Systems and methods of protecting electrolysis cell sidewalls

Abstract

A system is provided including an electrolysis cell configured to retain a molten electrolyte bath, the bath including at least one bath component, the electrolysis cell including: a bottom, and a sidewall consisting essentially of the at least one bath component; and a feed material including the least one bath component to the molten electrolyte bath such that the at least one bath component is within 30% of saturation, wherein, via the feed material, the sidewall is stable in the molten electrolyte bath.

Claims

1. A system, comprising: an electrolysis cell configured to retain a molten electrolyte bath, the bath including at least one bath component, the electrolysis cell including: a bottom, and a sidewall consisting essentially of the at least one bath component, wherein the sidewall has a thickness of 3 mm to not greater than 500 mm and a heat flux there through of not greater than about 4 kW/m.sup.2, and wherein the sidewall further comprises a first sidewall portion and second sidewall portion extends in an upward position relative to a cell bottom, wherein the second sidewall portion overlaps for a distance with the first sidewall portion; a deposit of feed material retained adjacent the sidewall, wherein the feed material includes the at least one bath component, a layer of the molten electrolyte bath not proximate the sidewall, wherein the saturation of the bath component in the layer is within 90% of saturation; and wherein, via the deposit of feed material, the sidewall is stable in the molten electrolyte bath.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the saturation of the bath component is: at least about 95% of saturation.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the saturation of the bath component is: not greater than 100% of saturation.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the layer of the molten electrolyte bath is at a location not greater than 6 from the sidewall.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the sidewall material is constructed of materials selected from the group consisting of: Al; Li; Na; K; Rb; Cs; Be; Mg; Ca; Sr; Ba; Sc; Y; La; or Ce-containing materials; Al; Li; Na; K; Rb; Cs; Be; Mg; Ca; Sr; Ba; Sc; Y; La; or Ce metals; Al; Li; Na; K; Rb; Cs; Be; Mg; Ca; Sr; Ba; Sc; Y; La; or Ce oxides; halide salt (e.g. fluoride salts of) Al; Li; Na; K; Rb; Cs; Be; Mg; Ca; Sr; Ba; Sc; Y; La; or Ce; oxofluoride of Al; Li; Na; K; Rb; Cs; Be; Mg; Ca; Sr; Ba; Sc; Y; La; or Ce; and combinations thereof.

6. An electrolysis cell, comprising: an anode; a cathode in spaced relation from the anode; a molten electrolyte bath in liquid communication with the anode and the cathode, wherein the molten electrolyte bath comprises a bath chemistry including at least one bath component; a cell body having: a bottom and at least one sidewall surrounding the bottom, wherein the cell body is configured to retain the molten electrolyte bath, wherein the sidewall consists essentially of the at least one bath component, wherein the sidewall has a thickness of 3 mm to not greater than 500 mm and a heat flux there through of not greater than about 4 kW/m.sup.2, the sidewall further comprising: a first sidewall portion, configured to fit onto a thermal insulation package of the sidewall and retain the electrolyte; and a second sidewall portion configured to extend up from the bottom of the cell body, wherein the second sidewall portion is longitudinally spaced from the first sidewall portion, such that the first sidewall portion, the second sidewall portion, and a base between the first portion and the second portion define a trough having a trough width from 10 mm to not greater than 500 mm; wherein the trough is configured to receive a protecting deposit and retain the protecting deposit separately from the cell bottom; wherein the protecting deposit is configured to dissolve from the trough into the molten electrolyte bath such that the molten electrolyte bath comprises a level of the at least one bath component which is sufficient to maintain the first sidewall portion and second sidewall portion in the molten electrolyte bath.

7. An electrolysis cell, comprising: an anode; a cathode in spaced relation from the anode; a molten electrolyte bath in liquid communication with the anode and the cathode, wherein the molten electrolyte bath comprises a bath chemistry including at least one bath component; a cell body having: a bottom and at least one sidewall surrounding the bottom, wherein the cell body is configured to retain the molten electrolyte bath, wherein the sidewall consists essentially of the at least one bath component, wherein the sidewall has a thickness of 3 mm to not greater than 500 mm and a heat flux there through of not greater than about 4 kW/m.sup.2, the sidewall further comprising: a first sidewall portion, configured to fit onto a thermal insulation package of the sidewall and retain the electrolyte; and a second sidewall portion configured to extend up from the bottom of the cell body, wherein the second sidewall portion is longitudinally spaced from the first sidewall portion, such that the first sidewall portion, the second sidewall portion, and a base between the first portion and the second portion define a trough; wherein the second sidewall portion extends in an upward position relative to the cell bottom, such that the second sidewall portion overlaps with the first sidewall portion to provide a trough overlap from about 20% to 80% of the overall cell wall height; and wherein the trough is configured to receive a protecting deposit and retain the protecting deposit separately from the cell bottom.

8. The cell of claim 7, wherein the protecting deposit is configured to dissolve from the trough into the molten electrolyte bath such that the molten electrolyte bath comprises a level of the at least one bath component which is sufficient to maintain the first sidewall portion and second sidewall portion in the molten electrolyte bath.

9. The cell of claim 7, further comprising: a directing member, wherein the directing member is positioned between the first sidewall portion and the second sidewall portion, further wherein the directing member is laterally spaced above the trough, such that the directing member is configured to direct the protecting deposit into the trough.

10. The cell of claim 7, wherein the second sidewall portion is configured to align with the first sidewall portion with respect to the thermal insulation package, further wherein the second sidewall portion is configured to extend from the sidewall in a stepped configuration, and wherein the second sidewall portion comprises an upper surface and a side surface which define the stepped portion.

11. The cell of claim 10, wherein the upper surface of the second sidewall portion is a planar surface.

12. The cell of claim 10, wherein the upper surface of the second sidewall portion is a sloped surface.

13. The cell of claim 12, wherein the upper surface in combination with the first sidewall portion are configured to cooperate and provide a recessed area configured to retain the protecting deposit therein.

