Filtration membrane fouling index measuring method

Abstract

A filtration membrane fouling index measuring method including: (a) serially connecting two filtration membranes having the same membrane properties, and sequentially passing influent water therethrough; (b) measuring the flow volume that has passed through the first of the filtration membranes; (c) measuring the flow volume that has passed through the second of the filtration membranes; (d) measuring the cumulative pass-through volume that has passed through the first or the second filtration membrane; and (e) determining the fouling index of the filtration membrane, based on the flow volume that has passed through the first filtration membrane, the flow volume that has passed through the second filtration membrane and the cumulative pass-through volume. The method eliminates pore-blocking-induced measurement errors that occur with measurement methods involving Modified Fouling Index which is a fouling index for filtration membranes.

Claims

1. A filtration membrane fouling index measuring method using a first filtration membrane and a second filtration membrane, wherein the first filtration membrane and the second filtration membrane have a same membrane material, membrane area, and pore size, the method comprising: (a) connecting, in series, the first and second filtration membranes having the same membrane material, membrane area, and pore size; (b) passing fluid through the first filtration member and subsequently passing the fluid that has passed through the first filtration member through the second filtration member; (c) measuring a first flow rate passing through the first filtration membrane; (d) measuring a second flow rate passing through theft second filtration membrane; (e) measuring a cumulative permeation rate passing through the first or second filtration membrane; and (f) determining a fouling index of each of the first and second filtration membranes, based on the first flow rate passing through the first filtration membrane, the second flow rate passing through the second filtration membrane, and the cumulative permeation rate.

2. The filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the fouling index reflects cake resistance from which an effect by pore blocking of the first and second filtration membranes is excluded.

3. The filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to claim 2, wherein the fouling index is determined based on ?/2 in the following Equation: $\frac{(\frac{1}{Q_{I}} - \frac{1}{Q_{P}})}{2} = \frac{?}{2} V,$ where Q.sub.I is the first flow rate passing through the first filtration membrane, Q.sub.P is the second flow rate passing through the second filtration membrane, V is the cumulative permeation rate, and ? is a cake fouling index reflecting the cake resistance.

4. The filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to claim 3, wherein the fouling index in the above (f) is determined by calculating a gradient between a measurement value measured until the flow rates in the above (c) and (d) become a preset cumulative permeation rate to be substituted into the left-hand side of the Equation, and the cumulative permeation rate measured in the above (e).

5. The filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to claim 3, wherein in the above, ?/2 values on the Equation are calculated as a unit of a preset cumulative permeation rate, and an average of the calculated ?/2 values is measured as the fouling index.

6. The filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to claim 2, wherein the fouling index is determined based on ?/2 in the following Equation: $\frac{(\frac{1}{Q_{OI}} - \frac{1}{Q_{OP}})}{2} = \frac{?}{2} V,$ where Q.sub.OI=Q.sub.I?Q.sub.O, Q.sub.OP=Q.sub.P?Q.sub.O, Q.sub.I is the first flow rate passing through the first filtration membrane, Q.sub.P is the second flow rate passing through the second filtration membrane, Q.sub.O is a premeasured flow rate when distilled water passes through a filtration membrane having the same membrane properties as those of the filtration membrane, V is the cumulative permeation rate, and ? is a cake fouling index reflecting the cake resistance.

7. A filtration membrane fouling index measuring method using a first filtration membrane and a second filtration membrane, wherein the first filtration membrane and the second filtration membrane have a same membrane material, membrane area, and pore size, the method comprising: (a) connecting, in series, the first and second filtration membranes having the same membrane material, membrane area, and pore size; (b) passing fluid through the first filtration member and subsequently passing the fluid that has passed through the first filtration member through the second filtration member; (c) measuring a first flow rate passing through the first filtration membrane; (d) measuring a second flow rate passing through the second filtration membrane; (e) calculating a reference flow rate, based on the first flow rate passing through the first filtration membrane, the second flow rate passing through the second filtration membrane, and a premeasured flow rate when distilled water passes through a filtration membrane having the same membrane properties as those of each of the first and second filtration membranes; and (f) determining a fouling index of the filtration membrane, based on the reference flow rate.

8. The filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to claim 7, wherein the fouling index reflects cake resistance from which an effect by pore blocking of the first and second filtration membranes is excluded.

