Engine system

Abstract

An engine system is provided, including a controller which controls devices of an engine at a given engine speed so that, when a demanded engine load is a first load, a mass ratio (G/F) of intake air inside a cylinder (containing fresh air and burnt gas) to fuel is a first G/F and mixture gas inside the cylinder combusts by flame-propagation, when the demanded load is a second load (<the first load), the G/F is a second G/F (>the first G/F) and an injection center-of-gravity is at a timing such that the entire mixture gas combusts by CI combustion, and when the demanded load is between the first and second loads, the G/F is at a third G/F (between the first and second G/Fs) and the injection center-of-gravity is at a later timing such that at least part of the mixture gas combusts by the CI combustion.

Claims

1. An engine system, comprising: an engine having a cylinder and a piston reciprocatably accommodated in the cylinder; an injector attached to the engine and configured to inject fuel into the cylinder; a spark plug attached to the engine and configured to ignite a mixture gas of fuel and intake air, the intake air containing fresh air and burnt gas; a variable valve operating device connected to an intake valve and an exhaust valve, and configured to control opening and closing of the intake valve and the exhaust valve to adjust a filling amount of the intake air; and a controller electrically connected to the injector, the spark plug, and the variable valve operating device, and configured to control the injector, the spark plug, and the variable valve operating device according to a demanded load of the engine, wherein when the engine operates at a given speed and the demanded engine load is a first load, the controller controls the injector and the variable valve operating device to make a mass ratio (G/F) of the intake air inside the cylinder to fuel be at a first G/F, and controls the spark plug so that the mixture gas inside the cylinder combusts by flame propagation, wherein when the engine operates at the given speed and the demanded engine load is a second load lower than the first load, the controller controls the injector and the variable valve operating device to make the mass ratio be at a second G/F higher than the first G/F, and controls the injector to make an injection center of gravity be at a first timing so that the entire mixture gas inside the cylinder combusts by compression ignition, the injection center of gravity being defined based on an injection timing and an injection amount of fuel during one cycle, wherein when the engine operates at the given speed and the demanded engine load is lower than the first load and higher than the second load, the controller controls the injector and the variable valve operating device to make the mass ratio be at a third G/F higher than the first G/F and lower than the second G/F, and controls the injector to make the injection center of gravity be at a second timing later than the first timing so that at least part of the mixture gas inside the cylinder combusts by compression ignition, and wherein when the engine operates at the given speed and the demanded engine load is lower than the first load and higher than the second load, the controller switches between a first injection mode and a second injection mode based on an estimated G/F, and an estimated temperature inside the cylinder at a close timing of the intake valve, the first injection mode being a mode in which the controller controls the injector to inject fuel during each of an intake stroke and a middle period of a compression stroke, and the second injection mode being a mode in which the controller controls the injector to inject fuel during each of the intake stroke and an end period of the compression stroke.

2. The engine system of claim 1, wherein when the engine operates at the given speed and the demanded engine load is lower than the first load and higher than the second load, the controller inhibits the operation of the spark plug so that the entire mixture gas inside the cylinder combusts by compression ignition.

3. The engine system of claim 1, wherein when the engine operates at the given speed and the demanded engine load is lower than the first load and higher than the second load, the controller actuates the spark plug so that at least part of the mixture gas inside the cylinder combusts by flame propagation, and the remaining mixture gas combusts by compression ignition.

4. The engine system of claim 1, wherein when the engine operates at the given speed and the demanded engine load is the second load, the controller controls the injector to inject fuel during the intake stroke, and wherein, when the engine operates at the given speed and the demanded engine load is lower than the first load and higher than the second load, the controller controls the injector to inject fuel during each of the intake stroke and the compression stroke.

5. The engine system of claim 1, wherein when the engine operates at the given speed and the demanded engine load is the first load, the controller controls the injector to inject fuel during the intake stroke.

6. The engine system of claim 1, wherein when the engine operates at the given speed and the demanded engine load is the first load, the controller controls the injector to inject fuel in a latter half of the compression stroke.

7. The engine system of claim 1, wherein the variable valve operating device controls the opening and closing of the intake valve and the exhaust valve so that the burnt gas remains inside the cylinder, or the burnt gas is introduced into the cylinder through the intake valve or the exhaust valve.

8. The engine system of claim 1, wherein a geometric compression ratio of the engine is 15:1 or above and 30:1 or below.

9. A engine system, comprising: an engine having a cylinder and a piston reciprocatably accommodated in the cylinder; an injector attached to the engine and configured to inject fuel into the cylinder; a spark plug attached to the engine and configured to ignite a mixture gas of fuel and intake air, the intake air containing fresh air and burnt gas; a variable valve operating device connected to an intake valve and an exhaust valve, and configured to control opening and closing of the intake valve and the exhaust valve to adjust a filling amount of the intake air; and a controller electrically connected to the injector, the spark plug, and the variable valve operating device, and configured to control the injector, the spark plug, and the variable valve operating device according to a demanded load of the engine, wherein when the engine operates at a given speed and the demanded engine load is a first load, the controller controls the injector and the variable valve operating device to make a mass ratio (G/F) of the intake air inside the cylinder to fuel be at a first G/F, and controls the spark plug so that the mixture gas inside the cylinder combusts by flame propagation, wherein when the engine operates at the given speed and the demanded engine load is a second load lower than the first load, the controller controls the injector and the variable valve operating device to make the mass ratio be at a second G/F higher than the first G/F, and controls the injector to make an injection center of gravity be at a first timing so that the entire mixture gas inside the cylinder combusts by compression ignition, the injection center of gravity being defined based on an injection timing and an injection amount of fuel during one cycle, wherein when the engine operates at the given speed and the demanded engine load is lower than the first load and higher than the second load, the controller controls the injector and the variable valve operating device to make the mass ratio be at a third G/F higher than the first G/F and lower than the second G/F, and controls the injector to make the injection center of gravity be at a second timing later than the first timing so that at least part of the mixture gas inside the cylinder combusts by compression ignition, wherein when the engine operates at the given speed and the demanded engine load is lower than the first load and higher than the second load, the controller inhibits the operation of the spark plug so that the entire mixture gas inside the cylinder combusts by compression ignition, wherein when the engine operates at the given speed and the demanded engine load is the second load, the controller controls the injector to inject fuel during an intake stroke, wherein when the engine operates at the given speed and the demanded engine load is lower than the first load and higher than the second load, the controller controls the injector to inject fuel during each of the intake stroke and a compression stroke, and wherein when the engine operates at the given speed and the demanded engine load is lower than the first load and higher than the second load, the controller switches between a first injection mode and a second injection mode based on an estimated G/F, and an estimated temperature inside the cylinder at a close timing of the intake valve, the first injection mode being a mode in which the controller controls the injector to inject fuel during each of the intake stroke and a middle period of the compression stroke, and the second injection mode being a mode in which the controller controls the injector to inject fuel during each of the intake stroke and an end period of the compression stroke.

10. The engine system of claim 9, wherein a cavity is formed in a top surface of the piston, wherein in the first injection mode, the controller controls the injector to inject fuel to outside of the cavity in the middle period of the compression stroke such that an amount of injection during the compression stroke is larger than an amount of injection during the intake stroke, and wherein in the second injection mode, the controller controls the injector to inject fuel to inside of the cavity in the end period of the compression stroke such that an amount of injection during the compression stroke is smaller than an amount of injection during the intake stroke.

11. The engine system of claim 10, wherein when the engine operates at the given speed and the demanded engine load is the first load, the controller controls the injector to inject fuel during the intake stroke.

12. The engine system of claim 11, wherein when the engine operates at the given speed and the demanded engine load is the first load, the controller controls the injector to inject fuel in a latter half of the compression stroke.

13. The engine system of claim 12, wherein the variable valve operating device controls the opening and closing of the intake valve and the exhaust valve so that the burnt gas remains inside the cylinder, or the burnt gas is introduced into the cylinder through the intake valve or the exhaust valve.

14. The engine system of claim 13, wherein a geometric compression ratio of the engine is 15:1 or above and 30:1 or below.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a view illustrating an engine system.

(2) FIG. 2 is a view illustrating a structure of a combustion chamber of an engine, where an upper part of this figure is a plan view of the combustion chamber, and a lower part of this figure is a cross-sectional view taken along a line II-II in the upper part when fuel is injected into a cylinder in a middle period of a compression stroke.

(3) FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the engine system.

(4) FIG. 4 is a view illustrating a base map related to operation of the engine.

(5) FIG. 5 is a view illustrating open and close operations of an intake valve and an exhaust valve, an injection timing of fuel, and an ignition timing in each combustion mode.

(6) FIG. 6 is a view illustrating a state where fuel is injected into the cylinder in an end period of the compression stroke.

