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UV-LED RADICALLY CURABLE OFFSET PRINTING INKS AND PRINTING PROCESSES

20230054945 · 2023-02-23

    Inventors

    Cpc classification

    International classification

    Abstract

    The present invention relates to the field of UV-LED radically curable inks for offset printing of security documents. In particular, the invention relates to UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks for offset printing on a substrate or security document, said UV-LED radically curable inks having a viscosity in the range of about 2.5 to about 25 Pa s at 40° C. and 1000 s.sup.−1 and comprising radically curable (meth)acrylate compounds, one or more photoinitiators of formula (I), one or more amino containing compounds selected from the group consisting of aminobenzoate compounds, amine modified polyether based acrylates and combinations thereof, and one or more fillers and/or extenders.

    Claims

    1. A UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink having a viscosity in the range of about 2.5 to about 25 Pa s at 40° C. and 1000 s.sup.−1 for offset printing a feature on a substrate, said UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink comprising: i) from about 10 wt. % to about 80 wt. % of one or more radically curable (meth)acrylate compounds consisting of one or more radically curable (meth)acrylate oligomers and one or more radically curable (meth)acrylate monomers, said radically curable (meth)acrylate oligomers being selected from the group consisting of epoxy (meth)acrylates, (meth)acrylated oils, (meth)acrylated epoxidized oils, polyester (meth)acrylates, aliphatic or aromatic polyurethane (meth)acrylates, polyacrylic acid (meth)acrylates, polyacrylate esters (meth)acrylates and mixtures thereof, and said radically curable (meth)acrylate monomers being selected from the group consisting of mono(meth) acrylates, di(meth)acrylates, tri(meth)acrylates, tetra(meth)acrylates, penta(meth)acrylates, hexa(meth)acrylates and mixtures thereof; ii) from about 4 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of one or more photoinitiators of formula (I): ##STR00013## wherein Q has the following formula (IIa), (IIb) or (IIc): ##STR00014## wherein n is equal to or bigger than 1, R1 are identical or different from each other and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C.sub.1-C.sub.3-alkyl groups, R2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C.sub.1-C.sub.3-alkyl groups, and wherein the sum a+b+c is between 3 and 12 and the sum d+e+f+g is between 4 and 16, iii) from about 1 wt. % to about 15 wt. % of one or more amino containing compounds selected from the group consisting of aminobenzoate compounds having a weight average molecular weight of at least 400 g/mol eq PS, amine modified polyether based acrylates having a weight average molecular weight of at least 400 g/mol eq PS and combinations thereof, and iv) from about 1 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of one or more inorganic pigments and/or one or more organic pigments, and v) from about 0.5 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of one or more fillers and/or extenders, selected from the group consisting of carbon fibers, talcs, micas, wollastonites, clays kaolins, carbonates, silicates, sulfates, titanates, alumina hydrates, silica, montmorillonites, graphites, bentonites, vermiculites, wood flours, quartz flours, natural fibers, synthetic fibers and combinations thereof, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink.

    2. The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the one or more photoinitiators is of formula (I) and wherein Q has the following formula (IIb-1), (IIb-2) or (IIb-3): ##STR00015## with n being equal to 1, 2 or 3 and with the sum a+b+c being between 3 and 12.

    3. The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink according to claim 1, wherein the one or more amino containing compounds are selected from the group consisting of aminobenzoate compounds having a weight average molecular weight of at least 700 g/mol eq PS, amine modified polyether based acrylates having a weight average molecular weight of at least 700 g/mol eq PS and combinations thereof.

    4. The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink according to claim 1, wherein the one or more amino containing compounds are selected from the group consisting of aminobenzoate compounds.

    5. The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink according to claim 4, wherein the one or more amino containing compounds are selected from the group consisting of aminobenzoate compounds having the formula (III): ##STR00016## wherein m is bigger than 1, and wherein the sum h+i+j+k is between 3 and 12.

    6. The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink according to claim 1, wherein the one or more inorganic pigments and the one or more organic pigments independently have a particle size of less than or equal to 5 μm.

    7. The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink according to claim 1, further comprising one or more waxes.

    8. A process for printing a feature on a substrate by an offset printing process comprising the steps of: a) applying the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink recited in claim 1 by offset printing so as to form an ink layer, and b) exposing the ink layer to UV light at a dose of at least 150 mJ/cm.sup.2.

    9. The process of claim 8, wherein the step b) consists of exposing the ink layer to one or more wavelengths between about 355 nm and about 415 nm.

    10. A use of the one or more photoinitiators recited in claim 1 in an amount from about 4 wt. % to about 20 wt. % and the one or more amino containing compounds in an amount from about 1 wt. % to about 15 wt. % for producing a UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink having a viscosity in the range of about 2.5 to about 25 Pa s at 40° C. and 1000 s.sup.−1, said UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink being suitable for printing one or more features on a security document, said UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink comprising from about 10 wt. % to about 80 wt. % of radically curable (meth)acrylate compounds, from about 1 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of one or more inorganic pigments and/or one or more organic pigments and from about 0.5 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of one or more fillers and/or extenders, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink.

    11. A printed feature consisting of a cured ink layer made from the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink recited in claim 1.

    12. A security document comprising a substrate and one or more printed features recited in claim 11.

    13. The security document according to claim 12, wherein the one or more printed features have a total surface larger than or equal to about 50%.

    14. The security document according to claim 12, wherein the substrate is a non-fluorescent substrate.

    15. The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink of claim 1, wherein said radically curable (meth)acrylate oligomers are selected from the group consisting of epoxy (meth)acrylates, polyester (meth)acrylates, aliphatic or aromatic polyurethane (meth)acrylates and mixtures thereof; and wherein said one or more fillers and/or extenders are selected from the group consisting of carbonates, silicas, talcs, clays and mixtures thereof.

    16. The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink according to claim 4, wherein the one or more amino containing compounds are compounds comprising 4-dialkylaminobenzoate.

    17. The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink according to claim 5, wherein m is between 1 and 4.

    18. The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink according to claim 6, wherein the one or more inorganic pigments and the one or more organic pigments independently have a particle size of less than or equal to 3 μm when measured using a granulometry gauge.

    19. The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink according to claim 7, wherein the one or more waxes are selected form the group consisting of paraffin waxes, polyethylene waxes, fluorocarbon waxes, polytetrafluoroethylene waxes carnauba waxes and mixtures thereof.

    20. The process for printing a feature on a substrate according to claim 8, wherein exposing the ink layer to UV light is performed at a dose of at least 200 mJ/cm.sup.2.

    Description

    DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

    [0026] The sole FIGURE depicts a banknote comprising a substrate (1), different security features (2-9) including a feature printed by offset, wherein said feature covers more than 70% of the total surface of the security document.

    DETAILED DESCRIPTION

    Definitions

    [0027] The following definitions clarify the meaning of the terms used in the description and in the claims.

    [0028] As used herein, the indefinite article “a” indicates one as well as more than one and does not necessarily limit its referent noun to the singular.

    [0029] As used herein, the term “about” means that the amount, value or limit in question may be the specific value designated or some other value in its neighborhood. Generally, the term “about” denoting a certain value is intended to denote a range within ±5% of the value. For example, the phrase “about 100” denotes a range of 100±5, i.e. the range from 95 to 105. Generally, when the term “about” is used, it can be expected that similar results or effects according to the invention can be obtained within a range of ±5% of the indicated value. However, a specific amount, value or limit supplemented with the term “about” is intended herein to disclose as well the very amount, value or limit as such, i.e. without the “about” supplement.

    [0030] As used herein, the term “and/or” means that either all or only one of the elements of said group may be present. For example, “A and/or B” shall mean “only A, or only B, or both A and B”. In the case of “only A”, the term also covers the possibility that B is absent, i.e. “only A, but not B”.

    [0031] As used herein, the term “one or more” means one, two, three, four, etc.

    [0032] The term “comprising” as used herein is intended to be non-exclusive and open-ended. Thus, for instance an ink comprising a compound A may include other compounds besides A. However, the term “comprising” also covers, as a particular embodiment thereof, the more restrictive meanings of “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of”, so that for instance “an ink comprising a compound A” may also (essentially) consist of the compound A.

    [0033] Where the present description refers to “preferred” embodiments/features, combinations of these “preferred” embodiments/features shall also be deemed as disclosed as long as this combination of “preferred” embodiments/features is technically meaningful.

    [0034] The term UV (ultraviolet) as used herein is intended to mean irradiation having a wavelength component in the UV part of the electromagnetic spectrum; typically 200 nm to 400 nm.

    [0035] The term “security document” refers to a document which is usually protected against counterfeit or fraud by at least one security feature. Examples of security documents include without limitation value documents and value commercial goods.

    [0036] The descriptions of specific embodiments of the present invention are presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present invention to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the present invention and its practical application, to thereby enable other persons skilled in the art to best use the present invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

    [0037] The present invention provides UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks for producing (printing) one or more features on a security document by an offset printing process. The present invention further provides printed features consisting of a cured ink layer made from the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein and security documents comprising the one or more printed features described herein. The UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks described herein are applied by an offset printing step, wherein said offset printing may be a wet printing process or a dry offset printing process.

    [0038] The one or more radically curable (meth)acrylate compounds of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein undergo curing in the presence of the one or more photoinitiators described herein and the one or more amino containing compounds described herein by exposure to UV light, preferably to one or more wavelengths between about 355 nm and about 415 nm, more preferably by exposure to UV light at 365 nm and/or 385 nm and/or 395 nm, emitted from a UV-LED light source. As known by the man skilled in the art, the UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks described herein could also be suitable for curing using medium-pressure mercury lamps.

    [0039] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein has a viscosity in the range of about 2.5 to about 25 Pa s at 40° C. and 1000 s.sup.−1; the viscosity values provided herein being measured on Haake Roto-Visco RV1 with a cone 2 cm 0.5°, linear speed increase 0-1000 sec.sup.−1 in 30 seconds.