9. The filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to claim 8, wherein: the fouling index is calculated by the following Equation: $C - SDI = \frac{(1 - \frac{t_{i}}{t_{f}}) ? 100}{T},$ where C-SDI is the fouling index, t.sub.i is an initial time for which influent having a reference permeation rate passes through the filtration membrane, and t.sub.f is a time for which the influent having the reference permeation rate passes through the filtration membrane again after the elapse of a reference time T from the initial time; and the reference flow rate applied for measurement of the reference permeation rate is calculated by the following Equation: $\frac{1}{Q_{C}} = \frac{1}{Q_{I}} + \frac{1}{Q_{O}} - \frac{1}{Q_{P}},$ where Q.sub.C is the reference flow rate, Q.sub.I is the first flow rate passing through the first filtration membrane, Q.sub.P is the second flow rate passing through the second filtration membrane, and Q.sub.O is the premeasured flow rate for the distilled water.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The above and other objects, features and other advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a view illustrating a membrane fouling mechanism in a filtration membrane having pores and a complete blocking state;

(3) FIG. 2 is a view illustrating a membrane fouling mechanism in a filtration membrane having pores and an intermediate blocking state;

(4) FIG. 3 is a view illustrating a membrane fouling mechanism in a filtration membrane having pores and a standard blocking state;

(5) FIG. 4 is a view illustrating a membrane fouling mechanism in a filtration membrane having pores and a cake layer shape;

(6) FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating a relationship between t/V and V measured through the MFI method;

(7) FIG. 6 is a view for explaining a principle of a filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to a first embodiment of the present invention, two filtration membranes being connected in series in the drawing;

(8) FIG. 7 is a view for explaining the principle of the filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to the first embodiment of the present invention, three filtration membranes being connected in series in the drawing;

(9) FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating a measurement result for each filtration membrane of FIG. 7;

(10) FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating a measurement result for each filtration membrane of FIG. 7, to which influent is applied differently from that of FIG. 8;

(11) FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating a result measured through a conventional MFI (Modified Fouling Index) method;

(12) FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating a change in flow rate in the filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to the first embodiment of the present invention;

(13) FIG. 12 is a graph for explaining an example of a fouling index calculation method in the filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to the first embodiment of the present invention, and for using a gradient in Equation 2; and

(14) FIG. 13 is a graph for explaining another example of a fouling index calculation method in the filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to the first embodiment of the present invention, and for directly calculating a ?/2 value in Equation 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(15) Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Throughout the disclosure, like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various figures and embodiments of the present invention, and description thereof may be omitted if necessary.

First Embodiment

(16) FIG. 6 is a view for explaining a principle of a filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to a first embodiment of the present invention. In the filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to the first embodiment of the present invention, two filtration membranes having the same membrane properties are connected in series so that influent sequentially passes through the series-connected filtration membranes.

(17) For example, two filtration membranes having a pore size of 0.45 ?m, which are used to measure an SDI or an MFI, are connected in series so as to measure a membrane fouling index. In this case, each of the used filtration membranes may be an MF (Microfiltration) membrane, an UF (Ultrafiltration) membrane, or a nanofiltration membrane. It is preferable that the two filtration membranes have the same membrane material, membrane area, pore size, number of pores, and the like.

(18) Hereinafter, the filtration membrane through which influent passes first is referred to as first filtration membrane 10a and the filtration membrane through which influent passes second is referred to as second filtration membrane 10b, for convenience sake of description. The fluid which passes through the first filtration membrane 10a and is then introduced into the second filtration membrane 10b is referred to as permeate.

(19) In a state in which the first and second filtration membranes 10a and 10b are connected in series and influent sequentially passes through the first and second filtration membranes 10a and 10b, a flow rate passing through the first filtration membrane 10a and a flow rate passing through the second filtration membrane 10b are each measured. Hereinafter, the flow rate passing through the first filtration membrane 10a is referred to as first flow rate and the flow rate passing through the second filtration membrane 10b is referred to as second flow rate. Here, the measured flow rate is a permeation rate per time, for example, a flow rate having a unit of ml/min.

(20) In addition, a cumulative permeation rate passing through the first or second filtration membrane 10a or 10b is measured. In the present invention, there is proposed an example of measuring the cumulative permeation rate of the first filtration membrane 10a on the assumption that the cumulative permeation rate of the first filtration membrane 10a is equal to the cumulative permeation rate of the second filtration membrane 10b.

(21) In the conventional MFI method, the MFI value reflecting the cake resistance of the filtration membrane is calculated using the cumulative permeation rate as described above. However, in the present invention, a conventional MFI value, namely, a fouling index reflecting cake resistance is measured using the respective flow rates passing through the same series-connected filtration membranes and the cumulative permeation rate. Hereinafter, the fouling index reflecting cake resistance measured through the filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to the first embodiment of the present invention is referred to as CFI (Cake Fouling Index) value.

