COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS COMPRISING ENERGY ABSORBING COMPOUNDS FOR FOLLICULAR DELIVERY

Abstract

The present invention provides compositions comprising energy (e.g., light) absorbing submicron particles (e.g., nanoparticles comprising a silica core and a gold shell) and methods for delivering such particles via topical application. This delivery is facilitated by application of mechanical agitation (e.g. massage), acoustic vibration in the range of 10 Hz-20 kHz, ultrasound, alternating suction and pressure, and microjets.

Claims

1. A method of localizing thermal damage to a pilosebaceous unit, comprising: topically applying a solution of unassembled plasmonic nanoparticles to a skin surface, wherein the plasmonic nanoparticles comprise a conductive metal portion, wherein the conductive metal portion comprises at least one of gold, silver, nickel, platinum, and titanium, wherein the plasmonic nanoparticles comprise a coating that coats the conductive metal portion, wherein said coating is hydrophilic; wherein the solution of unassembled plasmonic nanoparticles has an optical density of at least about 1 O.D. at one or more peak resonance wavelengths; distributing the solution from the skin surface to a portion of a pilosebaceous unit; removing the solution from the skin surface while leaving the solution localized within the portion of the pilosebaceous unit; and irradiating the solution with an energy wavelength in the near-infrared range thereby inducing a surface plasmon in said plasmonic nanoparticles, thereby localizing thermal damage to said portion of the pilosebaceous unit.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: pre-treating the skin surface, prior to irradiating, to increase distribution from the skin surface to the pilosebaceous unit, wherein pre-treating the skin surface comprises at least one of the group consisting of: hair removal and fractionated photothermolysis laser treatment.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein distributing the solution of plasmonic nanoparticles comprises distribution with a mechanical vibration device, wherein the mechanical vibration device comprises an ultrasound device.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductive metal portion is a nanoplate, and wherein the coating comprises any one of silica and polyethylene glycol (PEG).

5. (canceled)

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution of unassembled plasmonic nanoparticles has an optical density of at least about 1 O.D. at a resonance wavelength of about 810 nanometers.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution of unassembled plasmonic nanoparticles has an optical density of at least about 1 O.D. at a resonance wavelength of about 1,064 nanometers.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution of unassembled plasmonic nanoparticles has an optical density of about 250 O.D.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductive metal portion comprises gold.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductive metal portion comprises silver.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductive metal portion comprises nickel.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductive metal portion comprises platinum.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the conductive metal portion comprises titanium.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein the plasmonic nanoparticles are nanoshells.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the nanoshells have a diameter of about 150 nm.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the nanoshells comprise a silica core and a gold shell.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the silica core has a diameter of 120 nm.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein the gold shell has a thickness of 15 nm.

19. The method of claim 1, wherein the coating comprises polyethylene glycol (PEG).

20. A method of localizing thermal damage to a pilosebaceous unit, comprising: topically applying a solution of unassembled plasmonic nanoparticles to a skin surface; wherein the solution of plasmonic nanoparticles has at least one peak absorption wavelength in the near-infrared range, wherein the the solution of unassembled plasmonic nanoparticles has an optical density of at least about 1 O.D. at one or more peak resonance wavelengths, wherein the plasmonic nanoparticles comprise a conductive metal portion, wherein the conductive metal portion comprises at least one of gold, silver, nickel, platinum, and titanium, wherein the plasmonic nanoparticles comprise a coating that coats the conductive metal portion, wherein said coating is hydrophilic; targeting a pilosebaceous unit by redistributing the solution of plasmonic nanoparticles from the skin surface to the pilosebaceous unit, wherein redistributing solution of plasmonic nanoparticles comprises distribution with a mechanical vibration device; removing the solution from the skin surface while leaving the solution localized within the pilosebaceous unit; and exposing the solution of plasmonic nanoparticles to an energy source to induce a surface plasmon in said plasmonic nanoparticles, thereby localizing thermal damage to said pilosebaceous unit.

21.-50. (canceled)

51. A composition comprising a plurality of plasmonic nanoparticles in an amount effective to induce selective thermoablation in a target tissue region with which the composition is contacted.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0047] FIG. 1 is a micrograph showing thermal damage to the follicular epithelium and part of the sebaceous gland following delivery of a nanoshell suspension by massage.

[0048] FIG. 2 is a photograph showing the skin surface after application of the nanoshell formulation with ultrasound facilitated delivery. Excess formulation was wiped from the skin before this photograph was taken.

