ADDITIVE FOR NON-AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE, NON-AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE, AND POWER STORAGE DEVICE
20180358655 ยท 2018-12-13
Inventors
- Yuki KONO (Kako-gun, Hyogo, JP)
- Yasuyuki TAKAI (Kako-gun, Hyogo, JP)
- Koji FUJITA (Kako-gun, Hyogo, JP)
- Noriko YAMAMOTO (Kako-gun, Hyogo, JP)
Cpc classification
C07D275/06
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07D275/03
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07D231/12
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
H01G11/62
ELECTRICITY
Y02E60/10
GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
Y02E60/13
GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
H01M10/0525
ELECTRICITY
International classification
H01G11/62
ELECTRICITY
C07D231/12
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07D275/03
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
H01M10/0525
ELECTRICITY
C07D275/06
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07D209/48
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
Abstract
An additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution including a compound represented by the following formula (A1) or (A2).
##STR00001##
In the formula, X.sup.a represents a group that forms a cyclic group together with a nitrogen atom, Z.sup.a1 and Z.sup.a2, Z.sup.a1 and Z.sup.a2 each independently represent a sulfonyl or carbonyl group, R.sup.a1 represents an optionally substituted alkylene group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkenylene group of 3 or 4 carbon atoms or an alkynylene group of 3 or 4 carbon atoms, R.sup.a2 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R.sup.a3 represents oxygen or an optionally substituted alkylene group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkenylene group of 3 or 4 carbon atoms or alkynylene group of 3 or 4 carbon atoms.
Claims
1-2. (canceled)
3. An additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution including a compound represented by the following formula (B1): ##STR00092## wherein in formula (B1), X.sup.b1 represents a group that forms a cyclic group together with a nitrogen atom and two carbon atoms, and R.sup.b1 represents an optionally substituted alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkenyl group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkynyl group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aryloxy group, an optionally substituted alkenyloxy group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkynyloxy group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted amino group.
4. An additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution including a compound represented by the following formula (C1): ##STR00093## wherein in formula (C1), X.sup.c1 represents a group that forms a cyclic group together with a sulfur atom and a nitrogen atom, and R.sup.c1 represents an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkynyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkenyl group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, an optionally substituted aryloxy group, an optionally substituted heteroaryloxy group, an optionally substituted alkenyloxy group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkynyloxy group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted amino group.
5. The additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to claim 4, wherein the compound represented by formula (C1) is a compound represented by the following formula (C2): ##STR00094## wherein in formula (C2), X.sup.c2 represents a group that forms a cyclic group together with a sulfur atom, a nitrogen atom and Z.sup.c, Z.sup.c represents a sulfonyl or carbonyl group, and R.sup.c1 has the same definition as R.sup.c1 in formula (C1).
6. An additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution including a compound represented by the following formula (D1): ##STR00095## wherein in formula (D1), X.sup.d1 represents a group that forms a cyclic group together with a sulfur atom, a nitrogen atom and Z.sup.d, Z.sup.d represents a sulfonyl or carbonyl group, and R.sup.d1 represents an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkenyl group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, an optionally substituted aryloxy group, an optionally substituted heteroaryloxy group, an optionally substituted alkenyloxy group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted amino group.
7-11. (canceled)
12. A non-aqueous electrolyte solution comprising: an additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to claim 3; a non-aqueous solvent; and an electrolyte.
13. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to claim 12, wherein the electrolyte includes a lithium salt.
14. A power storage device comprising: a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to claim 12; a positive electrode; and a negative electrode.
15. A lithium ion battery comprising: a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to claim 12; a positive electrode; and a negative electrode.
16. A lithium ion capacitor comprising: a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to claim 12; a positive electrode; and a negative electrode.
17. A non-aqueous electrolyte solution comprising: an additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to claim 4; a non-aqueous solvent; and an electrolyte.
18. A non-aqueous electrolyte solution comprising: an additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to claim 6; a non-aqueous solvent; and an electrolyte.
19. A power storage device comprising: a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to claim 17; a positive electrode; and a negative electrode.
20. A lithium ion battery comprising: a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to claim 17; a positive electrode; and a negative electrode.
21. A lithium ion capacitor comprising: a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to claim 17; a positive electrode; and a negative electrode.
22. A power storage device comprising: a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to claim 18; a positive electrode; and a negative electrode.
23. A lithium ion battery comprising: a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to claim 18; a positive electrode; and a negative electrode.
24. A lithium ion capacitor comprising: a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to claim 18; a positive electrode; and a negative electrode.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0053]
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0054] A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described in detail. However, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described below.
[0055] The additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to one embodiment of the invention includes one or more kinds of compounds represented by the following formula (A1) or the following formula (A2).
##STR00009##
[0056] In the formulas, X.sup.a represents a group that forms a cyclic group together with the nitrogen atom, Z.sup.a1 and Z.sup.a2, and Z.sup.a1 and Z.sup.a2 each independently represent a sulfonyl group (S(O).sub.2) or a carbonyl group (C(O)). The cyclic group formed by X.sup.a may be substituted. The cyclic group may be a 4- to 6-membered ring, and it may be a fused ring comprising two or more rings.
[0057] In the formula, R.sup.a1 represents an optionally substituted allylene group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkenylene group of 3 or 4 carbon atoms or alkynylene group of 3 or 4 carbon atoms, R.sup.a2 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R.sup.a3 represents an oxygen atom or an optionally substituted alkylene group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkenylene group of 3 or 4 carbon atoms or alkynylene group of 3 or 4 carbon atoms.
[0058] The additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution may include a compound represented by formula (A1). Specific examples of compounds of formula (A1) include compounds represented by the following formulas (A1-a), (A1-b), (A1-c) or (A1-d). These compounds provide particularly excellent effects from the standpoint of cycle characteristics and internal resistance.
##STR00010##
[0059] In formulas (A1-a), (A1-b), (A1-c) and (A1-d), R.sup.a4, R.sup.a5, R.sup.a6 and R.sup.a7 each represent an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a nitro, amino or sulfonyl group, or a halogen atom. In the case of multiple R.sup.a4, R.sup.a5, R.sup.a6 or R.sup.a7 groups, each of the substituents may be the same or different. m.sup.a represents an integer of 0 to 2, n.sup.a represents an integer of 0 to 2, o.sup.a represents an integer of 0 to 4 and p.sup.a represents an integer of 0 to 4. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, m.sup.a may be 0 or 1, n.sup.a may be 0 or 1, o.sup.a may be 0 or 1 and p.sup.a may be 0 or 1.
[0060] Specific examples of compounds represented by formula (A2) include compounds represented by the following formulas (A2-a), (A2-b), (A2-c) or (A2-d). These compounds provide particularly excellent effects from the standpoint of cycle characteristics and the like.
##STR00011##
[0061] In formulas (A2-a), (A2-b), (A2-c) and (A2-d), R.sup.a4, R.sup.a5, R.sup.a6 and R.sup.a7, and m.sup.a, n.sup.a, o.sup.a and p.sup.a, have the same respective definitions as R.sup.a4, R.sup.a5, R.sup.a6 and R.sup.a7 and m.sup.a, n.sup.a, o.sup.a and p.sup.a in formulas (A1-a), (A1-b), (A1-c) and (A1-d). In the case of multiple R.sup.a4, R.sup.a5, R.sup.a6 or R.sup.a7 groups, each of the substituents may be the same or different.
[0062] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.a4, R.sup.a5, R.sup.a6 or R.sup.a7 include methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and t-butyl groups. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, R.sup.a4, R.sup.a5, R.sup.a6 and R.sup.a7 may be methyl groups.
[0063] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkoxy groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.a4, R.sup.a5, R.sup.a6 or R.sup.a7 include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy and n-butoxy, trifluoromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyloxy and 1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyloxy groups. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, R.sup.a4, R.sup.a5, R.sup.a6 and R.sup.a7 may be methoxy groups.
[0064] A halogen atom as R.sup.a4, R.sup.a5, R.sup.a6 or R.sup.a7 may be a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, R.sup.a4, R.sup.a5, R.sup.a6 and R.sup.a7 may be fluorine atoms.
[0065] R.sup.a1 in formulas (A1), (A1-a), (A1-b), (A1-c) and (A1-d) represents an optionally substituted alkylene group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkenylene group of 3 or 4 carbon atoms or alkynylene group of 3 or 4 carbon atoms. R.sup.a3 in formulas (A2), (A2-a), (A2-b), (A2-c) and (A2-d) represents an oxygen atom, an optionally substituted alkylene group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkenylene group of 3 or 4 carbon atoms or alkynylene group of 3 or 4 carbon atoms.
[0066] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkylene groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.a1 or R.sup.a3 include methylene, ethylene, propylene, butene, and alkylene groups optionally containing halogen atoms, such as difluoromethylene and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethylene.
[0067] Specific examples of alkenylene groups of 3 or 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.a1 or R.sup.a3 include 2-propynylene and 3-butenylene.
[0068] Specific examples of alkynylene groups of 3 or 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.a1 or R.sup.a3 include 2-propargylene groups.
[0069] R.sup.a2 in formulas (A1), (A1-a), (A1-b), (A1-c), (A1-d), (A2), (A2-a), (A2-b), (A2-c) and (A2-d) represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Of these, from the viewpoint of increasing the ionic conductivity of the SEI, R.sup.a2 may be a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
[0070] A halogen atom as R.sup.a2 may be a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, R.sup.a2 may be a fluorine atom.
[0071] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.a2 include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl and 1,1-dichloroethyl groups.
[0072] Of the compounds of formula (A1), examples of compounds represented by formula (A1-a) include N-(1-(2-propynyl)oxycarbonyl)succinimide, N-(1-(2-butynyl)oxycarbonyl)succinimide, N-(1-(3-butynyl)oxycarbonyl)succinimide and N-(1-fluoro-1-(2-propynyl)oxycarbonyl)succinimide. Examples of compounds represented by formula (A1-b) include N-(1-(2-propynyl))oxycarbonyl)maleimide, N-(1-(2-butynyl)oxycarbonyl)maleimide, N-(1-(2-butynyl)oxycarbonyl)maleimide and N-(1-fluoro-1-(2-propynyl)oxycarbonyl)maleimide. Examples of compounds represented by formula (A1-c) include N-(1-(2-propynyl)oxycarbonyl)phthalimide, N-(1-(2-butynyl)oxycarbonyl)phthalimide, N-(1-(3-butynyl)oxycarbonyl)phthalimide and N-(1-fluoro-1-(2-propynyl)oxycarbonyl)phthalimide. Examples of compounds represented by formula (A1-d) include N-(1-(2-propynyl)oxycarbonyl)saccharin, N-(1-(2-butynyl)oxycarbonyl)saccharin, N-(1-(3-butynyl)oxycarbonyl)saccharin and N-(1-fluoro-1-(2-propynyl)oxycarbonyl)saccharin.
[0073] Of the compounds of formula (A2), examples of compounds represented by formula (A2-a) include N-(1-(2-propynyl)carbonyl)succinimide, N-(1-(2-butynyl)carbonyl)succinimide, N-(1-(3-butynyl)carbonyl)succinimide and N-(1-fluoro-1-(2-propynyl)carbonyl)succinimide. Examples of compounds represented by formula (A2-b) include N-(1-(2-propynyl))carbonyl)maleimide, N-(1-(2-butynyl)carbonyl)maleimide, N-(1-(2-butynyl)carbonyl)maleimide and N-(1-fluoro-1-(2-propynyl)carbonyl)maleimide. Examples of compounds represented by formula (A2-c) include N-(1-(2-propynyl)carbonyl)phthalimide, N-(1-(2-butynyl)carbonyl)phthalimide, N-(1-(3-butynyl)carbonyl)phthalimide and N-(1-fluoro-1-(2-propynyl)carbonyl)phthalimide. Examples of compounds represented by formula (A2-d) include N-(1-(2-propynyl)carbonyl)saccharin, N-(1-(2-butynylcarbonyl)saccharin, N-(1-(3-butynyl)carbonyl)saccharin and N-(1-fluoro-1-(2-propynyl)carbonyl)saccharin.
[0074] A person skilled in the art can synthesize a compound of formula (A1) or formula (A2) using available starting materials and combining common reactions. For example, a compound of formula (A2) can be synthesized by a method of reacting a halide with the corresponding cyclic imide compound, or a method of reacting an alcohol and a cyclic imide with triphosgene.
[0075] A specific example of producing a compound wherein o.sup.a is 0, R.sup.a2 is a hydrogen atom and R.sup.a3 is methylene in formula (A2-c) (N-(1-(2-propynyl)carbonyl)phthalimide), will now be described. First, phthalimide and triethylamine are dissolved in an organic solvent, and then propargyl chloroformate is added dropwise and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Next, the obtained reaction product may be rinsed with water, crystallized and filtered to obtain the target compound. As a different method, first triphosgene is stirred in the presence of activated carbon, propargyl alcohol is added dropwise and the reaction mixture is stirred. Next, phthalimide and triethylamine are added dropwise to the reaction mixture, and stirring is continued. The obtained reaction product may be rinsed with water, crystallized and filtered to obtain the target compound.
[0076] The additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to another embodiment of the invention includes one or more kinds of compounds represented by the following formula (B1).
##STR00012##
[0077] In formula (B1), X.sup.b1 represents a group that forms a cyclic group together with the nitrogen atom and two carbon atoms. The cyclic group formed by X.sup.b1 may be substituted. The cyclic group may be a 4- to 6-membered ring, and it may be a fused ring comprising two or more rings.
[0078] Specific examples of compounds of formula (B1) include compounds represented by the following formulas (B1-a), (B1-b) and (B1-c). These compounds provide a particularly excellent effect from the standpoint of minimizing gas generation.
##STR00013##
[0079] In formulas (B1-a), (B1-b) and (B1-c), R.sup.b2, R.sup.b3 and R.sup.b4 each represent an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or optionally substituted alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a nitro, amino or sulfonyl group or a halogen atom. m.sup.b represents an integer of 0 to 4, n.sup.b represents an integer of 0 to 2, and o.sup.b represents an integer of 0 to 4. From the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, m.sup.b may be 0 or 1, n.sup.b may be 0 or 1 and o.sup.b may be 0 or 1. When m.sup.b, n.sup.b and o.sup.b are 2 or greater, multiple R.sup.b2, R.sup.b3 and R.sup.b4 may respectively be the same or different, but they are preferably the same.
[0080] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.b2, R.sup.b3 or R.sup.b4 include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and t-butyl groups. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, R.sup.b2, R.sup.b3 and R.sup.b4 may be methyl groups.
