Method to Activate Carbene and Carbyne Complexes and Their Use in Metathesis Polymerization

Abstract

A method, including: contacting a carbene or carbyne precatalyst with a first co-catalyst, under reaction conditions sufficient to cause the first-co-catalyst to activate the carbene or carbyne precatalyst, wherein the first co-catalyst is selected from the group consisting of an aluminum activator, a Br.sub.2-1,4-dioxane complex, I.sub.2, PhICl.sub.2, and PCl.sub.5.

Claims

1. A method, comprising: contacting a carbene or carbyne precatalyst with a first co-catalyst, under reaction conditions sufficient to cause the first-co-catalyst to activate the carbene or carbyne precatalyst, wherein the first co-catalyst is selected from the group consisting of an aluminum activator, a Br.sub.2-1,4-dioxane complex, 12, PhICl.sub.2, and PCl.sub.5.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the contacting includes using the following carbene: ##STR00010## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbyl chains, the hydrocarbyl chains can optionally include halogens, R.sub.1 can also optionally be a heteroatom containing ring structures, and R.sub.2 can also optionally be an amine, and M is Cr, Mo, or W.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein at least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.2 includes an alkyl, aromatic or nonaromatic fragment.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the contacting includes using the carbene, which is at least one of ##STR00011## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbyl chains, the hydrocarbyl chains can optionally include halogens, R.sub.1 can also optionally be a heteroatom containing ring structures, and R.sub.2 can also optionally be an amine.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the contacting includes using the carbene, which is selected from the group consisting of ##STR00012##

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the contacting includes using the carbyne having the formula of ##STR00013## wherein R is a linear or cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, M is Cr, Mo, or W, and X is F, Cl, Br, or I.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the contacting includes providing a second co-catalyst, wherein the second co-catalyst is titanium halide, a transition metal halide, or a main group halide in an amount less than or equal to 30 equivalents.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the contacting forms an activated carbene or carbyne, and the method further comprises: adding a monomer to the activated carbene or carbyne under polymerization conditions; and extracting a polymer.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the monomer is cyclopentene and the polymerization conditions cause the cyclopentene be boiling.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein the monomer is a cyclic olefin.

11. The method of claim 8, wherein the polymer has trans double bond content ranging from 10% to 90%.

12. The method of claim 8, wherein the polymer has a Mw from 10 kg/mol to 700 kg/mol.

13. The method of claim 8, wherein the polymerization is performed in a reactor with an atmosphere selected from the group consisting of O.sub.2, Br.sub.2, F.sub.2, Cl.sub.2, air, or a combination thereof.

14. The method of claim 10, further comprising controlling Mw of the polymer using a chain transfer agent.

15. The method of claim 2, wherein at least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.2 includes phenyl or an alkyl substituted phenyl.

16. The method of claim 2, wherein at least one of R.sub.1 or R.sub.2 includes thiophene or furan.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Definitions

[0023] For the purposes of this application and the claims thereto, the new numbering scheme for the Periodic Table Groups is used as described in CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING NEWS, v.63(5), pg. 27 (1985). Therefore, a group 4 metal is an element from group 4 of the Periodic Table, e.g. Hf, Ti, or Zr.

[0024] The term hydrocarbon means a class of compounds containing hydrogen bound to carbon, and encompasses (i) saturated hydrocarbon compounds, (ii) unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds, and (iii) mixtures of hydrocarbon compounds (saturated and/or unsaturated), including mixtures of hydrocarbon compounds having different values of n. Likewise, a Cm-Cy group or compound refers to a group or compound comprising carbon atoms at a total number thereof in the range from m to y. Thus, a C.sub.1-C.sub.50 alkyl group refers to an alkyl group comprising carbon atoms at a total number thereof in the range from 1 to 50.

[0025] The terms hydrocarbyl radical, hydrocarbyl group, or hydrocarbyl may be used interchangeably and are defined to mean a group consisting of hydrogen and carbon atoms only. Preferred hydrocarbyls are C.sub.1-C.sub.100 radicals that may be linear, branched, or cyclic, and when cyclic, aromatic or non-aromatic. Examples of such radicals include, but are not limited to, alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl, octyl cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, and the like, aryl groups, such as phenyl, benzyl naphthyl, and the like.

[0026] Unless otherwise indicated, the term substituted means that at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced with at least one non-hydrogen group, such as a hydrocarbyl group, a heteroatom, or a heteroatom containing group, such as halogen (such as Br, Cl, F or I) or at least one functional group such as NR*.sub.2, OR*, SeR*, TeR*, PR*.sub.2, AsR*.sub.2, SbR*.sub.2, SR*, BR*.sub.2, SiR*.sub.3, GeR*.sub.3, SnR*.sub.3, PbR*.sub.3, (CH.sub.2).sub.qSiR*.sub.3, and the like, where q is 1 to 10 and each R* is independently hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl or halocarbyl radical, and two or more R* may join together to form a substituted or unsubstituted completely saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic cyclic or polycyclic ring structure), or where at least one heteroatom has been inserted within a hydrocarbyl ring.

