Laser-to-optical-fiber connection

Abstract

An article of manufacture including a fiber optic termination of a small core optical fiber for use with a surgical laser apparatus (the output from which may be characterized by a high M.sup.2 factor) or other high-power or high-energy laser (including an appropriate fiber laser) is configured for safe and efficient coupling of light at a large laser focal point and/or to enable the process of coupling of radiant intensities exceeding the silica fiber damage thresholds and/or those ionizing the air if fully focused therein. The termination may include a glass cylinder structured to include a core region and a glass cladding region the ratio of dimensions of which is substantially equal to the ratio of respectively-corresponding dimensions of the employed optical fiber. A method of propagating light through such article of manufacture.

Claims

1. An article of manufacture having an axis and comprising: an optical fiber component that contains a sequence of immediately-neighboring one another multiple dielectric boundaries defined across the axis; a substantially cylindrical body of glass having an output facet; and an intermediate body of glass material seamlessly connected with the optical fiber component at a first end thereof and seamlessly connected with the substantially cylindrical body of glass at a second end thereof, wherein the article is configured to propagate an optical mode of the optical fiber component through both the intermediate body and the substantially cylindrical body only in one direction, and wherein the optical fiber component includes two first optical fiber elements each having a first glass content and each carrying multiple dielectric boundaries defined across the axis, and a second optical fiber element between said two first optical fiber elements, a glass content of the second optical fiber element being necessarily different from the first glass content.

2. An article of manufacture according to claim 1, (19A) wherein said optical fiber component includes a first optical fiber element, of the tow first optical fiber elements, that has a first glass content and carrying said multiple dielectric boundaries and the second optical fiber element made of substantially the same glass material as that of the intermediate body; and/or (19B) wherein an outer surface of the intermediate body is connected with an outer surface of the substantially cylindrical body in a tangentially parallel manner; and/or (19C) wherein a diameter of the intermediate body is different from both a diameter of the optical fiber component and a diameter of the substantially cylindrical body.

3. An article of manufacture according to claim 1, wherein the intermediate body is configured to have a first diameter thereof at the first end to be smaller than a second diameter thereof at the second end while, at the same time, to define a first angle of divergence of an optical mode of the optical fiber component propagating therethrough at the first end to be larger than a second angle of divergence of said optical mode at the second end.

4. An article of manufacture according to claim 1, wherein: (21A) a combination of the intermediate body and the substantially cylindrical body is configured such as to define a propagation of an optical mode of the optical fiber component between the first end and the output facet to be without a reflection returned to the optical fiber component; and/or (21B) the substantially cylindrical body of glass is dimensioned such as to define a spatial expansion of the optical mode of the optical fiber component, that has reached the substantially cylindrical body of glass through the intermediate body, at a substantially constant rate while propagating therethrough; and/or (21C) the intermediate body is dimensioned such as to change an angle of divergence of the optical mode of the optical fiber component, propagating therethrough from the optical fiber component to the substantially cylindrical body, at least once.

5. An article of manufacture according to claim 1, wherein the intermediate body includes a sequence of multiple coaxially positioned truncated cones of glass material spatially coordinated with one another such that a top of a first truncated cone forms a part of a base of a second truncated cone.

6. An article of manufacture according to claim 1, wherein a combination of the two first optical fiber elements and the second optical fiber element is configured to increase an irradiance light, generated in said second optical fiber element of the optical fiber component when an auxiliary light is delivered thereto.

7. An article of manufacture according to claim 1, wherein the optical fiber component has a fiber core and a fiber cladding, and wherein said substantially cylindrical body has a termination core, and a termination cladding.

8. An article of manufacture according to claim 7, wherein a first ratio of the termination core diameter to the termination cladding diameter is substantially equal to a second ratio of the fiber core diameter to the fiber cladding diameter.

9. An article of manufacture according to claim 7, wherein the substantially cylindrical body is dimensioned such that an optical mode of the optical fiber component propagating therethrough is not totally internally reflected at a boundary between the termination core and the termination cladding.

10. An article of manufacture according to claim 1, (28A) wherein the output facet is configured to change a degree of divergence or convergence of light propagating therethrough; and/or (28B) wherein the article further comprises an auxiliary optical element affixed to the output facet, wherein the auxiliary optical element has a non-uniform radial distribution of a refractive index and/or is dimensioned to change a degree of divergence or convergence of light propagating therethrough.

11. A method comprising: using the article of manufacture according to claim 1: partially transmitting first light completely within a first glass medium through at least two of said multiple dielectric boundaries in a first region of said first glass medium to form operationally useful light, wherein each of the at least of said multiple dielectric boundaries in the first region separates areas of said first glass medium that have different refractive indices; and propagating the operationally useful light only in one direction through the substantially cylindrical body of glass material while necessarily expanding a size of spatial distribution of said operationally useful light upon so propagating to define an output light at the output facet.

12. A method according to claim 11, further comprising channeling the operationally useful light from the at least two of said multiple dielectric boundaries to the substantially cylindrical portion completely within a second glass medium while maintaining said size substantially constant during said channeling.