[0081] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkoxy groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.b2, R.sup.b3 or R.sup.b4 include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy and n-butoxy groups. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, R.sup.b2, R.sup.b3 and R.sup.b4 may be methoxy groups.
[0082] A halogen atom as R.sup.b2, R.sup.b3 or R.sup.b4 may be a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, R.sup.b2, R.sup.b3 and R.sup.b4 may be fluorine atoms.
[0083] In formulas (B1), (B1-a), (B1-b) and (B1-c), R.sup.b1 represents an optionally substituted alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkenyl group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkynyl group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aryloxy group, an optionally substituted alkenyloxy group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkynyloxy group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted amino group. Of these, R.sup.b1 may be an optionally substituted alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted phenoxy group, an optionally substituted alkenyloxy group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted amino group, as this will allow formation of a SEI with excellent ionic conductivity. R.sup.b1 may be an alkenyloxy group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, as this will promote formation of the SEI by polymerization of allyl groups on the negative electrode, and will allow formation of a satisfactory SEI.
[0084] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkoxy groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.b1 include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, n-butoxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, trichloromethoxy and optionally substituted benzyloxy groups. An optionally substituted benzyloxy group may be, for example, a benzyloxy, 2-methylbenzyloxy, 3-methylbenzyloxy, 4-methylbenzyloxy, 2-ethylbenzyloxy, 3-ethylbenzyloxy, 4-ethylbenzyloxy, 2-methoxybenzyloxy, 3-methoxybenzyloxy, 4-methoxybenzyloxy, 2-ethoxybenzyloxy, 3-ethoxybenzyloxy, 4-ethoxybenzyloxy, 2-(dimethylamino)benzyloxy, 3-(dimethylamino)benzyloxy, 4-(dimethylamino)benzyloxy, 2-fluorobenzyloxy, 3-fluorobenzyloxy, 4-fluorobenzyloxy, 2-chlorobenzyloxy, 3-chlorobenzyloxy, 4-chlorobenzyloxy, 2-bromobenzyloxy, 3-bromobenzyloxy or 4-bromobenzyloxy group.
[0085] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkenyl groups of 2 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.b1 include vinyl, allyl, isopropenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, isobutenyl and 1,1-difluoro-1-propynyl groups. Of these, R.sup.b1 may be an allyl group.
[0086] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkynyl groups of 2 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.b1 include ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl and 3-butynyl groups.
[0087] Specific examples of optionally substituted aryloxy groups as R.sup.b1 include phenoxy, 2-methylphenoxy, 3-methylphenoxy, 4-methylphenoxy, 2-ethylphenoxy, 3-ethylphenoxy, 4-ethylphenoxy, 2-methoxyphenoxy, 3-methoxyphenoxy, 4-methoxyphenoxy, 2-ethoxyphenoxy, 3-ethoxyphenoxy, 4-ethoxyphenoxy, 2-(dimethylamino)phenoxy, 3-(dimethylamino)phenoxy, 4-(dimethylamino)phenoxy, 2-fluorophenoxy, 3-fluorophenoxy, 4-fluorophenoxy, 2-chlorophenoxy, 3-chlorophenoxy, 4-chlorophenoxy, 2-bromophenoxy, 3-bromophenoxy and 4-bromophenoxy groups.
[0088] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkenyloxy groups of 2 to 6 carbon atoms as R.sup.b1 include 2-propenyloxy, 1-methyl-2-propenyloxy, 2-methyl-2-propenyloxy, 2-butenyloxy, 3-butenyloxy, 2-hexenyloxy and 5-hexenyloxy groups.
[0089] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkynyloxy groups of 2 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.b1 include ethynyloxy, 1-propynyloxy, 2-propynyloxy, 1-butynyloxy, 2-butynyloxy and 3-butynyloxy groups.
[0090] An optionally substituted amino group as R.sup.b1 may be represented by the following formula (B10), for example.
##STR00014##
[0091] In formula (B10), R.sup.b11 and R.sup.b12 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkenyl group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aryl group or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, or R.sup.b11 and R.sup.b12 may be bonded together to form a divalent group.
[0092] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.b11 or R.sup.b12 include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, 1,1-dichloroethyl and optionally substituted benzyl groups. An optionally substituted benzyl group may be, for example, a benzyl, 2-methylbenzyl, 3-methylbenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, 2-ethylbenzyl, 3-ethylbenzyl, 4-ethylbenzyl, 2-methoxybenzyl, 3-methoxybenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 2-ethoxybenzyl, 3-ethoxybenzyl, 4-ethoxybenzyl, 2-(dimethylamino)benzyl, 3-(dimethylamino)benzyl, 4-(dimethylamino)benzyl, 2-fluorobenzyl, 3-fluorobenzyl, 4-fluorobenzyl, 2-chlorobenzyl, 3-chlorobenzyl, 4-chlorobenzyl, 2-bromobenzyl, 3-bromobenzyl or 4-bromobenzyl group.
[0093] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkenyl groups of 2 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.b11 or R.sup.b12 include vinyl, allyl, isopropenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, isobutenyl and 1,1-difluoro-1-propenyl groups. Of these, allyl groups may be selected for R.sup.b11 and R.sup.b12.
[0094] Specific examples of optionally substituted aryl groups as R.sup.b11 or R.sup.b12 include phenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-ethylphenyl, 3-ethylphenyl, 4-ethylphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 2-ethoxyphenyl, 3-ethoxyphenyl, 4-ethoxyphenyl, 2-(dimethylamino)phenyl, 3-(dimethylamino)phenyl, 4-(dimethylamino)phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 4-bromophenyl and trifluoromethylphenyl groups. Of these, R.sup.b11 and R.sup.b12 may be phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl or 4-fluorophenyl groups, as they exhibit low LUMO energy which is susceptible to electrochemical reduction.
[0095] Specific examples of amino groups represented by formula (B10) include dimethylamino, n-butylmethylamino, allylamino, trifluoromethylphenylamino and benzylamino groups.
[0096] When R.sup.b1, R.sup.b2, R.sup.b3, R.sup.b4, R.sup.b11 and R.sup.b12 are alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy or alkenyloxy groups, the substituents that may be bonded to them are selected from among, for example, halogen atoms, amino groups, alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkenyl groups of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, alkoxy groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, aryloxy groups, heteroaryloxy groups and alkenyloxy groups of 2 to 4 carbon atoms. When the substituent is a halogen atom, and particularly a fluorine atom, the LUMO energy will tend to be low.
[0097] A person skilled in the art can synthesize a compound of formula (B1) using available starting materials and combining common reactions. For example, a compound of formula (B1) can be synthesized by a method of reacting a cyclic imide compound with the corresponding sulfonyl halide compound.
[0098] The additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to another embodiment of the invention includes one or more kinds of compounds represented by the following formula (C1).
##STR00015##
[0099] In formula (C1), X.sup.c1 represents a group that forms a cyclic group together with the sulfur atom and nitrogen atom. The cyclic group formed by X.sup.c1 may be substituted. The cyclic group may be a 4- to 6-membered ring, and it may be a fused ring comprising two or more rings. From the viewpoint of the effects on recycle properties and reducing gas generation, the cyclic group may include a sulfonyl group (S(O).sub.2) and/or a carbonyl group (C(O)), or it may include a sulfonyl or carbonyl group bonded to the nitrogen atom constituting the sulfonamide bond, as in the following formula (C2).
##STR00016##
[0100] In formula (C2), X.sup.c2 represents a group that forms a cyclic group together with the sulfur atom, nitrogen atom and Z.sup.c, and Z.sup.c represents a sulfonyl or carbonyl group. The cyclic group formed by X.sup.c2 may be a 4- to 6-membered ring, and it may be a fused ring comprising two or more rings. R.sup.c1 has the same definition as R.sup.c1 in formula (C1).
[0101] Specific examples of compounds of formula (C2) include compounds represented by the following formula (C2-a), (C2-b) or (C2-c). These compounds provide a particularly excellent effect from the standpoint of minimizing gas generation.
##STR00017##
[0102] In formulas (C2-a), (C2-b) and (C2-c), R.sup.c2, R.sup.c3 and R.sup.c4 each represent an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a nitro, amino or sulfonyl group, or a halogen atom. m.sup.c represents an integer of 0 to 4, n.sup.c represents an integer of 0 to 2, and o.sup.c represents an integer of 0 to 4. From the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, m.sup.c may be 0 or 1, n.sup.c may be 0 or 1 and o.sup.c may be 0 or 1. R.sup.c1 has the same definition as R.sup.c1 in formula (C1). When m.sup.c, n.sup.c and o.sup.c are 2 or greater, multiple R.sup.c2, R.sup.c3 and R.sup.c4 may be the same or different, but they are preferably the same.
[0103] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.c2, R.sup.c3 or R.sup.c4 include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and t-butyl groups. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, R.sup.c2, R.sup.c3 and R.sup.c4 may be methyl groups.
[0104] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkoxy groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.c2, R.sup.c3 or R.sup.c4 include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy and n-butoxy groups. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, R.sup.c2, R.sup.c3 and R.sup.c4 may be methoxy groups.
[0105] A halogen atom as R.sup.c2, R.sup.c3 or R.sup.c4 may be a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, R.sup.c2, R.sup.c3 and R.sup.c4 may be fluorine atoms.
[0106] R.sup.c1 in formulas (C1), (C2), (C2-a), (C2-b) and (C2-c) represents an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkynyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkenyl group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, an optionally substituted aryloxy group, an optionally substituted heteroaryloxy group, an optionally substituted alkenyloxy group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkynyloxy group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted amino group. Of these, R.sup.c1 may be an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted phenoxy group, an optionally substituted alkenyloxy group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted amino group, as this will allow formation of a SEI with excellent ionic conductivity. R.sup.c1 may also be an alkenyloxy group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, as this will promote formation of the SEI by polymerization of allyl groups on the negative electrode, and will allow formation of a satisfactory SEI. Of these, R.sup.c1 is preferably a methyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyloxy, p-methylphenyloxy, dimethylamino, benzylmethylamino or allylamino group.
[0107] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.c1 include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, 1,1-dichloro ethyl and optionally substituted benzyl groups. An optionally substituted benzyl group may be, for example, a benzyl, 2-methylbenzyl, 3-methylbenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, 2-ethylbenzyl, 3-ethylbenzyl, 4-ethylbenzyl, 2-methoxybenzyl, 3-methoxybenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 2-ethoxybenzyl, 3-ethoxybenzyl, 4-ethoxybenzyl, 2-(dimethylamino)benzyl, 3-(dimethylamino)benzyl, 4-(dimethylamino)benzyl, 2-fluorobenzyl, 3-fluorobenzyl, 4-fluorobenzyl, 2-chlorobenzyl, 3-chlorobenzyl, 4-chlorobenzyl, 2-bromobenzyl, 3-bromobenzyl or 4-bromobenzyl group.
[0108] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkynyl groups of 2 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.c1 include ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl and 3-butynyl groups.
[0109] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkenyl groups of 2 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.c1 include vinyl, allyl, isopropenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, isobutenyl and 1,1-difluoro-1-propenyl groups. Of these, R.sup.c1 may be an allyl group.
[0110] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkoxy groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.c1 include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, n-butoxy, trifluoromethoxy, trichloromethoxy and optionally substituted benzyloxy groups. An optionally substituted benzyloxy group may be, for example, a benzyloxy, 2-methylbenzyloxy, 3-methylbenzyloxy, 4-methylbenzyloxy, 2-ethylbenzyloxy, 3-ethylbenzyloxy, 4-ethylbenzyloxy, 2-methoxybenzyloxy, 3-methoxybenzyloxy, 4-methoxybenzyloxy, 2-ethoxybenzyloxy, 3-ethoxybenzyloxy, 4-ethoxybenzyloxy, 2-(dimethylamino)benzyloxy, 3-(dimethylamino)benzyloxy, 4-(dimethylamino)benzyloxy, 2-fluorobenzyloxy, 3-fluorobenzyloxy, 4-fluorobenzyloxy, 2-chlorobenzyloxy, 3-chlorobenzyloxy, 4-chlorobenzyloxy, 2-bromobenzyloxy, 3-bromobenzyloxy or 4-bromobenzyloxy group.
[0111] Specific examples of optionally substituted aryl groups or heteroaryl groups as R.sup.c1 include phenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-ethylphenyl, 3-ethylphenyl, 4-ethylphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 2-ethoxyphenyl, 3-ethoxyphenyl, 4-ethoxyphenyl, 2-(dimethylamino)phenyl, 3-(dimethylamino)phenyl, 4-(dimethylamino)phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl and quinolyl groups. Of these, R.sup.c1 may be phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl or 4-fluorophenyl groups, as they exhibit low LUMO energy which is susceptible to electrochemical reduction.
[0112] Specific examples of optionally substituted aryloxy groups or heteroaryloxy groups as R.sup.c1 include phenoxy, 2-methylphenoxy, 3-methylphenoxy, 4-methylphenoxy, 2-ethylphenoxy, 3-ethylphenoxy, 4-ethylphenoxy, 2-methoxyphenoxy, 3-methoxyphenoxy, 4-methoxyphenoxy, 2-ethoxyphenoxy, 3-ethoxyphenoxy, 4-ethoxyphenoxy, 2-(dimethylamino)phenoxy, 3-(dimethylamino)phenoxy, 4-(dimethylamino)phenoxy, 2-fluorophenoxy, 3-fluorophenoxy, 4-fluorophenoxy, 2-chlorophenoxy, 3-chlorophenoxy, 4-chlorophenoxy, 2-bromophenoxy, 3-bromophenoxy, 4-bromophenoxy, furyloxy, thienyloxy, pyridyloxy, oxazolyloxy, imidazolyloxy and quinolyloxy groups.
[0113] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkenyloxy groups of 2 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.c1 include 2-propenyloxy, 1-methyl-2-propenyloxy, 2-methyl-2-propenyloxy, 2-butenyloxy, 3-butenyloxy, 2-hexenyloxy and 5-hexenyloxy groups.
[0114] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkynyloxy groups of 2 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.c1 include ethynyloxy, 1-propynyloxy, 2-propynyloxy, 1-butynyloxy, 2-butynyloxy and 3-butynyloxy groups.
[0115] An optionally substituted amino group as R.sup.c1 may be represented by the following formula (C10), for example.
##STR00018##
[0116] In formula (C10), R.sup.c11 and R.sup.c12 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkenyl group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aryl group or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, or R.sup.c11 and R.sup.c12 may be bonded together to form a divalent group.