[0027] The term substituted hydrocarbyl means a hydrocarbyl radical in which at least one hydrogen atom of the hydrocarbyl radical has been substituted with at least one heteroatom (such as halogen, e.g., Br, Cl, F or I) or heteroatom-containing group (such as a functional group, e.g., NR*.sub.2, OR*, SeR*, TeR*, PR*.sub.2, AsR*.sub.2, SbR*.sub.2, SR*, BR*.sub.2, SiR*.sub.3, GeR*.sub.3, SnR*.sub.3, PbR*.sub.3, (CH.sub.2).sub.qSiR*.sub.3, and the like, where q is 1 to 10 and each R* is independently hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl or halocarbyl radical, and two or more R* may join together to form a substituted or unsubstituted completely saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic cyclic or polycyclic ring structure), or where at least one heteroatom has been inserted within a hydrocarbyl ring.

[0028] The term substituted phenyl, means a phenyl group having 1 or more hydrogen groups replaced by a hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom or heteroatom containing group.

[0029] The terms alkyl radical, and alkyl are used interchangeably throughout this disclosure. For purposes of this disclosure, alkyl radical is defined to be a saturated hydrocarbon radical that may be linear, branched, or cyclic. Examples of such radicals can include C.sub.1-C.sub.100 saturated hydrocarbon radicals (C.sub.1-C.sub.100 alkyls), such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl, octyl cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, and the like including their substituted analogues. Substituted alkyl radicals are radicals in which at least one hydrogen atom of the alkyl radical has been substituted with at least a non-hydrogen group, such as a hydrocarbyl group, a heteroatom, or a heteroatom containing group, such as halogen (such as Br, Cl, F or I) or at least one functional group such as NR*.sub.2, OR*, SeR*, TeR*, PR*.sub.2, AsR*.sub.2, SbR*.sub.2, SR*, BR*.sub.2, SiR*.sub.3, GeR*.sub.3, SnR*.sub.3, PbR*.sub.3, (CH.sub.2).sub.qSiR*.sub.3, and the like, where q is 1 to 10 and each R* is independently hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl or halocarbyl radical, and two or more R* may join together to form a substituted or unsubstituted completely saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic cyclic or polycyclic ring structure), or where at least one heteroatom has been inserted within a hydrocarbyl ring.

[0030] As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term aromatic refers to unsaturated heterocycles, or unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons having a delocalized conjugated 1L system. Typical aromatics comprise 5 to 20 carbon atoms (aromatic C.sub.5-C.sub.20 hydrocarbon), particularly from 5 to 12 carbon atoms (aromatic C.sub.5-C.sub.12 hydrocarbon), and particularly from 5 to 10 carbon atoms (aromatic C.sub.5-C.sub.12 hydrocarbon). Exemplary aromatics include, but are not limited to benzene, toluene, xylenes, mesitylene, ethylbenzenes, cumene, naphthalene, methylnaphthalene, dimethylnaphthalenes, ethylnaphthalenes, acenaphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, tetraphene, naphthacene, benzanthracenes, fluoranthrene, pyrene, chrysene, triphenylene, and the like, and combinations thereof.

[0031] As used herein, Mn is number average molecular weight, Mw is weight average molecular weight, and Mz is z average molecular weight, wt % is weight percent, and mol % is mole percent. Molecular weight distribution (MWD), also referred to as polydispersity index (PDI), is defined to be Mw divided by Mn. Unless otherwise noted, all molecular weight units (e.g., Mw, Mn, Mz) are g/mol (g mol.sup.?1).

[0032] Unless otherwise indicated, as used herein, high molecular weight is defined as a number average molecular weight (Mn) value of 100,000 g/mol or more. Low molecular weight is defined as an Mn value of less than 100,000 g/mol.

[0033] Room temperature is 23? C. unless otherwise indicated.

[0034] Air refers to the air we breathe.

DESCRIPTION

[0035] Exemplary embodiments of the present technological advancement provide new, less expensive, and easier to handle conditions to control ROMP of cyclic olefins. Moreover, the embodiments described below explore whether the reactions can be run in hydrocarbon solvents, such as pentane, hexane, etc., or even in a neat monomer such as cyclopentene.