13. A method according to claim 11, wherein said propagating does not include totally internally reflecting said operationally useful light at a dielectric boundary.

14. A method according to claim 11, further comprising multiply circulating the first light between the at least two of said multiple dielectric boundaries in the first region and at least two immediately-neighboring dielectric boundaries in a second region of said first glass medium, wherein each of the at least two immediately-neighboring dielectric boundaries in the second region separates areas of said first glass medium that have different refractive indices.

15. A method according to claim 14, wherein said multiply circulating includes multiply circulating the first light within an auxiliary glass medium while coupling second light into the auxiliary glass medium.

16. A method according to claim 11, wherein said propagating the operationally useful light includes passing the operationally useful light from the optical fiber component to the substantially cylindrical portion completely within bounds of a glass material.

17. A method according to claim 11, further comprising: conveying said operationally useful light only in one direction through a section of glass material with an outer diameter different from both an outer diameter of the optical fiber component and an outer diameter of the substantially cylindrical portion.

18. A method according to claim 17, (36A) wherein said propagating includes delivering said operationally useful light from a chosen location to said output facet un-interruptingly through a glass material dimensioned to have an outer surface that is necessarily differentiable, and/or (36B) wherein said propagating includes delivering said operationally useful light from the chosen location to said output facet un-interruptingly through a glass material dimensioned to have an outer surface that includes a sequence of conical surfaces, wherein a first conical surface at an entrance of the substantially cylindrical portion has a first apex angle and a second conical surface separated from the substantially cylindrical portion by the first conical surface has a second apex angle, the second apex angle being larger than the first apex angle; and/or (36C) wherein said propagating includes delivering said operationally useful light from the chosen location to the output facet through a sequence of multiple coaxially positioned truncated cones of glass material spatially coordinated such that a top of one truncated cone forms a part of a base of another truncated cone.

19. An article of manufacture having an axis and comprising: an optical fiber component that contains a sequence of immediately-neighboring one another multiple dielectric boundaries defined across the axis; a substantially cylindrical body of glass having an output facet; and an intermediate body of glass material seamlessly connected with the optical fiber component at a first end thereof and seamlessly connected with the substantially cylindrical body of glass at a second end thereof, wherein the intermediate body includes a sequence of multiple coaxially positioned truncated cones of glass material spatially coordinated with one another such that a top of a first truncated cone forms a part of a base of a second truncated cone, and wherein the article is configured to propagate light of an optical mode of the optical fiber component through both the intermediate body and the substantially cylindrical body only in one direction.

20. An article of manufacture according to claim 19, (39A) wherein said optical fiber component includes a first optical fiber element having a first glass content and carrying said multiple dielectric boundaries and a second optical fiber element made of substantially the same glass material as that of the intermediate tapered body; and/or (39B) wherein an outer surface of the intermediate body is connected with an outer surface of the substantially cylindrical body in a tangentially parallel manner; and/or (39C) wherein a diameter of the intermediate body is different from both a diameter of the optical fiber component and a diameter of the substantially cylindrical body.

21. An article of manufacture according to claim 19, wherein: (40A) a combination of the intermediate body and the substantially cylindrical body is configured such as to define a propagation of an optical mode of the optical fiber component between the first end and the output facet to be without a reflection of light returned to the optical fiber component; and/or (40B) the substantially cylindrical body of glass is dimensioned such as to define a spatial expansion of the optical mode of the optical fiber component, that has reached the substantially cylindrical body of glass through the intermediate body, at a substantially constant rate while propagating therethrough; and/or (40C) the intermediate body is dimensioned such as to change an angle of divergence of the optical mode of the optical fiber component, propagating therethrough from the optical fiber component to the substantially cylindrical body, at least once.

22. An article of manufacture according to claim 19, wherein the optical fiber component includes two first optical fiber elements each having a first glass content and each carrying multiple dielectric boundaries defined across the axis, and a second optical fiber element between said two first optical fiber elements, a glass content of the second optical fiber element being necessarily different from the first glass content.

23. An article of manufacture according to claim 22, wherein a combination of the two first optical fiber elements and the second optical fiber element is configured to increase an irradiance light generated in said second optical fiber element when an auxiliary light is delivered thereto.

24. An article of manufacture according to claim 19, (43A) wherein the output facet is configured to change a degree of divergence or convergence of light propagating therethrough; and/or (43B) wherein the article further comprises an auxiliary optical element affixed to the output facet, wherein the auxiliary optical element has a non-uniform radial distribution of a refractive index and/or is dimensioned to change a degree of divergence or convergence of light propagating therethrough.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) For a more complete understanding of the disclosure, reference should be made to the following detailed description and accompanying drawing figures, of which:

(2) FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B illustrate schematically two typical causes of excitation of cladding modes in surgical fibers used with holmium lasers ( the holmium laser fibers), both resulting from defects in fiber termination defects often found in related art;

(3) FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B illustrate schematically the effect of blooming of the output beam generated by a typical holmium laser, and its effect on coupling into a surgical optical fiber;

(4) FIG. 3 presents a cross-section of a tapered segment of an optical fiber, showing the transformation of a high-order modes upon coupling to a fiber through such tapered segment;