[0049] FIG. 3 is a micrograph showing a follicle filled with dark colored nanoshells following ultrasound facilitated delivery. No nanoshells are noted in the epidermis or the dermis.

[0050] FIG. 4 is a micrograph showing a hair follicle and surrounding skin after ultrasound delivery of nanoshells and laser irradiation visualized by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E stain). Selective thermal damage around the follicle is shown by the added black delineation.

[0051] FIG. 5 is a photograph showing the skin surface. Accumulation of nanoshells in the follicles is seen.

[0052] FIG. 6 is a micrograph showing a follicle having a significant accumulation of nanoshells.

[0053] FIG. 7 is a micrograph showing localized thermal damage to a follicule encompassing the sebaceous gland visualized using H&E stain.

[0054] FIG. 8 is a table showing the efficacy of nanoshell delivery followed by laser treatment in a human clinical trial of back acne.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0055] The invention features compositions comprising light/energy absorbing compounds and methods that are useful for their topical delivery to a target (e.g., a follicle, follicular infundibulum, sebaceous gland) for the treatment of a follicular disease.

Follicular Disease Pathogenesis

[0056] Sebaceous glands are components of the pilosebaceous unit. They are located throughout the body, especially on the face and upper trunk, and produce sebum, a lipid-rich secretion that coats the hair and the epidermal surface. Sebaceous glands are involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases, the most frequent one being acne vulgaris. Acne is a multifactorial disease characterized by the occlusion of follicles by plugs made out of abnormally shed keratinocytes of the infundibulum (upper portion of the hair follicle) in the setting of excess sebum production by hyperactive sebaceous glands.

[0057] The infundibulum is an important site in the pathogenesis of many follicular diseases (e.g., acne). There is evidence that abnormal proliferation and desquamation of infundibular keratinocytes leads to the formation of microcomedones and, subsequently, to clinically visible follicular plugs or comedones. Because the architecture of the infundibulum is important in the pathogenesis of acne, the selective destruction of this portion of the follicle through energy activatable material-assisted energy, e.g., laser, targeting eliminates or reduces the site of pathology.

Topical Delivery of Light/Energy Absorbing Compounds

[0058] The invention provides delivery of light/energy absorbing compounds via topical application into skin appendages of the follicle, specifically follicular infundibulum and the sebaceous gland. In one embodiment, such compounds are useful for the treatment of follicular diseases, such as acne (e.g., acne vulgaris). The introduction of a energy activatable compounds in sebaceous glands followed by exposure to energy (light) with a wavelength that corresponds to the absorption peak of the chromophore will increase the local absorption of light in tissue and lead to selective thermal damage of sebaceous glands.

Skin Preparation

[0059] If desired, the skin is prepared by one or a combination of the following methods. Delivery of light absorbing compounds may be facilitated by epilation of hair, which is performed prior to topical application of the light absorbing compounds.

[0060] Optionally, the skin is degreased prior to application of the light absorbing compounds. For example, acetone wipes are used prior to application of sebashells to degrease the skin, especially to remove the sebum and follicular contents.

[0061] For certain subjects, delivery may be facilitated by reducing or clearing clogged follicles prior to application of the light absorbing material. Such clearing can enhance the delivery of the nanoshells. The follicles, especially in acne prone patients, are clogged by shed keratinocytes, sebum, and bacteria P. Acnes. The follicle can be emptied by application of vacuum. Other methods are cyanoacrylate stripping, strips with components such as Polyquaternium 37 (e.g., Biore pore removal strips). The polymers flow into the follicle and dry over time. When the dry polymer film is pulled out, the follicular contents are pulled out, emptying the follicle.

[0062] Optionally, the skin may be heated prior to application of the light absorbing compounds. Heating reduces the viscosity of the sebum and may liquefy components of the sebum. This can facilitate delivery of light absorbing compounds (e.g., formulated as nanoshells) to the follicle.

[0063] Topical Delivery of Light Absorbing Compounds

[0064] Light absorbing compounds, such as non-toxic dyes (e.g., indocyanine green or methyelene blue) are topically applied to the skin following any desired preparation. The topically applied formulations containing the light absorbing materials may comprise ethanol, propylene glycol, surfactants, and acetone. Such additional components facilitate delivery into the follicle.

