Regenerative Fuel Cell

Abstract

A regenerative fuel cell produces hydrogen that is stored in a reservoir on the storage side of a membrane electrode assembly when operating in a hydrogen pumping mode and this stored hydrogen is reacted and moved back through the membrane electrode assembly to form water when operating in a fuel cell mode. A metal hydride forming alloy may be configured in the hydrogen storage reservoir and may be coupled to the membrane electrode assembly. An integral metal hydride electrode having a metal hydride forming alloy may be configured on the storage side of the membrane electrode assembly and may have a catalyst or an ion conductive media incorporated therewith.

Claims

1. A regenerative fuel cell system comprising: a) a regenerative fuel cell comprising; i) a membrane electrode assembly comprising: a proton conducting layer comprising an ion conductive media; an anode; and a cathode; wherein the proton conducting layer is configured between the anode and cathode; b) a hydrogen storage reservoir coupled with a storage side of the membrane electrode assembly when the regenerative fuel cell operates in a hydrogen pumping mode; c) a power supply that provides an electrical potential between the anode and cathode when operating in the hydrogen pumping mode; wherein in said hydrogen pumping mode, water is reacted on the anode to produce protons that move across the proton conducting layer to the cathode where the protons are reacted to form pumped hydrogen that is stored in the hydrogen storage reservoir, and wherein in said fuel cell mode, the pumped hydrogen is reacted on the anode said to produce protons that move across the proton conducting layer to the cathode where the protons are reacted with oxygen to form water.

2. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 1, wherein the hydrogen storage reservoir is coupled with the membrane electrode assembly.

3. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 1, wherein the hydrogen storage reservoir comprises a metal hydride forming alloy.

4. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 1, comprising an integral metal hydride electrode as the cathode when operating the in the hydrogen pumping mode and wherein the integral metal hydride electrode comprises a metal hydride forming alloy.

5. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 4, wherein the integral metal hydride electrode is attached to the proton conducting layer.

6. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 4, wherein the integral metal hydride electrode is attached to the proton conducting layer and wherein the ion conducting media penetrates into the integral metal hydride electrode.

7. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 4, wherein the integral metal hydride electrode comprises a catalyst.

8. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 7 wherein the catalyst is coated onto the metal hydride forming alloy.

9. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 1, comprising a compressor between the regenerative fuel cell and the hydrogen storage reservoir.

10. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 9, wherein the compressor is an electrochemical compressor comprising a membrane electrode assembly.

11. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 1, comprising a pump between the regenerative fuel cell and the hydrogen storage reservoir.

12. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 1, comprising a filter to filter incoming fluid to a source side of the membrane electrode assembly of the regenerative fuel cell.

13. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 1, comprising an air moving device force incoming fluid to a source side of the membrane electrode assembly of the regenerative fuel cell.

14. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 1, comprising gas diffusion media coupled with the anode.

15. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 1, comprising gas diffusion media coupled with the cathode.

16. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 1, further comprising an electrochemical heat transfer device.

17. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 16, comprising a heat exchanger coupled with the regenerative fuel cell.

18. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 16, wherein the electrochemical heat transfer device comprises a first reservoir comprising a metal hydride forming alloy that is coupled with and receives hydrogen from the regenerative fuel cell, and wherein heat is generated when hydrogen is pumped to the first reservoir and wherein heat is lost when hydrogen is pumped from the first reservoir.

19. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 18, wherein the hydrogen is pumped by the regenerative fuel cell to and from the first reservoir.

20. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 18, wherein the electrochemical heat transfer device comprises said first reservoir comprising a first metal hydride forming alloy and a second reservoir comprising a second metal hydride forming alloy and wherein the second reservoir is coupled with and receives hydrogen from the regenerative fuel cell wherein the hydrogen is pumped by the regenerative fuel cell to and from the first reservoir and second reservoirs.

21. A regenerative fuel of cell system of claim 20, further comprising an electrochemical compressor configured between the first and second reservoirs to pump hydrogen from the first reservoir to the second reservoir.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] FIG. 1 shows metal hydride during absorption.

[0014] FIG. 2 shows metal hydride during desorption.