14. The cell of claim 7, wherein the protecting deposit comprises the at least one bath component.

15. The cell of claim 7, wherein the trough is defined by a feed block constructed of a material selected from components in the bath chemistry, wherein via the bath chemistry, the feed block is maintained in the molten salt bath.

16. The cell of claim 7, further comprising a feeder configured to provide the protecting deposit in the trough.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 depicts a schematic side view of an electrolysis cell in operation, the cell having a stable sidewall (e.g. non-reactive material), in accordance with the instant disclosure.

(2) FIG. 2 depicts a schematic side view of an electrolysis cell in operation, the cell having a first sidewall portion and a second sidewall portion with a feeder providing a protecting deposit between the sidewall portions, in accordance with the instant disclosure.

(3) FIG. 3 depicts a schematic side view of an electrolysis cell in operation, the cell having a first sidewall portion and a second sidewall portion with a feeder providing a protecting deposit between the sidewall portions and including a directing member, in accordance with the instant disclosure.

(4) FIG. 4 depicts a schematic side view of an electrolysis cell in operation, the cell having a sidewall which has two stable sidewall portions, the first sidewall portion and second sidewall portion configured to attach to the thermal insulation package, wherein the second sidewall portion extends beyond first sidewall portion (e.g. is configured to provide a stepped/extended configuration), in accordance with the instant disclosure.

(5) FIG. 5 depicts a schematic side view of an electrolysis cell in operation, the cell having a sidewall which has two stable sidewall portions, the first sidewall portion and second sidewall portion configured to attach to the thermal insulation package, wherein the second sidewall portion extends beyond first sidewall portion (e.g. is configured to provide a stepped/extended configuration), including a protecting deposit provided by a feeder, in accordance with the instant disclosure.

(6) FIG. 6 depicts a schematic side view of another embodiment of an electrolysis cell in operation, the cell having a sidewall which has two stable sidewall portions, the first sidewall portion and second sidewall portion configured to attach to the thermal insulation package, wherein the second sidewall portion extends beyond first sidewall portion (e.g. is configured to provide a stepped/extended configuration), including a protecting deposit provided by a feeder, in accordance with the instant disclosure.

(7) FIG. 7 depicts a schematic side view of an electrolysis cell in operation, in accordance with the instant disclosure (e.g. active sidewall is one or more of the embodiments of the instant disclosure).

(8) FIG. 8 is a chart depicting the alumina dissolution rate (m/s) in electrolytic bath per percent alumina saturation, plotted at five (5) different temperature lines (750? C., 800? C., 850? C., 900? C., and 950? C.).

(9) FIG. 9 is a chart of temperature and heat flux of the bath, coolant, and outlet ledge as a function of time.

(10) FIG. 10A-H depict a partial cut away side view of various angles of the protecting deposit and the trough bottom/base (sometimes called a feed block) beneath the protecting deposit. Various angles of the protecting deposit are depicted (angling towards the second sidewall portion, angled towards the first sidewall portion, flat, angled, and the like). Also, various angles of the trough bottom/base are depicted (angling towards the second sidewall portion, angled towards the first sidewall portion, flat, angled, and the like).

(11) FIG. 11A-D depict a partial cut-away side view of the various configurations of the shelf top and/or second sidewall portion. FIG. 11A depicts a transverse configuration, angled towards the center of the cell (to promote cell drain). FIG. 11B depicts a transverse configuration, angled towards the sidewall (to promote retention of the feed material in the protecting deposit). FIG. 11C depicts an angled configuration (e.g. pointed). FIG. 11D depicts a curved, or arcuate upper most region of the shelf or second sidewall portion.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(12) Reference will now be made in detail to the accompanying drawings, which at least assist in illustrating various pertinent embodiments of the present invention.

(13) As used herein, electrolysis means any process that brings about a chemical reaction by passing electric current through a material. In some embodiments, electrolysis occurs where a species of metal is reduced in an electrolysis cell to produce a metal product. Some non-limiting examples of electrolysis include primary metal production. Some non-limiting examples of electrolytically produced metals include: rare earth metals, non-ferrous metals (e.g. copper, nickel, zinc, magnesium, lead, titanium, aluminum, and rare earth metals).

(14) As used herein, electrolysis cell means a device for producing electrolysis. In some embodiments, the electrolysis cell includes a smelting pot, or a line of smelters (e.g. multiple pots). In one non-limiting example, the electrolysis cell is fitted with electrodes, which act as a conductor, through which a current enters or leaves a nonmetallic medium (e.g. electrolyte bath).

(15) As used herein, electrode means positively charged electrodes (e.g. anodes) or negatively charged electrodes (e.g. cathodes).

(16) As used herein, anode means the positive electrode (or terminal) by which current enters an electrolytic cell. In some embodiments, the anodes are constructed of electrically conductive materials. Some non-limiting examples of anode materials include: metals, metal alloys, oxides, ceramics, cermets, carbon, and combinations thereof.

(17) As used herein, anode assembly includes one or more anode(s) connected with, a support. In some embodiments, the anode assembly includes: the anodes, the support (e.g. refractory block and other bath resistant materials), and the electrical bus work.

(18) As used herein, support means a member that maintains another object(s) in place. In some embodiments, the support is the structure that retains the anode(s) in place. In one embodiment, the support facilitates the electrical connection of the electrical bus work to the anode(s). In one embodiment, the support is constructed of a material that is resistant to attack from the corrosive bath. For example, the support is constructed of insulating material, including, for example refractory material. In some embodiments, multiple anodes are connected (e.g. mechanically and electrically) to the support (e.g. removably attached), which is adjustable and can be raised, lowered, or otherwise moved in the cell.

(19) As used herein, electrical bus work refers to the electrical connectors of one or more component. For example, the anode, cathode, and/or other cell components can have electrical bus work to connect the components together. In some embodiments, the electrical bus work includes pin connectors in the anodes, the wiring to connect the anodes and/or cathodes, electrical circuits for (or between) various cell components, and combinations thereof.

