GAAATTACGGTCCAGGCTA.sup.4 ORF 1542 127 CAGCAACTGCAGATGAACA.sup.4 ORF 2290 128 CTGCAGATGAACAAGATCA.sup.4 ORF 2296 129 TTGAGAGCGATGAGGAAGA.sup.4 ORF 2480 130 TGGGAGACGCTGAGTACTT.sup.4 ORF 3497 131 GCGAGAACGAAGAAGCCGA.sup.4 ORF 3935 132 TGGAGAAACACAAGCAGCA.sup.4 ORF 2261 133 AAACAAAACTGGACAGAAA.sup.4 3 UTR 4636 134 GGGCAGAAGTTCAGACACA.sup.4 3 UTR 6413 135 GGAACAATGCCTTAAGAAA.sup.4 3 UTR 4774 136 GGGCATTGATACATATATA.sup.4 3 UTR 7638 137 GTAAATAAAGACTGCGTTA.sup.4 3 UTR 8946 138 GCACTGTGGTTTACAATTA.sup.4 3 UTR 8327 139 GAACAATGCCTTAAGAAAA.sup.4 3 UTR 4775 140 GGAAAGGGATCCTGATTGA.sup.4 3 UTR 5364 141 GAGTTGATTTGGAGGAATT.sup.4 3 UTR 8096 142 CTGTTCAACTTGTGGGTTA.sup.4 5 UTR 602 143 CGTAATGGTCTGACACAAA.sup.4 3 UTR 7483 144 AGAGGGACCTTTAAAGAAA.sup.4 3 UTR 4619 145 GCAAGTAGCATGAAGTATT.sup.4 3 UTR 5135 146 GGGAAGGACCATTTCGTAA.sup.4 3 UTR 7469 147 CAGGGTAGCTTCTGAAATT.sup.4 3 UTR 6482 148 CCTAGGAGCTGTATAAAGA.sup.4 3 UTR 5884 149 ATGGATGGCTTGTGAATTT.sup.4 3 UTR 5328 150 CCAAATGAGTGCAGATTCT.sup.4 3 UTR 6516 151 TTAAGCAGATGATGGGATA.sup.4 3 UTR 6842 152 GCACATATGTACCTAATGA.sup.4 3 UTR 5524 153 CCAATGTATTCCAAGCTAA.sup.4 3 UTR 5201 154 GCAGAACGGTCTTGGGACT.sup.4 3 UTR 6595 155 CGTGTTATCTTGTGGTGTA.sup.4 3 UTR 8930 156 CGACTCATCTTGTAGCTTA.sup.4 3 UTR 4508 157 GCAAATGGATGGCTTGTGA.sup.4 3 UTR 5324 158 GGACTTAATTCTAATCTCA.sup.4 3 UTR 6896 159 GATGAGAATGACAAACATA.sup.4 3 UTR 8527 160 CAAGGGACGCCGTGGAAGA.sup.4 3 UTR 4333 161 GGACAGAGGGACCTTTAAA.sup.4 3 UTR 4615 162 GGATCCTGATTGATTGAAA.sup.4 3 UTR 5370 163 CAGAATTGTTGCTGTCAGA.sup.4 3 UTR 5787 164 GGGCAGGGAGGGTTGCTTA.sup.4 3 UTR 5977 165 AAACCAAGTTGTAACGACA.sup.4 3 UTR 8636 .sup.1Disclosed by Mottet et al. in Oncogene (2009) 28,243-256 .sup.2Disclosed by Wilson et al. in Mol. Biol. Cell (2008) 19,4062-4075 .sup.3Disclosed in US 2004/0077083 and US 2004/0077084 .sup.4Predicted siRNAs targeting HDAC4 designed in connection with the present invention by siRNA design tool (siDESIGN Center) provided by Dharmacon/ Thermo Scientific.

(32) Suitable dsRNAs include those having a greater than 80% sequence identity, e.g., 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or even 100% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:s 1 to 165, as long as they have similar binding properties and HDAC4 silencing activity as the reference dsRNAs.

(33) Still further HDAC4 specific dsRNAs suitable for use in various embodiments of the present invention can be designed and synthetized according to methods known in the art. Any such isolated dsRNA must be sufficiently complementary to HDAC4 cDNA sequence in order to silence HDAC4 gene.