    [0040] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein comprises radically curable (meth)acrylate compounds. The radically curable (meth)acrylate compounds described herein are present in an amount from about 10 wt. % to about 80 wt. %, preferably from about 20 wt. % to about 80 wt. %, more preferably in an amount from about 30 wt. % to about 80 wt. %, still more preferably from about 50 wt. % to about 80 wt. %, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein.

    [0041] Radically curable compounds are cured by free radical mechanisms consisting of the activation by energy of one or more photoinitiators which liberate free radicals which in turn initiate the polymerization so as to form a layer or coating.

    [0042] The radically curable (meth)acrylate compounds described preferably consist of one or more radically curable (meth)acrylate oligomers and one or more radically curable (meth)acrylate monomers. The term “(meth)acrylate” in the context of the present invention refers to the acrylate as well as the corresponding methacrylate.

    [0043] The radically curable (meth)acrylate oligomers described herein are preferably selected from the group consisting of epoxy (meth)acrylates, (meth)acrylated oils, (meth)acrylated epoxidized oils, polyester (meth)acrylates, aliphatic or aromatic polyurethane (meth)acrylates, polyacrylic acid (meth)acrylates, polyacrylate esters (meth)acrylates and mixtures thereof, more preferably selected from the group consisting of epoxy (meth)acrylates, polyester (meth)acrylates, aliphatic or aromatic polyurethane (meth)acrylates and mixtures thereof.

    [0044] The radically curable oligomers described herein are preferably (meth)acrylate oligomers which may be branched or essentially linear, and the (meth)acrylate functional group or groups, respectively, can be terminal groups and/or pendant side groups bonded to the oligomer backbone. Preferably, the radically curable oligomers are selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic oligomers, urethane (meth)acrylate oligomers, polyester (meth)acrylate oligomers, polyether based (meth)acrylate oligomers, epoxy (meth)acrylate oligomers and mixtures thereof, more preferably selected from the group consisting of polyester (meth)acrylate oligomers, epoxy (meth)acrylate oligomers and mixtures thereof.

    [0045] Suitable examples of epoxy (meth)acrylate oligomers include without limitation aliphatic epoxy (meth)acrylate oligomers, in particular mono(meth)acrylates, di(meth)acrylates and tri(meth)acrylates, and aromatic epoxy (meth)acrylate oligomers. Suitable examples of aromatic epoxy (meth)acrylate oligomers include bisphenol-A (meth)acrylate oligomers such as bisphenol-A mono(meth)acrylates, bisphenol-A di(meth)acrylates and bisphenol-A tri(meth)acrylates as well as alkoxylated (such as for example ethoxylated and propoxylated) bisphenol-A (meth)acrylate oligomers such as for example alkoxylated bisphenol-A mono(meth)acrylates, alkoxylated bisphenol-A di(meth)acrylates and alkoxylated bisphenol-A tri(meth)acrylates, wherein ethoxylated bisphenol-A diacrylates are particularly suitable.

    [0046] The radically curable (meth)acrylate monomers described herein are preferably selected from the group consisting of mono(meth)acrylates, di(meth)acrylates, tri(meth)acrylates, tetra(meth)acrylates, penta(meth)acrylates, hexa(meth)acrylates and mixtures thereof.

    [0047] Preferred examples of mono(meth)acrylates include 2(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-phenoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, C12/C14 alkyl (meth)acrylate, C16/C18 alkyl (meth)acrylate, caprolactone (meth)acrylate, cyclic trimethylolpropane formal (meth)acrylate, nonylphenol (meth)acrylate, isobornyl (meth)acrylate, isodecyl (meth)acrylate, lauryl (meth)acrylate, stearyl (meth)acrylate, octyldecyl (meth)acrylate, tridecyl (meth)acrylate, methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (meth)acrylate, polypropylene glycol (meth)acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,4-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanedioldi(meth)acrylate, alkoxylated di(meth)acrylate, esterdiol di(meth)acrylate as well as mixtures thereof.

    [0048] Preferred examples of di(meth)acrylates include bisphenol A di(meth)acrylates, alkoxylated (such as for example ethoxylated and propoxylated) bisphenol A di(meth)acrylate, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether di(meth)acrylate, ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, diethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, triethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, tetraethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, dipropyleneglycol di(meth)acrylate, tripropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, polyethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate, tricyclodecane dimethanol di(meth)acrylate as well as mixtures thereof.

    [0049] Preferred examples of tri(meth)acrylates include trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylates, alkoxylated (such as for example ethoxylated and propoxylated) trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylates, alkoxylated (such as for example ethoxylated and propoxylated) glycerol tri(meth)acrylates, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylates, alkoxylated pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylates, alkoxylated (such as for example ethoxylated and propoxylated) pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylates as well as mixtures thereof.

    [0050] Preferred examples of tetra (meth)acrylates include ditrimethylolpropane tetra(meth)acrylates, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylates, alkoxylated (such as for example ethoxylated and propoxylated) pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylates and mixtures thereof, preferably selected from the group consisting of ditrimethylolpropane tetra(meth)acrylates, alkoxylated pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylates as well as mixtures thereof.

    [0051] For embodiments wherein the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein is applied by a dry offset printing process, the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein comprising the (meth)acrylate compounds described herein may further comprise one or more vinyl ethers and/or their ethoxylated equivalents. Examples of preferred vinyl ethers include methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, n-propyl vinyl ether, n-butyl vinyl ether, isobutyl vinyl ether, ethylhexyl vinyl ether, octadecyl vinyl ether, dodecyl vinyl ether, isopropyl vinyl ether, tert-butyl vinyl ether, tert-amyl vinyl ether, cyclohexyl vinyl ether, cyclohexanedimethanol monovinyl ether, cyclohexanedimethanol divinyl ether, 4-(vinyloxy methyl)cyclohexylmethyl benzoate, phenyl vinyl ether, methylphenyl vinyl ether, methoxyphenyl vinyl ether, 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether, 2-hydroxyethyl vinyl ether, 4-hydroxybutyl vinyl ether, 1,6-hexanediol monovinyl ether, 3-amino-1-propanol vinyl ether, ethylene glycol divinyl ether, ethylene glycol monovinyl ether, 1,4-butanediol divinyl ether, 1,6-hexanediol divinyl ether, 4-(vinyloxy)butyl benzoate, bis[4-(vinyl oxy)butyl]adipate, bis[4-(vinyloxy)butyl]succinate, bis[4-(vinyloxymethyl)cyclohexylmethyl]glutarate, 4-(vinyloxy)butyl stearate, trimethylolpropane trivinyl ether, propenyl ether of propylene carbonate, diethylene glycol monovinyl ether, diethylene glycol divinyl ether, ethylene glycol butylvinyl ether, dipropylene glycol divinyl ether, triethylene glycol divinyl ether, triethylene glycol methyl vinyl ether, triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, tetraethylene glycol divinyl ether, poly(tetrahydrofuran) divinyl ether, polyethyleneglycol-520 methyl vinyl ether, pluriol-E200 divinyl ether, tris[4-(vinyloxy)butyl]trimellitate, bis[4-(vinyloxy)butyl]1,6-hexanediylbiscarbamate, 1,4-bis(2-vinyloxyethoxy)benzene, 2,2-bis(4-vinyloxyethoxyphenyl)propane, bis[4-(vinyloxy)methyl]cyclohexyl]methyl] terephthalate, bis[4-(vinyloxy)methyl]cyclohexyl]methyl]isophthalate, bis[4-(vinyloxy)butyl](4-methyl-1,3-phenylene) biscarbamate, and bis[4-vinyloxy)butyl](methylenedi-4,1-phenylene) biscarbamate. Suitable vinyl ethers are commercially sold by BASF under the designation EVE, IBVE, DDVE, ODVE, BDDVE, DVE-2, DVE-3, CHVE, CHDM-di, HBVE. When present, the one or more vinyl ethers and/or their ethoxylated equivalents are present in an amount from about 1 wt. % to about 5 wt, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink

    [0052] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein comprises the one or more photoinitiators described herein, said one or more photoinitiators consisting of thioxanthone derivatives linked to a residue via an ester bond on the position 2, i.e. the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein comprises one or more photoinitiators of formula (I):

    ##STR00003##

    wherein Q has the following formula (IIa), (IIb) or (IIc):

    ##STR00004##

    wherein n is bigger than 1, R1 are identical or different from each other and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C.sub.1-C.sub.3-alkyl groups (i.e. methyl (Me, —CH.sub.3), ethyl (Et, —CH.sub.2CH.sub.3), 1-propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, —CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3), 2-propyl (i-Pr, iso-propyl, —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2)), R2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C.sub.1-C.sub.3-alkyl groups (i.e. methyl (Me, —CH.sub.3), ethyl (Et, —CH.sub.2CH.sub.3), 1-propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, —CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3), 2-propyl (i-Pr, iso-propyl, —CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2)), and wherein the sum a+b+c is between 3 and 12 and the sum d+e+f+g is between 4 and 16.

    [0053] The one or more photoinitiators of formula (I) preferably have a weight average molecular weight (MW) higher than or equal to about 900 g/mol eq PS, wherein said weight average molecular weights are determined by GPC (gel permeation chromatography) according to the OECD test method 118, wherein a Malvern Viskotek GPCmax is used and wherein a calibration curve (log(molecular mass)=f(retention volume)) is established using six polystyrene standards (with molecular masses ranging from 472 to 512000 g/mol). The device is equipped with an isocratic pump, a degasser, an autosampler and a triple detector TDA 302 comprising a differential refractometer, a viscosimeter and a double-angle light scattering detector (7° and 90°). For this specific measurement, only the differential refractometer is used. Two columns Viskotek TM4008L (column length 30.0 cm, internal diameter 8.0 mm) were coupled in series. The stationary phase was made of a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer with a particle size of 6 μm and a maximum pore size of 3000 Å. During the measurements, the temperature was fixed at 35° C. and the samples contains 10 mg/mL of the product to be analyzed and being dissolved in THE (Acros, 99.9%, anhydrous). As described in the Examples herebelow, the samples are independently injected at a rate of 1 ml/min. The molecular mass of the compound is calculated from the chromatogram as a polystyrene-equivalent weight average molecular weight (PS eq M.sub.W), with a 95% confidence level and the average of three measurements of the same solution, using the following formula:

    [00001] M w = Σ i = 1 n ⁢ H i ⁢ M i Σ i = 1 n ⁢ H i

    where H.sub.i is the level of the detector signal from the baseline for the retention volume V.sub.i, M.sub.i is the molecular weight of the polymer fraction at the retention volume V.sub.i and n is number of data points. Omnisec 5.12 as supplied with the device is used as a software.