[0015] FIG. 3 shows an exemplary regenerative fuel cell system having a metal hydride coupled with the membrane electrode assembly in a hydrogen pumping mode.

[0016] FIG. 4 shows the exemplary regenerative fuel cell system shown in FIG. 3 in a fuel cell mode, wherein power is being produced.

[0017] FIG. 5 shows an exemplary regenerative fuel cell system having an integral metal hydride electrode in a hydrogen pumping mode.

[0018] FIG. 6 shows the exemplary regenerative fuel cell system shown in FIG. 5 in a fuel cell mode, wherein power is being produced.

[0019] FIG. 7 shows an exemplary regenerative fuel cell system in a hydrogen pumping mode wherein the hydrogen produced is stored in a reservoir.

[0020] FIG. 8 shows the exemplary regenerative fuel cell system shown in FIG. 7 in a fuel cell mode, wherein power is being produced.

[0021] FIG. 9 shows an exemplary regenerative fuel cell system that supplying hydrogen to a metal hydride heat transfer system having two reservoirs

[0022] FIG. 10 shows an exemplary regenerative fuel cell system having an integral metal hydride electrode that is a heat transfer device and that is supplying hydrogen to a metal hydride heat transfer system having two reservoirs.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS

[0023] Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the figures. The figures represent an illustration of some of the embodiments of the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner. Further, the figures are not necessarily to scale, some features may be exaggerated to show details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention.

[0024] As used herein, the terms comprises, comprising, includes, including, has, having or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Also, use of a or an are employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise.

[0025] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the absorption of hydrogen gas 11 into suitable metal alloy 202 leads to the exothermic formation of a metal hydride 204, producing useful heat as shown in FIG. 1 The endothermic desorption of hydrogen gas 11 is reversible, requiring about as much heat as that released by absorption, which thereby produces useful cooling, as shown in FIG. 2

[0026] As shown in FIG. 3, an exemplary regenerative fuel cell system 100 comprises a regenerative fuel cell 101 that has a metal hydride 204 coupled with the membrane electrode assembly 13 in a hydrogen pumping mode. In a hydrogen pumping mode, water vapor, such as from the ambient air in introduced to the anode side 35, or source side 130, of the membrane electrode assembly. Any incoming air or gas stream may be filtered by a filter 110 and may be forced into an enclosure by an air moving device 150, such as a fan. The anode 30 having an electrical potential reacts with the water to produce to protons and electrons. The protons move across the proton conducting layer 31 that comprises an ionomer 34, to the cathode 32 on the cathode side 36, or storage side 140, of the membrane electrode assembly. The hydrogen is reformed on the cathode 32 and is absorbed by the metal alloy 202 to form metal hydride 204. In the hydrogen pumping mode, the membrane electrode assembly acts as an electrochemical compressor 12 for hydrogen, or a hydrogen pump 15, comprising a power source 28 and controller 90. The fluid or gas stream may enter into the system through a conduit 27 having an inlet 22 to the anode side. The equations of reaction are shown for the anode and cathode. Note that the metal hydride 204 may be spaced apart from, adjacent to, or attached to the cathode on the cathode side. A membrane electrode assembly may comprise a gas diffusion layer 37, 37.

[0027] As shown in FIG. 4, the exemplary regenerative fuel cell system 100 shown in FIG. 3 is operating in a fuel cell mode, wherein power is being produced and being provided to a load 23. The hydrogen 11, from the metal hydride 204 is being reacted on the anode 30 to produce protons that pass through the proton conducting layer 31 to the cathode 32, wherein they are reacted with oxygen to produce water. The equations of the reactions on the anode and cathode are provided.