(22) In more detail, the filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to the first embodiment of the present invention calculates a CFI value using the following Equation 2.

(23) $\begin{matrix} \frac{(\frac{1}{Q_{I}} - \frac{1}{Q_{P}})}{2} = \frac{?}{2} V & [Equation 2] \end{matrix}$

(24) In Equation 2, Q.sub.I is a first flow rate passing through the first filtration membrane 10a, Q.sub.P is a second flow rate passing through the second filtration membrane 10a, V is a cumulative permeation rate, ? is a CFI reflecting cake resistance, and ?/2 is a CFI value.

(25) The description in which the ?/2 value in Equation 2 is a fouling index eliminating the effect of pore blocking from the conventional MFI method and reflecting only cake resistance will be given in detail below.

(26) FIG. 7 is a view for explaining a concept in which the same three filtration membranes are connected in series and water sequentially passes therethrough.

(27) It is widely known that standard pore blocking in the pore blocking has the greatest influence on the membrane fouling index measurement. The standard pore blocking is generated by smaller contaminants than a pore of the filtration membrane, and the contaminants are adsorbed on the membrane or are also discharged through a permeation process.

(28) Accordingly, when an amount in contaminants causing the standard pore blocking are adsorbed on the filtration membrane and eliminated therefrom in a filtration process is not enough to affect the membrane fouling index measurement, flux declines of influent and permeate (first permeate and/or second permeate) by the standard pore blocking when they sequentially pass through the same series-connected filtration membranes will be similar to each other, as illustrated in FIG. 7.

(29) FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating a measurement result for each filtration membrane of FIG. 7. In FIG. 8, influent mixed with a 3.5% NaCl solution and contaminants is used, and a change in flow rate of permeate (first permeate) from which a fouling source is eliminated, that is, on which cake filtration is performed while the permeate passes through the first filtration membrane and a change in flow rate of permeate (second permeate) passing through the second filtration membrane are similarly measured.

(30) FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating another measurement result for each filtration membrane of FIG. 7. FIG. 9 illustrates a measurement result when influent containing only smaller contaminants than a pore of the filtration membrane passes through the associated filtration membrane.

(31) As illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9, it may be seen that the smaller contaminants than the pore of the filtration membrane have less influence on the filtration membrane after filtration. This means that the effect of the pore blocking still remains in influent or permeate (first permeate and/or second permeate).

(32) Accordingly, as illustrated in FIG. 8, when the effect of the pore blocking is excluded from the measurement result for the influent passing through the first filtration membrane by means of the measurement result for the second filtration membrane in which the effect of the pore blocking remains, a fouling index reflecting substantial cake resistance, namely, a CFI value according to the first embodiment of the present invention may be calculated.

(33) Hereinafter, a derivation process of Equation 2 using the above principle will be described with reference to FIG. 6.

(34) First, fluxes of respective fluids passing through the first and second filtration membranes 10a and 10b may be indicated as the following Equation 3 and Equation 4.

(35) $\begin{matrix} J_{I} = \frac{? P}{? (R_{m} + R_{B} + R_{c})} & [Equation 3] \\ J_{P} = \frac{? P}{? (R_{m} + R_{B})} & [Equation 4] \end{matrix}$

(36) In Equation 3 and Equation 4, J.sub.I is a flux in the first filtration membrane 10a, ?P is a pressure difference between the filtration membranes, ? is a viscosity coefficient of influent, R.sub.m is self-resistance of the filtration membrane, R.sub.B is resistance by the pore blocking, R.sub.C is cake resistance, and J.sub.P is a flux in the second filtration membrane 10b. Here, since larger contaminants than the membrane pore are eliminated by the first filtration membrane 10a, R.sub.C has no influence on the second filtration membrane 10b in Equation 2.

(37) In addition, it is assumed that the cumulative permeation rates of the fluid passing through the first and second filtration membranes 10a and 10b are equal to each other and the resistances by the pore blocking of the first and second filtration membranes 10a and 10b are equal to each other as described above in the present invention.

(38) The following Equation 5 is derived from the above Equation 3 and Equation 4.

(39) $\begin{matrix} \frac{1}{J_{I}} - \frac{1}{J_{P}} = \frac{? (R_{m} + R_{B} + R_{C})}{? P} - \frac{? (R_{m} + R_{B})}{? P} = \frac{? R_{C}}{? P} & [Equation 5] \end{matrix}$

(40) Here, the cake resistance R.sub.C is indicated as the following Equation 6.