    [0054] According to a preferred embodiment, the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein comprises the one or more photoinitiators of formula (I) wherein n is equal to 1, 2 or 3 and wherein Q has the formula (IIb) with the sum a+b+c being between 3 and 12. According to a more preferred embodiment, the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein comprises the one or more photoinitiators of formula (I) wherein n is equal to 1, 2 or 3 and wherein Q has the formula (IIb) with the sum a+b+c being between 3 and 12 and R1 being identical and being an ethyl groups.

    [0055] According to a still preferred embodiment, the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein comprises the one or more photoinitiators of formula (I) wherein n is equal to 1 (see formula IIb-1), 2 (see formula (IIb-2) or 3 (see formula (IIb-3) and wherein Q has the formula (IIb) with the sum a+b+c being between 3 and 12, R1 being identical and being ethylene groups and R2 being an ethyl group:

    ##STR00005##

    [0056] Particularly suitable photoinitiators of formula (I) are sold by Rahn under the designation Genopol® TX-2.

    [0057] The one or more photoinitiators described herein are present in an amount from about 4 wt. % to about 20 wt. %, preferably in an amount from about 5 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, more preferably in an amount from about 8 wt. % to about 12 wt. %, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink.

    [0058] It should further be appreciated that the invention also extends to compounds in which one or more of the atoms have been replaced by an isotopic variant, such as for example one or more hydrogen atoms may be replaced by .sup.2H or .sup.3H and/or one or more carbon atoms may be replaced by .sup.14C or .sup.13C.

    [0059] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein comprises from about 1 wt. % to about 15 wt. %, preferably about 2 wt. % to about 12 wt. %, of the one or more amino containing compounds selected from the group consisting of aminobenzoate compounds having a weight average molecular weight of at least 400 g/mol eq PS, amine modified polyether based acrylates having a weight average molecular weight of at least 400 g/mol eq PS and combinations thereof, wherein the weight average molecular weight is measured as described herein, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink. Said amino containing compounds act as hydrogen donors. However, it is known in the art that, due to their rather high hydrophilicity, said compounds negatively impact the performance of the UV curable inks when wet offset processes are used (i.e. amines tend to make the normally oleophilic ink hydrophilic, said hydrophilic ink in turn contaminating the non-image area of the printing plate).

    [0060] The one or more aminobenzoate compounds described herein have a weight average molecular weight of at least 400 g/mol eq PS, preferably at least 700 g/mol eq PS and more preferably at least 900/mol eq PS.

    [0061] According to one embodiment, the one or more aminobenzoate compounds described herein comprises one or more tertiary amines, preferably one or more 4-dialkylaminobenzoate groups, most preferably one or more 4-dimethylaminobenzoate groups. The one or more aminobenzoate compounds described herein are preferably polyether based compounds being derivatives from alkoxylated (such as for example ethoxylated and propoxylated) glycerols or alkoxylated (such as for example ethoxylated and propoxylated) pentaerythritols. Suitable examples of one or more aminobenzoate compounds have the following formula (III):

    ##STR00006##

    wherein m is bigger than 1, preferably between 1 and 4, and wherein the sum h+i+j+k is between 3 and 12.

    [0062] Particularly suitable aminobenzoate compounds are sold by Lambson under the designation SpeedCure 7040.

    [0063] The one or more amine modified polyether based acrylates described herein have a weight average molecular weight of at least 400 g/mol eq PS, preferably at least 700/mol eq PS and more preferably at least 900 g/mol eq PS. Preferably, the one or more amine modified polyether based acrylates described herein have a high viscosity (such as a viscosity value higher than 500 mPas, preferably higher than 1000 mPas at 20-25° C.) and a high acrylate functionality (e.g. number of acrylate groups per molecule, in particular an acrylate functionality higher than 2, preferably higher than 3). According to one embodiment, the one or more amine modified polyether based acrylates described herein are prepared by the reaction of a small fraction (approximately 2-15 wt. %) of the acrylate double bonds of a polyether acrylate with an amine (Radiation curing, P. Glöckner, Vincentz, 2008, p. 66-67). Said amines are preferably primary or secondary alkyl or cycloalkyl amines, or aliphatic cyclic secondary amines such as pyrrolidine, piperidine or piperazine. Particularly suitable polyether acrylates have an acrylate functionality of at least 3. Corresponding examples include ethoxylated or propoxylated glycerol triacrylate, ethoxylated or propoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, ethoxylated or propoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate and the like. Suitable amine modified polyether based acrylates are sold by AlInex under the designation Ebecryl® 80), by Rahn under the designation Genomer* 3457 and 3480, by IGM Resins under the designation Photomer® 5662 and by DSM Resins under the designation Neorad™ P-82 and Agisyn™ 701.

    [0064] The amount of the one or more amino containing compounds described herein (in particular of the one or more aminobenzoate compounds described herein and the one or more amine modified polyether based acrylates described herein) and the one or more photoinitiators of formula (I) described herein are preferably chosen so that the molar ratio between the nitrogen of the one or more amino containing compounds described herein (in particular of the one or more aminobenzoate compounds described herein and the one or more amine modified polyether based acrylates described herein) and the thioxanthone moiety of the one or more photoinitiators of formula (I) described herein is preferably comprised between about 0.1 and about 1, more preferably between about 0.2 and about 0.8, and even more preferably between about 0.4 and about 0.6. The preferred ranges described herein are particularly suitable for embodiments wherein the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein is applied by a wet offset printing process.

    [0065] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein further comprises the one or more inorganic pigments and/or one or more organic pigments described herein, wherein said one or more inorganic pigments and/or one or more organic pigments described herein are present in amount from about 1 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink.

    [0066] Typical examples of organic and inorganic pigments include without limitation C.I. Pigment Yellow 12, C.I. Pigment Yellow 42, C.I. Pigment Yellow 93, C.I. Pigment Yellow 110, C.I. Pigment Yellow 147, C.I. Pigment Yellow 173, C.I. Pigment Orange 34, C.I. Pigment Orange 48, C.I. Pigment Orange 49, C.I. Pigment Orange 61, C.I. Pigment Orange 71 C.I. Pigment Orange 73, C.I. Pigment Red 9, C.I. Pigment Red 22, C.I. Pigment Red 23, C.I. Pigment Red 67, C.I. Pigment Red 122, C.I. Pigment Red 144, C.I. Pigment Red 146, C.I. Pigment Red 170, C.I. Pigment Red 177, C.I. Pigment Red 179, C.I. Pigment Red 185, C.I. Pigment Red 202, C.I. Pigment Red 224, C.I. Pigment Brown 6, C.I. Pigment Brown 7, C.I. Pigment Red 242, C.I. Pigment Red 254, C.I. Pigment Red 264, C.I. Pigment Brown 23, C.I. Pigment Blue 15, C.I. Pigment Blue 15:3, C.I. Pigment Blue 60, C.I. Pigment Violet 19, C.I. Pigment Violet 23, C.I. Pigment Violet 32, C.I. Pigment Violet 37, C.I. Pigment Green 7, C.I. Pigment Green 36, C.I. Pigment Black 7, C.I. Pigment Black 11, C. I. Pigment White 4, C.I Pigment White 6, C.I. Pigment White 7, C.I. Pigment White 21, C. I. Pigment White 22, antimony yellow, lead chromate, lead chromate sulfate, lead molybdate, ultramarine blue, cobalt blue, manganese blue, chrome oxide green, hydrated chrome oxide green, cobalt green, cerium sulfide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium sulfoselenides, zinc ferrite, bismuth vanadate, Prussian blue, mixed metal oxides, azo, azomethine, methine, anthraquinone, phthalocyanine, perinone, perylene, diketopyrrolopyrrole, thioindigo, thiazinindigo, dioxazine, iminoisoindoline, iminoisoindolinone, quinacridone, flavanthrone, indanthrone, anthrapyrimidine and quinophthalone pigments. When present, the inorganic pigments, organic pigments or mixtures thereof described herein are preferably present in an amount from about 0.1 wt. % to about 45 wt. %, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink.

    [0067] According to a preferred embodiment, the one or more inorganic pigments described herein and the one or more organic pigments described herein independently have a particle size of less than or equal to 5 μm, preferably less than or equal to 3 μm when measured using a granulometry gauge (such as Erichsen model 232 grindometer, scale 0-15 μm) according to ISO 1524:2013. The granulometry test is performed directly with the ready to be used ink, i.e. an ink that contains all ingredients and has been prepared and milled as described for Examples E1-E2 and comparative Examples C1-C4 described hereafter.

    [0068] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein further comprises one or more fillers and/or extenders in an amount from about 0.5 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, preferably from about 0.5 to about 5 wt. %, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink. Preferably the one or more fillers and/or extenders are selected from the group consisting of carbon fibers, talcs, micas (muscovites), wollastonites, clays (calcinated clays and china clays), kaolins, carbonates (e.g. calcium carbonate, sodium aluminum carbonate), silicates (e.g. magnesium silicate, aluminum silicate), sulfates (e.g. magnesium sulfate, barium sulfate), titanates (e.g. potassium titanate), alumina hydrates, silica (also including fumed silicas), montmorillonites, graphites, anatases, rutiles, bentonites, vermiculites, zinc whites, zinc sulfides, wood flours, quartz flours, natural fibers, synthetic fibers and combinations thereof. More preferably, the one or more fillers and/or extenders are selected from the group consisting of carbon fibers, talcs, micas, wollastonites, clays, kaolins, carbonates, silicates, sulfates, titanates, alumina hydrates, silica, montmorillonites, graphites, bentonites, vermiculites, wood flours, quartz flours, natural fibers, synthetic fibers and combinations thereof. Still more preferably, the one or more fillers and/or extenders are selected from the group consisting of carbonates (e.g. calcium carbonate, sodium aluminum carbonate), silicas, talcs, clays and mixtures thereof.