(5) FIG. 4 presents the combination of the same taper input section (as that depicted in FIG. 3) but with a re-structured input facet, the operation of which affects propagation of a high order laser mode through the taper section such as to avoid the conversion to modes propagating at higher angles with respect to the optical axis (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,488,116);

(6) FIG. 5 illustrates a quartz ferrule sleeved optical fiber termination with integral beam scattering elements (per Brown in U.S. Pat. No. 7,090,411);

(7) FIG. 6 depicts critical elements of a fiber optic termination discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,122,009 and 9,223,089;

(8) FIG. 7 illustrates one embodiment of the optical fiber termination;

(9) FIG. 8 depicts a related embodiment of the optical fiber termination;

(10) FIG. 9 depicts yet another related embodiment of the optical fiber termination.

(11) FIGS. 10A, 10B schematically illustrate an embodiment of the article of manufacture that includes at least a distributed light reflector built into an optical fiber and an optical fiber termination structured to ensure that the optical mode of the optical fiber propagates through such termination without forming back reflections.

(12) FIGS. 11, 12, 13A, 13B illustrate related embodiments of the invention.

(13) Generally, the sizes and relative scales of elements in Drawings may be set to be different from actual ones to appropriately facilitate simplicity, clarity, and understanding of the Drawings. For the same reason, not all elements present in one Drawing may necessarily be shown in another. While specific embodiments are illustrated in the figures with the understanding that the disclosure is intended to be illustrative, these specific embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of invention implementations of which are described and illustrated herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(14) The disclosure of each patent document and/or publication referred to in this application is incorporated herein by reference.

(15) Embodiments of the present invention solve a persisting problem of inability of the systems of related art to effectively couple laser light where sufficiently-focused light either exceeds the damage threshold of the optical waveguide (for example, an optical fiber) and/or exceeds the ionization breakdown threshold of the medium (such as air, in one example) in which the process of coupling occurs. Notably, while rate of air ionization may depend on the wavelength of used light and/or a pulse duration, the thresholds for breakdown (for ?2 ns pulses in clean dry air at atmospheric pressure) were found to be in the power density range of 6*10.sup.11 W/cm.sup.2 at 1064 nm; about 3*10.sup.11 W/cm.sup.2 at 532 nm; and about 2*10.sup.12 W/cm.sup.2 at 355 nm, which data provide a good assessment of the required levels for a single laser pulse. While repetition of pulses may lower the threshold, the laser damage thresholds are lower as welland depending on a preparation of a surface the laser damage threshold may be as low as 10.sup.4 W/cm.sup.2. (Understandably, embodiments of the invention may be employed in reverseto outcouple light from the optical fiber.)

(16) In particular, embodiments of the invention described here minimize technical uncertainties and variations in some prior art parameters while eliminating other uncertainties altogether, thereby permitting reproducible efficiency that has not been demonstrated so far. Specifically, in reference to the related art solutions outlined in reference to FIGS. 3 and 6, for example, longer fiber tapers are inherently superior for guiding overfill energy into the original fiber core and NA, while shorter tapers are preferable for targeting the original core position with the input lens. Formation, and positioning of tapers in ferrules for fusion are inherently variable, as is angular position of the taper within the ferrule bore, forcing compromise in lens parameters.

(17) A skilled artisan will readily appreciate that embodiments of the invention can be successfully employed for optical coupling fiber laser devices with target optical waveguides (such as optical fibers), thereby resulting in simplification of the processes of fabrication and/or assembly of the overall surgical optical-fiber based apparatus.

(18) A skilled artisan will also readily appreciate thatas used in this disclosure and the appended claimsthe term cladding modes refers to light propagating within the optical fiber that is not guided within the space defined by the glass-core boundary and theglasscladding boundary (that is, the light guided within the bounds of the glass cladding layer of the optical fiber) but, instead, is guided within a space defined between the boundary of the glass body of the optical fiber and the boundary of the polymer cladding of the fiber, regardless of the source of light. Multimode fibers that are used in holmium-laser-based surgery procedures are typically step-index and doubly clad fibers, in which the glass cladding layer is coated with a fluoropolymer coating having a refractive index lower than that of the fluorine-doped (F-doped) silica glass cladding of the fiber. A secondary numerical aperture (NA) of such fibersof approximately 0.30 to 0.45is thus formed by such polymer coating (polymer cladding, often referred to as secondary cladding). These fibers may be additionally buffered (or jacketed) with a relatively thick layer of a polymer, typically ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) copolymer (refractive index of about 1.4 @ 633 nm) that is dyed blue or green to form what is often referred to as a jacket layer (or jacket, for short) with enhanced visibility, which is important in the surgical field.