(34) Artificial microRNA (miRNA) precursors are another class of small RNAs suitable for mediating RNAi. Typically, artificial miRNA precursors are about 21-25 nucleotides in length, and they may have 1 to 3, typically 2, overhanging 3 nucleotides. HDAC4 silencing artificial miRNA precursors may be designed and synthetized by methods known in the art.

(35) Short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) are still another way of silencing HDAC4. ShRNAs consist of i) a short nucleotide sequence, typically ranging from 19 to 29 nucleotides, derived from the target gene; ii) a loop, typically ranging between 4 to 23 nucleotides; and iii) a short nucleotide sequence reversely complementary to the initial target sequence, typically ranging from 19 to 29 nucleotides. HDAC4 silencing shRNAs may be designed and synthetized by means and methods known to a skilled person. Non-limiting examples of HDAC4 specific shRNAs include those listed in Table 2.

(36) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE2 HDAC4specificshRNAs SEQID shRNATargetSequence Start NO: (5 to3) Region Position 166 GGAGATGCTGGCCATGAAGCA.sup.1 ORF 1140 167 ACGGCATGACTTTATATTGTAT.sup.2 3 UTR 7732 168 AGACCGGCATGACTTTATATTG.sup.2 3 UTR 7729 169 CGACTCATCTTGTAGCTTATT.sup.3 3 UTR 4508 170 GCCAAAGATGACTTCCCTCTT.sup.3 ORF 2550 .sup.1Disclosed by Chen et al. in Science (2009) 323(5911): 256-9. .sup.2Disclosed by Liu et al. in Cancer Res. (2009) 69(6): 2252-9. .sup.3Disclosed by Lin et al. in Nature (2012) 482(7384): 251-5.

(37) HDAC4 silencing may also be obtained by antisense therapy, where relatively short (typically 13-25 nucleotides) synthetic single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides inactivate HDAC4 gene by binding to a corresponding mRNA. Antisense oligonucleotides may be unmodified or chemically modified. In some embodiments, the hydrogen at the 2-position of ribose is replaced by an O-alkyl group, such as methyl. In further embodiments, antisense oligonucleotides may contain one or more synthetic or natural nucleotide analogs including, but not limited to PNAs.

(38) Furthermore, HDAC4 silencing may obtained by ribozymes cleaving the HDAC4 mRNA. The ribozyme technology is described, for example, by Li et al. in Adv. Cancer Res., 2007, 96:103-43.

(39) As used herein, the term HDAC4 silencing refers to complete or partial reduction of HDAC4 gene expression. In some embodiments, HDAC4 gene expression is reduced by at least 50%, or at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% when HDAC4-specific dsRNA, artificial miRNA precursor, shRNA, antisense oligonucleotide, ribozyme, or any combination thereof is introduced into a human or animal subject.

(40) Chemical compounds suitable for use in various embodiments of the present invention include those listed in Table 3 and any stereoisomers, salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof. In one embodiment, suitable compounds have a general formula (I):

(41) ##STR00004##

(42) wherein

(43) R is H or alkyl;

(44) R is H or alkoxy;

(45) R1 and R2 are H or together form oxo;

(46) R3 and R4 are independently H or OH, or together form oxo:

(47) R5, R6, R6, R7, and R8 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, monoalkylamino- and dialkylamino;

(48) X is CH.sub.2 or O; and

(49) n is 0 or 1.

(50) As used herein, the phrase having the formula is not intended to be limiting and is used the same way as the term comprising is commonly used.

(51) The term alkyl referred to above include both linear and branched C1-6 alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and the like. In some embodiments, the alkyl group is a C1-3 alkyl group containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

(52) As used herein, the term alkoxy refers to both linear and branched C1-6 alkoxy groups, such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and the like. In some embodiments, the alkoxy group is a C1-3 alkoxy group containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

(53) As used herein, the term hydroxyalkyl refers to any of the above-mentioned C1-6 alkyl groups substituted by OH.

(54) As used herein, the term alkoxycarbonyl refers to any of the above-mentioned C1-6 alkoxy groups substituted by COOH.

(55) The term amino refers to NH.sub.2.

(56) The term monoalkylamino includes any of the above-mentioned alkyl groups substituted with an amino group.