    [0069] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein may further comprise one or more waxes preferably selected from the group consisting of synthetic waxes, petroleum waxes and natural waxes. Preferably the one or more waxes are selected from the group consisting of amide waxes, erucamide waxes, paraffin waxes, polyethylene waxes, polypropylene waxes, fluorocarbon waxes, polytetrafluoroethylene waxes, Fischer-Tropsch waxes, silicone fluids, bee waxes, candelilla waxes, montan waxes, carnauba waxes and mixtures thereof, more preferably selected from the group consisting of paraffin waxes, polyethylene waxes, fluorocarbon waxes, polytetrafluoroethylene waxes carnauba waxes and mixtures thereof. When present, the one or more waxes are preferably present in an amount from about 0.1 to about 5 wt. %, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink.

    [0070] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein may further comprise one or more phosphine oxides as co-initiators. Suitable examples of phosphine oxides include without limitation 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide; ethyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phenylphosphinate; phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide; bis(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphine oxide; substituted acyl-phosphine oxides sold as Speedcure XKm from Lambson; a mixture of diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide and phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide; a mixture of diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide and 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone, a mixture of phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide and 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone; and a mixture of ethyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phenylphosphinate and 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone. When comprising the one or more phosphine oxides described herein, the UV-LED radically curable offset printing preferably comprise from about 6 wt. % to about 25 wt. %, preferably about 10 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of the combination of the one or more photoinitiators of formula (I) described herein and the one or more phosphine oxides described herein, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink.

    [0071] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein may further comprise one or more machine readable materials selected from the group consisting of magnetic materials, IR absorbing materials and mixtures thereof. As used herein, the term “machine readable material” refers to a material which exhibits at least one distinctive property which is detectable by a device or a machine, such as for example a CCD or CMOS sensor, a magnetic detector (when the machine readable materials have magnetic properties) or an IR-camera (when the machine readable materials have IR-absorbing properties), and which can be comprised in a security feature made from the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein so as to confer a way to authenticate said security feature by the use of a particular equipment for its detection and/or authentication. The one or more machine readable materials described herein are present in an amount from about 1 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, preferably from about 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink.

    [0072] Magnetic materials exhibit particular, detectable magnetic properties of the ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic type and include permanent magnetic materials (hard-magnetic materials with coercivity Hc>1000 A/m) and magnetizable materials (soft-magnetic materials with coercivity Hc<=1000 A/m according to IEC60404-1 (2000)). Typical examples of magnetic materials include iron, nickel, cobalt, manganese and their magnetic alloys, carbonyl iron, chromium dioxide CrO.sub.2, magnetic iron oxides (e.g. Fe.sub.2O.sub.3; Fe.sub.3O.sub.4), magnetic ferrites M(II)Fe(III).sub.2O.sub.4 and hexaferrites M(II)Fe(III).sub.12O.sub.19, the magnetic garnets M(III).sub.3Fe(III).sub.5O.sub.12 (such as Yttrium iron garnet Y.sub.3Fe.sub.5O.sub.12) and their magnetic isostructural substitution products and particles with permanent magnetization (e.g. CoFe.sub.2O.sub.4). Magnetic pigments particles comprising a magnetic core material which is surrounded (coated) by at least one layer of another material such as those described in WO 2010/115986 A2 may also be used for the present invention. When present, the one or more magnetic materials are preferably present in an amount from about 5 to about 60 wt. %, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink.

    [0073] Infrared (IR) absorbing materials, i.e. materials absorbing in the near-infrared (NIR) range of the electromagnetic spectrum, most generally in the 700 nm to 2500 nm wavelength range, are widely known and used as marking materials in security applications to confer to the printed documents an additional, covert, security element which help their authentication. For example, security features having IR-absorbing properties have been implemented in banknotes for use by automatic currency processing equipment, in banking and vending applications (automatic teller machines, automatic vending machines, etc.), in order to recognize a determined currency bill and to verify its authenticity, in particular to discriminate it from replicas made by color copiers. IR absorbing materials include IR absorbing inorganic materials, glasses comprising substantial amounts of IR-absorbing atoms or ions or entities which display IR-absorption as a cooperative effect, IR absorbing organic materials and IR absorbing organometallic materials (complexes of cation(s) with organic ligand(s), wherein either the separate cation and/or the separate ligand, or both in conjunction, have IR-absorbing properties). Typical examples of IR absorbing materials include among others carbon black, quinone-diimmonium or aminium salts, polymethines (e.g. cyanines, squaraines, croconaines), phthalocyanine or naphthalocyanine type (IR-absorbing pi-system), dithiolenes, quaterrylene diimides, metal (e.g. transition metals or lanthanides) phosphates, lanthanum hexaboride, indium tin oxide, antimony tin oxide in nano-particulate form and doped tin(IV) oxide (cooperative property of the SnO.sub.4 crystal). IR absorbing materials comprising a transition element compound and whose infrared absorption is a consequence of electronic transitions within the d-shell of transition element atoms or ions such as those described in WO 2007/060133 A2 may also be used for the present invention. When present, the one or more IR absorbing materials are preferably present in an amount from about 1 to about 40 wt. %, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink.

    [0074] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein may further comprise one or more markers and/or taggants.

    [0075] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein may further comprise one or more UV-stabilizers in order to stabilize said ink in particular during its storage. Typical examples of suitable UV-stabilizers include without limitation, hydroquinone, hydroquinone monomethyl ether, 4-t-butylcatechol, 4-t-butyl-phenol, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methyl-phenol (BHT), pyrogallol, phenothiazine (PTZ), 2,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2] octane (DABCO), copper (II) salts (such as e.g. copper (II) phenoxide, copper (II) acetylacetonate, copper (II) gluconate, copper (II) tartrate, copper (II) acetate, copper (II) carbamate, copper (II) thiocarbamate, copper (II) dithiocarbamate or copper (II) dimethyl dithiocarbamate), copper (I) salts (such as e.g. copper (I) chloride or copper (I) acetate), tris[N-(hydroxyl-κO)—N-(nitroso-κO)benzenaminato]-aluminum and mixtures thereof. When present, the one or more UV-stabilizers described herein are present in the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink in an amount from about 0.1 wt. % to about 5 wt. %, preferably in an amount from about 0.5 wt. % to about 2 wt. %, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein.

    [0076] As known by those skilled in the art, the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein may further comprise one or more solvents and/or diluents.

    [0077] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein may further comprise one or more inert resins (i.e. resins which do not take part in the polymerization reaction). Inert resins may be used to adjust the viscosity of the radically curable offset printing ink described herein, to lower the glass transition temperature of an ink layer prepared with the radically curable offset printing ink described herein, or to increase the adhesion of an ink layer prepared with the radically curable offset printing ink described herein The one or more inert resins are preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons (such as e.g. styrene based hydrocarbon resins), acrylics (such as e.g. acrylic copolymers), styrene allyl alcohols, phenolic resins, rosin-modified resins, ketonic resins, alkyd resins and mixtures thereof. When present, the one or more inert resins described herein are present in the UV-LED curable wet offset printing ink described herein in an amount from about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, preferably in an amount from about 0.5 wt. % to about 2 wt. %, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the UV-LED curable wet offset printing ink described herein.

    [0078] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein may further comprise additives that include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following components as well as combinations of these: co-initiators, anti-settling agents, anti-foaming agents, surfactants and other processing aids known in the field of offset inks. Additives described herein may be present in the UV-LED curable wet offset printing inks described herein in amounts and in forms known in the art, including in the form of so-called nano-materials where at least one of the dimensions of the particles is in the range of 1 to 1000 nm.

    [0079] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks may be applied by the offset printing processes described herein for printing features on security documents at high speed, wherein said UV-LED curable offset printing inks exhibiting good curing properties and, after having been cured allows the production of printed features, wherein said printed features exhibit low or non-fluorescence. Advantageously, this allows ink manufacturers to take advantage of this background low or non-fluorescence so as to produce low or non-fluorescent inks and low or non-florescent printed features. Also described herein are compositions comprising the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein and one or more luminescent materials. By taking advantage of the low or non-fluorescence of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks, this allow to formulate compositions comprising the one or more luminescent materials described herein, wherein the luminescence characteristics of said compositions have been purposely and freely chosen since no masking or interference occurs between the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink components and the incorporated luminescent materials. In other words, the UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks may be used to produce compositions and security features with targeted fluorescent properties (i.e. fluorescent properties that are predictable and not altered by the components/ingredients of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink itself). In other words, the combination in the UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks described herein of the one or more radically curable (meth)acrylate compounds described herein, the one or more photoinitiators of formula (I) described herein, the one or more amino containing compounds selected from the group consisting of the aminobenzoate compounds, the amine modified polyether based acrylates and combinations thereof described herein, the one or more inorganic pigments and/or one or more organic pigments described herein the one or more fillers and/or extenders and the optional additives described herein allows the production of low or non-fluorescent inks and low or non-fluorescent printed features per se or allows the production of compositions with one or more luminescent compounds and low or non-fluorescent printed security features with controlled and desired luminescent properties by incorporating the luminescent materials described herein, wherein the luminescent properties of said luminescent compounds is not substantially altered or masked by the UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks described herein. Furthermore, and due to the low or non-fluorescence of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks, the amount of the one or more luminescent materials described herein may be reduced thus decreasing the manufacture and production costs.