[0036] Representation of ROMP of a series of cyclic olefins and cyclopentene

##STR00005##

[0037] Although the properties of polypentenamer (particularly trans polypentenamer) are very well studied and known, there is still a need for a well-defined catalyst that can achieve high conversion with low loading at or above room temperature to yield especially high molecular weight polypentenamer. Fischer carbenes, in general, are particularly attractive due to their straightforward high yield synthesis (2 steps) from simple and commercially available inexpensive starting materials, hydrocarbon solubility, and their stability towards water and air. Therefore, attempts were made to reproduce the results reported in Chauvin's paper and to explore whether any opportunities exist to improve the catalysis (i.e., Mw and cis/trans control, shorter reaction times, minimizing the use of excess TiCl.sub.4 etc.).

[0038] Multiple attempts made to reproduce the Chauvin results resulted with a high trans ratio of 85% only once at a very low yield. It should be noted that although Chauvin claims specific treatment in order to reach the best activity, the experimental details of the publication is poor (possibly due to the in accurate equipment used in 1976). The observations during experimentation however warranted follow up studies since the reaction (for TiCl.sub.4 case) seemed to be reaching high conversion within minutes to produce mostly mid and high cis content. The nature of the activation under thermal or light activated conditions also intrigued interest on whether this period prior to the polymerization reaction could be skipped or shortened. The use of aromatic solvents and high Ti content are also not desirable since these solvents are not desired in industry and deashing would certainly be necessary to remove excess Ti making the process even more costly. Therefore, conditions were explored without pre-activation time while using solvents such as pentane, hexane or neat cyclopentene where excess TiCl.sub.4 was not necessary.

[0039] Embodiments of the present technological advancement have shown: that 30 equivalent TiCl.sub.4 is enough to initiate polymerization under ambient light (i.e., no need for thermal or photo activation by a UV light source prior to the reaction); by using a co-catalyst, such as I.sub.2, PHlCl.sub.2, PCl.sub.5, the use of TiCl.sub.4 can be eliminated or reduced to 1-30 equivalents; TiCl.sub.4 can be replaced with other titanium halides, transition metal halides, and/or main group halides; the reaction can be run in air, the reaction can be run at higher temperatures (such as 55? C. or greater, or with boiling cyclopentene); and the reaction can yield polymers having molecular trans content measured by .sup.13C NMR spectroscopy from 10% to 90%, and more preferably from 22% to 80%.

[0040] Embodiments of the present technological advancement can use a Fischer carbene, a Casey Carbene, and/or a Carbyne complex, which are illustrated below. For purposes of this application a Fischer carbene and a Casey Carbene are generically referred to as a carbene, wherein they comprise a non-persistent carbene having a pi-donor substituents. These carbenes, in some contexts, are considered to be inactive, but the present technological advancement shows that they can be activated without thermal or photo activation by a UV light prior to the reaction.

##STR00006##

[0041] R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbyl chains (including, but not limited to, alkyls, aromatic or nonaromatic fragments, such as phenyl and substituted phenyl, including but not limited to alkyl substituted phenyl, thiophene, furan, etc.). The hydrocarbyl chains can include halogens. R.sub.1 can also be a heteroatom containing ring structures. [0042] R.sub.2 can also independently be an amine. [0043] Q can be an oxygen or nitrogen atom. [0044] M can be Cr, Mo, and W, with W being preferred.

[0045] For the Carbyne complex, X can be halides such as F, Cl, Br and I, and R can be linear or cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as but not limited to methyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, hexyl, phenyl, pentachloro phenyl, pentafluoro phenyl, ortho-tolyl, meta-tolyl and para-tolyl.

[0046] Additional species of a Fischer carbene useable with the present technological advancement include the following. However, this is not an exclusive listing of all carbenes useable with the present technological advancement, as those of ordinary skill in the art can identify other carbenes or carbynes useable with the present technological advancement for their particular purpose.

##STR00007##

R.sub.1 and R.sub.2=linear, branched or cyclic saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl chain, aromatic or nonaromatic fragments such as phenyl, substituted phenyl, thiophene, furan, etc; Q=oxygen or nitrogen atom Selected Examples

##STR00008##

[0047] Table 1 provides data regarding the three noted Fischer carbenes with cyclopetene as the monomer. The Fischer carbenes used in this report were synthesized according to previously reported methods in the following literature documents (Villemin, D. An Undergraduate Experiment in Homogeneous Catalysis: Synthesis of Phenylethoxycarbene Tungsten Pentacarbonyl and Polymerization of Norbornene and Phenylacetylene, J. Chem. Educ. 1987, v.64(2), pg. 183 and Alkylation of Acylmetalates with Alkyl Halides to Prepare Fischer Carbene Complexes: An Improved Protocol, Tetrahedron 2011, v.67(1), pp. 106-113). Cyclopentene was sparged with N.sub.2 prior to use, passed through basic alumina and stored over 3 Angstrom molecular sieves. The cis/trans ratio was determined by .sup.13C NMR spectroscopy.