(19) As shown schematically in FIG. 7, which represents an embodiment of the invention, a laser's collimated light output 725 is shown to be converged, 730, by a single optic (which is typical in the art of surgical lasers; shown here as a lens 700) and focused onto an input curved facet of an optical fiber system 734, which materially and optically combines the conventional surgical fiber 710 with an optical head region (the region of OF termination) 708. The optical head section is, substantially, a cylindrical body exhibiting substantially the same material structure as the fiber 710. Specifically, the head 708 has the axial core region and the co-axial glass cladding region (which could be imagined in a cross-sectional view) just like the optical fiber 710 with the exception that, in the optical head 708, both the dimension of the core and that of the glass cladding are proportionately expanded (increased, as compared to those of the fiber 710) to such values that the front/input surface of the head 708 could support the concave refracting surface 715 that, in turn, is dimensioned to substantially completely accept laser light in the focal spot formed by the converging beam 730 and to focus such light (upon refraction through the surface 715 into the optical head 708) onto the cross-sectional surface 725 of the structure 734, where the regions of spatially-expanded core and the spatially-expanded glass cladding of the head 708 end and the core and the glass cladding of the regular fiber 710 begin. The so-defined surface 725that is, the surface beyond which, as seen from the head 708, the dimension(s) of the glass core region of the structure 734 and the dimension(s) of the glass cladding region of the structure 734 are substantially equal to those of the fiber 710is defined as an input surface or facet of the fiber 710, at least for the purposes of the appended claims.

(20) In at least one implementationfor example in the case when the head 708 is made from a preform from which the fiber 710 is drawnthe ratio of a thickness of the glass cladding region of the optical head 708 to the diameter of the core region of the optical head 708 is substantially equal to that of the fiber 710.

(21) The lensing surface 715 is judiciously dimensioned to changeand, in this exampleto reduce the rate of convergence of laser light upon traversing the surface 715. In the example of FIG. 7, the adiabatic merging between the optical head 708 and the conventional fiber 710 is shown to be carried out in a transition region or section 720 (which may optionally be considered to be a part of the head 708). Throughout such transition region 720, both the diameter of the core portion of the head 708 (which is maintained to be substantially constant along at least a larger portion 705 of the head 708) and the diameter of the glass cladding of the head 708 (which is maintained to be substantially constant along at least the same portion 705) are gradually reduced toward the values of the diameter of the core and the diameter of the glass cladding of the fiber 710. At the surface 725, the core and glass cladding regions of the head 708 are seamlessly merged into, respectively, the core and glass claddings of the fiber 710, in a substantially tangentially-parallel fashion. (In other words, at the input surface of the fiber 710, a tangent to the surface of the core of the fiber and a tangent to the surface of the core of the transition region 710, both drawn in a plane containing the optical fiber axis are substantially co-incident with one another, while a tangent to the surface of the cladding of the fiber and a tangent to the surface of the cladding of the transition region 710, both drawn in the same plane containing the optical fiber axis, are also substantially co-incident with one another.)

(22) Optionally, and in a related implementation, the cylindrical portion of the head 708 may be merged with the cylindrical body of the fiber 710 without a transition sectionin a step-like fashion (in which case, understandably, there will be a spatial disconnect between the corresponding core regions and/or corresponding glass cladding regions of the portions 708 and 710 of the structure 734). In any case, the portion of the structure 734 preceding the fiber section 710 is configured such that, all the way throughout the axial extent of the structure 734 between the lensing surface 715 and the surface 725 (at which the body of the conventional fiber 710 begins), laser light coupled into the structure 734 through the surface 715 is continually and un-interruptingly converging. At the surface 725, the rate (or angle) of such convergence is configured to correspond to the accepting NA of the fiber 710. Optionally, such convergence may be effectuated at a substantially constant rate throughout the head 708.

(23) Due to the fact that the materials of the core region and the glass cladding region and, therefore, the indices of refraction of the core region and the glass cladding regionof the head 708 (with or without the transition section 720) are the same as those of the core and glass cladding regions of the fiber 710, there is no internal reflection of laser light coupled into and propagating through the structure 734.

(24) A skilled artisan will readily appreciate that FIG. 7 depicts a construct configured such that various critical dimensions may be precisely maintained (as compared with inability of related art to do so) andin particularthe absolute axial starting position, 725, of the core of the conventional, substantially-constant diameter and the axial position of the input surface 715. In practice, the dimensions of the head 708 (with or without the transition region 720) are easily maintained with high precision and compatible with focal lengths of the lens formed by the surface 715 that may be produced in the available glass materials, therebyas compared with the embodiments similar to those of FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, for exampleobviating the need for a tapered wall and, therefore, the need in a tapered section completely. Furthermoreand in comparison with an embodiment similar to that of FIG. 6the contraption 734 does not require an accessory quartz ferrule (685, as in FIG. 6, that is fused 690 about the taper 695 to produce a larger surface upon which to form a functional lens). Understandably, an embodiment of FIG. 7 can be operable and operational in reversethat is, to outcouple light from the optical fiber element 710 towards the open space or a target optical component/device.