    [0080] Typical examples of luminescent materials include without limitation inorganic pigments (such as inorganic host crystals or glasses doped with luminescent ions), organic and organometallic (complexes of luminescent ion(s) with organic ligand(s)) substances) compounds. When present, the one or more luminescent materials being inorganic pigments are preferably present in the compositing comprising the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein in an amount from about 1 to about 40 wt. %, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the composition described herein. When present, the one or more luminescent materials being organic compounds are preferably present in the compositing comprising the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein in an amount from about 1 to about 20 wt. %, the weight percents being based on the total weight of the composition described herein. Luminescent compounds can absorb certain types of energy acting upon them and subsequently emit at least partially this absorbed energy as electromagnetic radiation. Luminescent compounds are detected by exposing with a certain wavelength of light and analyzing the emitted light. Down-converting luminescent compounds absorb electromagnetic radiation at a higher frequency (shorter wavelength) and at least partially re-emit it at a lower frequency (longer wavelength). Up-converting luminescent compounds absorb electromagnetic radiation at a lower frequency and at least partially re-emit part of it at a higher frequency. Light emission of luminescent materials arises from excited states in atoms or molecules. The radiative decay of such excited states has a characteristic decay time, which depends on the material and can range from 10.sup.−9 seconds up to several hours. Both fluorescent and phosphorescent compounds are suitable for the present invention. In the case of phosphorescent compounds, measurement of decay characteristics may also be carried out and used as a machine-readable feature. Luminescent compounds in pigment form have been widely used in inks (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,565,770, WO 2008/033059 A2 and WO 2008/092522 A1). Examples of luminescent compounds include among others sulphides, oxysulphides, phosphates, vanadates, etc. of non-luminescent cations, doped with at least one luminescent cation chosen from the group consisting of transition-metal and the rare-earth ions; rare earth oxysulfides and rare-earth metal complexes such as those described in WO 2009/005733 A2 or in U.S. Pat. No. 7,108,742. Examples of inorganic compounds materials include without limitation La.sub.2O.sub.2S:Eu, ZnSiO.sub.4:Mn, and YVO.sub.4:Nd.

    [0081] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein is typically prepared by a method comprising a step of dispersing, mixing and/or milling all the ingredients described herein, i.e. the one or more photoinitiators of formula (I) described herein, the one or more amino containing compounds described herein, the one or more inorganic pigments and/or one or more organic pigments described herein, the one or more fillers and/or extenders described herein, the one or more waxes described herein when present, and the one or more additives when present in the presence of the (meth)acrylate compounds described herein, thus forming pasty compositions. The one or more photoinitiators described herein may be added to the ink either during the dispersing/mixing/milling step of all other ingredients or may be added at a later stage.

    [0082] Also disclosed herein are intaglio printing inks (also called referred in the art as “engraved steel die” or “copper plate” printing inks) and letterpress printing inks comprising the ingredients described herein, in particular comprising i) the one or more photoinitiators of formula (I) described herein and ii) the one or more amino containing compounds selected from the group consisting of aminobenzoate compounds having a weight average molecular weight of at least 400 g/mol eq PS, amine modified polyether based acrylates having a weight average molecular weight of at least 400 g/mol eq PS and combinations thereof.

    [0083] As described herein, the process for producing the printed feature described herein comprises a step a) of applying the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein by offset printing so as to form an ink layer, and b) of exposing the ink layer to UV light at a dose of at least 150 mJ/cm.sup.2, preferably at least 200 mJ/cm.sup.2, to cure said ink layer with a UV-LED source. As described hereafter, the dose may be measured using a UV Power Puck® II radiometer from EIT, Inc., U.S.A.

    [0084] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks described herein are applied by an offset printing step, wherein said offset printing may be a wet printing process or a dry offset printing process.

    [0085] Also described herein are processes wherein the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein is applied by the offset printing described herein on both sides of the substrate described herein so as to form ink layers on both sides, i.e. a same UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink is used for both sides. Also described herein are processes wherein two UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks described herein are applied by the offset printing described herein on both sides of the substrate described herein so as to form ink layers on both sides, i.e. two different UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks are used for both sides.

    [0086] Preferably, the step b) described herein consists of exposing the ink layer to one or more wavelengths between 355 and 415 nm. Typically, commercially available UV-LED sources use one or more wavelengths such as for example 365 nm, 385 nm, 395 nm and 405 nm. According to one embodiment, the step b) described herein consists of exposing the ink layer to a single wavelength between 355 and 415 nm.

    [0087] The process described herein is particularly suitable for producing one or more printed features on a substrate that is suitable as substrate for a security document. The one or more printed features described herein may be continuous or discontinuous.

    [0088] According to embodiment, the one or more features described herein are used as background features or patterns on the substrate or security document (either on one side or on both sides) to be subsequently printed or processed with other inks or security features. This means that, on top of the one or more features printed by the offset printing process described herein with the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein, further features are printed or applied in one or more further printing or applying runs and the one or more features printed by the offset process described herein and the further features at least partially overlap. The sole FIGURE depicts a front side of a security document, in particular a banknote, that comprises a non-fluorescent fiduciary substrate (1), such as a cellulose-based substrate or a polymer substrate, a background design (10) consisting of a printed feature prepared by applying and curing the UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks described herein by the offset printing step described herein and additional security elements (2-9). Said security elements (2-9) include without limitation a serial number (2) printed in letterpress, a security thread (3), a fluorescent or phosphorescent patch (4), an intaglio security feature (5), a transparent window (6), a numeral (7), fluorescent security fibers (8) and a printed luminescent security element (9). The fluorescent fibers (8) are included within the substrate during its preparation and the fluorescent or phosphorescent patch (4) may be either applied in a separate process or printed in a subsequent step. The printed luminescent security element (9) may be based on the composition described herein and comprising the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein and the one or more luminescent materials described herein and may be offset printed during the same printing step as the background design made of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks described herein.

    [0089] According to one embodiment, the one or more printed features described herein and consisting of a cured ink layer made from the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein have a total surface (i.e. addition of the surface of all the one or more printed features described herein) which is larger than or equal to about 50%, preferably larger than or equal to about 60%, even more preferably larger than or equal to about 70%, the % being based on the total surface of the substrate onto which said one or more printed features are present. The one or more printed features may be applied on one side or on both sides of the substrate described herein. When both sides of the substrate comprise the one or more printed features described herein, the percents described herein, i.e. larger than or equal to about 50%, preferably larger than or equal to about 60%, even more preferably larger than or equal to about 70%, may be the same for both sides or may be different for both sides.

    [0090] Typical examples of substrate include without limitation fiber-based substrates, preferably substrates based on cellulosic fibers such as paper, paper-containing materials, polymer-based substrates, composite materials (e.g. substrates obtained by the lamination of paper layers and polymer films), metals or metalized materials, glasses, ceramics and combinations thereof. Typical examples of polymer-based substrates are substrates made of ethylene- or propylene-based homo- and copolymers such as polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE), polycarbonate (PC), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). As known by the man skilled in the art, polymer-based substrates do not exhibit fluorescence. Typical examples of composite materials include without limitation multilayer structures (e.g. laminates) of at least one paper layer and at least one polymer film, including polymers such as those described above, as well as paper-like substrates based on mixtures of cellulosic fibers and synthetic polymer fibers. In one preferred embodiment the features is printed on a substrate selected from offset papers and fiduciary papers. Offset paper is manufactured from wood-pulp cellulose with properties that make the paper suitable for offset printing, including dimensional stability, resistance to curling, high surface strength, a surface free from foreign particles and a high level of resistance to moisture penetration. Typically the basis weight of offset paper is of 30 g/m.sup.2 to 250 g/m.sup.2, preferably of 50 g/m.sup.2 to 150 g/m.sup.2.

    [0091] Fiduciary paper (also referred in the art as security paper) is manufactured from lignin-free, cotton-pulp cellulose. Compared to offset papers, additional properties of fiduciary papers include enhanced mechanical resistance (especially resistance to tearing and wearing), resistance to soiling and treatment against degradation by micro-organisms (bacteria, virus and fungi). The mechanical resistance of fiduciary papers may be enhanced by the introduction into the paper (cotton-based) pulp of synthetic fibers, and the anti-soiling performance may be improved by coating or printing an anti-soil polymeric layer prior to printing or applying the features of the banknote. Usually, the treatment with biocides is combined with the anti-soil treatment. Typically, the fiduciary paper has a basis weight between 50 and 150 g/m.sup.2, preferably between 80 and 120 g/m.sup.2.

    [0092] Furthermore, the use of fiduciary paper instead of offset paper adds an additional element of anti-counterfeiting protection, since fiduciary paper is manufactured on special paper-making machines that are only available to manufacturers of security paper, and since the supply chain is protected such as to prevent the fiduciary paper from being diverted to counterfeiters. To the contrary of ordinary writing papers, fiduciary papers do not contain optical brighteners. Said optical brighteners are used to confer a whiter, brighter appearance to ordinary writing papers, but at the same time exhibit a strong blue fluorescence when exposed to UV light, while fiduciary papers remain comparatively dark under similar irradiation. Papers devoid of optical brighteners are not available outside the security domain, which means that bright blue fluorescence under UV light is already a sign of counterfeit (Optical Document Security, Third Ed., 2005, Artech House, 3.2.5 p. 71).

    [0093] According to one embodiment, the substrate described herein is a non-fluorescent substrate, preferably a non-fluorescent polymer-based substrate or a fiduciary paper lacking an optical brightener.

    [0094] The term “security document” refers to a document having a value such as to render it potentially liable to attempts at counterfeiting or illegal reproduction and which is usually protected against counterfeit or fraud by one or more features. Examples of security documents include without limitation value documents and value commercial goods. Typical example of value documents include without limitation banknotes, deeds, tickets, checks, vouchers, fiscal stamps and tax labels, agreements and the like, identity documents such as passports, identity cards, visas, bank cards, credit cards, transactions cards, access documents, security badges, entrance tickets, transportation tickets or titles, and the like.