(41) 0 $\begin{matrix} R_{C} = \frac{? C}{A} V & [Equation 6] \end{matrix}$

(42) Here, C is concentration of the fouling source, ? is cake resistance, A is a membrane area of the filtration membrane, and V is a cumulative permeation rate as described above.

(43) The following Equation 7 is expressed by dividing both hand sides of Equation 5 by the membrane area A of the filtration membrane and substituting the R.sub.C value into the same.

(44) $\begin{matrix} \frac{1}{Q_{I}} - \frac{1}{Q_{P}} = \frac{?? C}{? {PA}^{2}} V & [Equation 7] \end{matrix}$

(45) Equation 2 is expressed again by dividing both hand sides of Equation 7 by 2, and ? is indicated as

(46) $\frac{?? C}{? {PA}^{2}} .$

(47) Equation 2 derived through the above process is in a state in which the resistance R.sub.B by the pore blocking involved in the first filtration membrane 10a is eliminated using the resistance R.sub.B by the pore blocking involved in the second filtration membrane 10b.

(48) The ?/2 value which is a CFI value is measured using Equation 2 by calculating a gradient between a measurement value measured until the first flow rate Q.sub.I passing through the first filtration membrane 10a, the second flow rate Q.sub.P passing through the second filtration membrane 10b, and the cumulative permeation rate V are a preset cumulative permeation rate to be substituted into the left-hand side of Equation 2, and the cumulative permeation rate. That is, the ?/2 value is measured by calculating the gradient formed by measurement values in the graph.

(49) Alternatively, ?/2 values may be calculated by directly substituting the first flow rate Q.sub.I, the second flow rate Q.sub.P, and the cumulative permeation rate V, which are measured as a unit of a preset cumulative permeation rate, into Equation 2, and the average of the calculated ?/2 values may be calculated as a CFI value.

(50) Hereinafter, the effect of the filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to the first embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 10 to 13. FIGS. 10 to 13 are graphs illustrating experimental results measured at a pressure of 30 psi using an MFI filtration membrane having a pore size of 0.45 ?m.

(51) FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating a result measured through a conventional MFI method. FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating a change in flow rate in the filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to the first embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 12 is a graph for using a gradient in Equation 2. FIG. 13 is a graph for directly calculating a ?/2 value in Equation 2. Here, FIG. 13 illustrates an example in which the average value in an AP region is calculated as a CFI value.

(52) The conventional MFI value is measured as 2.5 in the experimental result. However, the MFI value is measured as 1.66 by the method using the gradient and is measured as 1.55 by the method using the average in the filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

(53) That is, it may be seen that the conventional MFI value is an erroneous measurement value which is greater than the actual value by the effect of the pore blocking. In other words, the conventional MFI value is measured as a greater value than that eliminating the effect of the pore blocking, thereby causing an error in which the filtration membrane is determined to be further contaminated than the actual case. For this reason, a replacement period of the filtration membrane may be unnecessarily shortened. However, according to the filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to the first embodiment of the present invention, it may be possible to more accurately identify a replacement period of the filtration membrane.

Second Embodiment

(54) Hereinafter, a filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to a second embodiment of the present invention will be described. Unlike the first embodiment, the self-resistance R.sub.m of the filtration membrane varied according to a change in permeation rate is reflected in the filtration membrane fouling index measuring method of the second embodiment. That is, the self-resistance of the filtration membrane is typically varied in proportion to a time for which the filtration membrane is compressed during permeation. It is assumed that the self-resistance of the filtration membrane is not varied for conciseness of the measurement since the change in self-resistance of the filtration membrane has no great influence on the whole measurement in the first embodiment.

(55) In more detail, similarly to the first embodiment, the fluxes in the first and second filtration membranes 10a and 10b may be indicated as the above Equation 3 and Equation 4. Here, a flux when DI water (distilled water) passes through the same filtration membrane as the first and second filtration membranes 10a and 10b may be indicated as the following Equation 8.

(56) $\begin{matrix} J_{0} = \frac{? P}{? R_{m}} & [Equation 8] \end{matrix}$

(57) In Equation 8, J.sub.O is a flux when the DI water passes through the filtration membrane. That is, the flux J.sub.O is influenced by the self-resistance of the filtration membrane.

(58) The following Equation 9 and Equation 10 are derived from the above Equation 3, Equation 4, and Equation 8.

