Pozzolan Polymer Modified Portland Cement Bound Graphite Composition of Matter

Abstract

A composition of matter for use as an electrode in batteries, fuel cells and other applications, that may or may not be primarily composed of graphite, Portland Cement, pozzolans and water. Organic polymers, additives, reinforcements, fillers, catalysts, current collectors, and other materials may be included in vast ranges and proportions. Large graphite electrodes and other useful products are fabricated integrating concrete with chemical and electrical sciences. Batteries, fuel cells, thermal energy systems, conductive paints, fireproof coatings, metal casting forms, crucibles, fire bricks, graphite electrodes for electroplating, electric arc furnaces, and other applications may make use of the composition. For example, an air battery cathode composed of 50 grams white portland cement, 7 grams metakaolin pozzolan, and 700 grams of properly mixed graphite particle sizes. Dry components mixed with a water based liquid component start the cementing reactions. Mixing, forming and curing play important roles in the final composition properties.

Claims

1. The invention claims the composition of matter as described in the detailed description embodiments.

2. The invention claims the mix designs and legal rights to pre mixed materials for manufacturing/mixing the composition of matter.

3. The invention claims the electrical, thermal energy systems and other functional goods created using the discovered composition.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)

[0046] FIG. 1.0 shows a solidified composition of matter.

[0047] FIG. 1.0a shows a cross sectional view of FIG. 1.0.

[0048] FIG. 1.0b shows a cross sectional view of FIG. 1.0 that is perpendicular to the view shown in FIG. 1.0a.

[0049] FIG. 1.1 shows a solidified composition of matter with electrolyte/fuel flow holes integrated within.

[0050] FIG. 1.1a shows a cross sectional view of FIG. 1.1.

[0051] FIG. 1.1b shows a cross sectional view of FIG. 1.1 that is perpendicular to the view shown in FIG. 1.1a.

[0052] FIG. 2.0 shows a solidified composition of matter with a current collector embedded within it. This figure additionally shows the current collector, which has a lower electrical resistance than the composition.

[0053] FIG. 2.0a is a cross sectional view of FIG. 2.0, which shows the current collector embedded within the composition of matter.

[0054] FIG. 2.0b shows a cross sectional view of FIG. 2.0 that is perpendicular to the view shown if FIG. 2.0a.

[0055] FIG. 2.0c shows a conductor surrounded by the composition of matter to be used as a cathode or anode in a battery/fuel cell. A conductor coil is specifically shown within the composition of matter.

[0056] FIG. 3.0 shows a top, front, and right view of a composition of matter that may act as a cathode layer, anode layer, conductor protective layer, a separating layer, a blocking layer, or a bonding layer.

[0057] FIG. 3.0a is a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 3.0, which shows the added layer on top of the composition of matter and a current collector embedded within the composition of matter.

[0058] FIG. 3.0b is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 3.0, which is perpendicular to the cross-sectional view of FIG. 3.0a.

[0059] FIG. 3.1 shows a composition of matter that has multiple layers and can help take advantage of catalysts, such as, but not limited to cobalt or platinum, while reducing overall costs. As discussed on FIG. 3.0 the thickness of any given layer may be very thin.

[0060] FIG. 3.1a is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 3.1 which shows a current collector embedded between the composition of matter and a catalyzed layer. This figure shows an additional non-conductive, ion permeable layer that covers the catalyzed layer and the composition of matter that is not necessary but is possible.

[0061] FIG. 3.1b is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 3.1 which is perpendicular to the cross-sectional view shown in FIG. 3.1b.

[0062] FIG. 4.0 is the view of a battery which shows a cathode, an anode, a conductor, and an electrolyte. FIG. 4.0 also shows a positive battery terminal and a negative battery terminal.

[0063] FIG. 4.1a shows an isometric view on a negative battery terminal and a positive battery terminal, which are divided with a separating layer that permits ionic flow but does not conduct electricity. In other words, it helps to ensure that the anode and cathode do not touch and short the battery cell.

[0064] FIG. 4.1b shows a series connection in a single cell. This embodiment can be utilized in sewer systems.

[0065] FIG. 4.1c shows a battery where with multiple anode layers, multiple cathode layers, and multiple separating layers. The anode layers are connected to other anode layers with a conductor, the cathode layers are connected to other cathode layers with a conductor, and the separation layers are provided between each anode layer and cathode layer.