[0117] Optionally substituted alkyl groups, optionally substituted alkenyl groups, optionally substituted aryl groups and optionally substituted heteroaryl groups as R.sup.c11 or R.sup.c12 may be the same ones mentioned as examples for R.sup.c1. Specific examples of R.sup.c11 and R.sup.c12 include methyl, n-butyl, allyl, phenyl and benzyl groups. Specific examples of amino groups represented by formula (C10) include dimethylamino, n-butylmethylamino, allylamino, phenylmethylamino and benzylmethylamino groups.
[0118] When R.sup.c1, R.sup.c2, R.sup.c3, R.sup.c4, R.sup.c11 and R.sup.c12 are alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, alkenyloxyalkyl or alkynyloxy groups, the substituents that may be bonded to them are selected from among, for example, halogen atoms, amino groups, alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkenyl groups of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, alkoxy groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, heteroaryl groups, aryloxy groups, heteroaryloxy groups and alkenyloxy groups of 2 to 4 carbon atoms. When the substituent is a halogen atom, and particularly a fluorine atom, the LUMO energy will tend to be low.
[0119] A person skilled in the art can synthesize a compound of formula (C1) using available starting materials and combining common reactions. For example, a compound of formula (C1) can be synthesized by a method of reacting a cyclic compound containing a sulfonamide bond, with the corresponding sulfonyl halide compound.
[0120] The additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to another embodiment of the invention includes one or more kinds of compounds represented by the following formula (D1).
##STR00019##
[0121] In formula (D1), X.sup.d1 represents a group that forms a cyclic group together with the sulfur atom, nitrogen atom and Z.sup.d, and Z.sup.d represents a sulfonyl or carbonyl group. The cyclic group formed by X.sup.d1 may be substituted. The cyclic group may be a 4- to 6-membered ring, and it may be a fused ring comprising two or more rings.
[0122] Specific examples of compounds of formula (D1) include compounds represented by the following formulas (D1-a), (D1-b) and (D1-c). These compounds provide particularly excellent effects from the standpoint of cycle characteristics and internal resistance.
##STR00020##
[0123] In formulas (D1-a), (D1-b) and (D1-c), R.sup.d2, R.sup.d3 and R.sup.d4 each represent an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a nitro, amino or sulfonyl group, or a halogen atom. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, R.sup.d2, R.sup.d3 and R.sup.d4 may each be an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a halogen atom.
[0124] m.sup.d represents an integer of 0 to 4, n.sup.d represents an integer of 0 to 2, and o.sup.d represents an integer of 0 to 4. When m.sup.d, n.sup.d and o.sup.d are each an integer of 2 or greater, multiple R.sup.d2, R.sup.d3 and R.sup.d4 may be the same or different, but they are preferably the same.
[0125] From the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, m.sup.d may be 0 or 1, n.sup.d may be 0 or 1 and o.sup.d may be 0 or 1. From the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, m.sup.d, n.sup.d and o.sup.d may each be 0.
[0126] When o.sup.d is 1, the location of substitution on R.sup.d4 may be the 4-position, for example. When o.sup.d is 2, the location of substitution on R.sup.d4 may be the 4-position or 5-position, for example.
[0127] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.d2, R.sup.d3 or R.sup.d4 include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and t-butyl groups. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, R.sup.d2, R.sup.d3 and R.sup.d4 may be methyl groups.
[0128] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkoxy groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.d2, R.sup.d3 or R.sup.d4 include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy and n-butoxy groups. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, R.sup.d2, R.sup.d3 and R.sup.d4 may be methoxy groups.
[0129] A halogen atom as R.sup.d2, R.sup.d3 or R.sup.d4 may be a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, R.sup.d2, R.sup.d3 and R.sup.d4 may be fluorine atoms.
[0130] Each R.sup.d1 in formulas (D1), (D1-a), (D1-b) and (D1-c) represents an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkenyl group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, an optionally substituted aryloxy group, an optionally substituted heteroaryloxy group, an optionally substituted alkenyloxy group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted amino group. Of these, R.sup.d1 may be an optionally substituted alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aryloxy group, an optionally substituted heteroaryloxy group, an optionally substituted alkenyloxy group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted amino group, as this will allow formation of a SEI with excellent ionic conductivity.
[0131] Other forms of the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to the present embodiment includes one or more kinds of compounds represented by the following formula (D2).
##STR00021##
[0132] In formula (D2), X.sup.d2 represents a group that forms a cyclic group together with the sulfur atom and nitrogen atom. The cyclic group formed by X.sup.d2 may be substituted. The cyclic group may be a 4- to 6-membered ring, and it may be a fused ring comprising two or more rings.
[0133] In formula (D2), R.sup.d10 represents an optionally substituted alkenyl group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, an optionally substituted aryloxy group, an optionally substituted heteroaryloxy group, an optionally substituted alkenyloxy group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms or an optionally substituted amino group.
[0134] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.d1 include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, 1,1-dichloroethyl and optionally substituted benzyl groups. An optionally substituted benzyl group may be, for example, a benzyl, 2-methylbenzyl, 3-methylbenzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, 2-ethylbenzyl, 3-ethylbenzyl, 4-ethylbenzyl, 2-methoxybenzyl, 3-methoxybenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 2-ethoxybenzyl, 3-ethoxybenzyl, 4-ethoxybenzyl, 2-(dimethylamino)benzyl, 3-(dimethylamino)benzyl, 4-(dimethylamino)benzyl, 2-fluorobenzyl, 3-fluorobenzyl, 4-fluorobenzyl, 2-chlorobenzyl, 3-chlorobenzyl, 4-chlorobenzyl, 2-bromobenzyl, 3-bromobenzyl or 4-bromobenzyl group.
[0135] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkenyl groups of 2 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.d1 and R.sup.d10 include vinyl, allyl, isopropenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, isobutenyl and 1,1-difluoro-1-propynyl groups. Of these, R.sup.d1 and R.sup.d10 may be allyl groups.
[0136] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkoxy groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.d1 and R.sup.d10 include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, trifluoromethoxy, trichloromethoxy and optionally substituted benzyloxy groups. An optionally substituted benzyloxy group may be, for example, a benzyloxy, 2-methylbenzyloxy, 3-methylbenzyloxy, 4-methylbenzyloxy, 2-ethylbenzyloxy, 3-ethylbenzyloxy, 4-ethylbenzyloxy, 2-methoxybenzyloxy, 3-methoxybenzyloxy, 4-methoxybenzyloxy, 2-ethoxybenzyloxy, 3-ethoxybenzyloxy, 4-ethoxybenzyloxy, 2-(dimethylamino)benzyloxy, 3-(dimethylamino)benzyloxy, 4-(dimethylamino)benzyloxy, 2-fluorobenzyloxy, 3-fluorobenzyloxy, 4-fluorobenzyloxy, 2-chlorobenzyloxy, 3-chlorobenzyloxy, 4-chlorobenzyloxy, 2-bromobenzyloxy, 3-bromobenzyloxy or 4-bromobenzyloxy group.
[0137] Specific examples of optionally substituted aryl groups or heteroaryl groups as R.sup.d1 and R.sup.d10 include phenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-ethylphenyl, 3-ethylphenyl, 4-ethylphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 2-ethoxyphenyl, 3-ethoxyphenyl, 4-ethoxyphenyl, 2-(dimethylamino)phenyl, 3-(dimethylamino)phenyl, 4-(dimethylamino)phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl and quinolyl groups. Of these, R.sup.d1 and R.sup.d10 may be phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl or 4-fluorophenyl groups, as they exhibit low LUMO energy which is susceptible to electrochemical reduction.
[0138] Specific examples of optionally substituted aryloxy groups or heteroaryloxy groups as R.sup.d1 and R.sup.d10 include phenoxy, 2-methylphenoxy, 3-methylphenoxy, 4-methylphenoxy, 2-ethylphenoxy, 3-ethylphenoxy, 4-ethylphenoxy, 2-methoxyphenoxy, 3-methoxyphenoxy, 4-methoxyphenoxy, 2-ethoxyphenoxy, 3-ethoxyphenoxy, 4-ethoxyphenoxy, 2-(dimethylamino)phenoxy, 3-(dimethylamino)phenoxy, 4-(dimethylamino)phenoxy, 2-fluorophenoxy, 3-fluorophenoxy, 4-fluorophenoxy, 2-chlorophenoxy, 3-chlorophenoxy, 4-chlorophenoxy, 2-bromophenoxy, 3-bromophenoxy, 4-bromophenoxy, furyloxy, thienyloxy, pyridyloxy, oxazolyloxy, imidazolyloxy and quinolyloxy groups.
[0139] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkenyloxy groups as R.sup.d1 and R.sup.d10 include 2-propenyloxy, 1-methyl-2-propenyloxy, 2-methyl-2-propenyloxy, 2-butenyloxy, 3-butenyloxy, 2-hexenyloxy and 5-hexenyloxy groups.
[0140] Optionally substituted amino groups as R.sup.d1 and R.sup.d10 may be represented by the following formula (D10), for example.
##STR00022##
[0141] In formula (D10), R.sup.d11 and R.sup.d12 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkenyl group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aryl group or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, or R.sup.d11 and R.sup.d12 may be bonded together to form a divalent group.
[0142] Optionally substituted alkyl groups, optionally substituted alkenyl groups, optionally substituted aryl groups and optionally substituted heteroaryl groups as R.sup.d11 or R.sup.d12 may be the same ones mentioned as examples for R.sup.d1. Specific examples of R.sup.d11 and R.sup.d12 include methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, allyl, phenyl and benzyl groups. Specific examples of amino groups represented by formula (D10) include dimethylamino, diethylamino, n-butylmethylamino, allylamino, diphenylamino and dibenzylamino groups.
[0143] When R.sup.d1, R.sup.d2, R.sup.d3, R.sup.d4, R.sup.d10, R.sup.d11 and R.sup.d12 are alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy or alkenyloxy groups, the substituents that may be bonded to them are selected from among, for example, halogen atoms, amino groups, alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkenyl groups of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, alkoxy groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, heteroaryl groups, aryloxy groups, heteroaryloxy groups and alkenyloxy groups of 2 to 4 carbon atoms. When the substituent is a halogen atom, and particularly a fluorine atom, the LUMO energy will tend to be low.
[0144] When R.sup.d1, R.sup.d2, R.sup.d3, R.sup.d4, R.sup.d10, R.sup.d11 and R.sup.d12 are benzyl or benzyloxy groups, the substituents that may be bonded to them are selected from among, for example, halogen atoms, amino groups, alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkenyl groups of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, alkoxy groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, heteroaryl groups, aryloxy groups, heteroaryloxy groups and alkenyloxy groups of 2 to 4 carbon atoms. When the substituent is a halogen atom, and particularly a fluorine atom, the LUMO energy will tend to be low.
[0145] For formula (D1-c), specific examples of compounds wherein Z.sup.d is a carbonyl group, R.sup.d1 is an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkenyl group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, an optionally substituted aryloxy group, an optionally substituted heteroaryloxy group or an optionally substituted alkenyloxy group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, R.sup.d4 is an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a halogen atom, and o.sup.d is an integer of 0 to 4, include N-benzoylsaccharin, N-phenoxycarbonylsaccharin, N-acetylsaccharin, N-methoxycarbonylsaccharin, N-propanoylsaccharin, N-ethoxycarbonylsaccharin, N-butanoylsaccharin, N-propoxycarbonylsaccharin, 2-benzoyl-4-methylsaccharin, 2-phenoxycarbonyl-4-methylsaccharin, 2-acetyl-4-methylsaccharin, 2-methoxycarbonyl-4-methylsaccharin, 2-propanoyl-4-methylsaccharin, 2-ethoxycarbonyl-4-methylsaccharin, 2-butanoyl-4-methylsaccharin, 2-propoxycarbonyl-4-methyl saccharin, 2-benzoyl-5-methylsaccharin, 2-phenoxycarbonyl-5-methylsaccharin, 2-acetyl-5-methylsaccharin, 2-methoxycarbonyl-5-methylsaccharin, 2-propanoyl-5-methylsaccharin, 2-ethoxycarbonyl-5-methylsaccharin, 2-butanoyl-5-methylsaccharin and 2-propoxycarbonyl-5-methylsaccharin.
[0146] A person skilled in the art can synthesize a compound of formula (D1) or formula (D2) using available starting materials and combining common reactions. For example, a compound of formula (D1) or formula (D2) can be synthesized by a method of reacting a halide with the corresponding cyclic compound.
[0147] The following are specific examples of compounds of formula (D1-c) wherein o.sup.d is 0, Z.sup.d is a carbonyl group and R.sup.d1 is a phenoxy group (N-phenoxycarbonylsaccharins). First, saccharin and triethylamine are dissolved in an organic solvent, and then phenyl chloroformate is added dropwise and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Next, the obtained reaction product may be rinsed with water, crystallized and filtered to obtain the target compound.
[0148] The additive for a nonaqueous electrolyte solution according to another embodiment of the invention includes one or more kinds compounds represented by the following formula (E1) or formula (E2).
##STR00023##
[0149] In formula (E1) or formula (E2), X.sup.e1, X.sup.e2 and X.sup.e3 each independently represent an optionally substituted methylene, sulfonyl or carbonyl group. In formula (E1) or formula (E2), Y.sup.e1 and Y.sup.e2 each independently represent an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In formula (E1), X.sup.e3 may be a methylene or carbonyl group, and in formula (E2), X.sup.e3 may be a methylene, sulfonyl or carbonyl group.
[0150] Among the compounds represented by formula (E1) or formula (E2), X.sup.e1, X.sup.e2 and X.sup.e3 may each independently be a sulfonyl or carbonyl group. In this case, the compound represented by formula (E1) or formula (E2) can form a SEI with low resistance, by having two ring-openable polymerization sites, and containing a sulfonyl group or carbonyl group. Thus, a compound represented by formula (E1) or formula (E2) will more easily exhibit effects of further improving cell characteristics and minimizing generation of gas.
[0151] In formula (E1) or formula (E2), optionally substituted hydrocarbon groups of 1 to 6 carbon atoms as Y.sup.e1 and Y.sup.e2 may include a multiple bond, and may be cyclic. Such optionally substituted hydrocarbon groups of 1 to 6 carbon atoms include CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CHFCHF, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2, CHCH and C.sub.6H.sub.4.
[0152] The compound represented by formula (E1) or formula (E2) may be a compound represented by formula (E3-a), formula (E3-b), formula (E3-c) or formula (E3-d), for example, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity.
##STR00024##
[0153] In formula (E3-a), formula (E3-b), formula (E3-c) and formula (E3-d), X.sup.e1, X.sup.e2 and Y.sup.e1 have the same definitions as for X.sup.e1, X.sup.e2 and Y.sup.e1 in formula (E1) or formula (E2).