(20) As used herein, cathode means the negative electrode or terminal by which current leaves an electrolytic cell. In some embodiments, the cathodes are constructed of an electrically conductive material. Some non-limiting examples of the cathode material include: carbon, cermet, ceramic material(s), metallic material(s), and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the cathode is constructed of a transition metal boride compound, for example TiB2. In some embodiments, the cathode is electrically connected through the bottom of the cell (e.g. current collector bar and electrical bus work). As some non-limiting examples, cathodes are constructed of: TiB2, TiB2-C composite materials, boron nitride, zirconium borides, hafnium borides, graphite, and combinations thereof.

(21) As used herein, cathode assembly refers to the cathode (e.g. cathode block), the current collector bar, the electrical bus work, and combinations thereof.

(22) As used herein current collector bar refers to a bar that collects current from the cell. In one non-limiting example, the current collector bar collects current from the cathode and transfers the current to the electrical buswork to remove the current from the system.

(23) As used herein, electrolyte bath refers to a liquefied bath having at least one species of metal to be reduced (e.g. via an electrolysis process). A non-limiting example of the electrolytic bath composition includes: NaFAlF.sub.3 (in an aluminum electrolysis cell), NaF, AlF.sub.3, CF.sub.2, MgF.sub.2, LiF, KF, and combinations thereofwith dissolved alumina.

(24) As used herein, molten means in a flowable form (e.g. liquid) through the application of heat. As a non-limiting example, the electrolytic bath is in molten form (e.g. at least about 750? C.). As another example, the metal product that forms at the bottom of the cell (e.g. sometimes called a metal pad) is in molten form.

(25) In some embodiments, the molten electrolyte bath/cell operating temperature is: at least about 750? C.; at least about 800? C.; at least about 850? C.; at least about 900? C.; at least about 950? C.; or at least about 975? C. In some embodiments, the molten electrolyte bath/cell operating temperature is: not greater than about 750? C.; not greater than about 800? C.; not greater than about 850? C.; not greater than about 900? C.; not greater than about 950? C.; or not greater than about 980? C.

(26) As used herein, metal product means the product which is produced by electrolysis. In one embodiment, the metal product forms at the bottom of an electrolysis cell as a metal pad. Some non-limiting examples of metal products include: aluminum, nickel, magnesium, copper, zinc, and rare earth metals.

(27) As used herein, sidewall means the wall of an electrolysis cell. In some embodiments, the sidewall runs parametrically around the cell bottom and extends upward from the cell bottom to defines the body of the electrolysis cell and define the volume where the electrolyte bath is held. In some embodiments, the sidewall includes: an outer shell, a thermal insulation package, and an inner wall. In some embodiments, the inner wall and cell bottom are configured to contact and retain the molten electrolyte bath, the feed material which is provided to the bath (i.e. to drive electrolysis) and the metal product (e.g. metal pad). In some embodiments, the sidewall (inner sidewall) includes a non-reactive sidewall portion (e.g. stable sidewall portion).

(28) As used herein, transverse means an angle between two surfaces. In some embodiments, the surfaces make an acute or an obtuse angle. In some embodiments, transverse includes an angle at or that is equal to the perpendicular angle or almost no angle, i.e. surfaces appearing as continuous (e.g. 180?). In some embodiments, a portion of the sidewall (inner wall) is transverse, or angled towards the cell bottom. In some embodiments, the entire sidewall is transverse to the cell bottom. In some embodiments, the stable sidewall material has a sloped top portion (i.e. sloped towards the metal pad/canter of the cell (to assist in draining metal product to the bottom of the cell).

(29) In some embodiments, the entire wall is transverse. In some embodiments, a portion of the wall (first sidewall portion, second sidewall portion, shelf, trough, directing member) is transverse (or, sloped, angled, curved, arcuate).

(30) In some embodiments, the shelf is transverse. In some embodiments, the second sidewall portion is transverse. Without being bound by any particular theory or mechanism, it is believed that by configuring the sidewall (first sidewall portion, second sidewall portion, trough, or shelf) in a transverse manner, it is possible to promote certain characteristics of the cell in operation (e.g. metal drain, feed material direction into the cell/towards the cell bottom). As a non-limiting example, by providing a transverse sidewall, the sidewall is configured to promote feed material capture into a protecting deposit in a trough or shelf (e.g. angled towards/or is configured to promote metal drain into the bottom of the cell).

(31) In some embodiments, the first sidewall portion is transverse (angled/sloped) and the second sidewall portion is not sloped. In some embodiments, the first sidewall portion is not sloped and the second sidewall portion is sloped. In some embodiments, both the first sidewall portion and the second sidewall portion are transverse (angled/sloped).

(32) In some embodiments, the base (or feed block) is transverse (sloped or angled). In some embodiments, the upper portion of the shelf/trough or second sidewall portion is sloped, angled, flat, transverse, or curved.

(33) As used herein, wall angle, means the angle of the inner sidewall relative to the cell bottom measurable in degrees. For example, a wall angle of 0 degrees refers to a vertical angle (or no angle). In some embodiments, the wall angle comprises: an angle (theta) from 0 degrees to about 30 degrees. In some embodiments, the wall angle comprises an angle (theta) from 0 degrees to 60 degrees. In some embodiments, the wall angle comprises an angle (theta) from about 0 to about 85 degrees.

(34) In some embodiments, the wall angle (theta) is: at least about 5?; at least about 10?; at least about 15?; at least about 20?; at least about 25?; at least about 30?; at least about 35?; at least about 40?; at least about 45?; at least about 50?; at least about 55?; or at least about 60?. In some embodiments, the wall angle (theta) is: not greater than about 5?; not greater than about 10?; not greater than about 15?; not greater than about 20?; not greater than about 25?; not greater than about 30?; not greater than about 35?; not greater than about 40?; not greater than about 45?; not greater than about 50?; not greater than about 55?; or not greater than about 60?.