[0028] As shown in FIG. 5, an exemplary regenerative fuel cell system 100 comprises a regenerative fuel cell 101 having an integral metal hydride electrode 204 coupled with the membrane electrode assembly 13 in a hydrogen pumping mode. The integral metal hydride electrode comprises a metal hydride 204 or metal alloy 202, as described herein, and may comprise a catalyst 211 and/or ionomer 212. The metal hydride may be permeable or have pores to alloy coating of the catalyst and ionomer into a depth of the metal hydride. In an exemplary embodiment, the integral metal hydride electrode consists substantially of metal hydride and may have some ionomer penetrating into the depth of the integral metal hydride electrode. In a hydrogen pumping mode, water vapor, such as from the ambient air in introduced to the anode side 35, or source side 130, of the membrane electrode assembly. Any incoming air or gas stream may be filtered by a filter 110 and may be forced into an enclosure by an air moving device 150, such as a fan. The anode 30 having an electrical potential reacts with the water to produce to protons and electrons. The protons move across the proton conducting layer 31 that comprises an ionomer 34, to the cathode 32 on the cathode side 36, or storage side 140, of the membrane electrode assembly. The hydrogen is reformed on the cathode 32 and is absorbed by the metal alloy 202 to form metal hydride 204. In the hydrogen pumping mode, the membrane electrode assembly acts as an electrochemical compressor 12 for hydrogen, or a hydrogen pump 15, comprising a power source 28 and controller 90. The fluid or gas stream may enter into the system through a conduit 27 having an inlet 22 to the anode side. The equations of reaction are shown for the anode and cathode. Note that the metal hydride 204 may be spaced apart from, adjacent to, or attached to the cathode on the cathode side.

[0029] As shown in FIG. 6, the exemplary regenerative fuel cell system 100 shown in FIG. 5 is operating in a fuel cell mode, wherein power is being produced and being provided to a load 23. The hydrogen 11, from the integral metal hydride electrode 210 is being reacted on the anode 30 to produce protons that pass through the proton conducting layer 31 to the cathode 32, wherein they are reacted with oxygen to produce water. The equations of the reactions on the anode and cathode are provided.

[0030] As shown in FIG. 7, an exemplary regenerative fuel cell system 100 comprises a regenerative fuel cell 101 operating in a hydrogen pumping mode wherein the hydrogen produced is pumped through an outlet 24 from the cathode side 36 and is stored in a reservoir 40. The reservoir may be a tank and may comprise hydride forming allow 43, or metal hydride 204. A valve 26 may control the flow of hydrogen to and from the reservoir. A compressor or pumping device 120 may increase the pressure of hydrogen in the reservoir. The membrane electrode assembly 13 may operate as a hydrogen pump 15 when operating in a hydrogen pumping mode and may pump hydrogen to an increased pressure within the reservoir.

[0031] As shown in FIG. 8, the exemplary regenerative fuel cell system 100 shown in FIG. 7 is operating in a fuel cell mode, wherein power is being produced and being provided to a load 23.

[0032] As shown in FIG. 9, an exemplary regenerative fuel cell system 10 comprises a regenerative fuel cell 101 that is supplying hydrogen to a first reservoir 40 having a metal hydride forming alloy 43. The first reservoir is coupled to a second reservoir 50 also containing a metal hydride forming alloy 43. An electrochemical compressor 12 and valves 26, 26 are configured between the two metal hydride reservoirs that act as heat transfer devices in an electrochemical heat transfer device 10. The first reservoir 40, or first heat transfer device 44, contains a first metal hydride forming alloy 42 that may be different or the same as the second metal hydride forming allow 52 in the second heat transfer device 54. A heat exchanger 47 may be coupled with the first heat transfer device 44 and a second heat exchanger 57 may be coupled with the second heat transfer device 54. As the electrochemical compressor 12 pumps the hydrogen from one reservoir to the other, heat is produce in the reservoir receiving the hydrogen and heat is lost from the reservoir from which it is pumped.

[0033] As shown in FIG. 10, an exemplary regenerative fuel cell system 100 comprises a regenerative fuel cell 101 having an integral metal hydride electrode 210 that is an integral heat transfer device 220 that is coupled with the membrane electrode assembly 13 or regenerative fuel cell 101, and that is supplying hydrogen to a metal hydride heat transfer system having two reservoirs.

[0034] Certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described herein and are illustrated in the accompanying figures. The embodiments described are only for purposes of illustrating the present invention and should not be interpreted as limiting the scope of the invention. Other embodiments of the invention, and certain modifications, combinations, and improvements of the described embodiments, will occur to those skilled in the art and all such alternate embodiments, combinations, modifications, improvements are within the scope of the present invention.