(7) FIG. 7 is a view illustrating a definition of an injection center of gravity.

(8) FIG. 8 illustrates a modification of the open and close operations of the intake valve and the exhaust valve in each combustion mode.

(9) FIG. 9 is a view illustrating ranges defined based on a G/F and a T.sub.IVC, within which each combustion mode is achieved.

(10) FIG. 10 is a view illustrating a selection map of the combustion mode in a low-load range where HCCI combustion is performed.

(11) FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating control process related to the operation of the engine, executed by an engine control unit (ECU).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

(12) Hereinafter, one embodiment of a method of controlling an engine and an engine system is described with reference to the accompanying drawings. The engine, the engine system, and the control method thereof are merely illustration.

(13) FIG. 1 is a view illustrating the engine system. FIG. 2 is a view illustrating a structure of a combustion chamber of the engine. The intake side and the exhaust side illustrated in FIG. 1 are opposite from the intake side and the exhaust side illustrated in FIG. 2. FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a control device for the engine.

(14) The engine system includes an engine 1. The engine 1 includes cylinders 11, and is a four-stroke engine in which an intake stroke, a compression stroke, an expansion stroke, and an exhaust stroke are repeated in each cylinder 11. The engine 1 is mounted on a four-wheeled automobile, and the automobile travels according to the operation of the engine 1. Fuel of the engine 1 is gasoline in this example.

(15) (Configuration of Engine)

(16) The engine 1 is provided with a cylinder block 12 and a cylinder head 13. The cylinder head 13 is placed on the cylinder block 12. A plurality of cylinders 11 are formed inside the cylinder block 12. The engine 1 is a multi-cylinder engine. In FIG. 1, only one cylinder 11 is illustrated.

(17) A piston 3 is inserted into each cylinder 11. The piston 3 is coupled to a crankshaft 15 through a connecting rod 14. The piston 3 reciprocates inside the cylinder 11. The piston 3, the cylinder 11, and the cylinder head 13 define a combustion chamber 17.

(18) As illustrated in the lower part of FIG. 2, a lower surface of the cylinder head 13 (i.e., a ceiling of the cylinder 11) is constituted by a sloped surface 1311 and a sloped surface 1312. The sloped surface 1311 is a slope on a side of an intake valve 21 (described later), and inclines upwardly toward the central part of the ceiling of the cylinder 11. The sloped surface 1312 is a slope on a side of an exhaust valve 22 (described later), and inclines upwardly toward the central part of the ceiling of the cylinder 11. The ceiling of the cylinder 11 is a so-called pentroof-type.

(19) A cavity 31 is formed in a top surface of the piston 3. The cavity 31 is dented from the top surface of the piston 3. The cavity 31 has a shallow dish shape in this example. The central part of the cavity 31 protrudes upwardly, and the protruded part has a substantially conical shape.

(20) A geometric compression ratio of the engine 1 is set to 15:1 or higher, and set to, for example, 30:1 or lower. As will be described later, the engine 1 performs compression ignition (CI) combustion of a mixture gas in part of an operation range of the engine. The CI combustion can be stabilized by a comparatively high geometric compression ratio.

(21) The cylinder head 13 is formed with intake ports 18 for the respective cylinders 11 such that each intake port 18 communicates with the inside of the cylinder 11. Although detailed illustration is omitted, the intake port 18 is a so-called tumble port. That is, the intake port 18 has a shape which generates a tumble flow inside the cylinder 11. The pentroof-type ceiling of the cylinder 11 and the tumble port generate the tumble flow inside the cylinder 11. Note that the intake port 18 includes two intake ports in this example.

(22) Each intake port 18 is provided with the intake valve 21 which opens and closes the intake port 18. A valve operating device is connected to the intake valve 21, and opens and closes the intake valve 21 at a given timing. The valve operating device may be a variable valve operating device which varies a valve timing and/or a valve lift. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the valve operating device includes an intake S-VT (Sequential-Valve Timing) 231 of a hydraulic type or an electric type. The intake S-VT 231 continuously changes a rotational phase of an intake camshaft within a given angle range.

(23) The valve operating device also includes an intake CVVL (Continuously Variable Valve Lift) 232. As illustrated in FIG. 5, the intake CVVL 232 can continuously change the lift amount of the intake valve 21 within a given range. Various known configurations can be adopted for the intake CVVL 232. For example, as disclosed in JP2007-085241A, the intake CVVL 232 may be comprised of a linkage mechanism, a control arm, and a stepping motor. The linkage mechanism reciprocatably pivots a cam which operates the intake valve 21, in an interlocking manner with a rotation of a camshaft. The control arm variably sets a lever ratio of the linkage mechanism. As the lever ratio of the linkage mechanism changes, a pivoting amount of the cam which pushes down the intake valve 21 changes. The stepping motor electrically drives the control arm to change the pivoting amount of the cam, thus changing the lift amount of the intake valve 21.

(24) The cylinder head 13 is formed with exhaust ports 19 for the respective cylinders 11 such that each exhaust port 19 communicates with the inside of the cylinder 11. Note that the exhaust port 19 includes two exhaust ports in this example.

(25) Each exhaust port 19 is provided with the exhaust valve 22 which opens and closes the exhaust port 19. A valve operating device is connected to the exhaust valve 22, and opens and closes the exhaust valve 22 at a given timing. The valve operating device may be a variable valve operating device which varies a valve timing and/or a valve lift. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the valve operating device includes an exhaust S-VT (Sequential-Valve Timing) 241 of a hydraulic type or an electric type. The exhaust S-VT 241 continuously changes a rotational phase of an exhaust camshaft within a given angle range.

(26) The valve operating device also includes an exhaust VVL (Variable Valve Lift) 242. Although illustration is omitted, the exhaust VVL 242 can switch a cam which opens and closes the exhaust valve 22. Various known configurations can be adopted for the exhaust VVL 242. For example, as disclosed in JP2018-168796A, the exhaust VVL 242 may be comprised of a first cam, a second cam, and a switching mechanism which switches between the first cam and the second cam. The first cam opens and closes the exhaust valve 22 during an exhaust stroke. The second cam opens and closes the exhaust valve 22 during the exhaust stroke, and also opens and closes the exhaust valve 22 again during an intake stroke, as illustrated in FIG. 5. The exhaust VVL 242 can change the lift of the exhaust valve 22 by changing the cam to open and close the exhaust valve 22 between the first cam and the second cam.

(27) The intake S-VT 231, the intake CVVL 232, the exhaust S-VT 241, and the exhaust VVL 242 control the opening and closing of the intake valve 21 and the exhaust valve 22 to adjust an amount of fresh air and an amount of burnt gas to be introduced into the cylinder 11. The intake S-VT 231, the intake CVVL 232, the exhaust S-VT 241, and the exhaust VVL 242 adjust a filling amount of intake air.

(28) Injectors 6 are attached to the cylinder head 13 for the respective cylinders 11. As illustrated in FIG. 2, each injector 6 is provided to the central part of the cylinder 11 in the plan view. In detail, the injector 6 is disposed in a valley part of the pentroof where the sloped surface 1311 and the sloped surface 1312 intersect with each other.

(29) The injector 6 directly injects fuel into the cylinder 11. The injector 6 is a multiple nozzle hole type having a plurality of nozzle holes (not illustrated in detail). As illustrated by two-dot chain lines in FIG. 2, the injector 6 injects fuel radially outwardly from the central part to a peripheral part of the cylinder 11. As illustrated in the lower part of FIG. 2, an axis of the nozzle hole of the injector 6 has a given angle θ with respect to the center axis X of the cylinder 11. Although in this example the injector 6 has ten nozzle holes which are disposed at an equal angle in a circumferential direction, the number of nozzle holes and the positions thereof are not particularly limited to this structure.

(30) The injector 6 is connected to a fuel supply system 61. The fuel supply system 61 is comprised of a fuel tank 63 which stores fuel, and a fuel supply passage 62 which couples the fuel tank 63 to the injector 6. A fuel pump 65 and a common rail 64 are interposed in the fuel supply passage 62. The fuel pump 65 pumps fuel to the common rail 64. The fuel pump 65 is a plunger-type pump driven by the crankshaft 15 in this example. The common rail 64 stores at a high fuel pressure the fuel pumped from the fuel pump 65. When the injector 6 is valve-opened, the fuel stored in the common rail 64 is injected into the cylinder 11 from the nozzle holes of the injector 6. The pressure of the fuel supplied to the injector 6 may be changed according to the operating state of the engine 1. Note that the configuration of the fuel supply system 61 is not limited to the configuration described above.