[0154] Compounds represented by formula (E1) or formula (E2) include pthalimido-1-carboxylic acid-2,5-dioxopyrrolidine, 2,5-pyrroledione-1-carboxylic acid-2,5-dioxopyrrolidine, 2,5-dioxopyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid-2,5-dioxopyrrolidine, o-benzsulfonimido-1-carboxylic acid-2,5-dioxopyrrolidine, benzimido-1-carboxylic acid phthalimide, 2,5-pyrroledione-1-carboxylic acid phthalimide, 2,5-dioxopyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid phthalimide and o-benzsulfonimido-1-carboxylic acid phthalimide.
[0155] A person skilled in the art can synthesize a compound of formula (E1) or formula (E2) using available starting materials and combining common reactions. For example, a compound of formula (E1) or formula (E2) can be synthesized by a method of reacting a cyclic imide compound with the corresponding chloroformic acid ester in the presence of a base.
[0156] The additive for a nonaqueous electrolyte solution according to another embodiment of the invention includes one or more kinds of compounds represented by the following formula (F 1).
##STR00025##
[0157] In formula (F1), X.sup.f represents a group that forms a cyclic group together with the nitrogen atom, Z.sup.f1 and Z.sup.f2, and Z.sup.f1 and Z.sup.f2 each independently represent a sulfonyl group (S(O).sub.2) or a carbonyl group (C(O)). The cyclic group formed by X.sup.f may be substituted. The cyclic group may be a 4- to 6-membered ring, and it may be a fused ring comprising two or more rings.
[0158] In formula (F1), R.sup.f1 represents a divalent linker group. Specific examples of the divalent linker group include optionally substituted alkylene groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, divalent organic groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms with ester bonds, divalent organic groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms with ether bonds, and divalent organic groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms with unsaturated bonds. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, R.sup.f1 may be an optionally substituted alkylene group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and it may be a methylene group.
[0159] Specific examples of compounds of formula (F1) include compounds represented by the following formulas (F1-a), (F1-b), (F1-c) or (F1-d). These compounds provide particularly excellent effects from the standpoint of cycle characteristics.
##STR00026##
[0160] In formula (F1), R.sup.f1 represents a divalent linker group. In formula (F1-a), formula (F1-b), formula (F1-c) and formula (F1-d), R.sup.f1 may be the same as described for R.sup.f1 in formula (F1).
[0161] In formulas (F1-a), (F1-b), (F1-c) and (F1-d), R.sup.f2, R.sup.f3, R.sup.f4 and R.sup.f5 each represent an optionally substituted alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a nitro, amino or sulfonyl group or a halogen atom. In the case of multiple R.sup.f2, R.sup.f3, R.sup.f4 or R.sup.f5 groups, each of the substituents may be the same or different. m.sup.f represents an integer of 0 to 2, n.sup.f represents an integer of 0 to 2, o.sup.f represents an integer of 0 to 4 and p.sup.f represents an integer of 0 to 4. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, m.sup.f may be 0 or 1, n.sup.f may be 0 or 1, o.sup.f may be 0 or 1 and p.sup.f may be 0 or 1.
[0162] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.f2, R.sup.f3, R.sup.f4 or R.sup.f5 include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and t-butyl groups. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, R.sup.f2, R.sup.f3, R.sup.f4 and R.sup.f5 may be methyl groups.
[0163] Specific examples of optionally substituted alkoxy groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms as R.sup.f2, R.sup.f3, R.sup.f4 or R.sup.f5 include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, n-butoxy, trifluoromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyloxy and 1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyloxy groups. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, R.sup.f2, R.sup.f3, R.sup.f4 and R.sup.f5 may be methoxy groups.
[0164] A halogen atom as R.sup.f2, R.sup.f3, R.sup.f4 or R.sup.f5 may be a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom. Of these, from the viewpoint of availability and reactivity, R.sup.f2, R.sup.f3, R.sup.f4 and R.sup.f5 may be a fluorine atom.
[0165] In a compound represented by formula (F1-c) or formula (F1-d), when o.sup.f or p.sup.f is 1, the position of R.sup.f4 or R.sup.f5 may be the 4-position. When o.sup.f or p.sup.f is 2, the positions of R.sup.f4 or R.sup.f5 may be the 4-position and 5-position.
[0166] Of the compounds of formula (F1), examples of compounds represented by formula (F1-a) include N-glycidyl succinimide, 3-methyl-N-glycidyl succinimide, 3-fluoro-N-glycidyl succinimide and 3,4-difluoro-N-glycidyl succinimide. Examples of compounds represented by formula (F1-b) include N-glycidylmaleimide, N-glycidyl-3-chloromaleimide, N-glycidyl-3-fluoromaleimide and N-glycidyl-3,4-dibromomaleimide. Examples of compounds represented by formula (F1-c) include N-glycidylphthalimide, N-glycidyl-4-methylphthalimide, N-glycidyl-4-aminophthalimide, N-glycidyl-4-nitrophthalimide, N-glycidyl-4-bromophthalimide and N-glycidyl-3,4,5,6-tetrachlorophthalimide. Compounds represented by formula (F1-d) include N-glycidylsaccharin, N-glycidyl-4-methylsaccharin, N-glycidyl-4-methoxysaccharin, N-glycidyl-5-bromosaccharin and N-glycidyl-5-chlorosaccharin.
[0167] A person skilled in the art can synthesize a compound of formula (F1) using available starting materials and combining common reactions. For example, a compound of formula (F1) can be synthesized by a method of reacting a halide with the corresponding cyclic imide compound.
[0168] A specific example of producing a compound of formula (F1-c) wherein o.sup.f is 0 and R.sup.f1 is methylene (N-glycidylphthalimide) will now be described. First, phthalimide and triethylamine are dissolved in an organic solvent, and then epichlorhydrin is added dropwise and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Next, the obtained reaction product may be rinsed with water, crystallized and filtered to obtain the target compound.
[0169] The compounds represented by formulas (A1), (A2), (B1), (C1), (D1), (D2), (E1), (E2) or (F1) exhibit low LUMO energy that is susceptible to electrochemical reduction, and therefore when used in power storage devices such as non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries, non-aqueous electrolyte solutions containing them as additives for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution can improve cell characteristics such as the cycle characteristic, charge-discharge capacity and internal resistance by forming stable SEI on the electrode surfaces. Furthermore, compounds represented by formulas (A1), (A2), (B1), (C1), (D1), (D2), (E1), (E2) or (F1) are stable against moisture and temperature change, and therefore additives for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution and non-aqueous electrolyte solutions that contain them can be stored for prolonged periods of time at room temperature.
[0170] The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy of a compound represented by formula (A1), (A2), (B1), (C1), (D1), (D2), (E1), (E2) or (F1) may be 3.0 eV or greater and may be up to 0.0 eV. If the LUMO energy is 3.0 eV or greater it will be easy to avoid formation of a SEI with high resistance on the negative electrode by excessive decomposition of the compound. If the LUMO energy is 0.0 eV or lower, it will be possible to more easily form a more stable SEI on the negative electrode surface. From the same viewpoint, the LUMO energy may be 2.9 eV or greater and may be 0.5 eV or lower. A person skilled in the art can, without excessive trial and error, find compounds that exhibit LUMO energy within these numerical ranges, among the compounds defined by formulas (A1), (A2), (B1), (C1), (D1), (D2), (E1), (E2) or (F1).
[0171] Throughout the present specification, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy is the value calculated by combining the PM3 method, as a semiempirical molecular orbital calculation method, with the B3LYP method, as a density functional method. Specifically, the LUMO energy may be calculated using Gaussian 03 (Revision B.03 software by U.S. Gaussian).
[0172] The additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to the present embodiment may also include other components in addition to a compound represented by formula (A1), (A2), (B1), (C1), (D1), (D2), (E1), (E2) or (F1), such as compounds that can contribute to SEI formation. Alternatively, the compound represented by formula (A1), (A2), (B1), (C1), (D1), (D2), (E1), (E2) or (F1) itself may be used as the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. The additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution according to the present embodiment may also include other common components in ranges that do not interfere with the effect of the invention. Examples of such other common components include vinylene carbonate (VC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), 1,3-propanesultone (PS), negative electrode protective agents, positive electrode protective agents, flame retardants and overcharge protection agents.
[0173] The non-aqueous electrolyte solution for the present embodiment contains the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte. The content of the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution (or the compound represented by formula (A1), (A2), (B1), (C1), (D1), (D2), (E1), (E2) or (F1)) in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution may be 0.005 mass % or greater, and it may be 10 mass % or lower, based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution. If the content is 0.005 mass % or greater, it will be easier to adequately form a stable SEI by electrochemical reaction on the electrode surface. If the content is 10 mass % or lower, the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution can be more easily dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent. Furthermore, by avoiding excessive increase in the content of the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, it is possible to minimize viscosity increase of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution and to ensure mobility of ions more easily. If the mobility of ions is not adequately ensured, there will be a possibility that the conductivity of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is not adequately ensured, and the charge-discharge characteristic of the power storage device may thereby be hindered. From the same viewpoint, the lower limit for the content of the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution (or the compound represented by formula (A1), (A2), (B1), (C1), (D1), (D2), (E1), (E2) or (F1)) may be 0.01 mass %.
[0174] The non-aqueous electrolyte solution may include two or more kinds of additives for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution (two or more kinds of compounds that form a SET). In this case, the total content of the additives for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution may be 0.005 mass % or greater and 10 mass % or lower, based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution. Examples of other additives include vinylene carbonate (VC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and 1,3-propanesultone (PS).
[0175] An aprotic solvent may be selected as the non-aqueous solvent from the viewpoint of maintaining a low viscosity of the obtained non-aqueous electrolyte solution. The aprotic solvent may be at least one selected from the group consisting of cyclic carbonates, straight-chain carbonates, aliphatic carboxylic acid esters, lactones, lactams, cyclic ethers, straight-chain ethers, sulfones, nitriles and their halogenated derivatives. Of these, a cyclic carbonate, and/or straight-chain carbonate may be selected as the aprotic solvent.
[0176] Examples of cyclic carbonates include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and butylene carbonate. Examples of straight-chain carbonates include dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate. Examples of aliphatic carboxylic acid esters include methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, methyl butyrate, methyl isobutyrate and trimethyl methyl acetate. Examples of lactones include -butyrolactone. Examples of lactams include -caprolactam and N-methylpyrrolidone. Examples of cyclic ethers include tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran and 1,3-dioxolane. Examples of straight-chain ethers include 1,2-diethoxyethane and ethoxymethoxyethane. Examples of sulfones include sulfolane. Examples of nitriles include acetonitrile. Examples of halogenated derivatives include 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one and 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one. These non-aqueous solvents may be used alone or in combinations of two or more. These non-aqueous solvents are particularly suitable for use in non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries such as lithium ion batteries, and electrical double layer capacitors such as lithium ion capacitors, for example.
[0177] The electrolyte in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution may be a lithium salt serving as an ion source of lithium ions. Of these, the electrolyte may be at least one selected from the group consisting of LiAlCl.sub.4, LiBF.sub.4, LiPF.sub.6, LiClO.sub.4, LiAsF.sub.6 and LiSbF.sub.6. LiBF.sub.4 and/or LiPF.sub.6 may be selected from the viewpoint of a high dissociation degree, increasing the ionic conductance of the electrolyte solution, and minimizing deterioration in the performance of power storage devices due to prolonged use, by oxidation-reduction resistance. These electrolytes may be used alone or in combinations of two or more. LiBF.sub.4 and LiPF.sub.6 may be combined with one or more each of a cyclic carbonate and a straight-chain carbonate, as non-aqueous solvents. In particular, LiBF.sub.4 and/or LiPF.sub.6 may be combined with ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate.
[0178] The concentration of electrolytes in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution may be 0.1 mol/L or greater, and it may be 2.0 mol/L or lower. If the electrolyte concentration is 0.1 mol/L or greater, it will be easier to adequately ensure the conductivity of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution. It will therefore be easier to obtain stable discharge characteristics and charge properties for power storage devices. If the electrolyte concentration is 2.0 mol/L or lower, increase in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution viscosity will be reduced and it will be particularly easier to ensure the mobility of ions. If the mobility of ions is not adequately ensured, there will be a possibility that the conductivity of the electrolyte solution is not adequately ensured, and the charge-discharge characteristic of the power storage device may thereby be hindered. From the same viewpoint, the electrolyte concentration may be 0.5 mol/L or greater, and it may be 1.5 mol/L or lower.
[0179] The power storage device of the present embodiment comprises mainly a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, and a positive electrode and negative electrode. Specific examples of power storage devices include non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries (such as lithium ion batteries) and electrical double layer capacitors (such as lithium ion capacitors). The non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the present embodiment is particularly effective for use in lithium ion batteries and lithium ion capacitors.
[0180]
[0181] The positive electrode collector 2 and negative electrode collector 5 may each be a metal foil made of metal such as aluminum, copper, nickel or stainless steel.
[0182] The positive electrode active material layer 3 includes a positive electrode active material. The positive electrode active material may be a lithium-containing complex oxide. Specific examples of lithium-containing complex oxides include LiMnO.sub.2, LiFeO.sub.2, LiCoO.sub.2, LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4, Li.sub.2FeSiO.sub.4, LiNi.sub.1/3Co.sub.1/3Mn.sub.1/3O.sub.2 and LiFePO.sub.4.
[0183] The negative electrode active material layer 6 includes a negative electrode active material. The negative electrode active material may be, for example, a material that can occlude and release lithium. Specific examples of such materials include carbon materials such as graphite and amorphous carbon, and oxide materials such as indium oxide, silicon oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide and lithium oxide. The negative electrode active material may also be lithium metal, or a metal material that can form an alloy with lithium. Specific examples of metals that can form alloys with lithium include Cu, Sn, Si, Co, Mn, Fe, Sb and Ag. A binary or ternary alloy comprising such a metal and lithium may be used as the negative electrode active material. These negative electrode active materials may be used alone or, two or more may be used in combination.
[0184] The separator 9 may be a porous film made of polyethylene, polypropylene, fluorine resin or the like, for example.
[0185] The specific forms, such as the shapes and thicknesses, of each of the members forming the power storage device may be appropriately determined by a person skilled in the art. The construction of the power storage device is not limited to the embodiment shown in
EXAMPLES
[0186] The invention will now be explained in greater detail by the following examples, with the understanding that the invention is not restricted only to the examples.