(57) The term dialkylamino refers to any of the above-mentioned alkyl groups substituted with two amino groups.

(58) As used herein, the term stereoisomer is a general term for all isomers of individual molecules that differ only in the orientation of their atoms in space. It includes enantiomers and isomers of compounds with more than one chiral center that are not mirror images of one another (diastereomers).

(59) As used herein, the term chiral center or asymmetric center refers to a carbon atom to which four different groups are attached.

(60) The term enantiomer refers to a molecule that is nonsuperimposeable on its mirror image and hence optically active, wherein the enantiomer rotates the plane of polarized light in one direction and its mirror image rotates the plane of polarized light in the opposite direction.

(61) The term racemic refers to a mixture of equal parts of enantiomers and which is optically inactive.

(62) Any of the disclosed compounds may be converted to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt is not particularly limited as long as it is non-toxic. Non-limiting examples of salts with an inorganic or organic base include alkali metal salts (.e.g. sodium salt, potassium salt and the like), alkaline earth metal salts (e.g. calcium salt, magnesium salt and the like), ammonium salts, amine salts (e.g. triethylamine salt), and the like. Non-limiting examples of acid addition salts derived from mineral acid (e.g. hydrochloride acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid and the like), and salts derived from organic acids (e.g. tartaric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, benzoic acid, glycol acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid and the like).

(63) Any of the disclosed compounds may be used as a prodrug for the below-mentioned pharmaceutical composition. As used herein, the term prodrug refers to any compound that can be converted to an active drug in vivo after administration, e.g. by being metabolized.

(64) Non-limiting examples of compounds having Formula (I) include staurosporine (STS), PKC412, K252a, UCN-01, CEP-701, and SB-218078 listed in Table 3.

(65) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Examples of staurosporine analogues/derivatives tested. The amount of apoptotic nuclear fragmentation (Potentiation %) in T98G glioblas- toma cells after transfection with PME-1 specific dsRNA and treatment with an indicated concentration of different staurosporine analogues/ derivatives are shown. Drug Chemical CAS Concen- Potentiation % (Synonyms) Name number tration (Scale) Structure Staurospor- ine [9S- (9,10,11, 13)]- 2,3,10,11, 12,13-Hexa- hydro-10- methoxy-9- methyl-11- (methylamino)- 9,13-epoxy- 1H,9H-diindolo [1,2,3- gh:3,2,1-lm] pyrrolo [3,4- j][1,7] benzo diazonin-1-one 62996- 74-1 50 nM 30-40% (+) PKC412/ Midostaurin/ 4-N-benzoyl staurospor- ine/CGP 41251 [9S- (9,10,11, 13)]-N- (2,3,10, 11,12,13- Hexahydro-10- methoxy-9- methyl-1-oxo- 9,13-epoxy-1 H,9H-diindolo [1,2,3- gh:3,2,1-lm] pyrrolo [3,4- j][1,7] benzo diazonin-11-yl)- N-methyl ben- zamide 120685- 11-2 5M 50-60% (++) K252a/ SF 2370 (9S,10R,12R)- 2,3,9,10,11,12- Hexahydro-10- hydroxy-9- methyl-1-oxo- 9,12-epoxy-1H- diindolo [1,2,3- fg:3,2,1-kl] pyrrolo[3,4- i][1,6] benzodi- azocine-10- carboxylic acid methyl ester 99533- 80-9 3.5 M 5 M 50-60% (++) 80-90% (++++) UCN-01/ 7-Hydroxy- staurosporine (9S)- 2,3,10,11,12,13- Hexahydro- 3-hydroxy- 10-methoxy- 9-methyl-11- methyl amino- 9,13-epoxy- 1H,9H-diindolo [1,2,3- gh:3,2,1-lm] pyrrolo [3,4- j][1,7] benzo diazonin-1-one 112953- 11-4 1.5 M 2.5 M 20-30% (+) 70-80% (+++) CEP-701/ Lesttaurtinib (9S,10S,12R)- 2,3,9,10,11,12- Hexahydro-10- hydroxy-10- (hydroxyme- thyl)-9-methyl- 9,12-epoxy- 1H-diindolo [1,2,3- fg:3,2,1-kl] pyrrolo[3,4-i][1, 6] benzo di- azocin-1-one 111358- 88-4 3.5 M 5 M 40-50% (++) 70-80% (+++) SB-218078 9,10,11,12- Tetrahydro- 9,12-epoxy-1H- diindolo [1,2.3- fg:3,2,1-kl] pyrrolo [3,4- i][1,6] benzodi- azocine- 1,3(2H)-dione 135897- 06-2 5 M 20-30% (+) 0 G-6976 12-(2- Cyanoethyl)- 6,7,12,13- tetrahydro-13- methyl-5-oxo- 5H-indolo[2,3- a]pyrrolo[3,4- c]carbazole 136194- 77-9 5 M 10-20% () K252c/Stau- rosporine aglycone/ Staurospori- none 6,7,12,13- Tetrahydro-5H- indolo[2,3- a]pyrrolo[3,4-c] carbazol-5-one 85753- 43-1 5 M 10-20% () Enzastaurin/ LY-317615 3-(1-Methyl- 1H-indol-3-yl)- 4-(1-(1-(2- pyridinyl me- thyl)-4- piperidinyl)-1H- indol-3-yl)-1H- pyrrole-2,5- dione 170364- 57-5 5 M 10-20% () Arcyriaflavin A 12,13-Dihydro- 5H-indolo [2,3- a] pyrrolo[3,4-c] carbazole- 5,7(6H)-dione 118458- 54-1 5 M 5-10% () Rebeccamy- cin 5h-indolo(2,3- a)pyrrolo(3,4- c)carbazole- 5,7(6h)- dione,1,11- dichloro-12,13- dihy;dro-12-(4- o-methyl-beta- d- glucopyra- nosyl) 93908- 02-2 5 M 5-10% () Scale: () 0-20% (+) 20-40% (++) 40-60% (+++) 60-80% (++++) 80-100%