[0048] Exemplary Fischer carbenes used to generate Table 1 include the following.

##STR00009##

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Precat. Reagent 1 Reagent 2 Mw Mn trans/cis (% Yield Entry (above) (2 equiv.) (equiv.) (g/mol) (g/mol) by .sup.13C NMR) PDI (isolated) Comments 1 1 TiCl.sub.4 1,023,599 649,447 33:66 1.6 22% rt, neat, (150) 25 g scale, mechanical stirrer used, cat. delivered in toluene (attempt to reproduce literature - Chauvin paper) 2 1 TiCl.sub.4 346,636 170,140 45:55 2.0 76% cat. delivered in toluene, (30) TiCl.sub.4 delivered in cyclopentene (inventive) 3 1 PhICl.sub.2 TiI.sub.4 264,031 135,051 62:38 1.9 53% 1 g toluene as solvent (10) (inventive) 4 1 TiBr.sub.4 15,753 7,005 35:65 2.2 73% 1 g toluene as solvent (10) (inventive) 5 1 PhICl.sub.2 TiF.sub.4 228,457 130,248 40:60 1.7 16% 1 g toluene as solvent (10) (inventive) 6 1 PCl.sub.5 367,077 219,578 22:78 1.6 10% Neat cyclopentene (inventive) 7 1 PCl.sub.5 TiCl.sub.4 222,867 129,061 44:56 1.7 57% 1 g toluene as solvent (10) (inventive) 8 1 PhICl.sub.2 337,416 192,901 26:74 1.7 10% Neat cyclopentene (inventive) 9 1 PhICl.sub.2 TiCl.sub.4 148,463 92,772 58:42 1.6 42% cat. delivered in 1 g (1) toluene, TiCl.sub.4 delivered in 1 g toluene (inventive) 10 1 PhICl.sub.2 SnCl.sub.4 330,432 156,346 45:55 2.1 33% Neat cyclopentene (1) (inventive) 11 1 I.sub.2 TiCl.sub.4 436,428 207,338 45:55 2.1 77% Neat cyclopentene (10) (inventive) 12 2 TiCl.sub.4 345,763 154,052 50:50 2.2 5% cat. delivered in 1 g (30) toluene (inventive) 13 2 PhICl.sub.2 TiCl.sub.4 316,254 167,079 55:45 1.9 74% cat. delivered in 1 g (30) toluene (inventive) 14 3 TiCl.sub.4 236,466 146,995 44:56 1.6 45% cat. delivered in 1 g (6) toluene (inventive) 15 3 PhICl.sub.2 105,382 64,851 64:36 1.6 85% Neat cyclopentene (inventive) 16 3 PhICl.sub.2 79.085 43,204 79:21 1.8 34% 55? C. (inventive) 17 3 PhICl.sub.2 141,695 80,023 55:45 1.7 68% open flask in air (inventive)

[0049] Based on the Chauvin's and other limited reports, it was understood that the Fischer carbene complex needs to be oxidized to access the catalytically active species. This was achieved thermally or by light in the reported literature. The present inventors have found that external oxidants or halide sources such as oxygen, Cl.sub.2, Br.sub.2, I.sub.2 etc. promote the same effect. Indeed, it can be seen in Table 1 and Table 2 that these type of oxidants were able to initiate the reaction without any extra light source or thermal activation in the absence of TiCl.sub.4.

[0050] The Chauvin paper reported that during the pre-activation the Ti to W ratio can be as low as 40 (extra 90 equivalents added later), but the conversion drops to 27%. Results here show that depending on the co-catalyst, the stoichiometry of Ti can be as low as one. While Chauvin declares that TiI.sub.4 gave poor results, the present technological advancement was able to obtain up to 75% isolated yield using only 10 equiv. TiI.sub.4 or TiBr.sub.4. The success of using different Ti halides warrants the question whether titanium is the only metal source that can be used as the co-catalyst. It was demonstrated that SnCl.sub.4 or PCl.sub.5 can facilitate the reaction up to 33% isolated yield. In fact, it is clear from the present results that no metal halide is even needed if one uses an oxidant such as PhICl.sub.2, I.sub.2, Br.sub.2(dioxane), PCl.sub.5. However, the results indicate that further optimization is needed for the desired trans/cis ratio and Mw.

[0051] Finally, it has been shown that the reaction proceeds above room temperature (entry 18) essentially in boiling cyclopentene to yield lower Mw polypentenamer in 34% isolated yield. The reaction can also take place in an open flask in a fume hood in air (entry 19).