[0065] Delivery of light absorbing compounds is facilitated by application of mechanical agitation, such as massage, acoustic vibration in the range of 10 Hz-20 kHz, ultrasound, alternating suction and pressure, and jets. In one embodiment, light absorbing compounds are delivered as nanoparticles, such as nanoshells or nanorods that absorb light in the visible and the near-IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In another embodiment, light absorbing compounds are quantum dots. Preferably, the light absorbing compounds are formulated for topical delivery in a form that facilitates follicular delivery. In one embodiment, such formulations comprise water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycol, surfactants, and isopropyl adipate and related compounds.

Ultrasound-Facilitated Delivery

[0066] Ultrasound has been used to achieve transdermal delivery of compounds into the body. Ultrasound appears to generate shock-waves and micro-jets resulting from bubble cavitation that causes the formation of channels in the skin, which provide for the transport of molecules of interest. Previous efforts have been directed toward the delivery of the compounds through the stratum corneum. Small molecules, for example, with sizes less than 5 nm, can be delivered through the stratum corneum. The delivery rate through the stratum corneum goes down significantly as particle size increases. For example, for particles with size of 50 nm and higher, the delivery rate through the stratum corneum is very low. However, this size is still much smaller than the pore opening and the infundibulum of a follicle. For example, 150 nm size silica-core and gold shell structures are being used that are much smaller than the infundibular diameter while showing low deposition in skin through the stratum corneum.

[0067] These findings provide the basis of acne treatment in which the infundibulo-sebaceous unit is selectively targeted for first delivery of light absorbing material of appropriate size and then selective thermal damage to the unit with pulsed laser irradiation. Here, ultrasound specifically facilitates the delivery of a light absorbing compound into the follicular structure. The shock waves, microjet formation, and streaming deliver the light absorbing particles into the follicular infundibulum and the associated sebaceous gland duct and the sebaceous gland.

[0068] Ultrasound is often be accompanied by heating of the target organ, skin. Some heating, for example, up to about 42? C. may help in follicular delivery. However, excessive heating is undesirable, causing pain, tissue damage, and burns. In one embodiment, excessive heating can be avoided by cooling the skin, for example. In another embodiment, the topically applied formulation or a coupling gel can be pre- or parallel-cooled. A low duty cycle with repeated ultrasound pulse bursts can also be used to avoid excessive heating, where during the off-time, the body cools the skin that is being subjected to ultrasound energy.

[0069] Acoustic cavitation is often an effect observed with ultrasound in liquids. In acoustic cavitation, a sound wave imposes a sinusoidally varying pressure upon existing cavities in solution. During the negative pressure cycle, the liquid is pulled apart at weak spots. Such weak spots can be either pre-existing bubbles or solid nucleation sites. In one embodiment, a bubble is formed which grows until it reaches a critical size known as its resonance size (Leong et al., Acoustics Australia, 2011acoustics.asn.au, THE FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER ULTRASOUND-A REVIEW, p 54-63). According to Mitragotri (Biophys J. 2003; 85(6): 3502-3512), the spherical collapse of bubbles yields high pressure cores that emit shock waves with amplitudes exceeding 10 kbar (Pecha and Gompf, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000; 84:1328-1330). Also, an aspherical collapse of bubbles near boundaries, such as skin yields microjets with velocities on the order of 100 m/s (Popinet and Zaleski, 2002; J. Fluid. Mech. 464:137-163). Such bubble-collapse phenomena can assist in delivery of materials into skin appendages, such as hair and sebaceous follicles. Thus, the invention provides methods for optimizing bubble size before collapse to promote efficient delivery of light absorbing compounds into the intended target (e.g., sebaceous glands, hair follicles).

[0070] The resonance size of the bubble depends on the frequency used to generate the bubble. A simple, approximate relation between resonance and bubble diameter is given by F (in Hz)?D (in m)=6 m.Hz, where F is the frequency in Hz and D is the bubble diameter (size) in m. In practice, the diameter is usually smaller than the diameter predicted by this equation due to the nonlinear nature of the bubble pulsation.

[0071] Table 1 below gives the size of the resonance size of the bubble as a function of frequency, calculated from the above relationship.