(35) As used herein, outer shell means an outer-most protecting cover portion of the sidewall. In one embodiment, the outer shell is the protecting cover of the inner wall of the electrolysis cell. As non-limiting examples, the outer shell is constructed of a hard material that encloses the cell (e.g. steel).

(36) As used herein, first sidewall portion means a portion of the inner sidewall.

(37) As used herein, second sidewall portion means another portion of the inner sidewall. In some embodiments, the second portion is a distance (e.g. longitudinally spaced) from the first portion. As one non-limiting example, the second sidewall portion is an upright member having a length and a width, wherein the second portion is spaced apart from the first portion.

(38) In some embodiments, the second portion cooperates with the first portion to retain a material or object (e.g. protecting deposit).

(39) In some embodiments, the second portion is of a continuous height, while in other embodiments, the second portion's height varies. In one embodiment, the second portion is constructed of a material that is resistant to the corrosive environment of the bath and resistant to the metal product (e.g. metal pad), and thus, does not break down or otherwise react in the bath. As some non-limiting examples, the wall is constructed of: Al.sub.2O.sub.3, TiB.sub.2, TiB2-C, SiC, Si3N4, BN, a bath component that is at or near saturation in the bath chemistry (e.g. alumina), and combinations thereof.

(40) In some embodiments, the second portion is cast, hot pressed, or sintered into the desired dimension, theoretical density, porosity, and the like. In some embodiments, the second portion is secured to one or more cell components in order to keep the second portion in place.

(41) As used herein, directing member means a member which is configured to direct an object or material in a particular manner. In some embodiments, the directing member is adapted and configured to direct a feed material into a trough (e.g. to be retained in the trough as protecting deposit.) In some embodiments, the directing member is suspended in the cell between the first sidewall portion and the second sidewall, and above the trough in order to direct the flow of the feed material into the trough. In some embodiments, the directing member is constructed of a material (at least one bath component) which is present in the bath chemistry at or near saturation, such that in the bath the directing member is maintained. In some embodiments, the directing member is configured to attach to a frame (e.g. of bath resistant material), where the frame is configured to adjust the directing member in the cell (i.e. move the directing member laterally (e.g. up or down relative to the cell height) and/or move the directing member longitudinally (e.g. left or right relative to the trough/cell bottom).

(42) In some embodiments, the dimension of and/or the location of the directing member is selected to promote a certain configuration of the protecting deposit and/or a predetermined feed material flow pattern into the trough. In some embodiments, the directing member is attached to the anode assembly. In some embodiments, the directing member is attached to the sidewall of the cell. In some embodiments, the directing member is attached to the feed device (e.g. frame which holds the feed device into position. As non-limiting examples, the directing member comprises a plate, a rod, a block, an elongated member form, and combinations thereof. Some non-limiting examples of directing member materials include: anode materials; SiC; SiN; and/or components which are present in the bath at or near saturation such that the directing member is maintained in the bath.

(43) As used herein, longitudinally spaced means the placement of one object from another object in relation to a length.

(44) In some embodiments, laterally spaced (i.e. the second sidewall portion from the first sidewall portionor the trough) means: at least 1, at least 1?, at least 2, at least 2?, at least 3, at least 3?, at least 4, at least 4?, at least 5, at least 5?, at least 6, at least 6?, at least 7, at least 7?, at least 8, at least 8?, at least 9, at least 9?, at least 10, at least 10?, at least 11, at least 11?, or at least 12.

(45) In some embodiments, laterally spaced (i.e. the second sidewall portion from the first sidewall portionor the trough) means: not greater than 1, not greater than 1?, not greater than 2, not greater than 2?, not greater than 3, not greater than 3?, not greater than 4, not greater than 4?, not greater than 5, not greater than 5?, not greater than 6, not greater than 6?, not greater than 7, not greater than 7?, not greater than 8, not greater than 8?, not greater than 9, not greater than 9?, not greater than 10, not greater than 10?, not greater than 11, not greater than 11?, or not greater than 12.

(46) As used herein, laterally spaced means the placement of one object from another object in relation to a width.

(47) In some embodiments, the first sidewall portion is set a given distance from the second sidewall portion to define a trough (i.e. having trough width). In some embodiments, the trough width is from 10 mm to not greater than 500 mm. In some embodiments, the trough width is from 50 mm to not greater than 200 mm. In some embodiments, the trough width is from 75 mm to not greater than 150 mm.

(48) In some embodiments, the trough (e.g. trough width) is: at least 10 mm; at least 20 mm; at least 30 mm; at least 40 mm; at least 50 mm; at least 60 mm; at least 70 mm; at least 80 mm; at least 90 mm; at least 100 mm; at least 110 mm; at least 120 mm; at least 130 mm; at least 140 mm; at least 150 mm; at least 160 mm; at least 170 mm; at least 180 mm; at least 190 mm; at least 200 mm; at least 210 mm; at least 220 mm; at least 230 mm; at least 240 mm; at least 250 mm; at least 260 mm; at least 270 mm; at least 280 mm; at least 290 mm; at least 300 mm; at least 310 mm; at least 320 mm; at least 330 mm; at least 340 mm; at least 350 mm; at least 360 mm; at least 370 mm; at least 380 mm; at least 390 mm; at least 400 mm; at least 410 mm; at least 420 mm; at least 430 mm; at least 440 mm; at least 450 mm; at least 460 mm; at least 470 mm; at least 480 mm; at least 490 mm; or at least 500 mm.