(25) FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment related to that of FIG. 7. Specifically, FIG. 8 depicts an embodiment of the optical fiber structure 834 containing an OF termination (section 808) configured to couple laser light, into a conventional surgical fiber 880, at a power level that would otherwise damage the input surface of the fiber 880 is such laser light were focused on the input surface directly; or at a power level that would otherwise ionize the air around the fiber 880 if focused sufficiently to be coupled directly into the fiber 880. In this example, collimated laser beam 725 is acquired by the OF termination (head) portion 808 through its front surface (facing the laser source of light) that is dimensioned to define a convex lens element at such front surface and, having traversed the lensing surface 855, propagates through the body of the section 808 while converging towards the fiber section 880. (The skilled person will appreciate that the embodiment 834 is also configured to ensure that a degree of convergence of light, received and accepted at the front surface of the OF termination 808, is changed upon transmission through such front surface)

(26) The material configuration/structure of the head 808 at least in one case may be substantially similar to that of the head 708 (of FIG. 7). For example, at least along a larger portion 865 of the length of the section 808, the section 808 may be structured as a spatially-expanded version of the fiber 880 and dimensioned such that the waist of the spatially-converging (internally to the head 808) beam 860 that contains highest density of radiant power occurs within the body of the glass material (for example, at or near the diameter transition section 875. The transition section 875, if and when present, is preferably structured in a fashion similar to that discussed in reference to FIG. 7. The head region 808 is materially and optically merged with the fiber 880 at a surface 825 which, as was already alluded to above in reference to the surface 725 of FIG. 7,is the input surface of the fiber 880, that is a surface beyond which, as seen from the head 808, the dimension(s) of the glass core region of the structure 834 and the dimension(s) of the glass cladding region of the structure 834 are substantially equal to those of the fiber 880. In at least in one specific implementation, the structure 834 is dimensioned such that, at the input surface of the optical fiber, the core of the termination element 808 and a core of the fiber 880 are co-axially merged with one another in a tangentially-parallel fashion, while the cladding of the termination element 808 and that of the fiber 880 cladding are also co-axially merged with one another in a tangentially-parallel fashion. Understandably, an embodiment of FIG. 8 can be operable and operational in reversethat is, to outcouple light from the optical fiber element 880 towards the open space or a target optical component/device.

(27) A related implementation of the system 934, schematically illustrated in FIG. 9, provides an OF termination (to the surgical optical fiber 925) structured to include two main portions: a head 908 (having a core region and a glass cladding region, and fabricated in the same fashion the fiber 925 is fabricated, and structured as discussed above in reference to heads 708, 808 of FIGS. 7, 8) and a front bulk glass cylinder 910 configured as an accessory lens, in this case a Gradient Index lens (or GRIN lens), in ?? pitch length, fused with the head 908. The head 908 generally may or may not have a transition region at region of attachment to the fiber 910 and in the example of FIG. 9 such transition region is present, depicted as 975, and structured by analogy of transition regions 720, 875 described in reference to FIGS. 7, 8. As shownand in at least one implementation the input and substantially collimated light 725 may be an output from the surgical laser (such a s a holmium laser) with an M.sup.2 factor on the order of about 25 or higher, which is accepted by the bulk lens 910 and converged through the head 908 into a beam waist 915. The gradient index lens portion is dimensioned to ensure that the waist 915 of the converging beam 905 is located at or near the diameter transition region 975 (when present) or at an input surface 940 of the optical fiber 925.

(28) In at least in one specific implementation, the structure 934 is dimensioned such that, at the input surface 940 of the optical fiber, the core of the head 908 and a core of the fiber 880 are co-axially merged with one another in a tangentially-parallel fashion, while the cladding of the head 908 and that of the fiber 880 cladding are also co-axially merged with one another in a tangentially-parallel fashion. Understandably, an embodiment of FIG. 9 can be operable and operational in reversethat is, to outcouple light from the optical fiber element 925 towards the open space or a target optical component/device.

(29) In at least one implementation of an embodiment of any of FIGS. 7, 8, and 9, the length of the head portion 708, 808, 908 of the optical fiber termination may be about 1.5 mm to about 5 mm in length (preferably, about 1.5 to about 3 mm in length) with an outer diameter of about 1 mm to about 2 mm (and the core diameter being about 80%, about 90%, or about 95% of the value of the outer diameter of the head, depending on the specifics of a particular implementation). The so-dimensioned optical termination facilitates the situation when laser light (during the process of converging inside the bulk of the head portion) substantially avoids interaction with a boundary between the glass core and glass cladding regions of the head portionfor example, no total internal reflection on such boundary occurs.

(30) In one related embodiment, a fiber termination contraption includes an optical fiber having a terminus, adjacent to the terminus a clad fiber and distal from the terminus and adjacent to the clad fiber a polymeric-coated fiber. The clad fiber includes a silica core and an F-doped silica cladding and the polymeric-coating fiber includes the clad fiber carrying one or more polymeric coatings. The fiber termination also includes an expanded core section proximal to the unaltered fiber core, and clad. The transition from expanded core to unaltered core is abrupt such that modes entering the expanded core at angles unsupported by the fiber core-cladding NA are not guided, but leak in a generally distal direction.

(31) In another related embodiment, a method for manufacturing an optical fiber termination includes providing an optical fiber with a denuded portion adjacent to a terminus; then forming an expanded section by controlled heating of the denuded glass fiber. The process may additionally include positioning overfill glass tube on denuded fiber section prior to expanding the core and cladding.