TABLE-US-00001 F, kHz 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 400 500 1,000 D_microns 600 300 200 150 120 60 30 20 15 12 6
Computer simulations of bubble oscillations give more accurate estimates of the bubble size. For example, in work by Yasui (J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 2002; 112: 1405-1413), three frequencies were investigated in depth. The sizes for single bubble sonoluminescing (SBSL) stable bubbles are lower and ranges are given in the following Table (estimated from FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 Of Yasui, 2002):

TABLE-US-00002 F, kHz 20 140 1,000 D_microns 0.2-200 0.6-25 0.2-6

[0072] For efficient delivery into the follicles with cavitation bubbles, there is an optimal cavitation bubble size range. Strong cavitational shock waves are needed, which are generated with relatively large bubbles. However, if the bubble size is too large, it produces strong shock waves, which may compress the skin, reducing the pore size, and reducing efficient delivery to a target (e.g., sebaceous gland, follicle). For example, if the bubble size is much larger than the follicle opening, the resulting shock waves compress not only the pore opening, but also the skin surrounding the pore opening. This inhibits efficient delivery into the follicle opening. Desirably, bubble sizes should be about the same size as the target pore. Typical pore sizes of follicles on human skin are estimated to be in the range of 12-300 microns. Thus, the preferred ultrasound frequency range is 20 kHz to 500 kHz. The desired power density is estimated to be in the range of 0.5-10 W/cm?2. This is sufficient to generate cavitation bubbles in the desired size range.

[0073] Energy (Light) Activation

[0074] After the topical application and facilitated delivery (e.g., by mechanical agitation, ultrasound), the top of the skin is wiped off to remove the residual light absorbing material. This is followed by energy (light) irradiation. The light is absorbed by the material inside the follicle or sebaceous gland leading to localized heating. The light source depends on the absorber used. For example, for nanoshells that have broad absorption spectrum tuned to 800 nm resonance wavelength, sources of light such as 800-nm, 755-nm, 1,064-nm or intense pulsed light (IPL) with proper filtering can be used. Such pulsed laser irradiation leads to thermal damage to the tissue surrounding the material. Damage to infundibular follicular stem cells and/or sebaceous glands leads to improvement in the follicular conditions, such as acne. Such methods can be used not only for particulates in suspensions but for small dissolved molecules in solution as well. These can include pharmaceutical drugs, photodynamic therapy (PDT) pro-drugs, or PDT drugs.

[0075] Suitable energy sources include light-emitting diodes, incandescent lamps, xenon arc lamps, lasers or sunlight. Suitable examples of continuous wave apparatus include, for example, diodes. Suitable flash lamps include, for example pulse dye lasers and Alexandrite lasers. Representative lasers having wavelengths strongly absorbed by chromophores, e.g., laser sensitive dyes, within the epidermis and infundibulum but not sebaceous gland, include the short-pulsed red dye laser (504 and 510 nm), the copper vapor laser (511 nm) and the Q-switched neodymium (Nd):YAG laser having a wavelength of 1064 nm that can also be frequency doubled using a potassium diphosphate crystal to produce visible green light having a wavelength of 532 nm. In the present process, selective photoactivation is employed whereby an energy (light) source, e.g., a laser, is matched with a wave-length to the absorption spectrum of the selected energy activatable material, preferably a chromophoric agent.

[0076] It is easier to achieve a high concentration of the light absorbing material in the infundibulum than the sebaceous duct and the gland, which provide a higher resistance to material transport. The follicle including the sebaceous gland can be irreversibly damaged just relying on light absorption principally but the material in the infundibulum. This is mediated through damage to the keratinocytes in the follicular epithelium. Also, with higher energy pulses can be used to extend the thermal damage to include the stem cells in the outer root sheath, the bulge, as well as the outside periphery of the sebaceous glands. However, such high energy should not lead to undesired side effects. Such side effects can be mitigated by use of cooling of the epidermis and also use of longer pulse durations, on the order of several milliseconds, extending up to 1,000 ms.

[0077] Thermal alteration of the infundibulum itself with only limited involvement of sebaceous glands may improve acne. Appearance of enlarged pores on the face is a common issue for many. This is typically due to enlarged sebaceous glands, enlarged infundibulum, as well as enlarged pore opening. Heating of tissue, especially collagen, shrinks the tissue. The delivery of nanoshells and thermal targeting of the same in the infundibulo-sebaceous unit that includes the upper, lower infundibulum, as well as the sebaceous gland, will improve the appearance of enlarged pores.

Energy Absorbing Compound Formulations

[0078] The invention provides compositions comprising light/energy absorbing compounds for topical delivery. In one embodiment, a compound of the invention comprises a silica core and a gold shell (150 nm). In another embodiment, nanoshells used are composed of a 120 nm diameter silica core with a 15 micron thick gold shell, giving a total diameter of 150 nm. The nanoshell is covered by a 5,000 MW PEG layer. The PEG layer prevents and/or reduces nanoshell aggregation, thereby increasing the nanoshell suspensions stability and shelf-life.