(49) In some embodiments, the trough (e.g. trough width) is: not greater than 10 mm; not greater than 20 mm; not greater than 30 mm; not greater than 40 mm; not greater than 50 mm; not greater than 60 mm; not greater than 70 mm; not greater than 80 mm; not greater than 90 mm; not greater than 100 mm; not greater than 110 mm; not greater than 120 mm; not greater than 130 mm; not greater than 140 mm; not greater than 150 mm; not greater than 160 mm; not greater than 170 mm; not greater than 180 mm; not greater than 190 mm; not greater than 200 mm; not greater than 210 mm; not greater than 220 mm; not greater than 230 mm; not greater than 240 mm; not greater than 250 mm; not greater than 260 mm; not greater than 270 mm; 280 mm; not greater than 290 mm; at least 300 mm; at least 310 mm; at least 320 mm; at least 330 not greater than mm; not greater than 340 mm; not greater than 350 mm; not greater than 360 mm; not greater than 370 mm; not greater than 380 mm; not greater than 390 mm; not greater than 400 mm; not greater than 410 mm; not greater than 420 mm; not greater than 430 mm; not greater than 440 mm; not greater than 450 mm; not greater than 460 mm; not greater than 470 mm; not greater than 480 mm; not greater than 490 mm; or not greater than 500 mm.

(50) As used herein, at least means greater than or equal to.

(51) As used herein, not greater than means less than or equal to.

(52) As used herein, trough means a receptacle for retaining something. In one embodiment, the trough is defined by the first sidewall portion, the second sidewall portion, and the base (or bottom of the cell). In some embodiments, the trough retains the protecting deposit. In some embodiments the trough retains a feed material in the form of a protecting deposit, such that the trough is configured to prevent the protecting deposit from moving within the cell (i.e. into the metal pad and/or electrode portion of the cell).

(53) In some embodiments, the trough comprises a material (at least one bath component) which is present in the bath chemistry at or near saturation, such that in the bath it is maintained.

(54) In some embodiments, the trough further comprises a height (e.g. relative to the sidewall). As non-limiting embodiments, the trough height (as measured from the bottom of the cell to the bath/vapor interface comprises: at least ?, at least ?, at least ?, at least 1, at least 1?, at least 1?, at least 1?, at least 2, at least 2?, at least 2?, at least 2?, at least 3, 3?, at least 3?, at least 3?, at least 4, 4?, at least 4?, at least 4?, at least 5, 5?, at least 5?, at least 5?, or at least 6. In some embodiments, the trough height comprises: at least 6 at least 12 at least 18, at least 24, or at least 30.

(55) As non-limiting embodiments, the trough height (as measured from the bottom of the cell to the bath/vapor interface comprises: not greater than ?, not greater than ?, not greater than ?, not greater than 1, not greater than 1?, not greater than 1?, not greater than 1?, not greater than 2, not greater than 2?, not greater than 2?, not greater than 2?, not greater than 3, 3?, not greater than 3?, not greater than 3?, not greater than 4, 4?, not greater than 4?, not greater than 4?, not greater than 5, 5?, not greater than 5?, not greater than 5?, or not greater than 6.

(56) In some embodiments, the trough height comprises: not greater than 6; not greater than 12; not greater than 18; not greater than 24; or not greater than 30.

(57) In some embodiments, the second sidewall portion extends in an upward position (i.e. relative to the cell bottom), such that the second sidewall portion overlaps for a given distance with the first sidewall portion (i.e. to define a portion where two sidewall portions overlap, a common trough overlap). In some embodiments, the trough overlap is quantifiable via the overlap relative to the overall cell wall height (e.g. expressed as a percentage). In some embodiments, the trough overlap is from 0% to not greater than 90% of the total cell wall height. In some embodiments, the trough overlap is from 20% to not greater than 80% of the total cell wall height. In some embodiments, the trough overlap is from 40% to not greater than 60% of the total cell wall height.

(58) In some embodiments, the trough overlap is: 0% (i.e. no overlap); at least 5% of the total wall height; at least 10% of the total wall height; at least 15% of the total wall height; at least 20% of the total wall height; at least 25% of the total wall height; at least 30% of the total wall height; at least 35% of the total wall height; at least 40% of the total wall height; at least 45% of the total wall height; at least 50% of the total wall height; at least 55% of the total wall height; at least 60% of the total wall height; at least 65% of the total wall height; at least 70% of the total wall height; at least 75% of the total wall height; at least 80% of the total wall height; at least 85% of the total wall height; or at least 90% of the total wall height.

(59) In some embodiments, the trough overlap is: 0% (i.e. no overlap); not greater than 5% of the total wall height; not greater than 10% of the total wall height; not greater than 15% of the total wall height; not greater than 20% of the total wall height; not greater than 25% of the total wall height; not greater than 30% of the total wall height; not greater than 35% of the total wall height; not greater than 40% of the total wall height; not greater than 45% of the total wall height; not greater than 50% of the total wall height; not greater than 55% of the total wall height; not greater than 60% of the total wall height; not greater than 65% of the total wall height; not greater than 70% of the total wall height; not greater than 75% of the total wall height; not greater than 80% of the total wall height; not greater than 85% of the total wall height; or not greater than 90% of the total wall height.

(60) As used herein, protecting deposit refers to an accumulation of a material that protects another object or material. As a non-limiting example, a protecting deposit refers to the feed material that is retained in the trough. In some embodiments, the protecting deposit is: a solid; a particulate form; a sludge; a slurry; and/or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the protecting deposit is dissolved into the bath (e.g. by the corrosive nature of the bath) and/or is consumed through the electrolytic process. In some embodiments, the protecting deposit is retained in the trough, between the first sidewall portion and the second sidewall portion. In some embodiments, the protecting deposit is configured to push the metal pad (molten metal) away from the sidewall, thus protecting the sidewall from the bath-metal interface. In some embodiments, the protecting deposit is dissolved via the bath to provide a saturation at or near the cell wall which maintains the stable/non-reactive sidewall material (i.e. composed of a bath component at or near saturation). In some embodiments the protecting deposit comprises an angle of deposit (e.g. the protecting deposit forms a shape as it collects in the trough), sufficient to protect the sidewall and provide feed material to the bath for dissolution.