(66) Administration of HDAC4 dsRNAs and compounds of formula (I) may be concomitant, simultaneous, or subsequent.

(67) Delivery of HDAC4 specific dsRNAs can be accomplished in two principally different ways: 1) endogenous transcription of a nucleic acid sequence encoding the oligonucleotide, where the nucleic acid sequence is located in an expression construct or 2) exogenous delivery of the oligonucleotide.

(68) For endogenous transcription, HDAC4 specific dsRNAs may be inserted into suitable expression systems using methods known in the art. Non-limiting examples of such expression systems include retroviral vectors, adenoviral vectors, lentiviral vectors, other viral vectors, expression cassettes, and plasmids, such as those encapsulated in pegylated immunoliposomes (PILs), with or without one or more inducible promoters known in the art. Both dsRNA strands may be expressed in a single expression construct from the same or separate promoters, or the strands may be expressed in separate expression constructs.

(69) The above-mentioned expression systems may also be used for the delivery of HDAC4 silencing artificial miRNA precursors and shRNAs.

(70) Typically, expression constructs are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions prior to administration to a human or animal subject (e.g. a canine subject). Administration may be performed by any suitable method known in the art, including systemic and local delivery. The formulation depends on the intended route of administration as known to a person skilled in the art. By way of example, the expression construct may be delivered in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, or it may be embedded in a suitable slow release composition. In some cases, the pharmaceutical composition may contain one or more cells producing the expression construct. Also bacteria may be used for RNAi delivery. For instance, recombinantly engineered Escherichia coli can enter mammalian cells after in vivo delivery and transfer shRNAs. A related approach is to use minicells derived e.g. from Salmonella enterica.

(71) For exogenous delivery, dsRNA molecules are typically complexed with liposome or lipid-based carriers, cholesterol conjugates, or polyethyleneimine (PEI). A promising new approach is to complex dsRNAs with stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALPs). Suitable routes of administration for exogenous delivery, with or without said complexing, include, but are not limited to, parenteral delivery (e.g. intravenous injection), enteral delivery (e.g. orally), local administration, topical administration (.e.g. dermally or transdermally) as known to a person skilled in the art. Since surgical removal of a tumour is usually the primary clinical intervention, dsRNAs may be administered directly to the resected tumour cavity.

(72) Chemotherapeutic agents of formula (I) may be administered to a human or animal subject by any suitable route known in the art including, but not limited to, those listed for the administration of HDAC4 specific dsRNAs.