[0052] Table 2 shows multi gram scale experiments using pre-catalyst 1 (shown above) and mechanical stirrer.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 kg Entry co-cat-1 co-cat-2 Mw Mn polymer/g W trans/cis Comments 1 Br.sub.2(dioxane) TiCl.sub.4 (30) 585,885 228,521 0.58 22/78 neat, rt, 30 min (inventive) 2 PhICl.sub.2 TiCl.sub.4 (30) 537,061 209,996 1.0 24/76 neat, rt, 30 min (inventive) 3 PhICl.sub.2 Til.sub.4 (10) 529,600 378,559 0.96 43/57 neat, rt, 30 min (inventive) 4 I.sub.2 TiCl.sub.4 (10) 347,121 222,678 0.72 31/69 neat, rt, 30 min (inventive) 5 I.sub.2 TiCl.sub.4 (1) 403,293 253,123 0.59 35/65 neat, rt, 30 min (inventive) 6 PhICl.sub.2 NONE 256,513 122,461 0.47 40/60 55? C., toluene, 30 min (inventive - industrially useful example) 7 I.sub.2 TiCl.sub.4 (30) 156,402 98,429 1.1 52/48 neat, 55? C. (220 g isolated polymer) (inventive - industrially useful example)

[0053] Tungsten-carbyne complexes are related to the Fischer carbenes in a way that they can be generated directly from a Fischer carbene by its reaction with BX.sub.3 (X=I, Br, Cl). However, contrary to the carbenes, they are much less stable thermally, and more sensitive towards moisture and air. They were also reported to perform ROMP of cyclic olefins including cyclopentene if initiated by a suitable activator. A polymerization screening was conducted using Br(CO).sub.4WCPh to obtain data as shown in Table 3.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Entry co-cat-2 Mw Mn trans/cis PDI Info. 1 TiCl.sub.4 NA NA NA NA DCM, 0? C., N.sub.2 atmosphere No polymer observed 2 I.sub.2 216,032 99,951 41/59 2.16 neat, N.sub.2 atmosphere, rt 3 NONE 271,289 136,324 35/65 1.99 Open flask, fume hood, rt 4 I.sub.2 325,363 168,875 30/70 1.93 Mechanical stirrer, neat, N.sub.2 atmosphere, rt 17.5 g polymer isolated (0.87 kg polymer/gW)

[0054] The results using the carbyne complex indicate that similar activation (i.e. oxidation) methods can be used to rapidly access the presumably active species and the reaction can be performed even in air without the need of an oxidant since air is the oxidant.

General Cyclopentene Polymerization Experiments Using Fischer Carbene

[0055] Experiment A (when TiX.sub.4 (X=F, Cl, Br, I) is used): The tungsten complex was dissolved in neat cyclopentene or in a combination of suitable solvent and cyclopentene (when solvent is used). TiX.sub.4 in a suitable solvent (such as hexane or pentane) or as a solid (for solid titanium halides) was added to the solution. The solution was then stirred for up to 3 minutes. The reagent (such as PhICl.sub.2, I.sub.2, Br.sub.2(dioxane), PCl.sub.5, SnCl.sub.4) was added to the solution. After a specific time, the solution was quenched by pouring onto an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol or isopropanol. The solvent, unreacted monomer and alcohol was decanted away from the precipitated polymer and the isolated polymer isolated was dried in a vacuum oven or under an atmosphere of nitrogen or argon purge. Alternatively, the reaction can be quenched with an aldehyde containing solution such as benzaldehyde or para-dimethylamino benzaldehyde in chloroform or dichloromethane.

Discussion of Experimental Examples

[0056] ExampleTable 1 Entry 1: A polymerization reaction was conducted, as shown in Table 1, Entry 1, by replication of the conditions reported in the publication by Chauvin. Contrary to the report, the present inventors isolated a polymer with significant cis content in low yield.

[0057] Example Table 1 Entry 2: Fischer carbene (30 mg) was dissolved in 1 m toluene and left stirring at room temperature. TiCl.sub.4 (384 mg) in neat cycloepentene (3 g) was added. Instant viscosity change was observe and the reaction was quenched with paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde containing DCM solution. Washed with EtOH and water. The isolated polymer was dried under an Argon atmosphere.

[0058] ExampleTable 1 Entry 3: Fischer carbene (10 mg), TiI.sub.4 (125 mg) and cyclopentene (1.53 g) were combined. 1 g toluene was added. Stirred for a minute at room temperature (not all TiI4 was dissolved). PhICl.sub.2 (12 mg) was added and instant viscosity change was observed. The solution was quenched with paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde containing DCM solution. Washed with EtOH and water. Dried under N.sub.2.

[0059] ExampleTable 1 Entry 4: Fischer carbene (10 mg) and cyclopentene (1.53 g) were combined. 1 g toluene was added. Stirred for a minute. TiBr.sub.4 (82 mg) was added and instant viscosity change was observed. The solution was quenched with paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde containing DCM solution. Washed with EtOH and water. Dried under N.sub.2.