(31) A first spark plug 251 and a second spark plug 252 are attached to the cylinder head 13 for each cylinder 11. Each of the first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252 forcibly ignites the mixture gas inside the cylinder 11. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the first spark plug 251 is disposed between the two intake valves 21, and the second spark plug 252 is disposed between the two exhaust valves 22. A tip end of the first spark plug 251 and a tip end of the second spark plug 252 are located near the ceiling of the cylinder 11 on the intake side and the exhaust side of the injector 6, respectively. Note that only one spark plug may be provided.

(32) The engine 1 is connected at one side surface to an intake passage 40. The intake passage 40 communicates with the intake ports 18 of the cylinders 11. Air to be introduced into the cylinders 11 flows through the intake passage 40. The intake passage 40 is provided at its upstream-end part with an air cleaner 41. The air cleaner 41 filters the air. The intake passage 40 is provided, near its downstream end, with a surge tank 42. Part of the intake passage 40 downstream of the surge tank 42 constitutes independent passages branching for the respective cylinders 11. Downstream ends of the independent passages are connected to the intake ports 18 of the cylinders 11, respectively.

(33) The intake passage 40 is provided, between the air cleaner 41 and the surge tank 42, with a throttle valve 43. The throttle valve 43 adjusts its opening to control an amount of air to be introduced into the cylinder 11. Basically, the throttle valve 43 is fully opened during the operation of the engine 1. The introducing amount of air is controlled by the variable valve operating device described above.

(34) The engine 1 is provided with a swirl generator which generates a swirl flow inside the cylinders 11. The swirl generator has a swirl control valve 56 attached to the intake passage 40. Although not illustrated in detail, the intake passage 40 includes a primary passage and a secondary passage, which are connected to each cylinder 11 downstream of the surge tank 42 corresponding to the two intake ports 18, and the swirl control valve 56 is provided to the secondary passage. The swirl control valve 56 is an opening control valve which is capable of choking a cross-section of the secondary passage. When the opening of the swirl control valve 56 is small, a flow rate of intake air flowing into the cylinder 11 from the primary passage is relatively large while a flow rate of intake air flowing into the cylinder 11 from the secondary passage is relatively small, which increases the swirl flow inside the cylinder 11. On the other hand, when the opening of the swirl control valve 56 is large, the flow rate of intake air flowing into the cylinder 11 from the primary passage and the flow rate of intake air flowing from the secondary passage are substantially equal, which reduces the swirl flow inside the cylinder 11. When the swirl control valve 56 is fully opened, the swirl flow is not generated.

(35) The engine 1 is connected at the other side surface to an exhaust passage 50. The exhaust passage 50 communicates with the exhaust ports 19 of the cylinders 11. The exhaust passage 50 is a passage through which exhaust gas discharged from the cylinders 11 flows. Although detailed illustration is omitted, an upstream part of the exhaust passage 50 constitutes independent passages branching for the respective cylinders 11. Upstream ends of the independent passages are connected to the exhaust ports 19 of the cylinders 11, respectively.

(36) The exhaust passage 50 is provided with an exhaust gas purification system having a plurality of catalytic converters. An upstream catalytic converter includes, for example, a three-way catalyst 511 and a GPF (Gasoline Particulate Filter) 512. A downstream catalytic converter includes a three-way catalyst 513. Note that the exhaust gas purification system is not limited to the illustrated configuration. For example, the GPF may be omitted. Moreover, the catalytic converter is not limited to the one including the three-way catalyst. Further, the disposed order of the three-way catalyst and the GPF may be changed suitably.

(37) An exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) passage 52 is connected between the intake passage 40 and the exhaust passage 50. The EGR passage 52 is a passage through which part of exhaust gas recirculates to the intake passage 40. An upstream end of the EGR passage 52 is connected to part of the exhaust passage 50 between the upstream and downstream catalytic converters. A downstream end of the EGR passage 52 is connected to part of the intake passage 40 between the throttle valve 43 and the surge tank 42.

(38) The EGR passage 52 is provided with an EGR cooler 53 of a water-cooled type. The EGR cooler 53 cools exhaust gas. The EGR passage 52 is also provided with an EGR valve 54. The EGR valve 54 adjusts a flow rate of exhaust gas flowing through the EGR passage 52. The EGR valve 54 changes its opening to adjust a recirculating amount of the cooled exhaust gas.

(39) As illustrated in FIG. 3, the control device for the engine 1 is provided with an ECU (engine control unit) 10 to operate the engine 1. The ECU 10 is a controller based on a well-known microcomputer, and includes a processor (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU)) 101, memory 102, and an interface (I/F) circuit 103. The processor 101 executes a program. The memory 102 is comprised of, for example, RAM (Random Access Memory) and/or ROM (Read Only Memory), and stores the program and data. The I/F circuit 103 outputs and inputs an electric signal. The ECU 10 is one example of a “controller.”

(40) As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 3, various kinds of sensors SW1-SW10 are connected to the ECU 10. The sensors SW1-SW10 output signals to the ECU 10. The sensors include the following sensors. An airflow sensor SW1 is provided to the intake passage 40 downstream of the air cleaner 41, and measures the flow rate of air flowing through the intake passage 40. An intake temperature sensor SW2 is provided to the intake passage 40 downstream of the air cleaner 41, and measures the temperature of the air flowing through the intake passage 40. An intake pressure sensor SW3 is attached to the surge tank 42, and measures the pressure of the air to be introduced into the cylinder 11. An in-cylinder pressure sensor SW4 is attached to the cylinder head 13 for each cylinder 11, and measures the pressure inside the cylinder 11. A water temperature sensor SW5 is attached to the engine 1, and measures the temperature of coolant. A crank angle sensor SW6 is attached to the engine 1, and measures a rotational angle of the crankshaft 15. An accelerator opening sensor SW7 is attached to an accelerator pedal mechanism, and measures an accelerator opening corresponding to an operation amount of an accelerator pedal. An intake cam-angle sensor SW8 is attached to the engine 1, and measures a rotational angle of the intake camshaft. An exhaust cam-angle sensor SW9 is attached to the engine 1, and measures a rotational angle of the exhaust camshaft. An intake cam-lift sensor SW10 is attached to the engine 1, and measures the lift amount of the intake valves 21.

(41) The ECU 10 determines the operating state of the engine 1 based on the signals of the sensors SW1-SW10, and also calculates a control amount of each device based on a control logic set in advance. The control logic is stored in the memory 102. The control logic includes calculating a target amount and/or the control amount by using a map stored in the memory 102.

(42) The ECU 10 outputs electric signals related to the calculated control amounts to the injector 6, the first spark plug 251, the second spark plug 252, the intake S-VT 231, the intake CVVL 232, the exhaust S-VT 241, the exhaust VVL 242, the fuel supply system 61, the throttle valve 43, the EGR valve 54, and the swirl control valve 56.

(43) (Operation Control Map of Engine)

(44) FIG. 4 illustrates a base map related to the control of the engine 1. The base map is stored in the memory 102 of the ECU 10. The base map includes a first base map 401 and a second base map 402. The ECU 10 uses, for controlling the engine 1, the base map which is selected from the two base maps based on the temperature (high or low) of the coolant of the engine 1. The first base map 401 is a base map when the engine 1 is warm (warm state), and the second base map 402 is a base map when the engine 1 is cold (cold state).

(45) The first base map 401 and the second base map 402 are defined based on a load and a speed of the engine 1. The first base map 401 is roughly divided into four ranges, a first range, a second range, a third range, and a fourth range, according to the load and speed. In more detail, the first range includes a high-speed range 411, and a high-load/middle-speed range 412. The high-speed range 411 covers from a low-load range to a high-load range. The second range corresponds to high-load/low-speed ranges 413 and 414. The third range corresponds to a low-load range 415 including idling operation, and covers from a low-speed range to a middle-speed range. The fourth range corresponds to middle-load ranges 416 and 417 where the load is higher than the low-load range 415, and lower than the high-load/middle-speed range 412 and the high-load/low-speed ranges 413 and 414.

(46) The high-load/low-speed ranges 413 and 414 are comprised of a first high-load/low-speed range 413 at a relatively low load, and a second high-load/low-speed range 414 at a load higher than the first high-load/low-speed range 413 and including the maximum load. The middle-load ranges 416 and 417 are comprised of a first middle-load range 416, and a second middle-load range 417 at a load lower than the first middle-load range 416.

(47) The second base map 402 is divided into three ranges, a first range, a second range, and a third range. In more detail, the first range includes a high-speed range 421 and a high-load/middle-speed range 422. The second range corresponds to high-load/low-speed ranges 423 and 424. The third range corresponds to a low-and-middle load range 425 covering, in the load direction, from a low-load range including the idling operation to a middle-load range, and in the speed direction, from a low-speed range to a middle-speed range.

(48) The high-load/low-speed ranges 423 and 424 are comprised of a first high-load/low-speed range 423 at a relatively low load, and a second high-load/low-speed range 424 at a load higher than the first high-load/low-speed range 423 and including the maximum load.