(32) FIGS. 10A and 10B schematically illustrate an embodiment 1000 of the apparatus of the invention that employs an optical termination structure 1010 (identified in inset A and in FIG. 10B) solidly and in a tangentially parallel manner cooperated with a constituent optical fiber component 1020, at least one portion of which includes multiple dielectric boundaries (arranged cross the axis of the component 1020 to separate respectively-corresponding multiple regions of the optical fiber having different distributions of refractive index(es) and, therefore, different effective refractive index(es) for the optical mode(s) of such optical fiber component) that are configured to form an axially-directed reflection of light propagating through the component 1020. All dimensions identified in FIGS. 10A and 10B are those for a specific example and are non-limiting, In at least one implementation, the optical fiber component 1020 is configured to operate as a fiber amplifier and/or a fiber laser (for example, to carry/contain two diffraction Bragg gratings separated by a region of the optical fiber configured as a gain medium), while the optical termination is necessarily and judiciously configured such as to form no reflection of light of the optical mode supported by the component 1020 and to ensure a singly-directional propagation of such optical mode away from the component 1020 through the optical termination 1010.

(33) The optical termination 1010 is shown to include a substantially cylindrical body 1010A of a glass material and an intermediate glass body 1010B, which at one end is seamlessly (that is, without an awkward transition, an interruption, or an indications of disparity) connected to the optical fiber component 2020 and at another endseamlessly connected to the body 1010A. In at least one specific case, while so connected, the outer surfaces of the bodies 1010A and 1010B are merging with one another in a substantially tangentially parallel fashion and/or fully differentiable fashion.

(34) The intermediate body 1010B provides an optical transition between the constituent optical fiber 1020 and the substantially cylindrical body 1010A andto ensure that the construction of the apparatus 1000 remains a one-piece construction that does not produce a reflection of light at the boundary between the elements 1020 and 1010may be made of the same material as the portion of the fiber 1020 immediately neighboring the body 1010B and fused with this portion of the fiber 1020. In one implementation, for example, when the optical fiber termination 1010 is made of silica glassas shown in the example of FIG. 10Athe optical fiber component 1020 may include at least a portion 1024 that is configured as a medium providing gain for light at a pre-determined wavelength (for example, the portion 1024 may be an optical fiber with a Tm-doped core and numerical aperture NA of about 0.07), while the portion 1028 of the optical fiber component 1020 may be configured as a silica core/silica cladding fiber with a numerical aperture of about 0.1. As shown in the example of FIG. 10B, the optical termination 1010 has a fully differentiable outer surface and is dimensioned to ensure that the propagation of the optical fiber mode delivered by the element 1028 to the body 1010B propagates through the termination 1010 while necessarily spatially expanding at a substantially constant rate (here, as shown, at an angle of about 5.6 degrees) and not forming a reflection at a dielectric surface until it reaches the output facet 1032 of the termination 1010.

(35) Substantially in any implementation of the apparatus, the output facet 1032 of the termination 1010 can include a curved surface whichwhen light delivered to such surface from the body 1010B traverses this surfacechanges a degree of spatial convergence/divergence of such light. As shown in FIG. 10B, the surface 1032 may be configured to produce a light focusing effect (that is, to operate as a lens element with a positive optical power). In a related embodiment, the surface of the output facet 1032 can be made concave to operate as a negative lens element.

(36) Referring again to the constituent optical fiber component 1020 of an embodiment of the apparatus, such component may include a stretch of reflective optical fiber (not shown) that carries/includes a multiplicity of immediately-neighboring each other dielectric boundaries arranged across the axis of the component (which boundaries separate the respectively corresponding regions of optical fiber that have difference effective refractive index(es) for a chosen mode of such optical fiber). When judiciously configured, such multiplicity of dielectric boundaries may be used to form a distributed Bragg reflector for a fiber mode supportedand optionally amplifiedby the fiber stretch 1024. When complemented with another substantially identical reflective optical fiber and the optical fiber element 1024, the apparatus may be configured to contain an optical fiber laser device. Optionally, the glass content of the reflective optical fiber may be different from that of the fiber gain medium 1024 (and contain, in one example, the dopants of Ge and Tm, respectively).

(37) FIG. 11 illustrates a related embodiment of the apparatus, in which the optical fiber component 1120 is seamlessly fused with the optical termination 1110. (Dimensions, as shown are non-limiting and used for the sake of example only.) The optical fiber termination 1120 can be fabricated, for example, from a silica rod that is laser-machined to have a portion of it conically reshaped, 1010B, leaving a stub or tail 1010C for fusion splice with the optical fiber component 1120. In this example, the intermediate body of the optical termination includes two partsa substantially conical portion 1110B extending, at the input end facing the fiber component 2020, with a stub or tail 1110C that is appropriately fused with a portion 1122 of the optical fiber component 1120 that carries at least two dielectric boundaries formed in the body of the portion 1122 across the fiber axis. The termination 1110 is configured such that spatial divergence of the optical mode of the optical fiber component 1120 delivered to the termination 1120, begins substantially in the region of fusion 1124 and continues as a substantially constant rate (here, at about 5.6 degrees) and without an internally formed back reflection upon a strictly unidirectional propagation through the optical termination 1110 to form an output beam 1128 of about 3.5 mm in diameter at the output facet 1132 configured as a substantially light-collimating lens and an output window carrying the anti-reflection coating. The transition between the outer surfaces of the conical portion 1110B and the body 1110A is preferablybut not necessarilyarranged in a tangentially-parallel manner. The optical fiber element of the component 1120 that is optionally configured as a gain medium is denoted as 1126.