Experimental Example A
1. Preparation of Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solution
Example A1
[0187] Ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) were mixed in a volume compositional ratio of EC:DEC=30:70 to obtain a mixed non-aqueous solvent. In the obtained mixed non-aqueous solvent there was dissolved LiPF.sub.6 as an electrolyte to a concentration of 1.0 mol/L. To the obtained solution there was added compound A1 shown in Table 1 as an additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, to prepare a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. The content ratio of the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution (compound A1) was 0.5 mass % with respect to the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
Example A2
[0188] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example A1, except that the content ratio of compound A1 was 1.0 mass %.
Example A3
[0189] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example A1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound A1 to compound A2 shown in Table 1, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example A4
[0190] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example A1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound A1 to compound A3 shown in Table 1, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example A5
[0191] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example A1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound A1 to compound A4 shown in Table 1, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example A6
[0192] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example A1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound A1 to compound A5 shown in Table 1, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example A7
[0193] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example A1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound A1 to compound A6 shown in Table 1, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example A8
[0194] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example A1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound A1 to compound A7 shown in Table 1, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example A9
[0195] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example A1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound A1 to compound A8 shown in Table 1, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example A1
[0196] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example A1, except that compound A1 was not added.
Comparative Example A2
[0197] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example A1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound A1 to 1,3-propanesultone, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example A3
[0198] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example A1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound A1 to vinylene carbonate (VC), and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example A4
[0199] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Comparative Example A3, except that the content ratio of the vinylene carbonate (VC) was 2.0 mass %.
Comparative Example A5
[0200] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example A1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound A1 to fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example A6
[0201] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Comparative Example A5, except that the content ratio of the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) was 2.0 mass %.
Comparative Example A7
[0202] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example A1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound A1 to phthalimide, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example A8
[0203] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example A1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound A1 to maleimide, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example A9
[0204] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example A1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound A1 to succinimide, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example A10
[0205] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example A1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound A1 to saccharin, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
2. Evaluation
(Measurement of LUMO Energy)
[0206] The LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energies of compounds A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7 and A8 used in the Examples were determined by calculating the semiempirical molecular orbitals using Gaussian 03 software. The calculated LUMO energies are shown in Table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 LUMO Compound energy structure (eV) Compound A1
[0207] (Stability)
[0208] The compounds A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7 and A8 used in the examples and the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) used in Comparative Examples A5 and A6 were supplied for a preservation test in which they were allowed to stand for 90 days in a steady temperature and humidity environment at a temperature of 402 C. and a humidity of 755%. The .sup.1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (.sup.1H-NMR) of each additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was measured before and after the preservation test, and the stability of each compound was evaluated based on the following scale. Table 2 shows the evaluation results for stability.
G: No change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
F: Slight change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
P: Distinct change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Additive Stability Compound A1 G Compound A2 G Compound A3 G Compound A4 G Compound A5 G Compound A6 G Compound A7 G Compound A8 G FEC P
[0209] As shown in Table 2, the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) used in Comparative Examples A5 and A6 was presumably partially hydrolyzed, and had inferior stability. Compounds A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7 and A8 used in the examples, on the other hand, exhibited virtually no change and had excellent stability.
[0210] (Fabrication of Positive Electrode)
[0211] LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4 as a positive electrode active material and carbon black as a conductivity imparting agent were dry blended. The obtained mixture was uniformly dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) dissolving polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder, to prepare a slurry. The obtained slurry was coated onto both sides of an aluminum metal foil (rectilinear, thickness: 20 m). After drying the coating film to remove the NMP, the entire foil was pressed to obtain a positive electrode sheet having an aluminum metal foil as the positive electrode collector and a positive electrode active material layer formed on both sides of it. The solid ratio of the positive electrode active material layer of the obtained positive electrode sheet was positive electrode active material:conductivity imparting agent:PVDF=90:5:5, as the mass ratio.
[0212] (Preparation of Negative Electrode)
[0213] As a negative electrode sheet there was used a commercially available graphite-coated electrode sheet (product name: Electrode sheet negative electrode monolayer, by Hohsen Co.).
[0214] (Fabrication of Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Secondary Battery)
[0215] Cell elements were fabricated by laminating a negative electrode sheet, a polyethylene separator, a positive electrode sheet, a polyethylene separator and a negative electrode sheet, in that order, in the different non-aqueous electrolyte solutions obtained in the examples and comparative examples. Each cell element was inserted into a bag formed from a laminate film having a resin layer covering both sides of aluminum (thickness: 40 m), with the positive electrode sheet and negative electrode sheet ends protruding out from the bag. Next, each of the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions obtained in the examples and comparative examples was infused into the bag. The bag was vacuum sealed to obtain a sheet-like non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery. In order to increase the adhesiveness between the electrodes, the sheet-like non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery was sandwiched between glass plates and pressed.
[0216] (Evaluation of Service Capacity Maintenance Factor and Internal Resistance Ratio)
[0217] Each of the obtained non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries was subjected to a charge-discharge cycle test at 25 C., with a charge rate of 0.3 C, a discharge rate of 0.3 C, a charge final voltage of 4.2 V and a discharge final voltage of 2.5 V. The service capacity maintenance factor (%) after 200 cycles and the internal resistance ratio after 200 cycles are shown in Table 3. The service capacity maintenance factor (%) after 200 cycles is the value obtained by dividing the service capacity (mAh) after a 200 cycle test by the service capacity (mAh) after a 10 cycle test, and multiplying by 100. Also, the internal resistance ratio after 200 cycles is represented by the relative value of the resistance after a 200 cycle test, where the resistance before the cycle test is defined as 1.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Service capacity maintenance Internal factor resistance Electrolyte Solvent Additive (%) ratio Ex. A1 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound A1 91 1.30 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 0.5 mass % Ex. A2 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound A1 93 1.38 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. A3 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound A2 92 1.42 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. A4 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound A3 94 1.40 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. A5 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound A4 94 1.44 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. A6 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound A5 93 1.38 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. A7 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound A6 93.2 1.44 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. A8 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound A7 92 1.43 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. A9 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound A8 92 1.44 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC None 79 1.83 Ex. A1 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC 1,3-Propanesultone 81 1.68 Ex. A2 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC VC 81 1.69 Ex. A3 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC VC 82 1.53 Ex. A4 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 2.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC FEC 84 1.66 Ex. A5 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC FEC 86 1.67 Ex. A6 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 2.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Phthalimide 87 1.45 Ex. A7 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Maleimide 86 1.55 Ex. A8 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Succinimide 85 1.49 Ex. A9 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Saccharin 87 1.42 Ex. A10 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass %
[0218] (Measurement of Gas Generation Volume)
[0219] Separately from the battery used for the cycle test, there was prepared a non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery having the same construction, containing each of the electrolyte solutions of the examples and comparative examples. A procedure of charging each battery to 4.2 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C and then discharging to 3 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C, at 25 C., was repeated for 3 cycles to stabilize the battery. Next, charging was again carried out to 4.2 V with the charge rate at 0.3 C, after which the battery was stored at a high temperature of 60 C. for 168 hours. The battery was then cooled to room temperature, the volume of the battery was measured by Archimedes' method, and the gas generation volume was determined from the volume change before and after storage.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Gas generation volume Electrolyte Solvent Additive (ml) Ex. A10 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound A1 0.34 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. A11 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound A2 0.29 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. A12 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound A3 0.28 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. A13 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound A4 0.27 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. A14 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound A5 0.28 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. A15 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound A6 0.30 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. A16 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound A7 0.31 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. A17 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound A8 0.32 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC None 0.54 Ex. A11 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC FEC 0.58 Ex. A12 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC VC 0.59 Ex. A13 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass %
[0220] From Table 3 and Table 4 it is seen that the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries using the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions of each of the examples which included compounds A1, A2, A3, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A or 8A, as compounds of formula (A1) and formula (A2), were excellent in terms of both service capacity maintenance factor during the cycle test and minimizing gas generation with charging, compared to the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries using the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions of the comparative examples. This strongly suggests that the compounds of formula (A1) or formula (A2), when used in non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries, form SEI that are stable against charge-discharge cycles and high temperature storage. It also confirmed that the compounds of formula (A1) or formula (A2) are also excellent in terms of low increase in internal resistance with charge-discharge cycling.
Experimental Example B
1. Preparation of Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solution
Example B1
[0221] Ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) were mixed in a volume ratio of EC:DEC=30:70 to prepare a mixed non-aqueous solvent, and LiPF.sub.6 as an electrolyte was dissolved in the mixture to a concentration of 1.0 mol/L. To the obtained solution there was added compound B1 shown in Table 5 as an additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, to prepare a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. The content ratio of the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution (compound B1) was 0.5 mass % with respect to the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
Example B2
[0222] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example B1, except that the content ratio of compound B1 was 1.0 mass %.
Example B3
[0223] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example B1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound B1 to compound B2 shown in Table 5, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example B4
[0224] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example B1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound B1 to compound B3 shown in Table 5, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example B5
[0225] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example B1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound B1 to compound B4 shown in Table 5, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example B6
[0226] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example B1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound B1 to compound B5 shown in Table 5, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example B7
[0227] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example B1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound B1 to compound B6 shown in Table 5, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example B8
[0228] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example B1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound B1 to compound B7 shown in Table 5, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example B9
[0229] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example B1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound B1 to compound B8 shown in Table 5, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example B10
[0230] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example B1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound B1 to compound B9 shown in Table 5, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example B1
[0231] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example B1, except that compound B1 was not added.
Comparative Example B2
[0232] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example B1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound B1 to 1,3-propanesultone, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example B3
[0233] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example B1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound B1 to vinylene carbonate (VC), and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example B4
[0234] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Comparative Example B3, except that the content ratio of the vinylene carbonate (VC) was 2.0 mass %.
Comparative Example B5
[0235] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example B1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound B1 to fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example B6
[0236] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Comparative Example B5, except that the content ratio of the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) was 2.0 mass %.
Comparative Example B7
[0237] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example B1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound B1 to compound B10 shown in Table 5, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example B8
[0238] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example B1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound B1 to compound B11 shown in Table 5, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example B9
[0239] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example B1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound B1 to compound B12 shown in Table 5, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
2. Evaluation
(Calculation of LUMO Energy)
[0240] The LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energies of compounds B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8 and B9 used in the Examples were determined by calculating the semiempirical molecular orbitals using Gaussian 03 software. The calculated LUMO energies are shown in Table 5.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 LUMO energy Compound structure (eV) Compound B1
[0241] (Stability)
[0242] The compounds B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8 and B9 used in the examples and the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) used in Comparative. Examples B5 and B6 were supplied for a preservation test in which they were allowed to stand for 90 days in a steady temperature and humidity environment at a temperature of 402 C. and a humidity of 755%. The .sup.1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (.sup.1H-NMR) of each additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was measured before and after the preservation test, and the stability of each compound was evaluated based on the following scale. Table 6 shows the evaluation results for stability.
G: No change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
F: Slight change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
P: Distinct change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Additive Stability Compound B1 G Compound B2 G Compound B3 G Compound B4 G Compound B5 G Compound B6 G Compound B7 G Compound B8 G Compound B9 G FEC P
[0243] As shown in Table 6, the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) used in Comparative Examples B5 and B6 was presumably partially hydrolyzed, and had inferior stability. Compounds B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8 and B9 used in the examples, on the other hand, exhibited virtually no change and had excellent stability.
[0244] (Fabrication of Positive Electrode)
[0245] Lithium cobaltate (LiCoO.sub.2) as a positive electrode active material and carbon black as a conductivity imparting agent were dry blended. The obtained mixture was uniformly dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) dissolving polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder, to prepare a slurry. The obtained slurry was coated onto both sides of an aluminum metal foil (rectilinear, thickness: 20 m). After drying the coating film to remove the NMP, the entire foil was pressed to obtain a positive electrode sheet having an aluminum metal foil as the positive electrode collector and a positive electrode active material layer formed on both sides. The solid ratio of the positive electrode active material layer of the positive electrode sheet was positive electrode active material:conductivity imparting agent:PVDF=90:5:5, as the mass ratio.
[0246] (Fabrication of Negative Electrode)
[0247] Graphite powder as a negative electrode active material and carbon black as a conductivity imparting agent were dry blended. The obtained mixture was uniformly dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) dissolving polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder, to prepare a slurry. The obtained slurry was coated onto one side of a copper foil (rectilinear, thickness: 10 m). After drying the coating film to remove the NMP, the entire foil was pressed to obtain a negative electrode sheet having a copper foil as the negative electrode collector and a negative electrode active material layer formed on one side thereof. The solid ratio of the negative electrode active material layer of the negative electrode sheet was negative electrode active material:conductivity imparting agent:PVDF=93:3:4, as the mass ratio.
[0248] (Fabrication of Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Secondary Battery)
[0249] Cell elements were fabricated by laminating a polyethylene separator in the order of a negative electrode, a separator, a positive electrode, a separator and a negative electrode in the different non-aqueous electrolyte solutions obtained in the examples and comparative examples. Each cell element was inserted into a bag formed from a laminate film having an aluminum layer (thickness: 40 m) and a resin layer covering both sides thereof, with the positive electrode sheet and negative electrode sheet ends protruding out from the bag. Next, each of the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions obtained in the examples and comparative examples was infused into the bag. The bag was vacuum sealed to obtain a sheet-like non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery. In order to increase the adhesiveness between the electrodes, the sheet-like non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery was sandwiched between glass plates and pressed.
[0250] (Evaluation of Service Capacity Maintenance Factor and Internal Resistance Ratio)
[0251] A procedure of charging the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery to 4.2 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C and then discharging to 3 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C, at 25 C., was repeated for 2 cycles to stabilize the battery.
[0252] It was then subjected to a charge-discharge cycle test with a charge rate of 0.3 C, a discharge rate of 0.3 C, a charge final voltage of 4.2 V and a discharge final voltage of 2.5 V. Table 7 shows the service capacity maintenance factor (%) after 200 cycles and the internal resistance ratio after 200 cycles, for each battery.
[0253] The service capacity maintenance factor (%) after 200 cycles is the ratio (percentage) of the service capacity (mAh) after a 200 cycle test with respect to the service capacity (mAh) after a 10 cycle test. Also, the internal resistance ratio after 200 cycles is the relative value of the resistance after a 200 cycle test, where the resistance before the cycle test is defined as 1.
[0254] (Measurement of Gas Generation Volume)
[0255] Separately from the battery used for the cycle test, there was prepared a non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery having the same construction, containing each of the electrolyte solutions of the examples and comparative examples. A procedure of charging the battery to 4.2 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C and then discharging to 3 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C, at 25 C., was repeated for 2 cycles to stabilize the battery.