[0066] FIG. 4.1d shows a battery where a series of connection is provided between two battery cells. It is anticipated that additional battery cells can be added to the series.

[0067] FIG. 5.0 shows the embodiments arranging a fuel cell in a pipe configuration.

[0068] FIG. 5.1 shows the embodiments arranging a fuel cell in a drainage ditch configuration.

[0069] FIG. 6.0 shows a composition of matter used for thermal energy transfer.

[0070] FIG. 7.0 shows an example of how the composition of matter described herein can be arranged to be a solar cell.

[0071] FIG. 7.0a is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 7.0.

NUMBER REFERENCES

[0072] 5Composition of Matter [0073] 10Current Collector [0074] 15Protective Layer/Separation Layer [0075] 20Catalyzed Layer [0076] 25Non-Catalyzed Layer [0077] 30Cathode [0078] 35Anode [0079] 40Electrolyte [0080] 45Negative Terminal [0081] 50Positive Terminal [0082] 100Concrete Pipe [0083] 150Concrete Drainage Ditch [0084] 200Water Heater [0085] 300Solar Panel

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0086] The present invention is a composition of matter which is comprised of graphite, Portland cement, and pozzolans. Additional additives, including organic polymers can be added to improve desired performance. When water or a water based liquid component is added to the composition, mixed, placed, and cured the material becomes solidified. Although the material is solidified, a plurality of pores are provided within the material.

[0087] The presently described composition of matter may be looked at on a macro, micro, nano, or angstrom level. The labeled width, height and length of the invented composition of matter shown in FIG. 1.0, FIG. 1.0a, and FIG. 1.0b could also be labeled using conventional calculus and mathematics such as, but not limited to x, y, z or dx, dy, dz where it may represent a infinitesimally small part of a larger surface or volume and not the overall measurement for the entire composition of matter.

[0088] Variances in the mix design or designs significantly influence properties including structural strength, durability, cathodic and/or anodic potential, conductivity/resistance, band gaps, other electrical and magnetic properties, porosity, permeability, future maintenance, multi-layer binding strengths, workability, binding strength, and more.

[0089] The composition of matter can be cast into forms just like concrete and can be thinned with water, or other using other methods, down to a thin paintable/sprayable/dipping liquid. Enhancements using heat treatments, pressure and enhanced curing techniques are possible. Manufacturing of graphite based electrodes in forms just like concrete blocks and structures is a unique property of this discovery, but easily overlooked is the ability to quickly dip anything into a liquid form of the composition that then hardens into a cementitious bound, durable surface.

2 EXAMPLE OF USE

[0090] These are 2 of infinite examples and are intended to show very simple uses of the discovery.

Example One

[0091] An aluminum battery recycling trash can is easily formed by creating a large graphite cathode using the discovered composition of matter described in the patent application embodiments.

[0092] The trash can is a large cathode covered in a separating layer. Electrolyte is contained within where trash aluminum is thrown away. This effectively creates a battery with a theoretical voltage around 1.2. The voltage, current, and rate of power depend on electrolytes and many other factors. 10 trash cans, connected in series, creates approximately 12 volts. 100 trash cans would create 120 volts. Enough to significantly injure or possible kill.

Example Two

[0093] A large scrap aluminum block is first dipped into a thick liquid of mechanically blended 50% water, 50% cement by weight cement mixture. The layer of cement and water are allowed to cure and create a separation layer for anode and cathode. Multiple dips/coats may be used. Next the coated aluminum block is dipped and coated using the composition of matter discovered without any additives. Care is taken to ensure a short between the anode and cathode is not created so that a useful primary aluminum battery is created. Simply connect to the aluminum anode and the graphite cathode. If measures are not taken to ensure that electrolytes remain in the pores and the system is allowed to dry out, thereby stopping all oxidation reactions at the aluminum anode, the battery will not produce a current. The battery can be turned back on by simply wetting with electrolyte or water due to the compositions inherent porosity.

[0094] The composition of matter can be designed for extreme chemical environments, to pass very high currents and massive amounts of electrical power, with high structural strength, to maximize desired electrical and redox properties, and for any combination of such along with other factors. Aqueous or water based electrolytes ranging from low pH acids to the highest pH bases work well. Other battery industry/fuel cell, and oftentimes very dangerous electrolyte chemistries work well with a properly prepared, such as thoroughly dried, solid composition of matter.