(38) FIG. 12 provides a schematical illustration of an embodiment 1200 related to that of FIG. 11 but in which the cross sectional dimension of the stub or tail 1210C of the termination 1210 (which is fusion spliced with the silica portion 1228 of the optical fiber component 1220) is non-uniform and is sized in such a fashion as to ensure that the angle of spatial divergence of the optical mode propagating through the tail 1210C is changing (in this casereducing) at least once prior to reaching the conical portion 1110B. As is schematically indicated here, the tail 1210C includes three sub-stretched (sub-regions) with difference apex angles providing for the half-angle of divergence of the optical mode is about 2.8 degrees, 2.05 degrees, and 0.5 degrees. As a result, the upper value of the half-angle of divergence of the optical mode propagating through the substantially cylindrical body 1120A of the termination 1210 unidirectionally and without internal back reflections is reduced to about 1.3 degrees (as compared with that of about 2.8 degrees in the embodiment 1100).

(39) The use of the transitional multi-cone region dimensioned with an angle shallower than the divergence angle of the optical mode thereby preserves more of the beam quality by reducing the divergence as the diameter of the terminal is increased away from the optical fiber component 1220. Such configuration, understandably, also makes the collimation of the output beam at the lens element formed at the output facet 1132 less prone to producing a Fresnel reflection.

(40) FIGS. 13A, 13B provide a sketch of yet another related embodiment 1300, in which a portion 1314 of the optical termination 1310 is configured as an optical mode stripper. Hereas compared with the embodiment 1110 of FIG. 11, for examplea stretch of the substantially conical part 1310B of the termination 1310 is appropriately dimensioned as a multiplicity of coaxially positioned truncated cones (of glass material, for example, silica glass) spatially coordinated with one another such that a top of a first truncated cone 1314A forms a part of a base of a second (immediately-neighboring) truncated cone 1314B, which ensures that higher order spatial modes whichif presentwould destabilize the operation of the fiber laser (when present in the optical fiber component 1320) or even damage the active (gain) core of such laserare removed from the lightguide portion by being outcoupled outside of the topical fiber (as indicated with arrows 1318) and light 1322, propagating through the termination 1310, does not produce reflections delivered back to the optical fiber component 1320. Notablywhile in at least one case the optical fiber terminations 1010, 1110, 1210, 1310 are made of a bulk glass material such as silica, in a related case at least one of such fiber terminations can have a structure analogous to that of an optical fiber (for example, be made from an optical fiber preform) and have a termination core and a fiber termination cladding. When this is the case, in at least one implementation the apparatus can be configured such that a first ratio of the termination core diameter to a termination cladding diameter is substantially equal to a second ratio of a core diameter to the cladding diameter of the optical fiber component that is complemented with such fiber termination.