(49) The first range of the second base map 402 corresponds to the first range of the first base map 401, the second range of the second base map 402 corresponds to the second range of the first base map 401, and the third range of the second base map 402 corresponds to the third range and the fourth range of the first base map 401.

(50) Here, the low-speed range, the middle-speed range, and the high-speed range may correspond to a low-speed range, a middle-speed range, and a high-speed range when the entire operation range of the engine 1 is substantially equally divided in the speed direction into three, respectively.

(51) Moreover, the low-load range, the middle-load range, and the high-load range may correspond to a low-load range, a middle-load range, and a high-load range when the entire operation range of the engine 1 is substantially equally divided in the load direction into three, respectively.

(52) (Combustion Mode of Engine)

(53) Next, the operation of the engine 1 in each range is described in detail. The ECU 10 changes the open and close operations of the intake valve 21 and the exhaust valve 22, the injection timing of fuel, and whether or not to perform the ignition, according to a demanded load and the speed of the engine 1. A combustion mode of the mixture gas inside the cylinder 11 is changed by the filling amount of intake air, the injection timing of fuel, and whether or not to perform the ignition being changed. The combustion mode of the engine 1 changes between homogeneous SI combustion, retarded SI combustion, HCCI (Homogeneous Charged Compression Ignition) combustion, SPCCI (SPark Controlled Compression Ignition) combustion, and MPCI (Multiple Premixed fuel injection Compression Ignition) combustion. FIG. 5 illustrates the open and close operations of the intake valve 21 and the exhaust valve 22, the injection timing of fuel, the ignition timing, and a waveform of a heat release rate which is generated inside the cylinder 11 by the combustion of the mixture gas in each combustion mode. In FIG. 5, a crank angle progresses from left to right. Below, each combustion mode in the warm state of the engine 1 is described as one example.

(54) 1. Homogeneous SI Combustion

(55) When the engine 1 operates in the first range (i.e., in the high-speed range 411 or the high-load/middle-speed range 412), the ECU 10 combusts the mixture gas inside the cylinder 11 by flame propagation. In more detail, the intake S-VT 231 sets the open and close timings of the intake valve 21 to given timings. The intake CVVL 232 sets the lift amount of the intake valve 21 to a given lift amount. The lift amount of the intake valve 21 is substantially the same as the lift amount of the exhaust valve 22 (described later). The exhaust S-VT 241 sets the open and close timings of the exhaust valve 22 to given timings. The intake valve 21 and the exhaust valve 22 both open near an intake top dead center (TDC) (see 701). The exhaust VVL 242 opens and closes the exhaust valve 22 only once. According to this open-and-close mode of the intake valve 21 and the exhaust valve 22, a comparatively large amount of fresh air, and a comparatively small amount of burnt gas are introduced into the cylinder 11. Basically, the burnt gas is internal EGR gas which remains inside the cylinder 11.

(56) The injector 6 injects fuel into the cylinder 11 during an intake stroke (see 702). The injector 6 may inject fuel all at once as illustrated in FIG. 5. The fuel injected into the cylinder 11 is spread by a strong intake flow, and the mixture gas at a homogeneous fuel concentration is formed inside the cylinder 11. A mass ratio of the mixture gas (i.e., a mass ratio G/F of intake air inside the cylinder 11 containing burnt gas to fuel) is about 20:1. Note that a mass ratio A/F of fresh air inside the cylinder 11 to fuel is a stoichiometric air fuel ratio.

(57) The first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252 are both actuated to ignite the mixture gas near a compression TDC (see 703). The first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252 may ignite the mixture gas simultaneously or at different timings.

(58) After the ignition by the first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252, the mixture gas combusts by flame propagation (see 704). In the high-speed range 411 where the speed is too high for the CI combustion, and in the high-load/middle-speed range 412 where the load is too high for the CI combustion, the engine 1 can operate while securing combustion stability and reducing abnormal combustion.

(59) Since the homogeneous mixture gas is combusted by jump spark ignition in this combustion mode, this mode may be referred to as the “homogeneous SI combustion.”

(60) 2. Retarded SI Combustion

(61) When the engine 1 operates in the second range (i.e., in the first high-load/low-speed range 413 or the second high-load/low-speed range 414), the ECU 10 combusts the mixture gas inside the cylinder 11 by flame propagation. In more detail, when the engine 1 operates in the second high-load/low-speed range 414, the intake S-VT 231 sets the open and close timings of the intake valve 21 to given timings. The intake CVVL 232 sets the lift amount of the intake valve 21 to a given lift amount. The lift amount of the intake valve 21 is substantially the same as the lift amount of the exhaust valve 22 (described later). The exhaust S-VT 241 sets the open and close timings of the exhaust valve 22 to given timings. The intake valve 21 and the exhaust valve 22 both open near the intake TDC (see 705). The exhaust VVL 242 opens and closes the exhaust valve 22 only once. According to this open-and-close mode of the intake valve 21 and the exhaust valve 22, a comparatively large amount of fresh air, and a comparatively small amount of burnt gas are introduced into the cylinder 11. Basically, the burnt gas is the internal EGR gas which remains inside the cylinder 11. The G/F is about 20:1.

(62) When the engine 1 operates in the first high-load/low-speed range 413, the intake S-VT 231 sets the open and close timings of the intake valve 21 to given timings. The intake CVVL 232 sets the lift amount of the intake valve 21 to be smaller than the lift amount in the second high-load/low-speed range 414. The close timing of the intake valve 21 in the first high-load/low-speed range 413 is advanced from the close timing in the second high-load/low-speed range 414 (see 709). The exhaust S-VT 241 sets the open and close timings of the exhaust valve 22 to given timings. The intake valve 21 and the exhaust valve 22 both open near the intake TDC. The exhaust VVL 242 opens and closes the exhaust valve 22 only once. According to this open-and-close mode of the intake valve 21 and the exhaust valve 22, the amount of fresh air introduced into the cylinder 11 decreases and the amount of burnt gas increases, compared to the mode in the second high-load/low-speed range 414. The G/F in the first high-load/low-speed range 413 is about 25:1, which is leaner than the G/F in the second high-load/low-speed range 414.

(63) Since the load is high and the speed is low in the first high-load/low-speed range 413 and the second high-load/low-speed range 414, abnormal combustion (e.g., preignition and knocking) easily occurs. The injector 6 injects fuel into the cylinder 11 during the compression stroke (see 706 and 710). By retarding the timing of injecting fuel into the cylinder 11, abnormal combustion can be reduced. The injector 6 may inject fuel all at once as illustrated in FIG. 5.

(64) In the second high-load/low-speed range 414 where the load is relatively high, the injector 6 injects fuel into the cylinder 11 at a relatively late timing (see 706). The injector 6 may inject fuel, for example, in a latter half of the combustion stroke or an end period of the compression stroke. Note that the latter half of the compression stroke corresponds to a latter half when the compression stroke is equally divided into two, an early half and a latter half. The end period of the compression stroke corresponds to an end period when the compression stroke is equally divided into three, an early period, a middle period, and an end period. In the second high-load/low-speed range 414 where the load is relatively high, retarding the injection timing of fuel is advantageous to reduce abnormal combustion.

(65) In the first high-load/low-speed range 413 where the load is relatively low, the injector 6 injects fuel into the cylinder 11 at a relatively early timing (see 710). The injector 6 may inject fuel, for example, in the middle period of the compression stroke. The middle period of the compression stroke corresponds to the middle period when the compression stroke is equally divided into three, the early period, the middle period, and the end period.

(66) The fuel injected into the cylinder 11 during the compression stroke is spread by the injection flow. An injection pressure of fuel is preferred to be higher in order to rapidly combust the mixture gas so that abnormal combustion is reduced and combustion stability is improved. The high injection pressure generates a strong flow inside the cylinder 11 at a high pressure near the compression TDC. The strong flow accelerates the flame propagation.

(67) The first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252 both ignite the mixture gas near the compression TDC (see 707 and 711). The first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252 may ignite the mixture gas simultaneously or at different timings. In the second high-load/low-speed range 414 where the load is relatively high, the first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252 perform the ignition at a timing later than the compression TDC in accordance with the retarded injection timing of fuel. After the ignition by the first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252, the mixture gas combusts by flame propagation (see 708 and 712).

(68) When the engine 1 is in the operating state where the speed is low and abnormal combustion easily occurs, the engine 1 can operate while securing combustion stability and reducing abnormal combustion. Since the injection timing is retarded in this combustion mode, this combustion mode may be referred to as the “retarded SI combustion.” Specifically, the combustion mode in the first high-load/low-speed range 413 may be referred to as a “first retarded SI combustion,” and the combustion mode in the second high-load/low-speed range 414 may be referred to as a “second retarded SI combustion.”