[0256] Next, charging of the battery was again carried out to 4.2 V with the charge rate at 0.3 C, after which the battery was allowed to stand in an environment of 60 C. for 168 hours. The battery was then cooled to room temperature. The gas generation volume of the battery after standing was measured by Archimedes' method. The results are shown in Table 7.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Service capacity Gas maintenance Internal generation factor resistance volume Electrolyte Solvent Additive (%) ratio (ml) Ex. B1 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound B1 92 1.20 0.61 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 0.5 mass % Ex. B2 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound B1 95 1.35 0.62 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. B3 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound B2 89 1.33 0.84 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. B4 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound B3 95 1.31 0.97 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. B5 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound B4 92 1.28 0.57 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. B6 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound B5 93 1.34 0.81 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. B7 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound B6 94 1.30 0.74 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. B8 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound B7 91 1.38 0.88 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. B9 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound B8 94 1.34 0.91 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound B9 95 1.32 0.76 B10 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC None 79 1.83 1.50 Ex. B1 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC 1,3-Propanesultone 82 1.68 1.15 Ex. B2 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC VC 83 1.70 1.64 Ex. B3 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC VC 84 1.89 1.83 Ex. B4 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 2.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC FEC 80 1.88 1.69 Ex. B5 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC FEC 82 1.68 1.95 Ex. B6 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 2.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound B10 85 1.43 1.24 Ex. B7 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound B11 86 1.42 1.18 Ex. B8 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound B12 85 1.66 1.19 Ex. B9 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass %
[0257] From Table 7 it is seen that the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries using the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions of each of the examples which included compound B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8 or B9 as compounds of formula (B1), were excellent in terms of both service capacity maintenance factor during the cycle test and minimizing stored gas generation with charging, compared to the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries using the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions of the comparative examples. This strongly suggests that the compounds of formula (B1), when used in non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries, form SEI that are stable against charge-discharge cycles and high temperature storage. It also confirmed that the compounds of formula (B1) are excellent in terms of low increase in internal resistance with charge-discharge cycling.
Experimental Example C
1. Preparation of Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solution
Example C1
[0258] Ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) were mixed in a volume ratio of EC:DEC=30:70 to prepare a mixed non-aqueous solvent, and LiPF.sub.6 as an electrolyte was dissolved in the mixture to a concentration of 1.0 mol/L. To the obtained solution there was added compound C1 shown in Table 8 as an additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, to prepare a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. The content ratio of the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution (compound C1) was 0.5 mass % based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
Example C2
[0259] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example C1, except that the content ratio of compound C1 was 1.0 mass %.
Example C3
[0260] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example C1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound C1 to compound C2 shown in Table 8, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example C4
[0261] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example C1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound C1 to compound C3 shown in Table 8, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example C5
[0262] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example C1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound C1 to compound C4 shown in Table 8, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example C6
[0263] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example C1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound C1 to compound C5 shown in Table 8, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example C7
[0264] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example C1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound C1 to compound C6 shown in Table 8, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example C8
[0265] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example C1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound C1 to compound C7 shown in Table 8, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example C9
[0266] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example C1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound C1 to compound C8 shown in Table 8, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example C10
[0267] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example C1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound C1 to compound C9 shown in Table 8, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example C1
[0268] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example C1, except that compound C1 was not added.
Comparative Example C2
[0269] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example C1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound C1 to 1,3-propanesultone, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example C3
[0270] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example C1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound C1 to vinylene carbonate (VC), and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example C4
[0271] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Comparative Example C3, except that the content ratio of the vinylene carbonate (VC) was 2.0 mass %.
Comparative Example C5
[0272] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example C1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound C1 to fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example C6
[0273] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Comparative Example C5, except that the content ratio of the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) was 2.0 mass %.
Comparative Example C7
[0274] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example C1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound C1 to compound C10 shown in Table 8, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example C8
[0275] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example C1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound C1 to compound C11 shown in Table 8, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example C9
[0276] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example C1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound C1 to compound C12 shown in Table 8, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
2. Evaluation
(Calculation of LUMO Energy)
[0277] The LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energies of compounds C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9 used in the Examples were determined by calculating the semiempirical molecular orbitals using Gaussian 03 software. The calculated LUMO energies are shown in Table 8.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 LUMO Compound energy structure (eV) Compound C1
[0278] (Stability)
[0279] The compounds C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9 used in the examples and the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) used in Comparative Examples C5 and C6 were supplied for a preservation test in which they were allowed to stand for 90 days in a steady temperature and humidity environment at a temperature of 402 C. and a humidity of 755%. The .sup.1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (.sup.1H-NMR) of each additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was measured before and after the preservation test, and the stability of each compound was evaluated based on the following scale. Table 9 shows the evaluation results for stability.
G: No change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
F: Slight change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
P: Distinct change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Additive Stability Compound C1 G Compound C2 G Compound C3 G Compound C4 G Compound C5 G Compound C6 G Compound C7 G Compound C8 G Compound C9 G FEC P
[0280] As shown in Table 9, the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) used in Comparative Examples C5 and C6 was presumably partially hydrolyzed, and had inferior stability. Compounds C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9 used in the examples, on the other hand, exhibited virtually no change and had excellent stability.
[0281] (Fabrication of Positive Electrode)
[0282] Lithium cobaltate (LiCoO.sub.2) as a positive electrode active material and carbon black as a conductivity imparting agent were dry blended. The obtained mixture was uniformly dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) dissolving polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder, to prepare a slurry. The obtained slurry was coated onto both sides of an aluminum metal foil (rectilinear, thickness: 20 m). After drying the coating film to remove the NMP, the entire foil was pressed to obtain a positive electrode sheet having an aluminum metal foil as the positive electrode collector and a positive electrode active material layer formed on both sides. The solid ratio of the positive electrode active material layer of the positive electrode sheet was positive electrode active material:conductivity imparting agent:PVDF=90:5:5, as the mass ratio.
[0283] (Fabrication of Negative Electrode)
[0284] Graphite powder as a negative electrode active material and carbon black as a conductivity imparting agent were dry blended. The obtained mixture was uniformly dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) dissolving polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder, to prepare a slurry. The obtained slurry was coated onto one side of a copper foil (rectilinear, thickness: 10 m). After drying the coating film to remove the NMP, the entire foil was pressed to obtain a negative electrode sheet having a copper foil as the negative electrode collector and a negative electrode active material layer formed on one side thereof. The solid ratio of the negative electrode active material layer of the negative electrode sheet was negative electrode active material:conductivity imparting agent:PVDF=93:3:4, as the mass ratio.
[0285] (Fabrication of Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Secondary Battery)
[0286] Cell elements were fabricated by laminating a polyethylene separator in the order of a negative electrode, a separator, a positive electrode, a separator and a negative electrode in the different non-aqueous electrolyte solutions obtained in the examples and comparative examples. Each cell element was inserted into a bag formed from a laminate film having an aluminum layer (thickness: 40 m) and a resin layer covering both sides thereof, with the positive electrode sheet and negative electrode sheet ends protruding out from the bag. Next, each of the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions obtained in the examples and comparative examples was infused into the bag. The bag was vacuum sealed to obtain a sheet-like non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery. In order to increase the adhesiveness between the electrodes, the sheet-like non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery was sandwiched between glass plates and pressed.
[0287] (Evaluation of Service Capacity Maintenance Factor and Internal Resistance Ratio)
[0288] A procedure of charging the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery to 4.2 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C and then discharging to 3 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C, at 25 C., was repeated for 2 cycles to stabilize the battery.
[0289] It was then subjected to a charge-discharge cycle test with a charge rate of 0.3 C, a discharge rate of 0.3 C, a charge final voltage of 4.2 V and a discharge final voltage of 2.5 V. Table 10 shows the service capacity maintenance factor (%) after 200 cycles and the internal resistance ratio after 200 cycles, for each battery.
[0290] The service capacity maintenance factor (%) after 200 cycles is the ratio (percentage) of the service capacity (mAh) after a 200 cycle test with respect to the service capacity (mAh) after a 10 cycle test. Also, the internal resistance ratio after 200 cycles is the relative value of the resistance after a 200 cycle test, where the resistance before the cycle test is defined as 1.
[0291] (Measurement of Gas Generation Volume)
[0292] Separately from the battery used for the cycle test, there was prepared a non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery having the same construction, containing each of the electrolyte solutions of the examples and comparative examples. A procedure of charging the battery to 4.2 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C and then discharging to 3 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C, at 25 C., was repeated for 2 cycles to stabilize the battery.
[0293] Next, charging of the battery was again carried out to 4.2 V with the charge rate at 0.3 C, after which the battery was allowed to stand in an environment of 60 C. for 168 hours. The battery was then cooled to room temperature. The gas generation volume of the battery after standing was measured by Archimedes' method. The results are shown in Table 10.
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Service capacity Gas maintenance Internal generation factor resistance volume Electrolyte Solvent Additive (%) ratio (ml) Ex. C1 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound C1 94 1.25 0.70 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 0.5 mass % Ex. C2 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound C1 95 1.30 0.75 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. C3 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound C2 94 1.35 0.69 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. C4 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound C3 90 1.29 0.68 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. C5 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound C4 93 1.25 0.82 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. C6 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound C5 95 1.32 0.85 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. C7 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound C6 92 1.35 0.65 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. C8 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound C7 90 1.37 0.80 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. C9 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound C8 94 1.26 0.84 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. C10 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound C9 95 1.28 0.75 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC None 79 1.83 1.50 Ex. C1 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC 1,3-Propanesultone 82 1.68 1.15 Ex. C2 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC VC 83 1.70 1.64 Ex. C3 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC VC 84 1.89 1.83 Ex. C4 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 2.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC FEC 80 1.88 1.69 Ex. C5 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC FEC 82 1.68 1.95 Ex. C6 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 2.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound C10 87 1.75 1.40 Ex. C7 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound C11 87 1.81 1.39 Ex. C8 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound C12 85 1.85 1.89 Ex. C9 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass %
[0294] From Table 10 it is seen that the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries using the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions of each of the examples which included compound C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8 or C9 as compounds of formula (C1), were excellent in terms of both service capacity maintenance factor during the cycle test and minimizing gas generation with charging, compared to the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries using the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions of the comparative examples. This strongly suggests that the compounds of formula (C1), when used in non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries, form SEI that are stable against charge-discharge cycles and high temperature storage. It also confirmed that the compounds of formula (C1) are excellent in terms of low increase in internal resistance with charge-discharge cycling.
Experimental Example D
Examples D1-D10, Comparative Examples D1-D9
1. Preparation of Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solution
Example D1
[0295] Ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) were mixed in a volume ratio of EC:DEC=30:70 to prepare a mixed non-aqueous solvent, and LiPF.sub.6 as an electrolyte was dissolved in the mixture to a concentration of 1.0 mol/L. To the obtained solution there was added compound D1 shown in Table 11 as an additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, to prepare a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. The content ratio of the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution (compound D1) was 0.5 mass % with respect to the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
Example D2
[0296] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D1, except that the content ratio of compound D1 was 1.0 mass %.
Example D3
[0297] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D1 to compound D2 shown in Table 11, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example D4
[0298] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D1 to compound D3 shown in Table 11, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example D5
[0299] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D1 to compound D4 shown in Table 11, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example D6
[0300] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D1 to compound D5 shown in Table 11, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example D7
[0301] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D1 to compound D6 shown in Table 11, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example D8
[0302] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D1 to compound D7 shown in Table 11, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example D9
[0303] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D1 to compound D8 shown in Table 11, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example D10
[0304] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D1 to compound D9 shown in Table 11, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example D1
[0305] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D1, except that compound D1 was not added.
Comparative Example D2
[0306] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D1 to 1,3-propanesultone, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example D3
[0307] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D1 to vinylene carbonate (VC), and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example D4
[0308] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Comparative Example D3, except that the content ratio of the vinylene carbonate (VC) was 2.0 mass %.
Comparative Example D5
[0309] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D1 to fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example D6
[0310] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Comparative Example D5, except that the content ratio of the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) was 2.0 mass %.
Comparative Example D7
[0311] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D1 to compound D10 shown in Table 11, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example D8
[0312] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D1 to compound D11 shown in Table 11, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example D9
[0313] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D1 to compound D12 shown in Table 11, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
2. Evaluation
(Measurement of LUMO Energy)
[0314] The LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energies of compounds D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8 and D9 used in the Examples were determined by calculating the semiempirical molecular orbitals using Gaussian 03 software. The calculated LUMO energies are shown in Table 11.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 LUMO energy Compound structure (eV) Compound D1
[0315] (Stability)
[0316] The compounds D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8 and D9 used in the examples and the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) used in Comparative Examples D5 and D6 were supplied for a preservation test in which they were allowed to stand for 90 days in a steady temperature and humidity environment at a temperature of 402 C. and a humidity of 755%. The .sup.1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (.sup.1H-NMR) of each additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was measured before and after the preservation test, and the stability of each compound was evaluated based on the following scale. Table 12 shows the evaluation results for stability.
G: No change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
F: Slight change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
P: Distinct change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Additive Stability Compound D1 G Compound D2 G Compound D3 G Compound D4 G Compound D5 G Compound D6 G Compound D7 G Compound D8 G Compound D9 G FEC P
[0317] As shown in Table 12, the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) used in Comparative Examples D5 and D6 was presumably partially hydrolyzed, and had inferior stability. Compounds D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8 and D9 used in the examples, on the other hand, exhibited virtually no change and had excellent stability.
[0318] (Fabrication of Positive Electrode)
[0319] Lithium cobaltate (LiCoO.sub.2) as a positive electrode active material and carbon black as a conductivity imparting agent were dry blended. The obtained mixture was uniformly dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) dissolving polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder, to prepare a slurry. The obtained slurry was coated onto both sides of an aluminum metal foil (rectilinear, thickness: 20 m). After drying the coating film to remove the NMP, the entire foil was pressed to obtain a positive electrode sheet having an aluminum metal foil as the positive electrode collector and a positive electrode active material layer formed on both sides. The solid ratio of the positive electrode active material layer of the positive electrode sheet was positive electrode active material:conductivity imparting agent:PVDF=90:5:5, as the mass ratio.