[0095] This invention can be described in seven embodiments. The present embodiments are specific descriptions for easier understanding of the gist of the present invention and should not limit the present invention. The first embodiment is a solid novel and unique cementitious composition of matter created by mixing dry components with wet components that polymerize/hydrate to otherwise become a solid homogeneous structure. The second embodiment includes additives. The third embodiment discloses a Portland Cement geopolymer hybrid composition of matter. The fourth embodiment is a modified version of the first embodiment that provides an integrated current collector. The fifth embodiment discloses that the composition of matter can be layered. The sixth embodiment discloses the use of the composition for battery and fuel cell systems. The seventh embodiment discloses a few of the other potential uses for the composition including solar cells, coatings, thermal and other energy harvesting systems.

First Embodiment

Base Composition

[0096] The first embodiment teaches a composition of matter that is comprised of Portland cement, pozzolans, and graphite. The Portland cement, pozzolan, and graphite powder are mixed together in water. A typical mix described in the first embodiment are comprised of 100 grams of White Portland cement, 15 grams of a pozzolan compound, 1150 grams of mixed synthetic graphite particle sizes (75 grams 325 mesh, 400 grams mason sand particle distribution, 675 grams % max size rock), and water as needed.

[0097] The pozzolan compound may be fly ash, silica fume, a liquid based alkali metal silicate, metakaolin, or other pozzolan materials that react with calcium hydroxide or metal hydroxide additives to form calcium and other metal silicate based hydrates.

[0098] Portland cement comes in many blends and types, some with pozzolans already added to the mix. Using white portland cement helps to minimize iron oxides and other possible unknown contaminants in the portland cement. For sake of science contaminants in the Portland Cement may be analyzed as additives as described in the embodiments.

[0099] This embodiment is shown in FIG. 1.0, FIG. 1.0a, and FIG. 1.0b.

[0100] Fuel/electrolyte flow holes can be provided within the composition of matter, which is shown in FIG. 1.1. The fuel flow hole shown in the FIG. 1.1 is not limited to the size or shape shown.

[0101] The first embodiment also teaches a composition of matter that is comprised of Portland cement, pozzolans, and additives other than graphite, such as anodic materials or cathode catalysts, for use in battery/fuel cell/thermal/solar/other applications. The Portland cement, pozzolan, and additives are mixed together in water with or without graphite included. An example mix is comprised of 100 grams of White Portland cement, 15 grams of a pozzolan compound, 1150 grams of aluminum with varying particle sizes (75 grams 325 mesh, 400 grams mason sand particle distribution, 675 grams % max size rock), and water as needed. Small amounts or large amounts of graphite may be added to improve conductivity during use. The mix described could be used as an anode for the first mix described in this Embodiment to create a battery.

Second Embodiment

Additives

[0102] This second embodiment discloses the composition of matter wherein an additive is included in the mix to enhance a desired property. Mixes may be designed using any combination of additives. Additives used may be standard in the concrete industry to enhance certain properties and/or they may be standard additives in the battery and electrical industries. As an example, adding sodium hydroxide, a common battery electrolyte, to the mix decreases curing time by promoting faster polymerization of the composition of matter and can enhance desired properties for electrical applications or where high heat resistance is desired. The metal hydroxide additives allow pozzolan loads to increase by making up for the lack of calcium hydroxide Portland cement byproducts and allow the internal chemical structure of the composition to be adjusted as needed.

[0103] High range water reducers used around the world for concrete improve strength, durability, and chemical resistance of the invention and have a significant role on the compositions electrical and chemical properties. Cobalt, as well as manganese, their compounds, and other metals or oxides are compatible additives for the composition described in the first embodiment.

[0104] Any compatible substance may be used as an additive to modify overall composition properties as needed. Catalysts and doping agents compatible with the composition of matter may also be included in an infinite array of ratios to create a desired electrode or other design. Fiberglass fibers are an example of an additive that may serve two purpose, enhancing strength and modifying capacitance.

[0105] The composition properties are easily manipulated using fillers or additives. Band gaps, cathodic/anodic properties, conductivity/resistance, capacitance, and other electric and magnetic properties. All known graphite and carbon types can be used and mixed together to create the composition of matter.