    [0095] The term “value commercial good” refers to packaging material, in particular for pharmaceutical, cosmetics, electronics or food industry that may comprise one or more features in order to warrant that the content of the packaging is genuine, like for instance genuine drugs. Example of these packaging material include without limitation labels such as authentication brand labels, tax banderoles, tamper evidence labels and seals. The security document described herein may further comprise one or more additional layers or coatings either below or on top of the printed feature described herein. Should the adhesion between the substrate and the printed feature described herein and consisting of a cured ink layer made from the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein be insufficient, for example, due to the substrate material, a surface unevenness or a surface inhomogeneity, an additional layer, coating or a primer between the substrate and the printed feature might be applied as known for those skilled in the art.

    [0096] With the aim of further increasing the security level and the resistance against counterfeiting and illegal reproduction of security documents, the substrate may contain watermarks, security threads, fibers, planchettes, luminescent compounds, windows, foils, decals, coatings and combinations thereof.

    [0097] The substrate described herein, on which the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein is applied, may consist of an intrinsic part of a security document, or alternatively, the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein is applied onto an auxiliary substrate such as for example a security thread, security stripe, a foil, a decal or a label and consequently transferred to a security document in a separate step.

    [0098] Also described herein are uses of the one or more photoinitiators described herein for producing the UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink described herein, said UV-LED radically curable offset printing ink being suitable for printing one or more features on a security document.

    EXAMPLE

    [0099] The present invention is now described in more details with reference to non-limiting examples. The Examples below provide more details for the preparation of UV-LED radically curable printing inks and use of the photoinitiators and amino containing compounds according to the invention and comparative data.

    Photoinitiators and Amino Containing Compounds

    [0100]

    TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1A Commercial TX Name moiety/ (Supplier) Structure, CAS No, and molecular weight mmol/g P1 OMNIPOL TX (IGM Resins) [00007]embedded image 2.40 P2 Genocure* ITX (Rahn) [00008]embedded image 3.91 P3 Genopol ® TX-2 (Rahn) [00009]embedded image 1.70 [00010]embedded image P4 SPEEDCURE TPO-L (Lambson) [00011]embedded image — [00012]text missing or illegible when filed

    Thioxanthone Moiety Concentration in the Photoinitiators P1-P3: Determination by ED-XRF

    [0101] The thioxanthone moiety molar concentration was determined by ED-XRF (Spectro XEPOS) using the signal of the sulfur atom. For each of the photoinitiators P1-P3 of Table 1A, three 50 mL solutions at 2 mg/mL of the corresponding photoinitiator in acetonitrile (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.9%) were prepared. From each solution, 5 mL samples were collected and increasing amounts of a 5 mg/mL solution of Genocure ITX (Rahn, 99.3% according to certificate of analysis) in acetonitrile were added. Each sample was completed to 10 mL with acetonitrile. The following solutions have been obtained and are provided in Table 1B.

    TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1B Solution P1-P3 Solution ITX Acetonitrile Level [mL] [mL] [mL] 0 5 0 5 1 5 1 4 2 5 3 2 3 5 4 1

    [0102] Each sample was independently submitted to an ED-XRF measurement (Spectro XEPOS) and a spectrum was recorded. A blank measurement (pure acetonitrile) was deduced from all spectra. For each series of samples (triplicate measurement), the measured fluorescence intensity at 2.31 keV (S Kα1 peak) was displayed as a function of the concentration of the added ITX and a linear regression was performed. The x-intercept (abscissa at origin) of the regression line indicated the thioxanthone moiety concentration present at level 0 in each sample. Average values (average of three measurements) are provided in Table 1A. The corresponding average value was used to determine the thioxanthone concentration in each of the photoinitiators P1-P3 in mmol/g and to calculate the amount of photoinitiator P1-P3 to be added for the preparation of the examples and comparative examples.

    TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 1C Commercial Name Nitrogen/ (Supplier) Structure, CAS No and molecular weight mmol/g S1 Genocure* 2-ethylhexyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate 3.63 EHA (Rahn) CAS No: 21245-02-3 277.4 (provided by the supplier) S2 Ebecryl ® 80 Mixture of active agent, 30% glycerol, propoxylated, esters with 1.03 (Allnex) acrylic acid and 0.5% dipropyleneglycol diacrylate CAS No: 69.5% active ingredient (not available), 0.5% CAS No 57472-68-1 and 30% CAS No 52408-84-1 3′983 ± 226 (g/mol eq. PS) S3 Speedcure Mixture of 1,3-di({-4-(dimethylamino)benzoylpoly[oxy(1- 2.71 7040 methylethylene)]}oxy)-2,2-bis ({-4-(dimethylamino)- (Lambson) benzoylpoly[oxy(1-methylethylene)]}oxymethyl) propane and {a-4(dimethylamino)benzoylpoly(oxyethylene)-poly[oxy(1- methylethylene)]-poly(oxyethylene)} 4-dimethyl-amino)benzoate Mixture of CAS No: 1003567-84-7 and CAS No: 1003557-17-2 1′085 ± 20 (g/mol eq. PS)

    Nitrogen Concentration of the Amino Containing Compounds S1-S3: Determination by Potentiometric Titration

    [0103] The nitrogen molar concentration in the amino containing compounds S1-S3 of Table 1C was obtained by potentiometric titration with perchloric acid. For each compound S1-S3, three 50 mL samples at 3 mg/mL in dichloromethane (Acros, 99.99%) were prepared. 5 mL of each sample were transferred to a volumetric flask and completed to 50 mL with dichloromethane. These solutions were titrated with 0.01 M perchloric acid solution in glacial acetic acid, prepared by mixing 9 parts of glacial acetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, 99%) and 1 part of a perchloric acid solution (Sigma-Aldrich, 0.1 mol/L in glacial acetic acid). Titration was performed using a Metrohm Titrando 905 equipped with un conductimeter 826 and a Solvotrode electrode for non-aqueous solutions (saturated LiCl in ethanol). The inflexion point was graphically determined. Average values (in mmol/g) of three measurements are provided in Table 1C.

    Weight Average Molecular Weight Measurement

    [0104] The weight average molecular weight of the photoinitiators P1 and P3 and the amino containing compounds S2 and S3 were independently determined by GPC (gel permeation chromatography) according to the method described below (based on the OECD test method 118):

    a Malvern Viskotek GPCmax was used. The device was equipped with an isocratic pump, a degasser, an autosampler and a triple detector TDA 302 comprising a differential refractometer, a viscosimeter and a double-angle light scattering detector (7° and 90°). For this specific measurement, only the differential refractometer was used. A calibration curve (log(molecular mass)=f(retention volume)) was established using six polystyrene standards (with molecular masses ranging from 472 to 512000 g/mol). Two columns Viskotek TM4008L (column length 30.0 cm, internal diameter 8.0 mm) were coup UV-LED in series. The stationary phase was made of a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer with a particle size of 6 μm and a maximum pore size of 3000 Å. During the measurement, the temperature was fixed at 35° C. The analyzed samples contained 10 mg/mL of the investigated compounds dissolved in THE (Acros, 99.9%, anhydrous) and were injected at a rate of 1 mL/min. The molecular mass of the compounds was calculated from the chromatogram as a polystyrene-equivalent weight average molecular weight (PS eq MW), with a 95% confidence level and the average of three measurements of the same solution, using the following formula:

    [00002] M w = Σ i = 1 n ⁢ H i ⁢ M i Σ i = 1 n ⁢ H i

    where H.sub.i is the level of the detector signal from the baseline for the retention volume V.sub.i, M.sub.i is the molecular weight of the compound fraction at the retention volume V.sub.i and n is number of data points. Omnisec 5.12 as provided with the device was used as a software.

    UV-LED Radically Curable Offset Printing Inks Comprising Color Pigments and Printed Features Obtained Thereof (C1-C4 and E1-E2)

    [0105]

    TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 2A Commercial name Ingredients (supplier) Chemical name (CAS number) C1 C2 C3 C4 E1 E2 Oligomer Ebecry ® 811 Polyester acrylate oligomer 35.28 36.75 37.06 41.05 33.57 36.51 (Al In ex) (24.4% active agent (CAS unknown) + 75% 94108-97-1 + 0.4% 15625-89-5 + 0.2% 150- 76-5) Oligomer Ebecryl ® 1606 bisphenol A epoxy diacrylate 21.6 22.5 22.69 25.13 20.55 22.35 (Al In ex) diluted with TMPTA (74.7% 55818-57-0 + 25% 15625-89-5 + 0.3% 42978-66-5) Oligomer Ebecryl ® 150 ethoxylated bisphenol A 10.08 10.5 10.59 11.73 9.59 10.43 (Al In ex) diacrylate oligomer (CAS unknown) Monomer Miramer Pentaerythritol ethoxylated 2.52 2.63 2.65 2.93 2.40 2.61 M4004 tetraacrylate monomer (51728-26-8) Pigments Heliogen ® Pigment Blue 15:3 10 10 10 10 10 10 Blue D7088 (147-14-8) (BASF) with a particle size of 3-5 μm according to ISO1524:2013 Filler Finntalc M03 Talc (97% 14807-96-6 + 1% 0.36 0.38 0.38 0.42 0.34 0.37 (Grolman) 1318-59-8 + 1% 16389-88-1 + 1% 13717-00-5) Filler Aerosil ® 200 Fumed silica 0.36 0.38 0.38 0.42 0.34 0.37 (Evonik) (7631-86-9) Stabilizer Florstab UV-1 Copper (II) dimethyl- 1.08 1.13 1.13 1.26 1.03 1.12 (Kromatech) dithiocarbamate solution (5% 137-29-1 + 55% 55818-57-0 + 40% 52408-84-1) Wax S394 N1 Polyethylene wax (8002-74-2) 0.36 0.38 0.38 0.42 0.34 0.37 (Shamrock) Jellifying Bentone ® 34 Organic derivative of a 0.36 0.38 0.38 0.42 0.34 0.37 agent (Elementis) bentonite clay (97% 68953-58-2 + 3% 14808-60-7) Photoinitiator P1 8 P2 5 P3 11.5 11.5 11.5 P4 6.22 Amine S1 2.86 synergist S2 10 10 10 S3 4 Viscosity [Pas] 3.91 2.92 3.63 3.27 3.69 4.11 Concentration of thioxanthone/mmol/g 0.192 0.196 0.196 0.196 0.196 Concentration of amine/mmol/g 0.103 0.103 0.104 0.103 0.108 Ratio amine/thioxanthone 54% 53% 53% 53% 55%