[0320] (Fabrication of Negative Electrode)
[0321] Graphite powder as a negative electrode active material and carbon black as a conductivity imparting agent were dry blended. The obtained mixture was uniformly dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) dissolving polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder, to prepare a slurry. The obtained slurry was coated onto one side of a copper foil (rectilinear, thickness: 10 m). After drying the coating film to remove the NMP, the entire foil was pressed to obtain a negative electrode sheet having a copper foil as the negative electrode collector and a negative electrode active material layer formed on one side thereof. The solid ratio of the negative electrode active material layer of the negative electrode sheet was negative electrode active material:conductivity imparting agent:PVDF=93:3:4, as the mass ratio.
[0322] (Fabrication of Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Secondary Battery)
[0323] Cell elements were fabricated by laminating a negative electrode sheet, a polyethylene separator, a positive electrode sheet, a polyethylene separator and a negative electrode sheet, in that order, in the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions obtained in the examples and comparative examples. Each cell element was inserted into a bag formed from a laminate film having an aluminum layer (thickness: 40 m) and a resin layer covering both sides thereof, with the positive electrode sheet and negative electrode sheet ends protruding out from the bag. Next, each of the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions obtained in the examples and comparative examples was infused into the bag. The bag was vacuum sealed to obtain a sheet-like non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery. In order to increase the adhesiveness between the electrodes, the sheet-like non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery was sandwiched between glass plates and pressed.
[0324] (Evaluation of Service Capacity Maintenance Factor and Internal Resistance Ratio)
[0325] A procedure of charging the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery to 4.2 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C and then discharging to 3 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C, at 25 C., was repeated for 2 cycles to stabilize the battery.
[0326] It was then subjected to a charge-discharge cycle test with a charge rate of 0.3 C, a discharge rate of 0.3 C, a charge final voltage of 4.2 V and a discharge final voltage of 2.5 V. Table 13 shows the service capacity maintenance factor (%) after 200 cycles and the internal resistance ratio after 200 cycles, for each battery.
[0327] The service capacity maintenance factor (%) after 200 cycles is the ratio (percentage) of the service capacity (mAh) after a 200 cycle test with respect to the service capacity (mAh) after a 10 cycle test. Also, the internal resistance ratio after 200 cycles is the relative value of the resistance after a 200 cycle test, where the resistance before the cycle test is defined as 1.
[0328] (Measurement of Gas Generation Volume)
[0329] Separately from the battery used for the cycle test, there was prepared a non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery having the same construction, containing each of the electrolyte solutions of the examples and comparative examples. A procedure of charging the battery to 4.2 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C and then discharging to 3 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C, at 25 C., was repeated for 2 cycles to stabilize the battery.
[0330] Next, charging of the battery was again carried out to 4.2 V with the charge rate at 0.3 C, after which the battery was allowed to stand in an environment of 60 C. for 168 hours. The battery was then cooled to room temperature. The gas generation volume of the battery after standing was measured by Archimedes' method. The results are shown in Table 13.
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Service capacity Gas maintenance Internal generation factor resistance volume Electrolyte Solvent Additive (%) ratio (ml) Ex. D1 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D1 93 1.26 0.80 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 0.5 mass % Ex. D2 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D1 92 1.32 0.74 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. D3 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D2 95 1.33 0.73 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. D4 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D3 96 1.25 0.70 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. D5 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D4 94 1.24 0.88 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. D6 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D5 94 1.26 0.85 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. D7 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D6 95 1.38 0.66 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. D8 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D7 96 1.35 0.77 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. D9 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D8 95 1.30 0.83 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D9 92 1.28 0.79 D10 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC None 79 1.83 1.50 Ex. D1 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC 1,3-Propanesultone 82 1.68 1.15 Ex. D2 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC VC 83 1.70 1.64 Ex. D3 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC VC 84 1.89 1.83 Ex. D4 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 2.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC FEC 80 1.88 1.69 Ex. D5 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC FEC 82 1.68 1.95 Ex. D6 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 2.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D10 87 1.75 1.40 Ex. D7 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D11 87 1.81 1.39 Ex. D8 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D12 85 1.85 1.89 Ex. D9 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass %
[0331] From Table 13 it is seen that the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries using the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions of each of the examples which included compounds D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8 or D9, as compounds of formula (D1) and formula (D2), were excellent in terms of both service capacity maintenance factor during the cycle test and minimizing stored gas generation with charging, compared to the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries using the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions of the comparative examples. This strongly suggests that the compounds of formula (D1) and formula (D2), when used in non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries, form SEI that are stable against charge-discharge cycles and high temperature storage. It also confirmed that the compounds of formula (D1) and formula (D2) are excellent in terms of low increase in internal resistance with charge-discharge cycling.
Examples D11-D20, Comparative Examples D10-D19
1. Preparation of Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solution
Example D11
[0332] Ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) were mixed in a volume ratio of EC:DEC=30:70 to prepare a mixed non-aqueous solvent, and LiPF.sub.6 as an electrolyte was dissolved in the mixture to a concentration of 1.0 mol/L. To the obtained solution there was added compound D13 shown in Table 14 as an additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, to prepare a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. The content ratio of the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution (compound D13) was 1.0 mass % with respect to the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
Example D12
[0333] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D11, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D13 to compound D14 shown in Table 14.
Example D13
[0334] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D11, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D13 to compound D15 shown in Table 14.
Example D14
[0335] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D11, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D13 to compound D16 shown in Table 14.
Example D15
[0336] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D11, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D13 to compound D17 shown in Table 14.
Comparative Example D10
[0337] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D11, except that compound D13 was not added.
Comparative Example D11
[0338] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D11, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D13 to 1,3-propanesultone.
Comparative Example D12
[0339] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D11, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D13 to vinylene carbonate (VC).
Comparative Example D13
[0340] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Comparative Example D12, except that the content ratio of the vinylene carbonate (VC) was 2.0 mass %.
Comparative Example D14
[0341] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D11, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D13 to fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC).
Comparative Example D15
[0342] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Comparative Example D14, except that the content ratio of the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) was 2.0 mass %.
Comparative Example D16
[0343] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example D11, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound D13 to saccharin.
2. Evaluation
(Calculation of LUMO Energy)
[0344] The LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energies of compounds D13, D14, D15, D16 and D17 used in the Examples were determined by calculating the semiempirical molecular orbitals using Gaussian 03 software. The calculated LUMO energies are shown in Table 14.
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 LUMO Compound energy structure (eV) Compound D13
[0345] (Stability)
[0346] The compounds D13, D14, D15, D16 and D17 used in the examples and the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) used in Comparative Examples D14 and D15 were supplied for a preservation test in which they were allowed to stand for 90 days in a steady temperature and humidity environment at a temperature of 402 C. and a humidity of 755%. The .sup.1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (.sup.1H-NMR) of each additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was measured before and after the preservation test, and the stability of each compound was evaluated based on the following scale. Table 15 shows the evaluation results for stability.
G: No change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
F: Slight change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
P: Distinct change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Additive Stability Compound D13 G Compound D14 G Compound D15 G Compound D16 G Compound D17 G FEC P
[0347] As shown in Table 15, the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) used in Comparative Examples D14 and D15 was presumably partially hydrolyzed, and had inferior stability. Compounds D13, D14, D15, D16 and D17 used in the examples, on the other hand, exhibited virtually no change and had excellent stability.
[0348] (Fabrication of Positive Electrode)
[0349] LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4 as a positive electrode active material and carbon black as a conductivity imparting agent were dry blended. The obtained mixture was uniformly dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) dissolving polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder, to prepare a slurry. The obtained slurry was coated onto both sides of an aluminum metal foil (rectilinear, thickness: 20 m). After drying the coating film to remove the NMP, the entire foil was pressed to obtain a positive electrode sheet having an aluminum metal foil as the positive electrode collector and a positive electrode active material layer formed on both sides. The solid ratio of the positive electrode active material layer of the positive electrode sheet was positive electrode active material:conductivity imparting agent:PVDF=80:10:10, as the mass ratio.
[0350] (Preparation of Negative Electrode)
[0351] As a negative electrode sheet there was prepared a commercially available graphite-coated electrode sheet (product name: Electrode sheet negative electrode monolayer, by Hohsen Co.).
[0352] (Fabrication of Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Secondary Battery)
[0353] Cell elements were fabricated by laminating a negative electrode sheet, a polyethylene separator, a positive electrode sheet, a polyethylene separator and a negative electrode sheet, in that order, in the different non-aqueous electrolyte solutions obtained in the examples and comparative examples. Each cell element was inserted into a bag formed from a laminate film having an aluminum layer (thickness: 40 m) and a resin layer covering both sides thereof, with the positive electrode sheet and negative electrode sheet ends protruding out from the bag. Next, each of the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions obtained in the examples and comparative examples was infused into the bag. The bag was vacuum sealed to obtain a sheet-like non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery. In order to increase the adhesiveness between the electrodes, the sheet-like non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery was sandwiched between glass plates and pressed.
[0354] (Evaluation of Service Capacity Maintenance Factor and Internal Resistance Ratio)
[0355] A procedure of charging the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery to 4.2 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C and then discharging to 3 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C, at 25 C., was repeated for 2 cycles to stabilize the battery.
[0356] It was then subjected to a charge-discharge cycle test with a charge rate of 0.3 C, a discharge rate of 0.3 C, a charge final voltage of 4.2 V and a discharge final voltage of 2.5 V. Table 16 shows the service capacity maintenance factor (%) after 200 cycles and the internal resistance ratio after 200 cycles, for each battery.
[0357] The service capacity maintenance factor (%) after 200 cycles is the ratio (percentage) of the service capacity (mAh) after a 200 cycle test with respect to the service capacity (mAh) after a 10 cycle test. Also, the internal resistance ratio after 200 cycles is the relative value of the resistance after a 200 cycle test, where the resistance before the cycle test is defined as 1.
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Service capacity maintenance Internal factor resistance Electrolyte Solvent Additive (%) ratio Ex. D11 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D13 93 1.38 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. D12 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D14 92 1.37 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. D13 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D15 91 1.38 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. D14 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D16 93 1.39 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. D15 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D17 94 1.34 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC None 79 1.83 Ex. D10 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC 1,3-Propanesultone 81 1.68 Ex. D11 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC VC 81 1.69 Ex. D12 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC VC 82 1.53 Ex. D13 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 2.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC FEC 84 1.66 Ex. D14 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC FEC 86 1.67 Ex. D15 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 2.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Saccharin 87 1.42 Ex. D16 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass %
[0358] (Measurement of Gas Generation Volume)
[0359] Separately from the batteries used for the cycle test, there were prepared non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries having the same construction, containing the electrolyte solutions of examples D11-D15 and Comparative Examples D1, D14 and D12. A procedure of charging each battery to 4.2 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C and then discharging to 3 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C, at 25 C., was repeated for 2 cycles to stabilize the battery.
[0360] Next, charging of the battery was again carried out to 4.2 V with the charge rate at 0.3 C, after which the battery was allowed to stand in an environment of 60 C. for 168 hours. The battery was then cooled to room temperature. The gas generation volume of the battery after standing was measured by Archimedes' method. The results for the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries including the electrolyte solutions of examples D11-D15 and Comparative Examples D1, D14 and D12 are shown in Table 17, as Examples D16-D20 and Comparative Examples D17-D19, respectively.
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Gas generation volume Electrolyte Solvent Additive (ml) Ex. D16 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D13 0.31 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. D17 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D14 0.36 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. D18 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D15 0.35 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. D19 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D16 0.33 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. D20 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound D17 0.27 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. Ex. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC None 0.54 D17 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % Comp. Ex. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC FEC 0.58 D18 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. Ex. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC VC 0.59 D19 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass %
[0361] From Table 16 and Table 17 it is seen that the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries using the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions of each of the examples which included compounds D13, D14, D15, D16 and D17, as compounds of formula (D1) and formula (D2), were excellent in terms of both service capacity maintenance factor during the cycle test and minimizing stored gas generation with charging, compared to the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries using the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions of the comparative examples. This strongly suggests that the compounds of formula (D1) and formula (D2), when used in non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries, form SEI that are stable against charge-discharge cycles and high temperature storage. It also confirmed that the compounds of formula (D1) and formula (D2) are excellent in terms of low increase in internal resistance with charge-discharge cycling.
Experimental Example E
1. Preparation of Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solution
Example E1
[0362] Ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) were mixed in a volume ratio of EC:DEC=30:70 to prepare a mixed non-aqueous solvent, and LiPF.sub.6 as an electrolyte was dissolved in the mixture to a concentration of 1.0 mol/L. To the obtained solution there was added compound E1 shown in Table 18 as an additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, to prepare a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. The content ratio of the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution (compound E1) was 0.5 mass % based on the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
Example E2
[0363] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example E1, except that the content ratio of compound E1 was 1.0 mass %.
Example E3
[0364] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example E1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound E1 to compound E2 shown in Table 18, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example E4
[0365] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example E1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound E1 to compound E3 shown in Table 18, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example E5
[0366] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example E1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound E1 to compound E4 shown in Table 18, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example E6
[0367] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example E1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound E1 to compound E5 shown in Table 18, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example E7
[0368] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example E1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound E1 to compound E6 shown in Table 18, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example E8
[0369] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example E1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound E1 to compound E7 shown in Table 18, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example E9
[0370] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example E1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound E1 to compound E8 shown in Table 18, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example E1
[0371] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example E1, except that compound E1 was not added.
Comparative Example E2
[0372] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example E1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound E1 to 1,3-propanesultone, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example E3
[0373] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example E1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound E1 to vinylene carbonate (VC), and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example E4
[0374] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Comparative Example E3, except that the content ratio of the vinylene carbonate (VC) was 2.0 mass %.
Comparative Example E5
[0375] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example E1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound E1 to fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example E6
[0376] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Comparative Example E5, except that the content ratio of the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) was 2.0 mass %.
Comparative Example E7
[0377] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example E1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound E1 to phthalimide, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example E8
[0378] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example E1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound E1 to maleimide, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example E9
[0379] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example E1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound E1 to succinimide, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example E10
[0380] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example E1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound E1 to saccharin, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
2. Evaluation
(Calculation of LUMO Energy)
[0381] The LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energies of compounds E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7 and E8 used in the Examples were determined by calculating the semiempirical molecular orbitals using Gaussian 03 software. The calculated LUMO energies are shown in Table 18.
TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 18 LUMO energy Compound structure (eV) Compound E1
[0382] (Stability)
[0383] The compounds E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7 and E8 used in the examples and the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) used in Comparative Examples E5 and E6 were supplied for a preservation test in which they were allowed to stand for 90 days in a steady temperature and humidity environment at a temperature of 402 C. and a humidity of 755%. The .sup.1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (.sup.1H-NMR) of each additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was measured before and after the preservation test, and the stability of each compound was evaluated based on the following scale. Table 19 shows the evaluation results for stability.