[0106] Graphite is a cathodic substance, but when graphite powder is mixed with aluminum powder, the overall mixture becomes more anodic depending on the amount of aluminum. Carbon powders are conductive, but do not have the cathodic strength of graphite and may be used as an additive to replace graphite which can further push the composition toward the anodic side of the scale, changing the electrode potential. Numerous additives may be able to replace graphite depending on the designed use.

[0107] As an example of graphite being used as an anode: Asbury Carbons sells Anodic Graphite Backfill that uses graphite for conductivity while providing an anodic metal (probably zinc or aluminum) source for oil pipeline cathodic protection measures. The anodic graphite backfill using the pozzolan and/or polymer modified cement as a binder creates the doped invention described here in. The composition obtains anodic properties relative to a more cathodic composition such as an undoped synthetic graphite based material described in embodiment one. Separated by electrolyte, the two create a battery.

[0108] Adding common sands, reinforcements and aggregates can modify expenses, structural, thermal, electrical, and other properties. Adding common clays (sometimes also called pozzolans) and heat treating the compositions outside of concrete industry norms similar to clays can also create amazing properties with very different traits than the non heat treated.

[0109] Quartz based aggregates (sand and rock), granite based aggregates, and others typically found in concrete mixes cause tremendous variance in the properties of the overall composition. As an example, capacitance may improve with some aggregates, battery energy storage may improve with others.

[0110] In some instances, such as when bonding two compositions together, organic polymers may be helpful in addition to pozzolans. Organic polymers can also reduce the permeability of the composition as needed for design purposes. Extensive studies exist on the use of different organic polymers that may be used to bind graphite and most of the known science can be integrated with the composition of matter described in the embodiments.

[0111] Additives may also be integrated into mixing liquid. Electrolytes compatible with being added to the wet component of the mix should be considered a composition additive.

[0112] Reinforcements integrated into the mixtures and other embodiments described should be considered an additive.

[0113] Using pure graphite, minimizing cement content, and minimizing contaminants creates an undoped composition without additives for control comparison.

[0114] An example of what may be analyzed as additives would be an increased loading of Portland cement, geopolymers, or organic binders relative to graphite or catalysts. Conductivity changes and electrode potential changes can be modified for specific applications using additives or changes in the proportions of each composition constituent. The conductive and affordable composition has very interesting properties that can be refined with additives and reinforcements.

[0115] An example of such a mix would be 450 grams of white Portland cement, 50 grams of metakaolin pozzolan, 500 grams of 325 mesh synthetic graphite dust, and 400 grams of 0.7% NaOH to distilled water solution.

Third Embodiment

Geopolymer

[0116] This third embodiment is described as a Portland Cement Geopolymer hybrid composition of matter. In addition to the compounds mentioned in the first embodiment, this hybrid composition adds metal hydroxides, increases pozzolan loadings, and decreases portland cement contents. Alkali metal silicates may also be added. This provides many benefits shared with a geopolymer composition at a fraction of the cost, without the extreme caustic substance issues and allows for the use of standard concrete practices when working with the material during mixing and curing.

[0117] It has been discovered that cementing systems can be formulated for specific designs to completely replace all Portland Cement with pozzolanic materials and non organic activators/additives. Many concrete and cement industry studies relate cost savings with pozzolan replacements for Portland cement.

Fourth Embodiment

Current Collector

[0118] The fourth embodiment is a modified version of the first embodiment that provides a current collector, as shown in FIG. 2.0, FIG. 2.0a, and FIG. 2.0b, as well as other figures included. The current collector depicted in those figures integrates into the composition of matter and solid design. Current collectors may also serve to reinforce the composition structurally. Graphite/Carbon fiber current collectors perform well. Similar to concrete industry studies on steel rusting, cover over metal current collectors significantly slows corrosion processes.

[0119] The current collector can be wire, surface or solid. Copper wire is a simple example. The composition of matter described in embodiment one has a high conductivity at low binder ratios, typically not needing current collectors, and it should be noted that it can serve as a conductor as well as a cathode/anode electrode.

[0120] Graphite based/conductive non-porous organic polymer coatings on metallic current collectors significantly slows corrosion issues.

[0121] As shown in FIGS. 2.0c, 3.1a, 3.1b, the current collector can easily be manipulated. An alligator clip or screw clamp attached to a composition may be considered a current collector.