    UV-LED Radically Curable Offset Printing Inks Comprising Color Pigments and Luminescent Pigments and Printed Features Obtained Thereof (C5-C8 and E3-E4)

    [0106]

    TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 2B Commercial name Chemical name (CAS Ingredients (supplier) number) C5 C6 C7 C8 E3 E4 Oligomer Ebecryl ® 811 Polyester acrylate 35.28 35.28 41.05 41.05 33.57 33.57 (Allnex) oligomer (24.4% active agent (CAS unknown) + 75% 94108-97-1 + 0.4% 15625-89-5 + 0.2% 150- 76-5) Oligomer Ebecryl ® bisphenol A epoxy 21.60 21.60 25.13 25.13 20.55 20.55 1606 (Allnex) diacrylate diluted with TMPTA (74.7% 55818- 57-0 + 25% 15625-89-5 + 0.3% 42978-66-5) Oligomer Ebecryl ® 150 ethoxylated bisphenol A 10.08 10.08 11.73 11.73 9.59 9.59 (Allnex) diacrylate oligomer (CAS not available) Monomer Miramer Pentaerythritol 2.52 2.52 2.93 2.93 2.40 2.40 M4004 ethoxylated tetraacrylate monomer (51728-26-8) Colored Heliogen ® Pigment Blue 15:3 (147- 5 5 5 5 5 5 pigment Blue D7088 14-8) with a particle size (BASF) of 3-5 μm according to ISO1524:2013 Luminescent RADGLO 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)- 5 5 5 VSFX02 UV 4(3H)-Quinazolinone GREEN (1026-04-6) with a (Radiant particle < 3 μm Colors) according to laser diffraction method pigment LUMILUX ZnS:Cu (CAS not 5 5 5 GREEN CD available) with particle 140 FS size of 1.5 μm according 52155 to Coulter Lasersizer (Honeywell) 230 Filler Finntalc M03 Talc (97% 14807-96-6 + 0.36 0.36 (Gro l man) 1 % 1318-59-8 + 1 % 16389-88-1 + 1% 13717-00-5) Filler Aerosil ® 200 Fumed silica 0.36 0.36 (Evonik) (7631-86-9) Stabilizer Florstab UV-1 copper (II) dimethyl- 1.08 1.08 (Kromatech) dithiocarbamate solution (5% 137-29-1 + 55% 55818-57-0 + 40% 52408-84-1) Wax S394 N1 Polyethylene wax 0.36 0.36 (Shamrock) (8002-74-2) Jellifying Bentone ® 34 organic derivative of a 0.36 0.36 agent (Elementis) bentonite clay (97% 68953-58-2 + 3% 14808-60-7) Photoinitiator P1 8 8 P3 11.5 11.5 P4 6.22 6.22 Amine S2 10 10 10 10 synergist Viscosity [Pas] 4.1 3.77 3.19 2.95 3.62 3.35 Concentration of thioxanthone/mmol/g 0.192 0.192 0.196 0.196 Concentration of amine/mmol/g 0.103 0.103 0.103 0.103 Ratio amine/thioxanthone 54% 54% 53% 53%

    [0107] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks of Table 2A were prepared to assess the efficiency of the photoinitiators P1-P4 (Table 1A) and of the amine synergists S1-S3 (Table 1C) to cure layers printed with said inks, as well as to evaluate their influence on the residual fluorescence of the printed and cured layers.

    [0108] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks of Table 2B were prepared to assess the efficiency of the photoinitiators P1, P3 and P4 (Table 1A) and of the amine synergists S2 (Table 1C) to cure layers printed with said inks, as well as to evaluate their influence on the measured luminescence of the printed and cured layers containing either a fluorescent pigment (RADGLO VSFX02 UV GREEN) or a phosphorescent pigment (LUMILUX GREEN CD 140 FS 52155 (Honeywell)). The aim was to establish whether the residual fluorescence of the printed and cured layers due to the presence of the photoinitiator (P1, P3 and P4, Table 1A) detrimentally affects the luminescence signals of the luminescent pigments.

    [0109] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks of Tables 2A-B were independently prepared by mixing with the SpeedMixer™ (DAC 150 SP CM31 from Hauschild Engineering) at room temperature the ingredients listed in Tables 2A-B, except the photoinitiators P1-P4. The resulting pastes were independently ground on a SDY300 three roll mill in three passes (a first pass at a pressure of 5 bars, a second and a third pass at a pressure of 11 bars).

    [0110] The photoinitiators P1-P4 were independently added to the so-obtained pastes and the so-obtained inks were mixed in a SpeedMixer™ (DAC 150 SP CM31 from Hauschild Engineering) at a speed of 2500 rpm for three minutes at room temperature, ground on a Loher mill (3×50 turns with a weight of 7.5 kg) and mixed again with the SpeedMixer™ for three minutes.

    [0111] The viscosity values of the UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks of Tables 2A-B were independently measured at 40° C. and 1000 s.sup.−1 on a Haake Roto-Visco RV1 with a cone 2 cm 0.5°, linear speed increase 0-1000 sec.sup.−1 in 30 seconds and are provided in Tables 2A-B.

    Curing Efficiency

    [0112] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks of Tables 2A-B were independently printed as a feature (4.5 cm×23 cm) on a fiduciary polymer substrate (Guardian™, CCL Secure) using a Prüfbau at a pressure of 1000 N (T=22° C., relative humidity=54%).

    [0113] The obtained printed layers were independently cured with a UV-LED-UV lamp (LUV3 385 nm, IST) at a dose of about 200 mJ/cm.sup.2. The irradiation dose was determined with the following details: the irradiation source (LUV3 385 nm, IST) was turned on. A Power Puck® II radiometer (EIT, Inc., U.S.A) was placed on the conveyor belt of the irradiation apparatus designed to receive the samples to be irradiated. The Power Puck®, equipped with fours filters (UVA, UVB, UVC and UVA2) was irradiated with the irradiation source at different belt speeds. Only the dose obtained in the UVA2 domain was retained. The conveyor belt speed to obtain an irradiation of about 200 mJ/cm.sup.2 was determined to be about 36 m/min (average of two measured values).

    [0114] The printed features were cured at 36 m/min (corresponding to a dose of about 200 mJ/cm.sup.2) using the UV-LED-UV lamp (LUV3 385 nm, IST). The exact amount of the printed and cured layers was calculated for each sample by weighting the substrate before and after printing and curing. The weight of the printed and cured layers of all the printed features was 1 g/m.sup.2±3%.

    [0115] For each sample, a curing test was carried out by placing a piece of blank substrate (i.e. an unprinted substrate) on the front side of the substrate carrying the printed and cured layer and by submitting the so-formed assembly to a counter-pressure of 3.4 bars at 65° C. with an ORMAG Intaglio Proof Press. The substrate carrying the printed and cured layer and the blank substrate were separated and the optical density of the blank substrate was checked for ink transfer (set-off). Two blanks were prepared to define the two possible extremes of the curing behavior. A first blank to define the maximal efficiency (100% curing efficiency) was obtained by measuring the optical density of a sample of unprinted substrate, whereas the minimal efficiency (0% curing efficiency) was defined by measuring the optical density of a sample obtained by counterpressure of a fully uncured ink layer (no pass under the UV-LED-UV lamp) directly after printing. The maximal optical density (corresponding to a curing efficiency of 0%) was defined as OD.sub.max, whereas the minimal optical density (corresponding to a curing efficiency of 100%) was defined as OD.sub.min. The actual curing efficiency (curing efficiency for each sample in %) was defined as OD, and was calculated as

    [00003] Curing ⁢ efficiency ⁢ ( % ) = OD max - OD OD max - OD min .Math. 100

    [0116] Table 3 provides the curing efficiency results of the printed layer obtained with the UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks of Tables 2A-B.

    TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 3 Radiation dose C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 E1 E2 E3 E4 200 93% 95% 85% 44% 86% 85% 51% 49% 95% 96% 95% 92% mJ/cm.sup.2

    [0117] As shown in Table 3, the comparative offset printing ink 4, 7 and 8 (C4, C7 and C8) comprising a phosphine oxide as photoinitiator suffered from a very poor curing performance.

    [0118] As shown in Table 3, the comparative offset printing ink 3 (C3) comprising a thioxanthone photoinitiator of formula (I) and having a weight average molecular weight (MW) higher than 900 g/mol eq PS but comprising a benzoate compound as amino containing compound having a molecular weight lower than 400 g/mol eq PS (in particular a molecular weight of 277.4 as provided by the supplier) suffered from a medium curing performance.

    [0119] As shown in Table 3, the comparative offset printing inks 1, 2, 5 and 6 (C1, C2, C5 and C6), i.e. inks comprising a thioxanthone photoinitiator of a formula (I) different from formula (I) and having a weight average molecular weight (MW) smaller than 900 g/mol eq PS and comprising an amine modified polyether based acrylates compound as amino containing compound having a molecular weight higher than 400 g/mol eq PS (in particular about 4000 g/mol eq PS) exhibited medium or good curing performances, whereas the offset printing inks according to the invention (E1-E4), i.e. inks comprising a thioxanthone photoinitiator of formula (I) and having a weight average molecular weight (MW) higher than 900 g/mol eq PS and comprising either an amine modified polyether based acrylates compound as amino containing compound having a molecular weight higher than 400 g/mol eq PS (in particular about 4000 g/mol eq PS) or a benzoate compound as amino containing compound having a molecular weight higher than 400 g/mol eq PS (in particular about 1000 g/mol eq PS) exhibited good curing performance.

    Fluorescence Measurements

    [0120] The UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks of Tables 2A-B were independently printed as a printed feature (4.5 cm×23 cm) on a fiduciary cotton substrate (BNP paper from Louisenthal, 100 g/m.sup.2) on a Prüfbau at 800 N. The obtained printed layers were independently cured with the UV-LED-UV lamp (LUV3 385 nm, IST) at a dose of 200 mJ/cm.sup.2 (36 m/min). The exact amount of the printed and cured layers was calculated for each sample by weighting the substrate before and after printing and curing. The weight of the printed and cured layers of all the printed features was 2 g/m.sup.2±3%.