(41) A skilled person having the advantage of the above disclosure will readily appreciate that at least one embodiment of the invention (the one in which the optical fiber component complemented with an optical termination is configured to include an optical resonator) provides a method for propagating light. Such method includes a step of multiply circulating light along an optical fiber component between first and second axial locations of the optical fiber component to form operationally useful light at a chosen location of the optical fiber component (the chosen location is separated from the first axial location by the second axial location) and a step of transmitting the operationally useful light only in one direction through a substantially cylindrical portion of an optical termination element while necessarily expanding a size of a spatial distribution of such operationally useful light upon so transmitting to define an output light at a distal end of the substantially cylindrical portion. A method may additionally include a step of causing the operationally useful light to pass to the substantially cylindrical portion from the optical fiber component without traversing free space. (In one specific case, such causing includes passing the operationally useful light through the substantially cylindrical portion while not forming a total internal reflection of the operationally useful light and/or passing the operationally useful light from the optical fiber component to the substantially cylindrical portion completely within bounds of a glass material.) Alternatively or in addition- and substantially in every implementationthe method may be configured to convey the operationally useful light only in one direction through a section of glass material with an outer diameter that is different from an outer diameter of the optical fiber component and from an outer diameter of the substantially cylindrical portion. Here, while so conveying and optionally, one or more of the following conditions is satisfied: the step of transmitting may include transmitting the operationally useful light from the chosen location to the distal end un-interruptingly through a glass material dimensioned to have an outer surface that is necessarily differentiable; the step of transmitting may include transmitting the operationally useful light from the chosen location to said distal end un-interruptingly through a glass material dimensioned to have an outer surface that includes a sequence of conical surfaces (here, a first conical surface at an entrance of the substantially cylindrical portion has a first apex angle and a second conical surface separated from the substantially cylindrical portion by the first conical surface has a second apex angle, the second apex angle being larger than the first apex angle); the step of transmitting may include transmitting the operationally useful light through a sequence of multiple coaxially positioned truncated cones of glass material spatially coordinated such that a top of one truncated cone forms a part of a base of another truncated cone. Alternatively or in additionand substantially in every implementation of the methodthe method may include a step of forming the operationally useful light at the chosen location separated from the other of the first and second locations by multiplicity of axially-distributed regions having different refractive indices; and/or include free propagation of the operationally useful light in a glass medium. In at least one embodiment, of the method, the optical fiber component is configured to have a fiber core and a fiber cladding, and the step of transmitting includes transmitting the operationally useful light through the optical termination element that has a termination core, and a termination cladding. In this specific case, a first ratio of a termination core diameter to a termination cladding diameter is maintained substantially equal to a second ratio of a fiber core diameter to the fiber cladding diameter. (In one specific case when the latter requirement is met, the step of necessarily expanding is carried out such as to not form a total internal reflection of the operationally useful light at a boundary between the termination core and the termination cladding.) Furthermoreand substantially in every implementation of the methodat least one of the following conditions may be satisfied: (a) the step of transmitting may include transmitting the operationally useful light through a curved surface separated from the chosen location by the substantially cylindrical portion (here, the curved surface is a surface of an optical lens component that has a non-zero optical power); and/or (b) the method additionally includes a step of transferring the operationally useful light through an auxiliary optical element affixed to the distal surface while changing the size of the spatial distribution during such transferring. (In a specific case of the latter embodiment, when the transferring occurs, such transferring may include transferring the operationally useful light through the auxiliary optical element that has a non-uniform radial distribution of a refractive index; and/or the method may addition include the step of directly coupling the output light from said curved surface and/or the auxiliary optical element to a target optical element such as an optical fiber while traversing only free space located in between and not interacting with an additional optical device, and/or at least shaping the output light as a substantially collimated beam of light. Alternatively or in addition, and substantially in every implementation of the method, at least one of the following conditions is satisfied: the step of multiply circulating may include (i) increasing irradiance of light, which is being circulated between the first and second locations of the optical fiber, at a wavelength defined at least in part by a first dopant present in a region between the first and second axial locations; and (ii) the step of forming the operationally useful light at the chosen location may include forming the operationally useful light in a portion of the optical fiber having doping content that does not include a dopant present between the first and second axial locations.

(42) In yet another related embodiment, a method for manufacturing an optical fiber termination includes fusing a silica tube to a terminus of a clad fiber; and forming one or more furrows in an exterior surface of the silica tube.

(43) References throughout this specification to one embodiment, an embodiment, a related embodiment, or similar language mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the referred to embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases in one embodiment, in an embodiment, and similar language throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment. It is to be understood that no portion of disclosure, taken on its own and in possible connection with a figure, is intended to provide a complete description of all features of the invention.

(44) For the purposes of this disclosure and the appended claims, the use of the terms substantially, approximately, about and similar terms in reference to a descriptor of a value, element, property or characteristic at hand is intended to emphasize that the value, element, property, or characteristic referred to, while not necessarily being exactly as stated, would nevertheless be considered, for practical purposes, as stated by a person of skill in the art. These terms, as applied to a specified characteristic or quality descriptor means mostly, mainly, considerably, by and large, essentially, to great or significant extent, largely but not necessarily wholly the same such as to reasonably denote language of approximation and describe the specified characteristic or descriptor so that its scope would be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. In one specific case, the terms approximately, substantially, and about, when used in reference to a numerical value, represent a range of plus or minus 20% with respect to the specified value, more preferably plus or minus 10%, even more preferably plus or minus 5%, most preferably plus or minus 2% with respect to the specified value. As a non-limiting example, two values being substantially equal to one another implies that the difference between the two values may be within the range of +/?20% of the value itself, preferably within the +/?10% range of the value itself, more preferably within the range of +/?5% of the value itself, and even more preferably within the range of +/?2% or less of the value itself. The use of these terms in describing a chosen characteristic or concept neither implies nor provides any basis for indefiniteness and for adding a numerical limitation to the specified characteristic or descriptor. As understood by a skilled artisan, the practical deviation of the exact value or characteristic of such value, element, or property from that stated falls and may vary within a numerical range defined by an experimental measurement error that is typical when using a measurement method accepted in the art for such purposes.

(45) The use of these terms in describing a chosen characteristic or concept neither implies nor provides any basis for indefiniteness and for adding a numerical limitation to the specified characteristic or descriptor. As understood by a skilled artisan, the practical deviation of the exact value or characteristic of such value, element, or property from that stated falls and may vary within a numerical range defined by an experimental measurement error that is typical when using a measurement method accepted in the art for such purposes. The term A and/or B or a similar term means A alone, B alone, or A and B together and is defined to be interchangeable with the term at least one of A and B.

(46) While the invention is described through the above-described exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that modifications to, and variations of, the illustrated embodiments may be made without departing from the inventive concepts disclosed herein. Disclosed aspects, or portions of these aspects, may be combined in ways not listed above. Accordingly, the invention should not be viewed as being limited to the disclosed embodiment(s).