(69) 3. HCCI Combustion

(70) When the engine 1 operates in the third range (i.e., in the low-load range 415), the ECU 10 combusts the mixture gas inside the cylinder 11 by compression ignition. In more detail, when the engine 1 operates in the low-load range 415, the exhaust VVL 242 opens and closes the exhaust valve 22 twice. That is, the exhaust VVL 242 switches the first cam to/from the second cam according to the change in the operation range between the first range and the second range, and the third range. The exhaust valve 22 is opened and closed during the exhaust stroke, and opened and closed also during the intake stroke. The exhaust S-VT 241 sets the open and close timings of the exhaust valve 22 to given timings. The intake S-VT 231 retards the open and close timings of the intake valve 21. The intake CVVL 232 sets the lift amount of the intake valve 21 to be small. The intake valve 21 is closed at the most retarded timing (see 713).

(71) According to this open-and-close mode of the intake valve 21 and the exhaust valve 22, a comparatively small amount of fresh air and a large amount of burnt gas are introduced into the cylinder 11. Basically, the burnt gas is the internal EGR gas which remains inside the cylinder 11. The G/F of the mixture gas is about 40:1. The large amount of internal EGR gas introduced into the cylinder 11 increases the in-cylinder temperature.

(72) The injector 6 injects fuel into the cylinder 11 during the intake stroke (see 714). As described above, the fuel is spread by the strong intake flow, and the homogeneous mixture gas is formed inside the cylinder 11. The injector 6 may inject fuel all at once as illustrated in FIG. 5. Alternatively, the injector 6 may inject fuel dividedly (split injection).

(73) When the engine 1 operates in the low-load range 415, the first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252 do not perform the ignition. The mixture gas inside the cylinder 11 is compressed and ignited near the compression TDC (see 715). Since the load of the engine 1 is low and the fuel amount is small, by making the G/F lean, the CI combustion (more accurately, the HCCI combustion) can be achieved while abnormal combustion is reduced. Moreover, by introducing a large amount of internal EGR gas and increasing the in-cylinder temperature, the stability of the HCCI combustion and thermal efficiency of the engine 1 improve.

(74) 4. SPCCI Combustion

(75) When the engine 1 operates in the fourth range (in detail, in the first middle-load range 416), the ECU 10 combusts part of mixture gas inside the cylinder 11 by flame propagation, and combusts the remaining mixture gas by compression ignition. In more detail, the exhaust S-VT 241 sets the open and close timings of the exhaust valve 22 to given timings. The exhaust VVL 242 opens and closes the exhaust valve 22 twice (see 716). Internal EGR gas is introduced into the cylinder 11. The intake CVVL 232 sets the lift amount of the intake valve 21 to be larger than the lift amount in the low-load range 415. The close timing of the intake valve 21 is substantially the same as the close timing in the low-load range 415. The open timing of the intake valve 21 is advanced from the open timing in the low-load range 415. According to this open-and-close mode of the intake valve 21 and the exhaust valve 22, the amount of fresh air introduced into the cylinder 11 increases and the introducing amount of burnt gas decreases. The G/F of the mixture gas is 35:1, for example.

(76) The injector 6 injects fuel into the cylinder 11 during the compression stroke (see 717). The injector 6 may perform the injection all at once as illustrated in FIG. 5. Similarly to the retarded SI combustion, retarding the fuel injection is advantageous to reduce abnormal combustion. Note that for example, when the engine 1 operates at a low load in the first middle-load range 416, fuel may be injected during each of the intake stroke and the compression stroke.

(77) The first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252 both ignite the mixture gas near the compression TDC (see 718). The mixture gas starts the flame propagation combustion near the compression TDC after the ignition by the first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252. The heat generated by the flame propagation combustion increases the temperature inside the cylinder 11, and the flame propagation increases the pressure inside the cylinder 11. Accordingly, unburnt mixture gas self-ignites, for example, after the compression TDC, and starts the CI combustion. After the start of the CI combustion, the flame propagation combustion and the CI combustion progress in parallel. The waveform of the heat release rate may have two peaks as illustrated in FIG. 5 (see 719).

(78) Variations in the temperature inside the cylinder 11 before the start of the compression can be reduced by controlling the heat release amount in the flame propagation combustion. The heat release amount in the flame propagation combustion can be adjusted by the ECU 10 controlling the ignition timing. Accordingly, the mixture gas self-ignites at a target timing. In the SPCCI combustion, the ECU 10 controls the timing of the compression ignition by controlling the ignition timing. Since the spark ignition controls the compression ignition in this combustion mode, this combustion mode may be referred to as the “SPark Controlled Compression Ignition (SPCCI) combustion.”

(79) 5. MPCI Combustion

(80) When the engine 1 operates in the second middle-load range 417, the ECU 10 combusts the mixture gas inside the cylinder 11 by compression ignition. In more detail, the exhaust S-VT 241 sets the open and close timings of the exhaust valve 22 to given timings. The exhaust VVL 242 opens and closes the exhaust valve 22 twice. Internal EGR gas is introduced into the cylinder 11. The intake CVVL 232 sets the lift amount of the intake valve 21 to be smaller than the lift amount in the first middle-load range 416. The close timing of the intake valve 21 is substantially the same as the close timing in the first middle-load range 416. The open timing of the intake valve 21 is retarded from the open timing in the first middle-load range 416 (see 720 and 724). According to this open-and-close mode of the intake valve 21 and the exhaust valve 22, the amount of fresh air introduced into the cylinder 11 decreases and the introducing amount of burnt gas increases. The G/F of the mixture gas is between 35:1 and 38:1, for example.

(81) The injector 6 injects fuel into the cylinder 11 during each of the intake stroke and the compression stroke. The injector 6 performs split injection. In the second middle-load range 417, the ECU 10 changes the injection mode between a squish injection and a trigger injection. The squish injection is a mode in which fuel is injected during the intake stroke and during the middle period of the compression stroke (see 721 and 722) (e.g., a first injection mode). The trigger injection is a mode in which fuel is injected during the intake stroke and during the end period of the compression stroke (see 725 and 726) (e.g., a second injection mode).

(82) The squish injection slows down the CI combustion. As described above, fuel injected during the intake stroke is spread inside the cylinder 11 by the strong intake flow and the homogeneous mixture gas is formed inside the cylinder 11. As illustrated in the lower part of FIG. 2, fuel injected in the middle period of the compression stroke reaches a squish area 171 outside of the cavity 31. The squish area 171 is low in temperature since it is located near a cylinder liner, and the temperature further drops due to latent heat during vaporization of fuel spray. The temperature inside the cylinder 11 locally drops, and the mixture gas becomes inhomogeneous inside the cylinder 11. As a result, for example, when the in-cylinder temperature is high, the mixture gas is compressed and ignited at a desired timing while reducing abnormal combustion (see 723). The squish injection allows comparatively slow CI combustion.

(83) Each shaded rectangle in FIG. 5 indicates the injection period of the injector 6, and the area of the rectangle corresponds to the injection amount of fuel. In the squish injection, the injection amount of fuel during the compression stroke is larger than the injection amount of fuel during the intake stroke. Since the fuel is injected toward a large area outside of the cavity 31, generation of smoke can be reduced even when the amount of fuel is large. The temperature decreases as the amount of fuel increases. The injection amount of fuel during the compression stroke may be set to an amount capable of achieving a demanded decrease in the temperature.

(84) The trigger injection accelerates the CI combustion. As described above, the fuel injected during the intake stroke is spread inside the cylinder 11 by the strong intake flow and the homogeneous mixture gas is formed inside the cylinder 11. As illustrated in FIG. 6, the fuel injected in the end period of the compression stroke is difficult to spread due to the high pressure, and stays in an area inside the cavity 31. Note that the “area inside the cavity 31” means an area inward of an outer peripheral edge of the cavity 31 in the radial direction of the cylinder 11. The internal part of the cavity 31 dented from the top surface of the piston 3 is also included in the area inside of the cavity 31. The mixture gas inside the cylinder 11 is inhomogeneous. Moreover, the temperature at the central part of the cylinder 11 is high since it is far from the cylinder liner. Since a lump of mixture gas at a high fuel concentration is formed in the area at the high temperature, the compression ignition of the mixture gas is accelerated. As a result, for example, when the G/F of the mixture gas is high, the mixture gas is promptly compressed and ignited after the fuel injection during the compression stroke (see 727), and the CI combustion can be accelerated. The trigger injection enhances combustion stability.

(85) In the trigger injection, the injection amount of fuel during the compression stroke is smaller than the injection amount of fuel during the intake stroke. Since the fuel injection during the compression stroke is performed in the end period of the compression stroke, the injected fuel stays inside the cavity 31 and is difficult to spread. Reducing the fuel amount can suppress the generation of smoke. The injection amount of fuel during the compression stroke can be set to an amount capable of achieving both of the demanded acceleration of the compression ignition and the reduction in the generation of smoke.