(73) In the present combination therapy, dsRNA molecules and compounds of formula (I) may be formulated into the same or separate pharmaceutical composition. When separate pharmaceutical compositions are used, administration may be concomitant, simultaneous, or subsequent. The formulation and/or route of administration for dsRNA molecules and compounds of formula (I) may be selected independently from each other. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may comprise one or more different HDAC4 silencing dsRNAs and/or one or more chemotherapeutic agents of formula (I).

(74) The pharmaceutical compositions may be administered in any appropriate pharmacological carrier suitable for administration. They can be administered in any form that effect prophylactic, palliative, preventive or curing hyperproliferative diseases, such as cancer, in human or animal patients.

(75) For the purposes of parenteral or topical administration, dsRNAs and/or compounds of formula (I) may be formulated, for instance, as solutions, suspensions or emulsions. The formulations may comprise aqueous or non-aqueous solvents, co-solvents, solubilizers, dispersing or wetting agents, suspending agents and/or viscosity agents, as needed. Non-limiting examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oil, fish oil, and injectable organic esters. Aqueous carriers include, for instance, water, water-alcohol solutions, including saline and buffered medial parenteral vehicles including sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose solution, dextrose plus sodium chloride solution, Ringer's solution containing lactose, or fixed oils. Non-limiting examples of intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers, such as those based on Ringer's dextrose and the like. Aqueous compositions may comprise suitable buffer agents, such as sodium and potassium phosphates, citrate, acetate, carbonate or glycine buffers depending on the targeted pH-range. The use of sodium chloride as a tonicity adjuster is also useful. The compositions may also include other excipients, such as stabilizing agents or preservatives. Useful stabilizing excipients include surfactants (polysorbate 20 & 80, poloxamer 407), polymers (polyethylene glycols, povidones), carbohydrates (sucrose, mannitol, glucose, lactose), alcohols (sorbitol, glycerol propylene glycol, ethylene glycol), suitable proteins (albumin), suitable amino acids (glycine, glutamic acid), fatty acids (ethanolamine), antioxidants (ascorbic acid, cysteine etc.), chelating agents (EDTA salts, histidine, aspartic acid) or metal ions (Ca, Ni, Mg, Mn). Among useful preservative agents are benzyl alcohol, chlorbutanol, benzalkonium chloride and possibly parabens.

(76) Solid dosage forms for oral administration include, but are not limited to, capsules, tablets, pills, troches, lozenges, powders and granules. In such solid dosage forms, dsRNAs and/or compounds of formula (I) may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch. Such dosage forms may also comprise, as is normal practice, pharmaceutical adjuvant substances, e.g. stearate lubricating agents or flavouring agents. Solid oral preparations can also be prepared with enteric or other coatings which modulate release of the active ingredients.

(77) Non-limiting examples of liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs containing inert non-toxic diluents commonly used in the art, such as water and alcohol. Such compositions may also comprise adjuvants, such as wetting agents, buffers, emulsifying, suspending, sweetening and flavoring agents.

(78) The pharmaceutical composition may be provided in a concentrated form or in a form of a powder to be reconstituted on demand. In case of lyophilizing, certain cryoprotectants are preferred, including polymers (povidones, polyethylene glycol, dextran), sugars (sucrose, glucose, lactose), amino acids (glycine, arginine, glutamic acid) and albumin. If solution for reconstitution is added to the packaging, it may consist e.g., of sterile water for injection or sodium chloride solution or dextrose or glucose solutions.

(79) Means and methods for formulating the present pharmaceutical preparations are known to persons skilled in the art, and may be manufactured in a manner which is in itself known, for example, by means of conventional mixing, granulating, dissolving, lyophilizing or similar processes.

(80) The present combination therapy may be used to treat human or animal brain cancers including, but not limited to, gliomas, astrocytomas, and glioblastomas.

(81) As used herein, the term treatment or treating refers not only to complete cure of a disease, but also to prevention, alleviation, and amelioration of a disease or symptoms related thereto.