(61) As used herein, feed material means a material that is a supply that assists the drive of further processes. As one non-limiting example, the feed material is a metal oxide which drives electrolytic production of rare earth and/or non-ferrous metals (e.g. metal products) in an electrolysis cell. In some embodiments, the feed material once dissolved or otherwise consumed, supplies the electrolytic bath with additional starting material from which the metal oxide is produced via reduction in the cell, forming a metal product. In some embodiments, the feed material has two non-limiting functions: (1) feeding the reactive conditions of the cell to produce metal product; and (2) forming a feed deposit in the channel between the wall at the inner sidewall to protect the inner sidewall from the corrosive bath environment. In some embodiments, the feed material comprises alumina in an aluminum electrolysis cell. Some non-limiting examples of feed material in aluminum smelting include: smelter grade alumina (SGA), alumina, tabular aluminum, and combinations thereof. In the smelting of other metals (non-aluminum), feed materials to drive those reactions are readily recognized in accordance with the present description. In some embodiments, the feed material is of sufficient size and density to travel from the bath-air interface, through the bath and into the trough to form a protecting deposit.

(62) As used herein, average particle size refers to the mean size of a plurality of individual particles. In some embodiments, the feed material in particulate (solid) form having an average particle size. In one embodiment, the average particle size of the feed material is large enough so that it settles into the bottom of the cell (e.g. and is not suspended in the bath or otherwise float in the bath). In one embodiment, the average particle size is small enough so that there is adequate surface area for surface reactions/dissolution to occur (e.g. consumption rate).

(63) As used herein, feed rate means a certain quantity (or amount) of feed in relation to a unit of time. As one non-limiting example, feed rate is the rate of adding the feed material to the cell. In some embodiments, the size and/or position of the protecting deposit is a function of the feed rate. In some embodiment, the feed rate is fixed. In another embodiment, the feed rate is adjustable. In some embodiments, the feed is continuous. In some embodiments, the feed is discontinuous.

(64) As used herein, consumption rate means a certain quantity (or amount) of use of a material in relation to a unit of time. In one embodiment, consumption rate is the rate that the feed material is consumed by the electrolysis cell (e.g. by the bath, and/or consumed to form metal product).

(65) In some embodiments, the feed rate is higher than the consumption rate. In some embodiment, the feed rate is configured to provide a protecting deposit above the bath-air interface.

(66) As used herein, feeder (sometimes called a feed device) refers to a device that inputs material (e.g. feed) into something. In one embodiment, the feed device is a device that feeds the feed material into the electrolysis cell. In some embodiments, the feed device is automatic, manual, or a combination thereof. As non-limiting examples, the feed device is a curtain feeder or a choke feeder. As used herein, curtain feeder refers to a feed device that moves along the sidewall (e.g. with a track) to distribute feed material. In one embodiment, the curtain feeder is movably attached so that it moves along at least one sidewall of the electrolysis cell.

(67) As used herein, choke feeder refers to a feed device that is stationary on a sidewall to distribute feed material into the cell. In some embodiments, the feed device is attached to the sidewall by an attachment apparatus. Non-limiting examples include braces, and the like.

(68) In some embodiments, the feed device is automatic. As used herein, automatic refers to the capability to operate independently (e.g. as with machine or computer control). In some embodiments, the feed device is manual. As used herein, manual means operated by human effort.

(69) As used herein, feed block refers to feed material in solid form (e.g. cast, sintered, hot pressed, or combinations thereof). In some embodiments, the base of the trough comprises a feed block. As one non-limiting example, the feed block is made of alumina.

(70) As used herein, stable means a material that is generally non-reactive and/or retains its properties within an environment. In some embodiments, the sidewall material is stable (or non-reactive, as set out below) in the electrolytic cell environment, given the cell conditions and operating parameters.

(71) Though not wishing to be bound by a particular mechanism or theory, if the cell environment is maintained/kept constant (e.g. including maintaining the feed material in the cell at saturation for the particular cell system), and bath is saturated, then the sidewall material is truly stable in that it will not react or dissolve into the bath. However, an operating electrolytic cell is difficult, if not impossible to maintain at constant cell operating parameters, as the operating cell is characterized by constant change (at least as far as reducing feed material into metal product via electrochemistry). Without wanting to be bound by a particular mechanism or theory, it is believed that the temperature flux is changing (as the current flux and any other process variation will change the temperature of the cell/bath); the feed flux is ever changing, even with optimized distribution, as different feed locations and/or feed rates will impact solubility (i.e. of the stable material(s)) throughout the cell; and analytical tools and methods to quantify and control cell processes inherently have some attributable error to the calibration of solubility limits (e.g. LECO methods used to determine the alumina content in the cell has an error range of +/?5%).

(72) In some embodiments, stable materials and/or non-reactive sidewall materials do not react or degrade (e.g. when the bath is at saturation for that particular material). In other embodiments, stable materials and/or non-reactive materials undergo a small amount of dissolution (i.e. within a predetermined threshold), such that the sidewall material does not fail cell during electrolysis and cell operation (i.e. maintains the molten electrolyte). In this embodiment, as the content of the feed material in the bath (i.e. quantifiable as % of saturation) inevitably varies as a function of cell operation, so too will the dissolution either cease or initiate, and/or the dissolution rate of the stable sidewall material decrease or increase. In some embodiments, a stable sidewall is maintained via modulating dissolution. In some embodiments, dissolution is modulated to within acceptable limits (e.g. small amounts of and/or no dissolution) by controlled the feed rate and/or feed locations (e.g. to impact the % saturation of feed material in the bath).

(73) In some embodiments, the cations of such component materials (Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, La, and Ce) are electrochemically less noble than the metal that is produced, so they are not consumed during electrolysis. Put another way, since the electrochemical potential of these materials is more negative than aluminum, in an aluminum electrolytic cell, these materials are less likely to be reduced. As used here, non-reactive sidewall refers to a sidewall which is constructed or composed of (e.g. coated with) a material which is stable (e.g. non-reactive, inert, dimensionally stable, and/or maintained) in the molten electrolyte bath at cell operating temperatures (e.g. above 750? C. to not greater than 980? C.). In some embodiments, the non-reactive sidewall material is maintained in the bath due to the bath chemistry. In some embodiments, the non-reactive sidewall material is stable in the electrolyte bath since the bath comprises the non-reactive sidewall material as a bath component in a concentration at or near its saturation limit in the bath. In some embodiments, the non-reactive sidewall material comprises at least one component that is present in the bath chemistry. In some embodiments, the bath chemistry is maintained by feeding a feed material into the bath, thus keeping the bath chemistry at or near saturation for the non-reactive sidewall material, thus maintaining the sidewall material in the bath.