(86) The squish injection and the trigger injection both make the mixture gas inside the cylinder 11 inhomogeneous. In this respect, it is different from the HCCI combustion in which the homogeneous mixture gas is formed. Both of the squish injection and the trigger injection can control the timing of the compression ignition by forming the inhomogeneous mixture gas.

(87) Since the injector 6 injects fuel a plurality of times in this combustion mode, this mode may be referred to as the “Multiple Premixed fuel injection Compression Ignition (MPCI) combustion.”

(88) Note that as illustrated in the second base map 402 in FIG. 4, the homogeneous SI combustion or the SPCCI combustion is performed in the third range when the engine 1 is cold (the third range corresponds to the range of the first base map 401 for the warm state, in which the combustion modes are the HCCI, the MPCI, and the SPCCI). This is because the CI combustion becomes instable when the temperature of the engine 1 is low. After the start-up of the engine 1, the ECU 10 changes the base map from the second base map 402 for the cold state to the first base map 401 for the warm state as the coolant temperature rises. When the base map is changed, the ECU 10 may change the combustion mode, for example, from the homogeneous SI combustion to the HCCI combustion even when the speed and the load of the engine 1 do not change.

(89) (Details of Engine Control According to Engine Load)

(90) Here, in the timing charts of the combustion modes illustrated in FIG. 5, the combustion modes illustrated in the lower part of the figure are the modes when the load of the engine 1 is lower, and the combustion modes illustrated in the upper part of the figure are the modes when the engine load is higher. The G/F of the mixture gas is low when the engine load is high. On the other hand, the G/F of the mixture gas is high when the engine load is low. The amount of fresh air introduced into the cylinder 11 is small and the amount of burnt gas is large.

(91) Next, the injection timings of fuel corresponding to the change in the engine load are compared. Here, an injection center of gravity related to the injection timing of fuel is defined. FIG. 7 is a view illustrating the injection center of gravity. The horizontal axis in FIG. 7 indicates the crank angle, and the crank angle progresses from left to right in the figure. The injection center of gravity is the center of mass of fuel injected in one cycle with respect to the crank angle. The injection center of gravity is defined based on the injection timing and the injection amount of fuel in one cycle. Chart 71 in FIG. 7 illustrates an injection timing soi_1 (start of injection) and an injection period pw_1 in a case where the fuel is injected all at once (first injection). A left end of each rectangle in FIG. 7 indicates a start timing of the injection, a right end indicates an end timing of the injection, and a length between the left and right ends of the rectangle indicates the injection period. The injection pressure of fuel is constant during one combustion cycle. Therefore, the injection amount is in proportion to the injection period. The injection amount may be substituted by the injection period when the injection center of gravity is calculated.

(92) An injection center of gravity ic_g when fuel is injected all at once coincides with a crank angle ic_1 at the middle of the one injection period. The crank angle ic_1 (i.e., the injection center of gravity ic_g) can be represented by the following Equation (1) based on the injection start timing soi_1, the injection period pw_1, and a speed Ne of the engine 1.
ic_1=soi_1+(pw_1*Ne*360/60)/2=soi_1+3*pw_1*Ne  (1)
Chart 72 in FIG. 7 illustrates a case where the start timing of the injection is retarded from the case in chart 71. Since fuel is injected all at once also in chart 72, the injection center of gravity can be calculated based on Equation (1). In the case where fuel is injected all at once, the injection center of gravity is retarded as the start timing of the injection is retarded.

(93) Note that although illustration is omitted, the injection center of gravity changes when the injection start timing is the same and the injection period changes.

(94) Chart 73 in FIG. 7 illustrates a case of the split injection. The injection timing and the injection period of the first injection in chart 73 are the same as the injection timing and the injection period of the first injection in chart 71. A start timing of a second injection is later than the start timing of the first injection.

(95) When the injection includes two injections (first and second injections), since the injection center of gravity ic_g is the center of mass of fuel injected in one cycle with respect to the crank angle, the injection center of gravity ic_g is defined on the basis of the following Equation (2).
ic_g=(pw_1*ic_1+pw_2*ic_2)/(pw_1+pw_2)  (2)
The “ic_1” can be calculated based on Equation (1). Similarly, “ic_2” can be calculated based on the following Equation (3).
ic_2=soi_2+(pw_2*Ne*360/60)/2=soi_2+3*pw_2*Ne  (3)
On the basis of Equations (1), (2), and (3), the injection center of gravity ic_g can be calculated based on the following Equation (4).
ic_g=(pw_1*(soi_1+3*pw_1*Ne)+pw_2*(soi_2+3*pw_2*Ne))/(pw_1+pw_2)  (4)
Since the second injection is added to the first injection in chart 73 in FIG. 7, the injection center of gravity ic_g in chart 73 is retarded from the injection center of gravity ic_g in chart 71.

(96) Note that when Equation (4) is generalized and the injector 6 injects fuel “n” times in one cycle, the injection center of gravity ic_g can be calculated based on the following Equation (5).
ic_g=(pw_1*(soi_1+3*pw_1*Ne)+ . . . +pw_n*(soi_n+3*pw_n*Ne))/(pw_1+ . . . +pw_n)  (5)
As illustrated in FIG. 5, the G/F of the mixture gas is high (e.g., G/F=40:1) when the load of the engine 1 is low. The injector 6 injects fuel during the intake stroke. The injection center of gravity is on the advanced side. When the load of the engine 1 is higher, the G/F of the mixture gas is lower (e.g., G/F=35:1 or 38:1). The injector 6 injects fuel during the intake stroke and during the compression stroke (see 721, 722, 725, and 726). The injection center of gravity is relatively retarded.

(97) When the load of the engine 1 is further higher, the G/F of the mixture gas is further lower (e.g., G/F=35:1). The injector 6 injects fuel during the compression stroke (see 717). The injection center of gravity is further retarded relatively.

(98) When the load of the engine 1 is further higher, the G/F of the mixture gas is further lower (e.g., G/F=20:1 or 25:1). The injector 6 injects fuel during the intake stroke (see 702), or during the compression stroke (see 706 and 710). The injection center of gravity is relatively advanced, or relatively retarded.

(99) When comparing the HCCI combustion with the homogeneous SI combustion and the retarded SI combustion, the G/F of the mixture gas is higher in the HCCI combustion, and the G/F of the mixture gas is lower in the homogeneous SI combustion and the retarded SI combustion. Suppose that the engine 1 is an engine which switches only between the HCCI combustion, and the homogeneous SI combustion or the retarded SI combustion. In this case, when the combustion mode is switched corresponding to the change in the load of the engine 1, the G/F of the mixture gas needs to be changed largely. However, the responsivity of the variable valve operating device including the intake S-VT 231, the intake CVVL 232, the exhaust S-VT 241, and the exhaust VVL 242 is not so high. Therefore, it is difficult to instantly change the G/F of the mixture gas.

(100) In the MPCI combustion and the SPCCI combustion, the G/F of the mixture gas is between the G/F for the HCCI combustion and the G/F for the SI combustion (i.e., at the middle G/F). The G/F can be changed promptly between the HCCI combustion, and the MPCI combustion or the SPCCI combustion, and between the SI combustion, and the MPCI combustion or the SPCCI combustion.

(101) As will be described later in detail, in the MPCI combustion and the SPCCI combustion, the injection center of gravity is retarded from the injection center of gravity in the HCCI combustion. Therefore, the MPCI combustion and the SPCCI combustion are the modes capable of securing combustion stability and reducing abnormal combustion when the mixture gas is at the middle G/F. This engine 1 can seamlessly switch the combustion mode between the SI combustion, the HCCI combustion, the MPCI combustion, and the SPCCI combustion by promptly changing the G/F of the mixture gas corresponding to the change in the engine load. As a result, securing combustion stability and reducing abnormal combustion can be achieved over the entire load range of the engine 1.

(102) Note that in the MPCI combustion, the injector 6 injects fuel during the intake stroke and during the compression stroke. When the G/F of the mixture gas is between the G/F for the HCCI combustion and the G/F for the SI combustion, the injector 6 may inject fuel all at once such that the injection center of gravity is retarded from the injection center of gravity in the HCCI combustion, instead of the split injection. When the injection center of gravity is retarded, a period of time from the fuel injection to the ignition becomes shorter, and thus, the mixture gas inside the cylinder 11 does not become homogeneous. Such inhomogeneous mixture gas enables the securing of combustion stability and the reduction in abnormal combustion at the middle G/F.