Fifth Embodiment

Layers

[0122] The fifth embodiment includes a sealant, protective, or other layer onto a composition of matter as depicted in FIGS. 3.0, 3.0a, 3.0b, 3.1, 3.1a, and 3.1b. The layer may operate as a protective, separating, blocking, and/or bonding layer, and may be conductive or nonconductive. The layer may or may not be composed of a cement based material and may or may not be composed of graphite or carbon. It may or may not be chemically adhered. Paper, cardboard, dirt, space and much more can serve the purpose of a separation layer. The layer may be permeable to ionic flow, or non-permeable to ionic flow. It can filter ionic flows. The layer may serve to protect from extreme heat and/or chemical environments.

[0123] The layer may also contain catalysts or other additives to promote desired reactions. As an example: cobalt has shown to work very well with aluminum chloride based rechargeable aluminum ion batteries using the composition of matter as the positive cathode electrode and aluminum as the negative anode electrode. Significant research exists for photovoltaic catalysts. Titanium dioxide is an example of a catalyst.

[0124] The thickness of any given layer may be very thin. Although catalysts such as cobalt, gold, rhodium, and platinum are very expensive, extremely thin layers doped with the catalysts are able to cover much greater areas than if the catalyst was included into the core or base composition of matter.

[0125] Parts of a base or core composition may be layered differently than the rest of its parts. As an example. An impermeable sealant could surround most of a solid state battery cell, but a section could be modified to allow adding electrolytes as needed.

[0126] Variance in the mix design of the cathode and the protective, separating, blocking, or bonding layers significantly influences properties including structural strength, durability, cathodic or anodic potential, currents, band gaps, other electrical & magnetic properties, ability to clean/maintain, future repairability, porosity, multi-layer binding strength, and infinite other properties that may or may not be desired.

[0127] Layering or molding systems can be used to direct fuel and waste streams in fuel cells much easier than methods that currently exist. In addition the composition of matter may be used for testing purposes when final designs use more expensive materials.

[0128] The ability to layer the systems, very similar to how plaster and stucco are used, make this invention and the compositions of matter very unique.

Sixth Embodiment

Fuel Cell/Battery Applications

[0129] The sixth embodiment teaches the composition of matter being utilized as a fuel cell/battery. Referencing FIG. 4.0, a cathode (30) and an anode (35) are ionically connected by an electrolyte (40). The composition of matter (5) can be utilized as a cathode or anode depending on the intended design. For sake of example, the composition of matter will be used as a cathode, aluminum foil as anode and a sodium hydroxide water solution is used to make a powerful aluminum air battery. If the aluminum is replaced with steel, an iron alloy air battery is made. Graphite is the most noble substance known to exist and most metals as well as many fluids, solids, powders and even dirt can take the place of anode if a current collector, such as carbon powder is used.

[0130] Referencing FIG. 4.1a, the cathode (30) and anode (35) are divided by a separation layer (15). The separation layer ensures the anode and cathode are not conductively touching. The layer may be paper, electrolyte filled space, dirt, engineered synthetic zeolites, engineered filter systems, or any other method of ensuring electrical current can not pass from cathode to anode. For solid cell applications the layer may use the cementing parts of the composition of matter without conductive fillers or graphite. Fillers that modify/filter ionic flows can be developed for intended use. A positive terminal (50) stems off the cathode (30) layer and a negative terminal (45) stems off the anode (35) layer.

[0131] Considering the abundance of aluminum and other anodic materials in the earth's crust there exists the possibility of very large anodes and very large scale cathodes. Landfills could also use different compositions of matter covered under this patent as well as utilize many different shapes and current collection methods. Recycling waste products from metal batteries is not much different than recycling without using the stored energy.

[0132] It has been found that most soils and rocks contain anodic substances and when mixed into an invented composition of matter or used as an electrolyte with current collection integrated through the soil matrix, there is electric potential and currents generated. Aluminum and other metals are abundant in the earth's crust and in our water supplies. In addition to the inorganic anodic materials and compounds/alloys, there are bio and organic substances (some still living), photo & heat catalyzed/sensitive substances, and more.

[0133] The present composition of matter can be used as a cathode or anode, in many different configurations, depending on additives and chosen design. Primary and secondary batteries are an example. Fuel cells, bio batteries, microbial fuel cells, and more can take advantage of using the patented composition of matter.