G: No change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
F: Slight change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
P: Distinct change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 19 Additive Stability Compound E1 G Compound E2 G Compound E3 G Compound E4 G Compound E5 G Compound E6 G Compound E7 G Compound E8 G FEC P
[0384] As shown in Table 19, the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) used in Comparative Examples E5 and E6 was presumably partially hydrolyzed, and had inferior stability. Compounds E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7 and E8 used in the examples, on the other hand, exhibited excellent stability.
[0385] (Fabrication of Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Secondary Battery)
[0386] LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4 as a positive electrode active material and carbon black as a conductivity imparting agent were dry blended. The obtained mixture was uniformly dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) dissolving polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder, to prepare a slurry. The obtained slurry was coated onto both sides of an aluminum metal foil (rectilinear, thickness: 20 m). After drying the coating film to remove the NMP, the entire foil was pressed to obtain a positive electrode sheet having an aluminum metal foil as the positive electrode collector and a positive electrode active material layer formed on both sides. The solid ratio of the positive electrode active material layer of the obtained positive electrode sheet was positive electrode active material:conductivity imparting agent:PVDF=90:5:5, as the mass ratio. As a negative electrode sheet there was used a commercially available graphite-coated electrode sheet (product name: Electrode sheet negative electrode monolayer, by Hohsen Co.).
[0387] Cell elements were fabricated by laminating a polyethylene separator in the order of a negative electrode, a separator, a positive electrode, a separator and a negative electrode in the different non-aqueous electrolyte solutions obtained in the examples and comparative examples. Each cell element was inserted into a bag, formed of a laminate film comprising aluminum (thickness: 40 m) having both sides covered with a resin layer, with the positive and negative electrode terminals protruding out. Next, each of the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions obtained in examples E1-E9 and Comparative Examples E1-E10 were infused into the bag and vacuum sealed, to fabricate a sheet-like non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery. Also, in order to increase the adhesiveness between the electrodes, the sheet-like battery was sandwiched between glass plates and pressed, to fabricate a non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery (secondary battery sheet).
[0388] (Evaluation of Service Capacity Maintenance Factor and Internal Resistance Ratio)
[0389] Each of the obtained non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries was subjected to a charge-discharge cycle test at 25 C., with a charge rate of 0.3 C, a discharge rate of 0.3 C, a charge final voltage of 4.2 V and a discharge final voltage of 2.5 V. Table 20 shows the service capacity maintenance factor (%) after 200 cycles and the internal resistance ratio after 200 cycles.
[0390] The service capacity maintenance factor (%) after 200 cycles is the ratio (percentage) of the service capacity (mAh) after a 200 cycle test with respect to the service capacity (mAh) after a 10 cycle test. Also, the internal resistance ratio after 200 cycles is the relative value of the resistance after a 200 cycle test, where the resistance before the cycle test is defined as 1.
TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 20 Service capacity maintenance Internal factor resistance Electrolyte Solvent Additive (%) ratio Ex. E1 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound E1 88 1.23 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 0.5 mass % Ex. E2 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound E1 92 1.38 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. E3 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound E2 92 1.33 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. E4 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound E3 94 1.31 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. E5 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound E4 93 1.36 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. E6 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound E5 94 1.35 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. E7 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound E6 92 1.33 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. E8 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound E7 92 1.39 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. E9 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound E8 91 1.35 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC None 79 1.83 Ex. E1 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC 1,3-Propanesultone 81 1.68 Ex. E2 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC VC 81 1.69 Ex. E3 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC VC 82 1.53 Ex. E4 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 2.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC FEC 84 1.66 Ex. E5 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC FEC 86 1.67 Ex. E6 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 2.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Phthalimide 87 1.45 Ex. E7 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Maleimide 86 1.55 Ex. E8 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Succinimide 85 1.49 Ex. E9 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Saccharin 87 1.42 Ex. E10 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass %
[0391] (Measurement of Gas Generation Volume)
[0392] Separately from the battery used for the cycle test, there was prepared a non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery having the same construction, containing each of the electrolyte solutions of the examples and comparative examples. A procedure of charging each battery to 4.2 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C and then discharging to 3 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C, at 25 C., was repeated for 3 cycles to stabilize the battery. Next, charging of the battery was again carried out to 4.2 V with the charge rate at 0.3 C, after which the battery was stored at a high temperature of 60 C. for 168 hours. The battery was then cooled to room temperature, the volume of the battery was measured by Archimedes' method, and the gas generation volume was determined from the volume change before and after storage.
TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 21 Gas generation volume Electrolyte Solvent Additive (ml) Ex. E10 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound E1 0.42 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. E11 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound E2 0.40 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. E12 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound E3 0.41 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. E13 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound E4 0.39 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. E14 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound E5 0.41 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. E15 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound E6 0.44 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. E16 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound E7 0.43 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. E17 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound E8 0.45 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC None 0.54 Ex. E11 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC FEC 0.58 Ex. E12 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC VC 0.59 Ex. E13 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass %
[0393] From Table 20 it is seen that the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries using the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions of each of the examples which included compounds E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7 and E8, as compounds of formula (E1) and formula (E2), had high service capacity maintenance factors during the cycle test, compared to the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries using the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions of the comparative examples. Also, from Table 21 it is seen that the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries using the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions of each of the examples which included compounds E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7 and E8, as compounds of formula (E1) and formula (E2), had low gas generation. This strongly suggests that the compounds of formula (E1) or formula (E2), when used in non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries, form SEI that are stable against charge-discharge cycles and high temperature storage. It also confirmed that the compounds of formula (E1) or formula (E2) are also excellent in terms of low increase in internal resistance with charge-discharge cycling.
Experimental Example F
1. Preparation of Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solution
Example F1
[0394] Ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) were mixed in a volume compositional ratio of EC:DEC=30:70 to obtain a mixed non-aqueous solvent. In the obtained mixed non-aqueous solvent there was dissolved LiPF.sub.6 as an electrolyte to a concentration of 1.0 mol/L. To the obtained solution there was added compound F1 shown in Table 22 as an additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, to prepare a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. The content ratio of the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution (compound F1) was 0.5 mass % with respect to the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
Example F2
[0395] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example F1, except that the content ratio of compound F1 was 1.0 mass %.
Example F3
[0396] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example F1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound F1 to compound F2 shown in Table 22, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example F4
[0397] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example F1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound F1 to compound F3 shown in Table 22, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example F5
[0398] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example F1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound F1 to compound F4 shown in Table 22, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example F6
[0399] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example F1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound F1 to compound F5 shown in Table 22, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example F7
[0400] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example F1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound F1 to compound F6 shown in Table 22, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example F8
[0401] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example F1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound F1 to compound F7 shown in Table 22, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Example F9
[0402] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example F1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound F1 to compound F8 shown in Table 22, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example F1
[0403] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example F1, except that compound F1 was not added.
Comparative Example F2
[0404] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example F1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound F1 to 1,3-propanesultone, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example F3
[0405] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example F1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound F1 to vinylene carbonate (VC), and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example F4
[0406] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Comparative Example F3, except that the content ratio of the vinylene carbonate (VC) was 2.0 mass %.
Comparative Example F5
[0407] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example F1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound F1 to fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example F6
[0408] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Comparative Example F5, except that the content ratio of the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) was 2.0 mass %.
Comparative Example F7
[0409] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example F1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound F1 to phthalimide, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example F8
[0410] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example F1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound F1 to maleimide, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example F9
[0411] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example F1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound F1 to succinimide, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
Comparative Example F10
[0412] A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared in the same manner as Example F1, except that the additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was changed from compound F1 to saccharin, and the content ratio was 1.0 mass %.
2. Evaluation
(Measurement of LUMO Energy)
[0413] The LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energies of compounds F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7 and F8 used in the Examples were determined by calculating the semiempirical molecular orbitals using Gaussian 03 software. The calculated LUMO energies are shown in Table 22.
TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 22 LUMO Compound energy structure (eV) Compound F1
[0414] (Stability)
[0415] The compounds F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7 and F8 used in the examples and the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) used in Comparative Examples F5 and F6 were supplied for a preservation test in which they were allowed to stand for 90 days in a steady temperature and humidity environment at a temperature of 402 C. and a humidity of 755%. The .sup.1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (.sup.1H-NMR) of each additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution was measured before and after the preservation test, and the stability of each compound was evaluated based on the following scale. Table 23 shows the evaluation results for stability.
G: No change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
F: Slight change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
P: Distinct change in .sup.1H-NMR spectrum peaks before and after preservation test.
TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 23 Additive Stability Compound F1 G Compound F2 G Compound F3 G Compound F4 G Compound F5 G Compound F6 G Compound F7 G Compound F8 G FEC P
[0416] As shown in Table 23, the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) used in Comparative Examples F5 and F6 was presumably partially hydrolyzed, and had inferior stability. Compounds F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7 and F8 used in the examples, on the other hand, exhibited virtually no change and had excellent stability.
[0417] (Fabrication of Positive Electrode)
[0418] LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4 as a positive electrode active material and carbon black as a conductivity imparting agent were dry blended. The obtained mixture was uniformly dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) dissolving polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder, to prepare a slurry. The obtained slurry was coated onto both sides of an aluminum metal foil (rectilinear, thickness: 20 m). After drying the coating film to remove the NMP, the entire foil was pressed to obtain a positive electrode sheet having an aluminum metal foil as the positive electrode collector and a positive electrode active material layer formed on both sides. The solid ratio of the positive electrode active material layer of the obtained positive electrode sheet was positive electrode active material:conductivity imparting agent:PVDF=90:5:5, as the mass ratio.
[0419] (Preparation of Negative Electrode)
[0420] Separately, as a negative electrode sheet, there was used a commercially available graphite-coated electrode sheet (product name: Electrode sheet negative electrode monolayer, by Hohsen Co.).
[0421] (Fabrication of Non-Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Secondary Battery)
[0422] Cell elements were fabricated by laminating a negative electrode sheet, a polyethylene separator, a positive electrode sheet, a polyethylene separator and a negative electrode sheet, in that order, in the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions obtained in the examples and comparative examples. Each cell element was inserted into a bag formed from a laminate film having an aluminum layer (thickness: 40 m) and a resin layer covering both sides thereof, with the positive electrode sheet and negative electrode sheet ends protruding out from the bag. Next, each of the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions obtained in the examples and comparative examples was infused into the bag. The bag was vacuum sealed to obtain a sheet-like non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery. In order to increase the adhesiveness between the electrodes, the sheet-like non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery was sandwiched between glass plates and pressed.
[0423] (Evaluation of Service Capacity Maintenance Factor and Internal Resistance Ratio)
[0424] The obtained non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries were subjected to a charge-discharge cycle test at 25 C., with a charge rate of 0.3 C, a discharge rate of 0.3 C, a charge final voltage of 4.2 V and a discharge final voltage of 2.5 V. The service capacity maintenance factor (%) after 200 cycles and the internal resistance ratio after 200 cycles are shown in Table 3. The service capacity maintenance factor (%) after 200 cycles is the value obtained by dividing the service capacity (mAh) after a 200 cycle test by the service capacity (mAh) after a 10 cycle test, and multiplying by 100. Also, the internal resistance ratio after 200 cycles is represented by the relative value of the resistance after a 200 cycle test, where the resistance before the cycle test is defined as 1.
TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 24 Service capacity maintenance Internal factor resistance Electrolyte Solvent Additive (%) ratio Ex. F1 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound F1 91 1.23 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 0.5 mass % Ex. F2 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound F1 93 1.38 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. F3 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound F2 91 1.33 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. F4 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound F3 93 1.31 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. F5 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound F4 93 1.36 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. F6 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound F5 91 1.33 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. F7 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound F6 93 1.33 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. F8 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound F7 92 1.34 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. F9 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound F8 90 1.32 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC None 79 1.83 Ex. F1 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC 1,3-Propanesultone 81 1.68 Ex. F2 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC VC 81 1.69 Ex. F3 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC VC 82 1.53 Ex. F4 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 2.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC FEC 84 1.66 Ex. F5 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC FEC 86 1.67 Ex. F6 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 2.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Phthalimide 87 1.45 Ex. F7 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Maleimide 86 1.55 Ex. F8 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Succinimide 85 1.49 Ex. F9 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Saccharin 87 1.42 Ex. F10 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass %
[0425] (Measurement of Gas Generation Volume)
[0426] Separately from the battery used for the cycle test, there was prepared a non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery having the same construction, containing each of the electrolyte solutions of the examples and comparative examples. A procedure of charging each battery to 4.2 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C and then discharging to 3 V with a current corresponding to 0.2 C, at 25 C., was repeated for 3 cycles to stabilize the battery. Next, charging was again carried out to 4.2 V with the charge rate at 0.3 C, after which the battery was stored at a high temperature of 60 C. for 168 hours. The battery was then cooled to room temperature, the volume of the battery was measured by Archimedes' method, and the gas generation volume was determined from the volume change before and after storage.
TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 25 Gas generation volume Electrolyte Solvent Additive (ml) Ex. F10 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound F1 0.43 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. F11 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound F2 0.41 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. F12 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound F3 0.45 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. F13 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound F4 0.43 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. F14 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound F5 0.44 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. F15 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound F6 0.41 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. F16 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound F7 0.39 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Ex. F17 LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC Compound F8 0.42 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC None 0.54 Ex. F11 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC FEC 0.58 Ex. F12 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass % Comp. LiPF.sub.6 EC/DEC VC 0.59 Ex. F13 1.0 mol/L (30/70) vol % 1.0 mass %
[0427] From Table 24 and Table 25 it is seen that the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries using the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions of each of the examples which included compound F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7 or F8 as compounds of formula (F1), were excellent in terms of both service capacity maintenance factor during the cycle test and minimizing gas generation with charging, compared to the non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries using the non-aqueous electrolyte solutions of the comparative examples. This strongly suggests that the compounds of formula (F1), when used in non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary batteries, form SEI that are stable against charge-discharge cycles and high temperature storage. It also confirmed that the compounds of formula (F1) are excellent in terms of low increase in internal resistance with charge-discharge cycling.
REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
[0428] 1: Power storage device (non-aqueous electrolyte solution secondary battery), 2: positive electrode collector, 3: positive electrode active material layer, 4: positive plate, 5: negative electrode collector, 6: negative electrode active material layer, 7: negative plate, 8: non-aqueous electrolyte solution, 9: separator.