(103) (Modifications of Open-and-close Mode of Intake Valve and Exhaust Valve)

(104) Although FIG. 5 illustrates the configuration in which the exhaust VVL 242 opens the exhaust valve 22 during each of the exhaust stroke and the intake stroke, the configuration of the variable valve operating device is not limited to the configuration. Next, modifications of the variable valve operating device are described with reference to FIG. 8.

(105) In FIG. 8, “81” illustrates lift curves of the exhaust valve 22, which are different from the lift curves illustrated in FIG. 5. A lift curve 811 in the homogeneous SI combustion, a lift curve 812 in the second retarded SI combustion, a lift curve 813 in the first retarded SI combustion are the same as the lift curves 701, 705, and 709 in FIG. 5, respectively. A lift curve 814 in the SPCCI combustion, a lift curve 815 in the MPCI combustion, and a lift curve 816 in the HCCI combustion are different from the lift curves 716, 720, 724, and 713 in FIG. 5. As indicated by 814, 815, and 816 in FIG. 8, after the exhaust valve 22 is opened during the exhaust stroke and the lift amount gradually decreases from the maximum lift, the exhaust valve 22 is not closed and maintains a given lift amount. The exhaust valve 22 is not closed until a given timing after the intake TDC during the intake stroke. Maintaining the open state of the exhaust valve 22 without closing is advantageous for loss reduction of the engine 1. Note that lift curves of the intake valve 21 in the lift curve 814 in the SPCCI combustion, the lift curve 815 in the MPCI combustion, and the lift curve 816 in the HCCI combustion are the same as the lift curves 716, 720, 724, and 713 in FIG. 5, respectively.

(106) In FIG. 8, “82” illustrates still other lift curves of the exhaust valve 22. In this modification, the variable valve operating device is not provided with the intake CVVL 232 and the exhaust VVL 242. The variable valve operating device is provided with the intake S-VT 231 and the exhaust S-VT 241, and changes the open and close timings of the intake valve 21 and the exhaust valve 22.

(107) As indicated by 823, 824, 825, and 826, a negative overlap period during which both of the intake valve 21 and the exhaust valve 22 are closed having the intake TDC therebetween, is provided so that internal EGR gas remains inside the cylinder 11. That is, the exhaust valve 22 is closed before the intake TDC.

(108) When the load of the engine 1 decreases and the amount of burnt gas introduced into the cylinder 11 is to be increased, the close timing of the exhaust valve 22 advances. Moreover, when the amount of fresh air introduced into the cylinder 11 is to be reduced, the close timing of the intake valve 21 retards after an intake bottom dead center (BDC) to be separated therefrom. The negative overlap period is increased as the load of the engine 1 is lower.

(109) Note that the variable valve operating device may provide a positive overlap period, such as at 821 and 822, during which both of the intake valve 21 and the exhaust valve 22 are opened having the intake TDC therebetween so that internal EGR gas is reintroduced into the cylinder 11.

(110) (Determination of Combustion Mode)

(111) The ECU 10 determines the operating state of the engine 1 based on the measurement signals of the sensors SW1 to SW10 described above. The ECU 10 controls the intake S-VT 231, the intake CVVL 232, the exhaust S-VT 241, and the exhaust VVL 242 according to the determined operating state. The intake S-VT 231, the intake CVVL 232, the exhaust S-VT 241, and the exhaust VVL 242 control the opening and closing of the intake valve 21 and the exhaust valve 22 based on the control signals received from the ECU 10. Accordingly, the filling amount of intake air inside the cylinder 11 is adjusted. In more detail, the amount of fresh air and burnt gas introduced into the cylinder 11 is adjusted.

(112) The ECU 10 also adjusts the injection amount and timing of fuel according to the operating state of the engine 1. The injector 6 injects fuel into the cylinder 11 in a specified amount at a specified timing based on the control signal received from the ECU 10.

(113) The ECU 10 also controls the first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252 according to the operating state of the engine 1. The first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252 ignite the mixture gas at a specified timing based on the control signal received from the ECU 10. The ECU 10 may not output the control signal to the first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252. In this case, the first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252 are inhibited from igniting the mixture gas.

(114) As described above, the engine 1 operates while switching the combustion mode between the plurality of types of combustion modes according to the operating state of the engine 1. Therefore, securing combustion stability and reducing abnormal combustion can be achieved over the entire wide operation range.

(115) FIG. 9 illustrates a relationship between the G/F of the mixture gas and an in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC in each combustion mode, at which the securing of combustion stability and the reduction in abnormal combustion are achieved. To be accurate, the in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC is an in-cylinder temperature when the intake valve 21 is closed. Moreover, FIG. 9 illustrates an example when the speed of the engine 1 is 2,000 rpm, and an IMEP (Indicated Mean Effective Pressure) is about 400 kPa.

(116) 1. Homogeneous SI Combustion

(117) The homogeneous SI combustion can secure combustion stability and reduce abnormal combustion when the G/F is relatively low. As the G/F increases (i.e., as the G/F becomes leaner), the combustion period of the mixture gas becomes longer. Even if the ignition timing is advanced to shorten the combustion period, combustion stability cannot be secured when the G/F is too high. That is, the maximum G/F at which the homogeneous SI combustion is possible exists (see a solid line in FIG. 9).

(118) Moreover, when the T.sub.IVC becomes high due to the increase in the internal EGR gas, the combustion period becomes longer as a result of the deceleration in the combustion. The combustion period can be shortened by advancing the ignition timing until the T.sub.IVC reaches a certain temperature. When the T.sub.IVC is further increased, abnormal combustion is likely to be caused. Even if the ignition timing is retarded to reduce abnormal combustion, the ignition timing becomes too late when the T.sub.IVC becomes too high, and thus, combustion stability cannot be secured. That is, the maximum in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC at which the homogeneous SI combustion is possible exists.

(119) 2. HCCI Combustion

(120) The HCCI combustion can secure combustion stability and reduce abnormal combustion when the G/F is relatively high and the in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC is relatively high. As the G/F decreases (i.e., as the G/F becomes richer), the CI combustion becomes too intense, which leads to abnormal combustion. Even if the T.sub.IVC is lowered to retard the ignition timing and decelerate the combustion, combustion stability degrades when the T.sub.IVC becomes too low. That is, the minimum G/F and the minimum in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC at which the HCCI combustion is possible exist (see a thicker solid line in FIG. 9).

(121) As is apparent from FIG. 9, the “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” where the homogeneous SI combustion is possible, and the “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” where the HCCI combustion is possible are separated from each other. As described above, suppose that the engine 1 switches only between the homogeneous SI combustion and the HCCI combustion corresponding to the change in the load of the engine 1, the G/F of the mixture gas and the in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC need to be changed largely corresponding to the switching of the combustion mode. The G/F of the mixture gas and the in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC are adjusted mainly by the adjustment of the filling amount of intake air. However, it is difficult to instantly change the G/F of the mixture gas and the in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC corresponding to the switching of the combustion mode, because of a response delay of the intake S-VT 231, the intake CVVL 232, the exhaust S-VT 241, and the exhaust VVL 242.

(122) 3. Retarded SI Combustion

(123) As described above, when the G/F of the mixture gas is made leaner, or the in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC is made higher than the operable range of the homogeneous SI combustion, combustion stability cannot be secured. In the retarded SI combustion, as described above, the injector 6 injects fuel into the cylinder 11 near the compression TDC, that is, before the ignition by the first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252. Since the fuel is not injected into the cylinder 11 until immediately before the ignition, preignition can be avoided.

(124) The injection of fuel near the compression TDC causes the flow inside the cylinder 11, and after the ignition by the first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252, the flame is promptly propagated by the flow. Accordingly, the rapid combustion is achieved, and combustion stability can be secured while reducing knocking. In the “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” where the retarded SI combustion is possible, the G/F of the mixture gas is higher than that in the “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” where the homogeneous SI combustion is possible (see a broken line in FIG. 9). The retarded SI combustion extends its operable range in the leaner-G/F side compared to the homogeneous SI combustion.

(125) 4. SPCCI Combustion

(126) When the G/F of the mixture gas is made further leaner, or the in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC is made further higher than the operable range of the retarded SI combustion, gentle CI combustion (different from knocking) starts after the flame propagation combustion started by the ignition of the first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252. In the SPCCI combustion including the controlled CI combustion, the G/F is higher than the “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” where the retarded SI combustion is possible (see a one-dot chain line in FIG. 9). The SPCCI combustion extends its operable range in the leaner-G/F side compared to the homogeneous SI combustion and the retarded SI combustion. However, a large gap still exists between the “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” of the SPCCI combustion and the “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” of the HCCI combustion.

(127) 5. MPCI Combustion

(128) The MPCI combustion extends its operable range in the richer-G/F side and the lower-T.sub.IVC side, compared to the operable range of the HCCI combustion.