[0134] The composition of matter may easily be shaped or coated onto substrates including, but not limited to concrete, metal, wood, pvc, glass, and other films or composites. During mixing and forming/applying the composition, workability is controlled by mix design.

[0135] Accepted concrete industry and battery practices are the baseline. The unique ability to carefully control the internal structure of electrodes is one of this invention's defining characteristics and opens the door for a new science integrating concrete with battery/fuel cell/energy systems.

[0136] The composition of matter opens the door to a world that is literally built with and on batteries and fuel cells. Structures, roads, sidewalks, driveways, walls, trash cans, drainage ditches, and so much more can easily become part of battery/fuel cell thermal energy systems. The ability to store tremendous amounts of electricity without the enormous costs associated with current battery technology is a unique quality of this discovery.

[0137] A home's trash aluminum may power outdoor lighting, or 5 small cathodes may be all that's needed to charge your phone, as long as you have aluminum or other anodic metals, electrolyte and necessary wiring. Remote areas where electricity may be needed can design batteries/fuel cells to last as long as needed even in unstable environments.

Seventh Embodiment

Disclosures on the Possible Uses of the Composition

[0138] This eighth embodiment discloses the use of the presently described composition of matter for thermal energy transfer, solar energy applications, transporting electrical energy, more applications, and their combinations.

[0139] The composition of matter may have multiple uses packaged into one unit. For example, the tubing shown in FIG. 6.0 could be used to transport fluid or gas for thermal energy transfer from the graphite based solid exposed to sunlight or possibly to extreme temperatures from metal castings. The fluid transport lines also can serve as current collectors for a large composition of matter being used as a fuel cell while absorbing the sun's energy. Fuel cells often generate electricity at higher rates in high heat environments. A hot water producing battery. A superheated fluid waste energy recovery graphite mold for metal casting. Either can be made exactly the same way. Simply use the composition as a conductor for the battery system and you have another use of the composition discovered being a part of one overall energy system.

[0140] Again referencing FIG. 6.0, flow paths may be cast or shaped with or without a physical tubing of different composition, and the term tubing is not meant to refer to a shape or sized, but rather a path for fluid or gas flow. Tubing may be conductive and serve as part of or the entire current collector such as using copper tubing or perhaps gold plated copper. The tubing may also serve as an anode or as a cathode. The tubing may be of a different material within the composition with internal connections designed for desired traits such as conductivity breaks or polymer protective coatings where corrosion is likely. When analyzing a porous composition of matter, the nano structure that allows fluid or gas flow should be assumed to be tubing. Layering over tubing makes cathode and anode separation possible.

[0141] The thermal energy transfer may be a heat gain or a heat loss, depending on the intended use and design. An example of use would be a hot water heater & battery cathode, or a fuel cell fuel pre-heater/cooler. These are two simple examples. Current concentrated solar systems often use molten salts to transport and store thermal energy. The composition of matter is extremely heat resistant and with a proper mix design can compete with any known materials currently being used for molten salt transport, and storage.

[0142] For thermal energy harvesting the additives may serve to enhance properties desired for such applications.

[0143] The composition of matter can be used for solar/photovoltaic electric generation and an example cell design is shown in FIGS. 7.0 and 7.0a.

[0144] The graphite electrodes made using the discovered composition form a conducting and catalytic counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Solar cells may or may not rely on an encapsulated electrolyte as shown in the figures. The surface encapsulating the electrolyte must allow light to transmit and for some designs will be required to be impermeable to gases and liquids. Standard silicon solar cell encapsulates work well. Doped glass coatings, and organic sealant systems are examples of compositions that can be integrated with the invention. Many current concrete industry sealants can be doped with catalysts and with a minimal amount of ultra-fine graphite. This forms transparent, conductive, catalyzed layer for photon capture. In addition metallic current collection wires/ribbons, separate from those in the counter electrode may be used in the transparent photo absorbing/catalyzed layer.

[0145] The composition of matter performs well in all known graphite and carbon applications. The mix can be designed thin to behave like ink and paint or it can formulated to be the consistency of clay and concrete. Depending on the intended use, the chemical composition and heat resistance, as well as the structural properties of the solidified composition can easily be altered. This allows the composition to be used for fire proof coatings, foundry coatings, fire brick, graphite crucibles, and much more. Any prior arts making use of graphite or carbon may find this discovery helpful.