[0079] Nanoparticles of the invention exhibit Surface Plasmon Resonance, such that Incident light induces optical resonance of surface plasmons (oscillating electrons) in the metal. The Wavelength of peak absorption can be tuned to the near-infrared (IR) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The submicron size of these nanoparticles allows their entry into the infundibulum, sebaceous duct and sebaceous gland of the epidermis, and minimizes their penetration of the stratum corneum. In particular embodiment, selective transfollicular penetration of nanoparticles ?150-350 nm in diameter is achieved.

[0080] If desired, light/energy absorbing compounds are provided in vehicles formulated for topical delivery. In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is formulated with agents that enhance follicular delivery, including but not limited to, one or more of ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycols, surfactants such as polysorbate 80, Phospholipon 90, polyethylene glycol 400, and isopropyl adipate. In other embodiments, a compound of the invention is formulated with one or more thickening agents, including but not limited to, hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), to enhance handling of the formulations.

[0081] Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.

[0082] Liquid dosage forms for topical administration of the compounds of the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, creams, lotions, ointments, suspensions and syrups. In addition to the active ingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, peach, almond and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.

[0083] Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.

[0084] The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof. The term cream is art recognized and is intended to include semi-solid emulsion systems which contain both an oil and water. Oil in water creams are water miscible and are well absorbed into the skin, Aqueous Cream BP. Water in oil (oily) creams are immiscible with water and, therefore, more difficult to remove from the skin. These creams are emollients, lubricate and moisturize, e.g., Oily Cream BP. Both systems require the addition of either a a natural or a synthetic surfactant or emulsifier.

[0085] The term ointment is art recognized and is intended to include those systems which have oil or grease as their continuous phase. Ointments are semi-solid anhydrous substances and are occlusive, emollient and protective. Ointments restrict transepidermal water loss and are therefore hydrating and moisturizing. Ointments can be divided into two main groupsfatty, e.g., White soft paraffin (petrolatum, Vaseline), and water soluble, e.g., Macrogol (polyethylene glycol) Ointment BP. The term lotion is art recognized and is intended to include those solutions typically used in dermatological applications. The term gel is art recognized and is intended to include semi-solid permutations gelled with high molecular weight polymers, e.g., carboxypolymethylene (Carbomer BP) or methylcellulose, and can be regarded as semi-plastic aqueous lotions. They are typically non-greasy, water miscible, easy to apply and wash off, and are especially suitable for treating hairy parts of the body.

Subject Monitoring

[0086] The disease state or treatment of a subject having a skin disease or disorder can be monitored during treatment with a composition or method of the invention. Such monitoring may be useful, for example, in assessing the efficacy of a particular agent or treatment regimen in a patient. Therapeutics that promote skin health or that enhance the appearance of skin are taken as particularly useful in the invention.

Kits

[0087] The invention provides kits for the treatment or prevention of a skin disease or disorder, or symptoms thereof. In one embodiment, the kit includes a pharmaceutical pack comprising an effective amount of a light/energy absorbing compound (e.g., a nanoshell having a silica core and a gold shell (150 nm)). Preferably, the compositions are present in unit dosage form. In some embodiments, the kit comprises a sterile container which contains a therapeutic or prophylactic composition; such containers can be boxes, ampules, bottles, vials, tubes, bags, pouches, blister-packs, or other suitable container forms known in the art. Such containers can be made of plastic, glass, laminated paper, metal foil, or other materials suitable for holding medicaments.

[0088] If desired compositions of the invention or combinations thereof are provided together with instructions for administering them to a subject having or at risk of developing a skin disease or disorder. The instructions will generally include information about the use of the compounds for the treatment or prevention of a skin disease or disorder. In other embodiments, the instructions include at least one of the following: description of the compound or combination of compounds; dosage schedule and administration for treatment of a skin condition associated with acne, dermatitis, psoriasis, or any other skin condition characterized by inflammation or a bacterial infection, or symptoms thereof; precautions; warnings; indications; counter-indications; overdosage information; adverse reactions; animal pharmacology; clinical studies; and/or references. The instructions may be printed directly on the container (when present), or as a label applied to the container, or as a separate sheet, pamphlet, card, or folder supplied in or with the container.