(74) Some non-limiting examples of non-reactive sidewall materials include: Al; Li; Na; K; Rb; Cs; Be; Mg; Ca; Sr; Ba; Sc; Y; La; or Ce-containing materials, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the non-reactive material is an oxide of the aforementioned examples. In some embodiments, the non-reactive material is a halide salt and/or fluoride of the aforementioned examples. In some embodiments, the non-reactive material is an oxofluoride of the aforementioned examples. In some embodiments, the non-reactive material is pure metal form of the aforementioned examples. In some embodiments, the non-reactive sidewall material is selected to be a material (e.g. Ca, Mg) that has a higher electrochemical potential than (e.g. cations of these materials are electrochemically more noble than) the metal product being produced (e.g. Al), the reaction of the non-reactive sidewall material is less desirable (electrochemically) than the reduction reaction of Alumina to Aluminum. In some embodiments, the non-reactive sidewall is made from castable materials. In some embodiments, the non-reactive sidewall is made of sintered materials.

(75) In some embodiments the sidewall has a thickness of from 3 mm to not greater than 500 mm.

(76) In some embodiments, the thickness of the sidewall is: at least 3 mm; at least 5 mm; at least 10 mm; at least 15 mm; at least 20 mm; at least 25 mm; at least 30 mm; at least 35 mm; at least 40 mm; at least 45 mm; at least 50 mm; at least 55 mm; at least 60 mm; at least 65 mm; at least 70 mm; at least 75 mm; at least 80 mm; at least 85 mm; at least 90 mm; at least 95 mm; or at least 100 mm.

(77) In some embodiments, the thickness of the sidewall is: at least 100 mm; at least 125 mm; at least 150 mm; at least 175 mm; at least 200 mm; at least 225 mm; at least 250 mm; at least 275 mm; at least 300 mm; at least 325 mm; at least 350 mm; at least 375 mm; at least 400 mm; at least 425 mm; at least 450 mm; at least 475 mm; or at least 500 mm.

(78) In some embodiments, the thickness of the sidewall is: not greater than 3 mm; not greater than 5 mm; not greater than 10 mm; not greater than 15 mm; not greater than 20 mm; not greater than 25 mm; not greater than 30 mm; not greater than 35 mm; not greater than 40 mm; not greater than 45 mm; not greater than 50 mm; not greater than 55 mm; not greater than 60 mm; not greater than 65 mm; not greater than 70 mm; not greater than 75 mm; not greater than 80 mm; not greater than 85 mm; not greater than 90 mm; not greater than 95 mm; or not greater than 100 mm.

(79) In some embodiments, the thickness of the sidewall is: not greater than 100 mm; not greater than 125 mm; not greater than 150 mm; not greater than 175 mm; not greater than 200 mm; not greater than 225 mm; not greater than 250 mm; not greater than 275 mm; not greater than 300 mm; not greater than 325 mm; not greater than 350 mm; not greater than 375 mm; not greater than 400 mm; not greater than 425 mm; not greater than 450 mm; not greater than 475 mm; or not greater than 500 mm.

(80) In some embodiments the stable sidewall has a thickness of from 3 mm to not greater than 500 mm. In some embodiments, the stable sidewall has a thickness of from 50 mm to not greater than 400 mm. In some embodiments, the stable sidewall has a thickness of from 100 mm to not greater than 300 mm. In some embodiments, the stable sidewall has a thickness of from 150 mm to not greater than 250 mm.

Example: Bench Scale Study: Sidefeeding

(81) Bench scale tests were completed to evaluate the corrosion-erosion of an aluminum electrolysis cell. The corrosion-erosion tests showed that alumina, and chromia-alumina materials were preferentially attacked at the bath-metal interface. Also, it was determined that the corrosion-erosion rate at the bath-metal interface is accelerated dramatically when alumina saturation concentration is low (e.g. below about 95 wt. %). With a physical barrier of feeding materials, i.e. to feed increase the alumina saturation concentration, the barrier (e.g. of alumina particles) operated to keep alumina saturated at bath-metal interface to protect the sidewall from being dissolved by the bath. Thus, the sidewall at the bath-metal interface is protected from corrosive-erosive attack and the aluminum saturation concentration was kept at about 98 wt. %. After performing electrolysis for a period of time, the sidewall was inspected and remained intact.

Example: Pilot Scale Test: Automated Sidefeeding with Rotary Feeder

(82) A single hall cell was operated continuously for about 700 hr with a trough along the sidewall around the perimeter of the cell (e.g. via a rotary feeder). The feeder included a hopper, and rotated along the sidewall to feed the entire sidewall (along one sidewall). A feed material of tabular alumina was fed into the cell at a location to be retained in the trough by an automatic feeder device. After electrolysis was complete, the sidewall was inspected and found intact (i.e. the sidewall was protected by the side feeding).

Example: Full Pot Test Sidefeeding (Manual)

(83) A commercial scale test on sidewall feeding was operated continuously for a period of time (e.g. at least one month) with a trough along the sidewall via manual feeding. A feed material of tabular alumina was fed into the cell manually at a location adjacent to the sidewall such that the alumina was retained in a trough in the cell, located adjacent to the sidewall. Measurements of the sidewall profile showed minimum corrosion-erosion of the sidewall above the trough, and trough profile measurements indicated that the trough maintained its integrity throughout the operation of the cell. Thus, the manually fed alumina protected the metal-bath interface of the sidewall of the cell from corrosion-erosion. An autopsy of the cell was performed to conclusively illustrate the foregoing.