(82) By an efficient amount of a combination of dsRNAs and compounds of formula (I) is meant an amount in which the harmful effects of a tumor are, at a minimum, ameliorated. Amounts and regimens for the administration of the present combination therapy can be determined readily by those with ordinary skill in the clinical art of treating cancer-related disorders. Generally, the dosage of the present combination therapy depend on considerations such as: age, gender and general health of the patient to be treated; kind of concurrent treatment, if any; frequency of treatment and nature of the effect desired; extent of tissue damage; duration of the symptoms; and other variables to be adjusted by the individual physician. A desired dose can be administered in one or more applications to obtain the desired results. Pharmaceutical compositions according to the present embodiments may be provided in unit dosage forms.

(83) In one embodiment, dsRNAs may be administered in an effective amount within the dosage range of about 0.01 g/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or about 1.0 g/kg to about 10 g/kg. DsRNAs may be administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses, e.g. of two, three or four times daily.

(84) In one embodiment, compounds of formula (I) may be administered in an effective amount within the dosage range of about 0.1 g/kg to about 300 mg/kg, or about 1.0 g/kg to about 10 mg/kg. The compounds of formula (I) may be administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses, e.g. of two, three or four times daily. The dosing schedule may be selected independently from the dosing schedule of dsRNAs.

(85) It will be obvious to a person skilled in the art that, as the technology advances, the inventive concept can be implemented in various ways. The invention and its embodiments are not limited to the examples described below but may vary within the scope of the claims.

(86) It will be obvious to a person skilled in the art that, as the technology advances, the inventive concept can be implemented in various ways. The invention and its embodiments are not limited to the examples described below but may vary within the scope of the claims.

Examples

Materials and Methods

(87) Eukaryotic Cell Culture and Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) Transfections:

(88) For this study, we used T98G human glioblastoma cell line. The cells were cultured in Eagle's MEM (Sigma-Aldrich) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FCS and penicillin (100 units/mL)-streptomycin (100 Ag/mL) in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 C. Small interfering RNA (siRNA or dsRNA) transfections were performed with Lipofectamine RNAiMAX reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Transfections were performed using forward transfection protocol. Following siRNA sequences were used: scrambled (5-GUA ACA AUG AGA GCA CGG C-3; SEQ ID NO:171), HDAC4 (5-UCA UAC ACG AGG CCU GUC GUU-3; SEQ ID NO: 2), HDAC4.2 (5-AAA UUA CGG UCC AGG CUA AUU-3; SEQ ID NO: 5)

(89) Chemical Inhibitors and Drugs:

(90) PKC412 was purchased from Cayman Chemicals; G 6976 from Calbiochem. Staurosporine (STS), K252a, CEP-701, UCN-01 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich; Arcyriaflavin-A, K252c and SB218078 from Tocris Bioscience; Rebeccamycin from Enzo Life Sciences and Enzastaurin from LC laboratories. All the chemicals were reconstituted as 5 or 10 mM stock solutions in DMSO and kept frozen at 20 C.

(91) Western Blotting and Antibodies:

(92) Cultured and treated cells were lysed in 2SDS sample buffer/Laemmli Buffer, boiled and resolved by SDS-PAGE using 10% acrylamide gels. Proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes. Membranes were blocked and incubated with required dilution of primary and 1:5000 dilution of secondary antibody in 5% Milk-PBS-Tween20 for required duration of time and developed by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL). Anti-HDAC4 (clone H-92) (1:1000 dilution) and anti-actin (clone AC-40) (1:10,000 dilution) antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology and Sigma-Aldrich respectively. The quantitative analysis of films was performed using MCID 5+ image analyser.

(93) Apoptosis Assay by Sub-G0/G1 Fraction Estimation:

(94) The percentage of the sub-G0/G1 fraction containing fragmented nuclei stained with Propidium iodide (PI) was taken as a measure of apoptotic cells. 3.5-410.sup.4 cells were plated in 24-well plates, transfected with siRNA for 48 hrs, and then treated with indicated concentration of test compounds in fresh media. After 24 hrs of treatment, both floating and adherent cells were harvested by centrifugation. Cell pellets were resuspended in 400 l of hypotonic PI buffer, containing 40 mM Tri-sodium citrate (Merck), 0.3% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich) and 50 g/ml Propidium iodide (Sigma-Aldrich) in PBS, and incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes in dark. The flow cytometric analysis of PI stained nuclei was performed and the recorded data was analyzed using a FACScan flow cytometer and software (Becton Dickinson) respectively.