[0089] The recitation of a listing of chemical groups in any definition of a variable herein includes definitions of that variable as any single group or combination of listed groups. The recitation of an embodiment for a variable or aspect herein includes that embodiment as any single embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof.

[0090] The following examples are provided to illustrate the invention, not to limit it. those skilled in the art will understand that the specific constructions provided below may be changed in numerous ways, consistent with the above described invention while retaining the critical properties of the compounds or combinations thereof.

Laser Hair Removal

[0091] The invention features compositions and methods that are useful for laser hair removal, particularly in light colored hair. In laser hair removal, a specific wavelength of light and pulse duration is used to obtain optimal effect on a targeted tissue with minimal effect on surrounding tissue. Lasers can cause localized damage to a hair follicle by selectively heating melanin, which is a dark target material, while not heating the rest of the skin. Because the laser targets melanin, light colored hair, gray hair, and fine or thin hair, which has reduced levels of melanin, is not effectively targeted by existing laser hair removal methods. Efforts have been made to deliver various light absorbing compounds, such as carbon particles, extracts from squid ink, known commercially as meladine, or dyes into the follicle. These methods have been largely ineffective.

[0092] The present invention provides microparticles in a suspension form that is topically applied after skin preparation as delineated herein above. In particular, the skin is prepared by epilation of the hair shaft and light absorbing compounds are delivered to the hair follicle. Preferably, the formulation is optimized for follicular delivery with mechanical agitation for a certain period of time. After wiping off the formulation from the top of the skin, laser irradiation is performed, preferably with surface cooling. The laser is pulsed, with pulse duration approximately 0.5 ms-400 ms using a wavelength that is absorbed by the nanoshells. This method will permanently remove unpigmented or lightly pigmented hair by destroying the stem cells and other apparatus of hair growth which reside in the bulge and the bulb area of the follicle.

[0093] The practice of the present invention employs, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of molecular biology (including recombinant techniques), microbiology, cell biology, biochemistry and immunology, which are well within the purview of the skilled artisan. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature, such as, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, second edition (Sambrook, 1989); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (Gait, 1984); Animal Cell Culture (Freshney, 1987); Methods in Enzymology Handbook of Experimental Immunology (Weir, 1996); Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells (Miller and Calos, 1987); Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Ausubel, 1987); PCR: The Polymerase Chain Reaction, (Mullis, 1994); Current Protocols in Immunology (Coligan, 1991). These techniques are applicable to the production of the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention, and, as such, may be considered in making and practicing the invention. Particularly useful techniques for particular embodiments will be discussed in the sections that follow.

[0094] The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the assay, screening, and therapeutic methods of the invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention.

Examples

Example 1: Topical Delivery of Nanoshells to the Follicular Epithelium for the Treatment of Follicular Diseases

[0095] An example of massage as a mechanical means of follicular delivery is described. Nanoshell suspension tuned to 800-nm was massaged in an epilated pig skin in an in vivo live pig. Laser energy with parallel contact cooling was applied after wiping off the suspension on the top of the skin. A biopsy was taken, and routine histology was performed. A micrograph of the histology is shown at FIG. 1. Thermal damage to the follicular epithelium and part of the sebaceous gland is noted. Such damage is useful for the treatment of follicular diseases, such as acne.

Example 2: Topical Delivery of Nanoshells to the Follicular Epithelium for Laser Hair Removal

[0096] In preparation for laser hair removal, a pig flank was epilated by waxing. Skin was subsequently heated, and a vacuum was applied to empty the follicular contents of the skin. Silica core: gold shell microparticles, of approximate dimensions of 0.150 micrometers diameter coated with PEG were then delivered by massaging. Skin was wiped to remove the material from the top of the skin. This was followed by pulsed laser irradiation at 800 nm. Samples were excised, fixed in formalin, and processed via routine histology (H&E staining). Thermal injury to the follicular structure was noted via histology.