[0060] ExampleTable 1 Entry 5: Fischer carbene (10 mg), TiF.sub.4 (28 mg) and cyclopentene (1.53 g) was combined. 1 g toluene was added. Stirred for a minute (not all TiF.sub.4 was dissolved). PhICl.sub.2 (12 mg) was added and instant viscosity change was observed. The solution was quenched with paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde containing DCM solution. Washed with EtOH and water. Dried under N.sub.2.

[0061] Example Table 1 Entry 6: Fischer carbene (10 mg) was dissolved in cyclopentene (2.07 g) at rt. PCl.sub.5 (19 mg) was added. Viscosity changes slowly. After 10 minutes the reaction stopped. Quenched with paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde containing DCM solution. Washed with EtOH and water. Dried under N.sub.2.

[0062] ExampleTable 1 Entry 7: Fischer carbene (10 mg) and TiCl.sub.4 (43 mg) were dissolved in 1 g toluene at rt. PCl.sub.5 (19 mg) was added. Stirred for a minute. Cyclopentene (2.47 g) was added. Viscosity changes slowly. After 10 minutes the reaction stopped. Quenched with paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde containing DCM solution. Washed with EtOH and water. Dried under N.sub.2.

[0063] Example Table 1 Entry 8: Fischer carbene (30 mg) was dissolved in cyclopentene (3 g). PhICl.sub.2 (38 mg) was added as solid. Instant polymerization observed. The solution was quenched with paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde containing DCM. Washed with EtOH. Dried under N.sub.2.

[0064] ExampleTable 1 Entry 9: TiCl.sub.4 (128 mg) was dissolved in 1 mL toluene at room temperature. Catalyst (30 mg) in 1 mL toluene was added. Stirred for a minute. Cyclopentene (3 g) was added. PhICl.sub.2 (37 mg) was added as solid. Instant viscosity change observed and stopped stirring. The solution was quenched with paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde containing DCM solution. Washed with EtOH and water. Dried under N.sub.2.

[0065] ExampleTable 1 Entry 10: Fischer carbene (30 mg) and SnCl.sub.4 (18 mg) was combined in cyclopentene (3 g). Kept stirring at room temperature for 2 minutes. No viscosity change observed. PhICl.sub.2 was added as solid. Instantly stopped. The solution was quenched with paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde containing DCM solution. The polymer was isolated and washed with EtOH and water. Dried under Argon.

[0066] ExampleTable 1 Entry 11: Fischer carbene (10 mg) was dissolved in cyclopentene (2.15 g). Iodine (11 mg) was added. Stirred until it dissolved. No viscosity change observed. TiCl.sub.4 (43 mg) was added. Instant viscosity change lead to a complete stop. The solution was quenched with paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde containing DCM solution. Poured onto EtOH and water. Washed and dried under N.sub.2.

[0067] ExampleTable 1 Entry 12: Fischer carbene (10 mg) was dissolved in 1 g toluene at room temperature. Cyclopentene (1 g) was added. TiCl.sub.4 (121 mg) was added and left at room temperature. Very little viscosity change was observed. One hour later the solution was quenched with Quenched with paradimethlaminobenzaldehyde containing DCM solution. Washed with EtOH and water. Dried under N.sub.2.

[0068] ExampleTable 1 Entry 13: Fischer carbene (10 mg) was dissolved in 1 g toluene at rt. Cyclopentene (1 g) was added. TiCl.sub.4 (121 mg) was added. PhICl.sub.2 (12 mg) was added. Rapid viscosity change in 30 minutes. The solution was quenched with quenched with paradimethlaminobenzaldehyde containing DCM solution. Washed with EtOH and water. Dried under N.sub.2.

[0069] ExampleTable 1 Entry 14: Fischer carbene (15 mg) in 1 g toluene was added to TiCl.sub.4 (37 mg) at room temperature. Left stirring for one minute. Cyclopentene (2.45 g) was added. Instant viscosity change observed. The solution was quenched with quenched with paradimethlaminobenzaldehyde containing DCM solution. Washed with EtOH and water. Dried under N.sub.2.

[0070] ExampleTable 1 Entry 15: Fischer carbene (15 mg) in cyclopentene (1.46 g) stirred at room temperature for one minute. PhICl.sub.2 (18 mg) was added. Instant viscosity change. The reaction was stopped. The solution was quenched with paradimethlaminobenzaldehyde containing DCM solution. Washed with EtOH and water. Dried under N.sub.2.

[0071] Example Table 1 Entry 16: Fischer carbene (10 mg) in 4 g toluene stirred at 55? C. Cyclopentene (1.78 g) was added. Stirred for 30 seconds. PhICl.sub.2 (12 mg) was added. Instant viscosity change. Five minutes later the solution was quenched and washed with water and EtOH. The polymer was dried in a vacuum oven.