(95) Colony Formation Assay:

(96) Cells plated in very low density (4-610.sup.3) in 6-well plates were allowed to grow for about 7 days until they form small colonies. These cells were then transfected with Scrambled or HDAC4 siRNA using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After 48 hrs, treatments were given with indicated concentration of chemical drugs for another 48 hrs. Cell colonies were washed with PBS, fixed with 3.7% formaldehyde and stained with 0.2% crystal violet solution (made in 10% ethanol) for 15 minutes at room temperature each. Excess stain was removed by repeated washings with PBS. Plates were dried and pictures were taken with Epson perfection V700 scanner and analysed with ImageJ.

(97) Statistical Analysis:

(98) The significance level of differences between the mean values of two groups of data was evaluated using the unpaired Student's t-test assuming equal variances among the sample means. All p-values were two-tailed. Parameters with probability value p<0.05 was depicted as statistically significant and p<0.001 as highly significant difference.

(99) Results

(100) In order to study the effect of HDAC4 inhibition on cancer cell survival and sensitivity to different chemical drugs, at first, human glioblastoma T98G cells were transiently transfected with Scrambled siRNA (non-targeting siRNA depicted in SEQ ID NO: 171) or HDAC4 specific siRNA (depicted in SEQ ID NO: 2) for 72 hrs. The efficient protein down regulation by HDAC4 specific siRNA was shown by immunoblotting (FIG. 1A).

(101) The T98G cells containing normal or reduced levels of HDAC4, that is cells transfected with Scrambled siRNA or HDAC4 siRNA respectively, were treated with staurosporine (STS) and its structurally related derivatives including PKC413, K252a, UCN-01, CEP-701, SB-218078, G-6976, Enzastaurin, K252c, Arcyriaflavin A and Rebeccamycin. The treatments were given 48 hrs after transfection. Following 24 hrs of drug treatment the cells were lysed in hypotonic buffer, and their nuclei were stained with propidium iodide. The stained cell lysates were analysed to estimate the sub-G0/G1 fraction of fragmented nuclei by flow cytometry (FACS) (FIG. 1B). Condensation and fragmentation of nucleus is a key biochemical feature of apoptosis and sub-G0/G1 analysis has been widely used for detection of apoptosis (Afanas'ev et al., FEBS Lett., 1986, 194(2):347-50; Prosperi et al., Cytometry, 1991, 12(4):323-329). This screening identified five potent cell death promoting drugs which promote significantly higher apoptosis of glioblastoma T98G cells when used in combination with HDAC4 siRNA.

(102) The efficacy of the selected potent drugs was then tested by colony formation assay in non-tumorigenic T98G, and highly-tumorigenic U87MG-luciferase (luciferase expressing U87MG cells) glioblastoma cell lines. For this experiment, the cells were grown in 6-well plates in low density until the formation of small colonies which were then transfected with Scrambled or HDAC4 specific siRNA for 48 hrs followed by treatment with STS, PKC412, K252a, UCN-01 and CEP-701 at the indicated concentrations for another 48 hrs. Colonies were fixed with formaldehyde, stained with crystal violet and pictures were analysed with Image J. In both the cell lines, either HDAC4 depletion or chemical drug treatment alone moderately reduced the colony formation ability, whereas combination of these two treatments resulted in very high reduction of colony growth (FIGS. 2A-2C and 3A-3C). The treatment with STS derivative CEP-701 was found to be less effective in U87MG cells (FIG. 3C), suggesting the possibility of higher degree of drug resistance in these cells as compared to T98G cells (FIG. 2C). Most importantly, the derivative K252a was very potent in reducing the colony growth of both the cell lines specifically depleted for HDAC4.

(103) In order to exclude the possible off-target siRNA effects, we also tested another HDAC4 specific siRNA (HDAC4.2; SEQ ID: 5) in T98G cells. Also this siRNA inhibited HDAC4 protein expression levels as shown by western blotting (FIG. 4A) and increased level of apoptosis upon STS treatment (FIG. 4B). These results were corroborated by reduction in the colony growth of HDAC4.2 siRNA tranfected cells treated with STS and its effective derivatives PKC412 and K252a (FIG. 4C).