Example 3: Light-Pulse Induced Pressure Pulse Facilitated Delivery

[0097] A formulation containing a light-absorbing material is applied on top of skin. This is moved into the infundibulum of the infundibulo-sebaceous unit by methods known in the art, including but not limited to, passive diffusion, heating, mechanical assistance such as pressure pulsing, vibration, acoustic coils, ultrasound, nozzles or a combination of the above. Then, pulses of light are applied with a handpiece with an integrated cooling plate that can be pressed on to the skin. The first pulse(s) of light heat the material, resulting in expansion, with or without steam bubble formation. A pressure pulse is thereby created. Pressure is applied to the skin by the plate during the pressure pulse. Because the pressure cannot escape from the skin, the material flows through low resistance channels within the skin, such as the sebaceous gland duct, to reach the sebaceous gland. This pulse typically has short pulse duration, e.g., 1 ns-1 ms, preferably, 10 ns-100 microseconds, to maximize the magnitude of the pressure pulse, for example, through steam bubble formation. Once the material is within the target sebaceous gland, light is applied with a pulse duration and radiant exposure appropriate to the size of the sebaceous glands being targeted. The light absorbing material is heated, causing thermal damage to the sebaceous gland, thus inactivating it, and causing improvement in acne vulgaris and other follicular diseases and conditions associated with the presence or activity of sebaceous glands.

[0098] In a related approach, a train of low-energy laser pulses, 1 microsecond or less in pulse duration, preferably in the acoustic range for pulse repetition rate, is used to activate the particles. This activation violently stirs the particles, some of which will be propelled from the infundibulum into the sebaceous glands.

Example 4: Use of Ultrasound to Deliver Light Absorbing Material to the Follicle and Sebaceous Glands

[0099] Pig ear skin was kept frozen. Before the experiment, it was thawed. Hair was epilated with waxing and a piece of the pig ear with skin facing up was placed at the bottom of a cup. It was filled with formulation of 150-nm diameter silica-core/gold-shell nanoshells (Sebacia, Inc., Duluth, Ga.) with an optical density of approximately 250. A Sonics, 20 kHz device horn was immersed into the formulation so that the distance between the far surface of the horn at the top of the skin was approximately 5-mm. The horn diameter was 13 mm and the power output was approximately 6 W. Thus, the power density during the on-time was 4.5 W/cm2. The device was turned on with 50% duty cycle, with the on-time and off-time per cycle of 5 s and 5 s, respectively. Four cycles were applied. After wiping the skin to remove excess formulation, the skin was irradiated with laser light at 800-m wavelength with a 9 mm?9 mm spot, approximately 50 J/cm2 total radiant exposure, and 30-ms pulse duration.

[0100] The skin was observed via a dissecting microscope and photographs were taken (FIG. 2). Cuts perpendicular to the skin surface were made through follicle openings and the cut surface was observed through an optical microscope (FIG. 3). Some samples were placed in 10% buffered formalin solution and observed via routine histology (FIG. 4).

[0101] The skin was intact and unperturbed except punctuate dots were noted on the follicle openings (FIG. 2). Upon cutting and observing through a microscope, the presence of dark nanoshells was noted within the follicle infundibulum, as well as in the sebaceous glands (FIG. 3). No nanoshells were seen in the epidermis or the dermis surrounding the follicles. Similarly, histology showed thermal damage to the follicular infundibulum and the sebaceous glands (FIG. 4). There was no or minimal damage to the epidermis and the dermis surrounding the follicles.

Example 5: Ultrasound Facilitated Delivery

[0102] A transducer from APC International of Mackeyville, Pa. was driven by a sinusoidal wave of 300 Vp-p from a waveform generator and an amplifier with 500 Ohm source impedance. A formulation of 250 OD (F78, Sebacia, Inc.) containing the 150 nm diameter silica core: gold shell was placed topically on epilated pig ear skin. This was followed by wiping of the top surface and laser irradiation with Lumenis Lightsheer at 800 nm. The skin temperature was noted after the ultrasound application and did not exceed 41? C.

[0103] Significant accumulation of the nanoshells in the follicles was noted (FIG. 5). Vertical cuts were made through follicles and the cut surfaces were observed under a microscope. An exemplary follicle is shown in FIG. 6. A significant accumulation of nanoshells inside and outside the infundibulum is noted.

[0104] Histological analysis of a sample is shown in FIG. 7. Localized thermal damage to the follicle including thermal damage to the sebaceous glands is observed (FIG. 7).

Example 6: Human Clinical Efficacy Demonstrated in Back Acne

[0105] The efficacy of nanoshell topical delivery followed by laser treatment was evaluated in a clinical study of back acne. Nanoshells were topically applied to the back of each subject and laser treatment was initiated as described herein above. This treatment regimen was administered twice to each subject. Results were evaluated twelve weeks following the second treatment. Efficacy was determined by weighted inflammatory lesion counts. Results are shown in FIG. 8. This study of back acne study indicates that the treatment regimen was clinically effective.