    [0121] The fluorescence of the printed and cured layers made of the inks of Tables 2A-B was assessed using the method as described hereafter. The results of the fluorescence tests are presented in Tables 4A-B.

    Fluorescence of the Front Side (C1-C8 and E1-E4)

    [0122] The residual fluorescence of the printed and cured layers was assessed using a Fluorolog II (Spex) device at 254 nm and 365 nm, using the following parameters:

    [0123] Detector: R928/0115/0381

    [0124] Angle: 30°

    [0125] Position: front face

    [0126] Excitation slit: 2 nm (254 nm) and 1.2 nm (365 nm)

    [0127] Covered wavelength: 400-700 nm (increment 1 nm)

    [0128] Detection slit: 1 nm (254 nm) and 0.6 nm (365 nm).

    [0129] The fluorescence spectrum of a piece of blank substrate (i.e. an unprinted substrate) was first measured. The fluorescence spectrum of the printed and cured layers was subsequently recorded. From the obtained spectrum, the intensity maximum of fluorescence was determined, the fluorescence of the blank substrate at the same wavelength was deduced and the obtained value was reported with the corresponding wavelength. This corresponds to the maximum fluorescence of the front side (printed side).

    [0130] The front side luminescence of the printed and cured layers made of the inks of Table 2B was assessed in order to determine the influence of the residual fluorescence of the printed and cured layer on the intrinsic luminescence intensity of the added luminescent compound. A CAMAG UV Cabinet 4 (equipped with two UV tubes at 254 nm and 366 nm, 8 W each) was used to observe with the naked eye the perceived color of the printed and cured security features. The measured luminescence intensity and the observed color are reported in Table 4B.

    Fluorescence of the Back Side (C1-C4 and E1-E2)

    [0131] Each of the printed and cured layers was placed against a piece of equal size of a blank substrate (i.e. an unprinted substrate) such that the printed face (“front side” face in Table 4) was in contact with the blank substrate. Both pieces were maintained between two glass plates (20 cm×15 cm×3 mm) and this assembly was put horizontally in an oven at 60° C. and 50% relative humidity for 72 hours. Then, two fluorescence measurements were performed as described herein:

    fluorescence of the back side of the printed layer: the result (average of three measurements at three different places of the back side) is noted “back of printed sample” in Table 4;
    fluorescence of the back side of the unprinted sample: the result (average of three measurements at three different places of the back side) is noted “back of unprinted sample” in Table 4 and is indicative of the transfer of fluorescent compounds from the printed layer of one sheet to the back side of the sheet placed upon it.

    [0132] In all cases, the fluorescence spectrum of a blank substrate (i.e. an unprinted substrate) was first measured and the result deduced from the fluorescence of the printed and cured layers.

    TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 4A Excitation wavelength C1 C2 C3 C4 E1 E2 254 nm Front side 2.5E+06 .sup.a) 4.8E+05 1.7E+05 7.5E+04 2.0E+05 1.6E+05 (519%) (ref.) (36%) (16%) (42%) (34%) Back of 1.2E+05 9.4E+05 1.4E+05 1.0E+05 1.3E+05 1.0E+05 printed (13%) (ref.) (14%) (11 %) (13%) (11 %) sample Back of 1.8E+05 1.2E+06 1.6E+05 1.3E+05 1.8E+05 1.4E+05 unprinted (14%) (ref.) (13%) (10%) (15%) (12%) sample 365 nm Front 9.6E+05 2.8E+05 1.3E+05 5.6E+04 1.6E+05 1.2E+05 (340%) (ref.) (47%) (20%) (56%) (42%) Back of 3.6E+05 6.5E+05 2.4E+05 2.5E+05 2.6E+05 2.2E+05 printed (56%) (ref.) (37%) (39%) (40%) (33%) sample Back of 4.1E+05 8.3E+05 2.7E+05 2.3E+05 3.1E+05 2.5E+05 unprinted (49%) (ref) (33%) (28%) (37%) (30%) sample Wavelength of maximum 448 442 444 443 442 447 fluorescence intensity/nm .sup.b) .sup.a) absolute values are given in photons/second; values in brackets are relative to the fluorescence intensity of comparative example C2 (ITX), used as reference (ref. = 100%), .sup.b) upon excitation at 365 nm.

    TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 4B Excitation wavelength C5 C6 C7 C8 E3 E4 254 nm Luminescence 4.9E+06 5.0E+06 1.7E+06 4.3E+05 1.4E+06 3.8E+05 intensity.sup.a) (100%) (100%) (35%) (9%) (29%) (8%) Perceived Blue Blue Green Green Green Green color 365 nm Luminescence 1.2E+06 5.8E+05 9.4E+05 4.7E+04 8.5E+05 6.9E+04 intensity.sup.a) (100%) (100%) (78%) (8%) (71%) (12%) Perceived Blue Blue Green Green Green Green color .sup.a)absolute values are given in photons/second; values in brackets are relative to the luminescence intensity of comparative example C5 resp. C6 (photoinitiator P1), used as references (ref. = 100%)

    [0133] As shown in Table 4A, the printed feature made of the comparative offset printing ink 4 (C4) comprising a phosphine oxide as photoinitiator exhibited very low fluorescence on the front and back sides.

    [0134] As shown in Table 4A, the printed feature made of the comparative offset printing ink 3 (C3) comprising a thioxanthone photoinitiator of formula (I) but comprising a benzoate compound as amino containing compound having a molecular weight lower than 400 g/mol eq PS (in particular a molecular weight of 277.4 as provided by the supplier) exhibited low fluorescence.

    [0135] As shown in Table 4A, the printed feature made of the comparative offset printing inks 1 and 2 (C1 and C2), i.e. inks comprising a thioxanthone photoinitiator of a formula (I) different from formula (I) and having a weight average molecular weight (MW) smaller 900 g/mol eq PS and comprising an amine modified polyether based acrylate as compound amino containing compound having a molecular weight higher than 400 g/mol eq PS (in particular about 4000 g/mol eq PS) exhibited a strong fluorescence on the front side thus rendering them not suitable. As shown in Table 4A, the printed feature made of comparative offset printing ink 2 (C2), i.e. ink comprising a thioxanthone photoinitiator of a formula (I) different from formula (I) and having a weight average molecular weight (MW) smaller 900 g/mol eq PS and comprising an amine modified polyether based acrylate as compound amino containing compound having a molecular weight higher than 400 g/mol eq PS (in particular about 4000 g/mol eq PS) exhibited strong fluorescence not only of the front and back sides of the printed feature but also on the back side of the blank substrate (unprinted substrate).

    [0136] As shown in Table 4A, the printed feature made of the offset printing inks according to the invention (E1 and E2), i.e. inks comprising a thioxanthone photoinitiator of formula (I) and having a weight average molecular weight (MW) higher than 900 g/mol eq PS and comprising either an amine modified polyether based acrylates compound amino containing compound having a molecular weight higher than 400 g/mol eq PS (in particular about 4000 g/mol eq PS) or a benzoate compound as amino containing compound having a molecular weight higher than 400 g/mol eq PS (in particular about 1000 g/mol eq PS) exhibited low fluorescence on the front and back sides.

    [0137] As shown in Tables 3 and 4A, the UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks according to the present invention (E1 and E2) combined good curing performance and allowed the production of features exhibiting low fluorescence on their front and back sides whereas the comparative inks either suffered from very poor or poor curing performance or provides features suffering from fluorescence.

    [0138] As shown in Table 4B, the luminescent printed feature made of the comparative offset printing inks C7 and C8 (containing a phosphine oxide photoinitiator) exhibited a strong green luminescence signal of the added luminescent compounds (C7: fluorescent pigment; C8: phosphorescent pigment). In other words, the blue residual fluorescence of the printed and cured layer obtained from an ink containing a phosphine oxide photoinitiator did not negatively affect the signal of the added luminescent pigments.

    [0139] As shown in Table 4B, the luminescent printed feature made of the comparative offset printing inks C5 and C6 (comprising a thioxanthone having a structure different from formula (I) and having a weight average molecular weight (MW) smaller than 900 g/mol eq PS and comprising an amine modified polyether based acrylate compound having a molecular weight higher than 400 g/mol eq PS (in particular about 4000 g/mol eq PS)) exhibited a blue luminescence signal essentially coming from the strong residual fluorescence of the printed and cured layer. In other words the green luminescence signal coming from the added luminescent compounds (C5: fluorescent pigment; C6: phosphorescent pigment) was hidden by the strong residual fluorescence of the printed and cured layers, making the luminescence signal of the added luminescent compounds very difficult to detect.

    [0140] As shown in Table 4B, the luminescent printed feature made of offset printing inks according to the invention (E3 and E4), i.e. inks comprising a thioxanthone photoinitiator of formula (I) and having a weight average molecular weight (MW) smaller 900 g/mol eq PS and comprising an amine modified polyether based acrylate compound having a molecular weight higher than 400 g/mol eq PS (in particular about 4000 g/mol eq PS)) exhibited a strong green luminescence signal of the added luminescent compounds (E3: fluorescent pigment, E4: phosphorescent pigment). In other words, the blue residual fluorescence of the printed and cured layers obtained from an ink comprising a thioxanthone photoinitiator having a structure according to formula (I) and having a weight average molecular weight (MW) smaller than 900 g/mol eq PS did not negatively affect the signal of the added luminescent pigments.

    [0141] As shown in Tables 3 and 4B, the UV-LED radically curable offset printing inks according to the present invention (E3 and E4) combined good curing performance and allowed the production of luminescent security features exhibiting strong luminescent signals from the added luminescent (fluorescent or phosphorescent) pigments, whereas the comparative inks (C5-C8) either suffered from poor curing performance or provided luminescent security features suffering from strong residual fluorescence of the printed and cured layers, making the intrinsic luminescence signals of the added luminescent pigments very difficult to correctly detect.