[0072] Example Table 1 Entry 17: Fischer carbene (10 mg) in neat cyclopentene (2.23 g) was left stirring at room temperature in an open flask. PhICl.sub.2 (12 mg) was added. Instant viscosity change was observed. The solution was quenched and washed with water and EtOH. The polymer was dried under N.sub.2.

[0073] Example Table 2 Entry 1: Fischer carbene (10 mg) was dissolved in cyclopentene (77 g). TiCl.sub.4 (128 mg) in hexane (2 mL) was added. Stirred for 30 seconds. Br.sub.2(dioxane) (11 mg) was added as solid. Left at room temperature. Forty minutes later, it was quenched with paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde containing DCM solution and poured onto iPrOH. Washed. Dried under N.sub.2.

[0074] Example Table 2 Entry 2: Fischer carbene (10 mg) was dissolved in cyclopentene (77 g). TiCl.sub.4 (128 mg) in hexane (2 mL) was added. Stirred for 30 seconds. PhICl.sub.2 (12 mg) was added as solid. Left at room temperature. One hour later, it was quenched with paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde containing DCM solution and poured onto iPrOH. Washed. Dried under N.sub.2.

[0075] ExampleTable 2 Entry 3: Fischer carbene (10 mg), TiI.sub.4 (125 mg) and cyclopentene (77 g) was combined. 1 g toluene was added. Stirred for a minute (not all TiI.sub.4 was dissolved). PhICl.sub.2 (124 mg) was added and instant viscosity change was observed. Quenched with paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde containing DCM solution after 20 minutes. Washed with iPrOH and water. Dried under N.sub.2.

[0076] Example Table 2 Entry 4: Fischer carbene (50 mg) was dissolved in cyclopentene (77 g). TiCl.sub.4 (214 mg) in 2 mL hexane was added. Stirred for 30 seconds. Iodine (57 mg) was added. Thirty minutes later poured onto iPrOH (200 mL) and water. Washed and dried in vacuum oven.

[0077] Example Table 2 Entry 5: Fischer carbene (50 mg) was dissolved in cyclopentene (38 g). TiCl.sub.4 (21 mg) in 2 mL hexane was added. Stirred for 30 seconds. Iodine (57 mg) was added. Thirty minutes later poured onto iPrOH and water. Washed and dried in vacuum oven.

[0078] ExampleTable 2 Entry 6: Fischer carbene (16 mg) in 100 mL toluene stirred at 55? C. Cyclopentene (74 g) was added. Stirred for a minute. PhICl.sub.2 (19 mg) was added. Thirty minutes later quenched and washed with isopropanol. The precipitated white polymer was dried under N.sub.2.

[0079] ExampleTable 2 Entry 7: Fischer carbene (500 mg) was dissolved in cyclopentene (384 g). TiCl.sub.4 (6.41 g) in 2 mL hexane was added. Stirred for 30 seconds. Iodine (572 mg) was added. Thirty minutes later poured onto iPrOH and water. Washed and dried in vacuum oven.

[0080] ExampleTable 3 Entry 2: Catalyst (20 mg) was dissolved in cyclopentene (2.93 g) and kept stirring at room temperature. Iodine (11 mg) was added as solid. Viscosity change observed. 10 minutes later stopped, washed with MeOH. Dried.

[0081] ExampleTable 3 Entry 3: Catalyst (20 mg) was dissolved in cyclopentene (2.93 g) and kept stirring at room temperature in an open flask in fume hood. Iodine (11 mg) was added as solid. Viscosity change observed. Ten minutes later stopped, washed with MeOH. Dried.

[0082] ExampleTable 3 Entry 4: Catalyst (50 mg) was dissolved in cyclopentene (110 g) and kept stirring at room temperature. Iodine (27 mg) was added as solid. Viscosity change observed. Thirty minutes later stopped, washed with MeOH. Dried.

Activation of Carbene or Carbyne

[0083] An exemplary embodiment of the present technological advancement can include contacting a carbene or carbyne precatalyst with a first co-catalyst, under reaction conditions sufficient to activate the carbene or carbyne precatalyst. Rather than use thermal or photo activation, the present technological advancement can activate the carbene or carbyne with one or more co-catalysts. The first co-catalyst can be selected from the group consisting of aluminum activator, Br.sub.2-1,4-dioxane complex, I.sub.2, PhICl.sub.2, and PCl.sub.5.