Example 7: Human Clinical Efficacy Demonstrated in Sebaceous Gland Damage

[0106] IRB approved human clinical studies have been carried out in seventeen subjects (6 males, 11 females) with acne. The subjects range in age from 18-40 years (mean 24 years) phototype I-IV. Treatment was carried out on a 1 square inch area behind ear (sebaceous follicles). Nanoshells were delivered followed by laser treatment, where the laser was tuned to the nanoshell's absorption peak (40-50 J/cm2, 30-ms, 9?9 mm, LightSheer (800 nm)). Therapeutic efficacy was histologically evaluated in 31 biopsies, where 4-7 follicles were present in each biopsy. A 4 mm punch biopsy was taken, serially sectioned, and damage to sebaceous follicle was visualized by H&E staining. Pain, erythema, edema minimal. Localized damage was observed in ?60% of sebaceous follicles. In some specimens, destruction of the entire sebaceous gland was observed. The depth of thermal damage in follicles was on average 0.47 mm (maximum 1.43 mm). No collateral damage to epidermis or dermis was observed. In-vivo histology study damage to infundibulum, bulge and sebaceous glands was observed after treatment.

Example 8: Ultrasound Facilitated Delivery of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) with Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA)

[0107] In experiments with ultrasound, the follicle provided easier access for delivery of light absorbing compounds than the stratum corneum. This may be due to a differential in the transport rates into the stratum corneum and the follicle. This difference can be exploited to facilitate selective delivery of smaller molecules. This approach can be used for either chromophores in a photothermal treatment regimen or for photodynamic therapy with compounds or prodrugs leading to photodynamic effect. For example, convention acne therapies involving ALA-PDT treatment require long incubation times (on the order of 3-4 hours) to deliver sufficient concentration of ALA to the sebaceous glands to achieve the desired clinical efficacy.

[0108] This treatment results in significant adverse side effects, including epidermal crusting, pain, and long-lasting redness. This extended incubation period results in the delivery of ALA to non-target areas of the epidermis and the dermis. Ultrasound-assisted delivery can be accomplished without these long incubation periods, while still achieving sufficient concentrations in the target infundibulo-sebaceous unit. Because the long incubation period is eliminated with ultrasound delivery, little ALA is delivered to the non-target epidermis and dermis. After ultrasound delivery, the ALA formulation can be removed from the skin surface. The light irradiation is performed once sufficient time has passed to ensure that concentrations of the photoactive material have reached adequate levels in the target volume. In photothermal treatments, pulsed laser irradiation can be initiated soon after delivery.

[0109] In another embodiment, compounds of interest are attached to microparticles and delivered to the target volume. Light irradiation may be used to disassociate the compound, leading to its diffusion and subsequent action. Formation of cavitation bubbles is facilitated by the presence of nanoparticles that seed bubble formation. Also, delivery can be facilitated by the use of volatile components such as ethanol.

Example 9: Formulations

[0110] Various nanoshells formulation were tested in an ex vivo skin model. The components tested were designed to enhance delivery into follicles. Formulation constituents were ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycols, surfactants such as polysorbate 80, Phospholipon 90, polyethylene glycol 400, isopropyl adipate. Compatibility of these amongst each other was tested. Three classes were identified: hydrophilic, lipophilic, and liposomal. The absorption coefficient of the formulation is suggested to be in the range of 10 to 1,000 inverse cm. Four example formulations were tested in an in vivo pig skin model; the compositions are as in Table 1 below.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 1 Components F74 F76 F78 F80 PEGylated nanoshell suspension in 12% 25% 25% 65% water (Optical density ~1,100-1,200) Ethyl Alcohol 190 proof 73% 55% 54% 20% Propylene Glycol 5% 10% 5% Polysorbate 80 1% 9% 1% 9% Benzyl Alcohol 9% 1% 1% Diisopropyl Adipate 20% Total 100% 100% 100% 100%

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

[0111] From the foregoing description, it will be apparent that variations and modifications may be made to the invention described herein to adopt it to various usages and conditions. Such embodiments are also within the scope of the following claims.

[0112] The recitation of a listing of elements in any definition of a variable herein includes definitions of that variable as any single element or combination (or subcombination) of listed elements. The recitation of an embodiment herein includes that embodiment as any single embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof.

[0113] This application includes subject matter that may be related to subject matter described in U.S. Ser. No. 12/787,655, US Patent Publication No. 2012/0059307, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,183,773, each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety. All patents and publications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each independent patent and publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.