ExampleAverage % Saturation of Alumina Vs. Max Wear Rate (Dissolution Rate)

(84) Five Electrolytic Cells (i.e. Cell 1-5) were operated for a period of time to produce aluminum on a bench scale. The Cells were each the same size and had the same sidewall material (e.g. alumina) with no seams in the sidewalls, where each Cell had the same molten electrolyte material (bath). Each Cell was operated at a different average saturation percentage of alumina in the bath, where the Cells ranged from an average of 85.5% saturation (Cell 1) to 98.92% saturation (Cell 5). Measurements were obtained on each cell (e.g. at a position along the sidewall surface) to determine the dissolution rate of the alumina sidewall. The maximum wear rate (in mm/year) is provided in the table below. The data supports the trend that as the average saturation increases, the max wear rate decreases. The table provides that where the average saturation % was within 2% of saturation (i.e. Cell 5), the maximum wear rate (dissolution rate) was less than half of that than for Cell 1 (i.e. 31.97 mm/year vs. 75.77 mm/year), which operated at 85.5% of saturation.

(85) TABLE-US-00001 Average saturation % and Max Wear Rate (dissolution rate) in mm/year for Cells 1-5 Max Wear Rate Cell Avg Sat'n % (mm/yr) Cell 1 85.5 75.77 Cell 2 91.99 73.58 Cell 3 93.65 57.81 Cell 4 94.42 45.11 Cell 5 98.92 31.97

Example Average % Saturation of Alumina Vs. Max Wear Rate (Dissolution Rate)

(86) Three Electrolytic Cells (i.e. Cell 5-7) were operated for a period of time to produce aluminum on a bench scale. Cells 5-7 were operated to produce aluminum from alumina (feed material) and each cell had alumina sidewalls and the same bath material (molten electrolyte). Cells 5 and 6 were the same size (and also, Cells 1-6 were the same size), while Cell 7 was a larger pilot cell than cells 1-6). Cell 7 had at least one seam, in addition to the alumina sidewall material. For Cells 5-7, alumina saturation was determined via analytical measurements every 4 hours (e.g. LECO measurements). For Cell 5, alumina feed (saturation control) was completed manually (e.g. via visual observation of the bath), while alumina feed was automated for Cells 6 & 7 (e.g. with at least the LECO measurement being incorporated into the automated system). The three cells were each operated for varying periods of time prior to shut down. During operation, alumina was added to Cell 5 based upon visual inspection (e.g. clear denoting an indication for an overfeed event and cloudy denoting an indication for an underfeed event). Cells 6 and 7 were fed based upon the automated control system parameters, including the LECO measurements.

(87) For Cells 5-7, each Cell was operated at a different average saturation percentage of alumina in the bath, where the Cells ranged from an average of 101.7% saturation (Cell 5) to 99.8% saturation (Cell 6). Measurements were obtained on each cell (e.g. at a position along the sidewall surface) to determine the dissolution rate of the alumina sidewall as cell operation progressed. For each cell, the average saturation % (alumina) is provided, along with the maximum wear rate (dissolution rate) in mm/year in the table below. Average saturation % values were obtained via LECO measurements, which had a potential error of +/?5%. In this instance, each Cell was operated with an average saturation % that was close to or slightly above the saturation limit of alumina (as computer for) the cell system with operating parameters. In each Cell, muck was observed at one time or another, where muck (alumina which settles from the bath) will accumulate towards the cell bottom in the case where the cell is operated for long periods of time with alumina contents above the saturation limit (i.e. for the cell system and its operating parameters). Wear rates were evaluated for Cell 7 at the seam (in addition to the face/surface of the sidewall) and it is noted that, as expected, the measured average wear rate at the seam was larger than that of the face for Cell 7. It is noted that Cell 5 from the previous Example is the same as Cell 5 from this Example, but the average saturation % was increased (i.e. from 98.92% to 101.7%).

(88) TABLE-US-00002 Average saturation % and Max Wear Rate (dissolution rate) in mm/year for Cells 5-7 Max Wear Rate Cell Avg Sat'n % (mm/yr) Cell 5 101.7 45.72 Cell 6 99.8 109.22 Cell 7 100.1 119.38

Example Average % Saturation of Alumina Vs. Max Wear Rate (Dissolution Rate)

(89) Cell 8 was the same size as Cell 7 from the previous example (e.g. larger size bench scale cell, with at least one seam and alumina sidewall material). Cell 8 was operated at a number of days at an average saturation of 98.5%, during which time a number of wear measurements were taken along a given portion of one seam in the cell. For Cell 8 operating at 98.5% of alumina saturation with alumina walls, the wear rate at the seam was calculated. Following operation for a number of days at an average saturation of 98.5%, Cell 8 was operated for a number of days at an average saturation of 98%, during which time a number of wear measurements were taken. Again, wear rates at the seam were calculated for the same cell, operating at 98% of alumina saturation. The average saturation percents and maximum wear rates at the seam are provided in the table, below. It is noted, that Cell 8 was operated for over a month longer at an average saturation of 98.5% as compared its operation at an average saturation of 98%. From the Table below, it is shown that by operating the Cell at an average saturation of just 0.5% higher, the wear rate at the seam was less than half the rate of the lower average saturation's wear rate (dissolution rate) (i.e. 109.73 mm/yr vs. 241.40 mm/yr).

(90) TABLE-US-00003 Average saturation % and Max Wear Rate @ seam (dissolution rate) for Cell 8 Max Wear Rate @ Avg Sat'n % seam(mm/yr) 98.5 109.73 98 241.40

(91) While various embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it is apparent that modifications and adaptations of those embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. However, it is to be expressly understood that such modifications and adaptations are within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

REFERENCE NUMBERS

(92) Cell 10 Anode 12 Cathode 14 Electrolyte bath 16 Metal pad 18 Cell body 20 Electrical bus work 22 Anode assembly 24 Current collector bar 40 Active sidewall 30 Sidewall 38 (e.g. includes active sidewall and thermal insulation package) Bottom 32 Outer shell 34 Feed block 60 Bath-air interface 26 Metal-bath interface 28