[0084] The following are non-limiting examples of an aluminum activator that could be used with the present technological advancement. In one embodiment, alumoxane can be utilized as an activator in the catalyst system. Alumoxanes are generally oligomeric compounds containing Al(R.sup.1)Osub-units, where R.sup.1 is an alkyl group. Examples of alumoxanes include methylalumoxane (MAO), modified methylalumoxane (MMAO), ethylalumoxane and isobutylalumoxane. Alkylalumoxanes and modified alkylalumoxanes are suitable as catalyst activators, particularly when the abstractable ligand is an alkyl, halide, alkoxide or amide. Mixtures of different alumoxanes and modified alumoxanes may also be used. It may be suitable to use a visually clear methylalumoxane. A cloudy or gelled alumoxane can be filtered to produce a clear solution or clear alumoxane can be decanted from the cloudy solution. A useful alumoxane is a modified methyl alumoxane (MMAO) cocatalyst type 3A (commercially available from Akzo Chemicals, Inc. under the trade name Modified Methylalumoxane type 3A, covered under U.S. Pat. No. 5,041,584). Another useful alumoxane is solid polymethylaluminoxane as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,340,630; 8,404,880; and 8,975,209. Aluminum alkyls are available as hydrocarbon solutions from commercial sources. Methylalumoxane (MAO) is available from Albemarle as a 30 wt % solution in toluene.

[0085] Preferably, a second co-catalyst is not needed, which advantageously lowers the cost of implementing the present technological advancement. However, as shown in Table 1, second co-catalysts can be used. Advantageously, when optionally using TiCl.sub.4 or other titanium halides or transition metal halides or main group halides, the amount thereof can be less than 30 equivalents, or 30 to 1 equivalents, or less than 10 equivalents, or 10 to 1 equivalents.

Polymerization Processes

[0086] In embodiments herein, the present technological advancement relates to polymerization processes where monomer (such as cyclopentene), and optionally comonomer, are contacted with a catalyst system comprising co-catalyst (or activator) and at least one catalyst or pre-catalyst compound, as described above. The catalyst compound and activator may be combined in any order, and are combined typically prior to contacting with the monomer.

[0087] An exemplary polymerization process can include adding a monomer to the activated carbene under polymerization conditions; and extracting a polymer. Those of ordinary skill in the art, in light of the teaching of the present application, will be able to implement polymerization conditions to achieve the results described herein without undue experimentation.

[0088] The monomer used in the polymerization reaction can include cyclopentene and the polymerization conditions can be such that the cyclopentene be boiling. In other words, the reaction temperature can be at or above 55? C. The monomer can also be a cyclic olefin, preferably cyclopentene. The present technological advancement can be used to ROMP other monomers, such as cyclooctene.

[0089] The polymer generated with the present technological advancement can have trans double bond content ranging from 10% to 90%, preferably 22% to 80%.

[0090] The polymer generated with the present technological advancement can have a Mw from 10 kg/mol to 1,000 kg/mo, or 0.70 kg/mol to 700 kg/mol.

[0091] The present technological advancement can further include controlling Mw of the polymer using chain transfer agents, such as linear alpha olefins including ethylene (1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene etc.).

[0092] The polymerization can be performed in a reactor with an atmosphere selected from the group consisting of O.sub.2, Br.sub.2, F.sub.2, Cl.sub.2, air, or a combination thereof.

[0093] While the embodiments and experiments described herein used cyclopentene as the monomer, the present technological advancement can be used with other monomers and/or co-monomers. Exemplary C.sub.2 to C.sub.40 olefin monomers and optional comonomers include ethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene, norbomene, norbomadiene, dicyclopentadiene, cyclopentene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene, cyclooctadiene, cyclododecene, 7-oxanorbomene, 7-oxanorbomadiene, substituted derivatives thereof, and isomers thereof, preferably hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, dodecene, cyclooctene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, 1-hydroxy-4-cyclooctene, 1-acetoxy-4-cyclooctene, 5-methylcyclopentene, cyclopentene, dicyclopentadiene, norbomene, norbomadiene, and their respective homologs and derivatives, preferably norbomene, norbomadiene, and dicyclopentadiene.

[0094] All documents described herein are incorporated by reference herein, including any priority documents and/or testing procedures to the extent they are not inconsistent with this text. As is apparent from the foregoing general description and the specific embodiments, while forms of the invention have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited thereby. Likewise, the term comprising is considered synonymous with the term including. Likewise whenever a composition, an element or a group of elements is preceded with the transitional phrase comprising, it is understood that we also contemplate the same composition or group of elements with transitional phrases consisting essentially of, consisting of, selected from the group of consisting of, or is preceding the recitation of the composition, element, or elements and vice versa.

[0095] When numerical lower limits and numerical upper limits are listed herein, ranges from any lower limit to any upper limit are contemplated. Although the present disclosure has been described in terms of specific aspects, it is not so limited. Suitable alterations/modifications for operation under specific conditions should be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is therefore intended that the following claims be interpreted as covering all such alterations/modifications as fall within the true spirit/scope of the disclosure.