(129) First, when the G/F of the mixture gas is made richer than the operable range of the HCCI combustion, the CI combustion becomes intense, which leads to abnormal combustion. In order to decelerate the CI combustion, fuel is injected into the cylinder 11 in the middle period of the compression stroke in the squish injection of the MPCI combustion. As described above, the injected fuel reaches the squish area 171 outside of the cavity 31, and locally increases the fuel concentration at the squish area 171 and decreases the temperature. As a result, the timing of the compression ignition is retarded, and the combustion is slowed down. The squish injection extends its operable range mainly in the richer-G/F side compared to the operable range of the HCCI combustion.

(130) Next, when the T.sub.IVC is made lower than the operable range of the HCCI combustion, the compression ignition timing retards and the combustion becomes too slow, which lowers combustion stability. In order to advance the compression ignition timing, fuel is injected into the cylinder 11 in the end period of the compression stroke in the trigger injection of the MPCI combustion. As described above, the injected fuel does not spread and forms the lump of mixture gas at a high fuel concentration inside the cavity 31. As a result, the compression ignition starts promptly after the fuel injection, and the surrounding homogeneous mixture gas also promptly combusts by self-ignition. The trigger injection extends its operable range mainly in the lower-T.sub.IVC side compared to the operable range of the HCCI combustion.

(131) Part of the “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” of the MPCI combustion overlaps with the “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” of the SPCCI combustion. The gap between the “G/F-T.sub.IVC ranges” of the homogeneous SI combustion and the retarded SI combustion, and the “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” of the HCCI combustion is filled.

(132) Here, the “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” of the MPCI combustion is divided into the ranges where the squish injection is performed and where the trigger injection is performed (see a broken dividing line in FIG. 9). In the range where the squish injection is performed in the “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” of the MPCI combustion, the G/F is relatively low and the T.sub.IVC is relatively high. On the other hand, in the range where the trigger injection is performed in the “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” of the MPCI combustion, the G/F is relatively high and the T.sub.IVC is relatively low.

(133) (Operation Control of Engine)

(134) The ECU 10 adjusts the G/F of the mixture gas and the in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC based on the base map illustrated in FIG. 4 such that the combustion mode corresponding to the demanded load and speed of the engine 1 is achieved.

(135) However, the G/F of the mixture gas and/or the in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC may not correspond to the operating state of the engine 1, and may be deviated from the target G/F and/or the target in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC due to, for example, the response delay of the variable valve operating device. When the G/F of the mixture gas and/or the in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC are deviated from the target G/F and/or the target in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC, the mixture gas cannot be combusted in the intended combustion mode, which may lower combustion stability and/or cause abnormal combustion. In this respect, the ECU 10 temporarily sets the combustion mode according to the operation state of the engine 1, determines the target G/F and/or the target in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC, and controls the variable valve operating device. Moreover, the ECU 10 switches the combustion mode according to an actual G/F and/or an actual in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC (accurately, an estimated G/F and/or an estimated in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC), and adjusts the injection timing of fuel and whether or not to perform the ignition.

(136) FIG. 10 illustrates a selection map related to the operation control of the engine 1. FIG. 10 is an enlarged view of the third range in the first base map 401 of FIG. 4, where the HCCI combustion is performed (i.e., the low-load range 415). The low-load range 415 is defined based on the speed and the load of the engine 1. As illustrated in FIG. 10, the low-load range 415 is further subdivided based on the load and speed of the engine 1. Although in the selection map of FIG. 10 the low-load range 415 is subdivided into nine ranges as one example, the number of subdivided ranges is not limited in particular. Note that although illustration is omitted, such a selection map is set for each range in the base map of FIG. 4.

(137) The “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” corresponding to FIG. 9 is set for each subdivided range in the low-load range 415. As described above, the “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” defines the combustion mode based on the G/F of the mixture gas and the in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC. The ECU 10 sets (temporarily sets) the combustion mode based on the base map of FIG. 4 according to the demanded load and speed of the engine 1, and adjusts the filling amount of intake air. Furthermore, the ECU 10 conclusively determines the combustion mode based on the selection map of FIG. 10 according to the demanded load and speed, and the estimated G/F and in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC.

(138) Here, as illustrated in FIG. 10, the “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” varies according to the load and speed of the engine 1. When the speed is high, the HCCI combustion, the MPCI combustion, and the SPCCI combustion are possible even when the in-cylinder temperature is high. On the other hand, when the speed is low, the HCCI combustion and the MPCI combustion are possible only when the in-cylinder temperature is low.

(139) Moreover, when comparing the ranges at the same load, the “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” of the SPCCI combustion increases and the “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” of the retarded SI combustion decreases, as the speed increases. On the contrary, the “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” of the SPCCI combustion decreases and the “G/F-T.sub.IVC range” of the retarded SI combustion increases as the speed decreases.

(140) Moreover, when comparing the ranges at the same speed, in both of the “G/F-T.sub.IVC ranges” of the HCCI combustion and the MPCI combustion, the minimum in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC moves to the higher-temperature side as the load decreases.

(141) Next, process of operation control of the engine 1, executed by the ECU 10 is described with reference to FIG. 11. First, at step S1, the ECU 10 acquires the measurement signals of the various sensors, and next at step S2, the ECU 10 calculates a target torque Tq (or a target load) based on the engine speed Ne and an accelerator opening APO.

(142) At step S3, the ECU 10 selects the first base map 401 or the second base map 402 illustrated in FIG. 4 based on the temperature of the coolant of the engine 1, and temporarily determines the combustion mode based on the calculated target torque Tq and the engine speed Ne, and the selected base map.

(143) At step S4, the ECU 10 calculates, based on the operating state of the engine 1, a target valve timing VT and a target valve lift VL for each of the intake valve 21 and the exhaust valve 22. The target valve lift VL includes the valve lift of the intake valve 21 which is continuously changed by the intake CVVL 232, and the cam of the exhaust valve 22 switched by the exhaust VVL 242. Moreover, at step S4, the ECU 10 calculates a target amount of fuel injection Qf.

(144) At step S5, the ECU 10 outputs the control signals to the intake S-VT 231, the intake CVVL 232, the exhaust S-VT 241, and the exhaust VVL 242 to achieve the target valve timing VT and the target valve lift VL.

(145) At step S6, the ECU 10 detects an actual valve timing VT and an actual valve lift VL of the intake valve 21, and an actual valve timing VT and an actual valve lift VL of the exhaust valve 22, based on the measurement signals of the intake cam-angle sensor SW8, the exhaust cam-angle sensor SW9, and the intake cam-lift sensor SW10.

(146) At step S7, the ECU 10 estimates the amount of burnt gas (EGR amount) and fresh air introduced into the cylinder 11 based on the actual valve timing VT and valve lift VL, an air temperature Tair, and a coolant temperature Thw of the engine 1.

(147) Then, at step S8, the ECU 10 estimates the G/F of the mixture gas and the in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC based on the fuel injection amount Qf, and the amount of burnt gas and fresh air estimated at step S7.

(148) At step 9, the ECU 10 determines the combustion mode in accordance with the selection map illustrated in FIG. 10 as one example, based on the G/F and the in-cylinder temperature T.sub.IVC estimated at step S8. Then, at step S10, the ECU 10 determines an ignition timing IGT and the injection pattern (i.e., the injection timing) corresponding to the determined combustion mode.

(149) At step S11, the ECU 10 outputs the control signal to the injector 6. The injector 6 injects fuel based on the determined injection pattern. Moreover, when the ignition is to be performed, the ECU 10 also outputs the control signal to the first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252. The first spark plug 251 and the second spark plug 252 ignite the mixture gas.

(150) According to the flowchart in FIG. 11, when the ECU 10 changes the G/F of the mixture gas according to the demanded engine torque, the ECU 10 can set the timing of fuel injection by the injector 6 in consideration of the response delay of the variable valve operating device. Since the mixture gas combusts in the mode suitable for the state inside the cylinder 11, the engine 1 can meet the standard of combustion stability and reduce abnormal combustion.

(151) Note that the present disclosure is applicable not only to the engine with the configuration described above, but to engines with various configurations.

(152) It should be understood that the embodiments herein are illustrative and not restrictive, since the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims rather than by the description preceding them, and all changes that fall within metes and bounds of the claims, or equivalence of such metes and bounds thereof, are therefore intended to be embraced by the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE CHARACTERS

(153) 1 Engine 10 ECU (Controller) 11 Cylinder 21 Intake Valve 22 Exhaust Valve 231 Intake S-VT (Variable Valve Operating Device) 232 Intake CVVL (Variable Valve Operating Device) 241 Exhaust S-VT (Variable Valve Operating Device) 242 Exhaust VVL (Variable Valve Operating Device) 251 First Spark Plug 252 Second Spark Plug 3 Piston 31 Cavity 6 Injector