(59) $\begin{matrix} \frac{1}{J_{I}} - \frac{1}{J_{O}} = \frac{? (R_{m} + R_{b} + R_{C})}{? P} - \frac{? R_{m}}{? P} = \frac{? (R_{B} + R_{C})}{? P} = \frac{1}{J_{OI}} & [Equation 9] \\ \frac{1}{J_{P}} - \frac{1}{J_{O}} = \frac{? (R_{m} + R_{B})}{? P} - \frac{? R_{m}}{? P} = \frac{? R_{B}}{? P} = \frac{1}{J_{OP}} & [Equation 10] \end{matrix}$

(60) Here, the following Equation 11 is derived from the above Equation 9 and Equation 10 on the assumption that the cumulative permeation rates are equal to each other and the R.sub.B values for the first and second filtration membranes 10a and 10b are equal to each other.

(61) $\begin{matrix} \frac{1}{J_{OI}} - \frac{1}{J_{OP}} = \frac{? (R_{B} + R_{C})}{? P} - \frac{? R_{B}}{? P} = \frac{? R_{C}}{? P} & [Equation 11] \end{matrix}$

(62) The result obtained by dividing both hand sides of Equation 11 by the membrane areas A of the first and second filtration membranes 10a and 10b is indicated as the following Equation 12.

(63) $\begin{matrix} \frac{1}{Q_{OI}} - \frac{1}{Q_{OP}} = \frac{?? C}{? {PA}^{2}} V & [Equation 12] \end{matrix}$

(64) That is, the CFI value according to the second embodiment may be measured as a value on the left-hand side and a V value on the right-hand side which are measured using the gradient value

(65) $? = \frac{?? C}{? {PA}^{2}}$
by the same two methods as those described in the first embodiment. Actually, the CFI value is ?/2. Here, Q.sub.OI=Q.sub.I?Q.sub.O and Q.sub.OP=Q.sub.P?Q.sub.O.

(66) Here, the Q.sub.O value for compensation of Q.sub.OI and Q.sub.OP in Equation 12, namely, the Q.sub.O value for DI water may use premeasured result values for the filtration membranes having the same properties, instead of installing separate filtration membranes having the same properties in addition to the first and second filtration membranes 10a and 10b.

(67) Through the above method, the CFI value in which the effect of the self-resistance of the filtration membrane varied according to time is reflected may be measured.

Third Embodiment

(68) Hereinafter, a filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to a third embodiment of the present invention will be described. The third embodiment of the present invention is to improve a conventional SDI (Silt Density Index) measuring method.

(69) The conventional SDI value is calculated by the following Equation 13.

(70) [Equation 13]

(71) $SDI = \frac{(1 - \frac{t_{i}}{t_{f}}) ? 100}{T}$

(72) In Equation 13, t.sub.i is an initial time for a reference permeation rate, for example, an initial time for which 500 ml of influent passes through a filtration membrane, and t.sub.f is a time for which the influent having the reference permeation rate passes through the filtration membrane again after the elapse of a reference time T from the initial time, for example, after 15 minutes. Here, permeate typically passes through the filtration membrane at a pressure of 30 psi.

(73) However, the SDI in the conventional SDI measuring method is measured in a state in which the effect of pore blocking is involved therein. Particularly, only fouling by cake resistance from which the effect of the pore blocking is excluded is typically detected from a reverse osmosis filtration membrane or a nanofiltration membrane, as described above.

(74) In the filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to the third embodiment of the present invention, a fouling index excluding the effect of the pore blocking is measured. Hereinafter, the fouling index measured through the filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to the third embodiment of the present invention is referred to as C-SDI.

(75) Fluxes of respective fluids passing through the first and second filtration membranes 10a and 10b may be indicated as the above Equation 3 and Equation 4. A flux when DI water passes through the same filtration membrane as the first and second filtration membranes 10a and 10b may be indicated as the above Equation 8.

(76) Here, when it is assumed that a filtration membrane having only self-resistance of the filtration membrane and cake resistance is present and a flux of the fluid passing through the filtration membrane is J.sub.C, the flux J.sub.C may be indicated as the following Equation 14. In this case, the flux J.sub.C is in a state in which only the cake resistance is reflected therein.

(77) $\begin{matrix} J_{C} = \frac{? P}{? (R_{m} + R_{C})} & [Equation 14] \end{matrix}$

(78) The following Equation 15 is derived from the above Equation 3, Equation 4, Equation 8, and Equation 14.

(79) 0 $\begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} \frac{1}{J_{I}} - \frac{1}{J_{C}} + \frac{1}{J_{O}} = \frac{? (R_{m} + R_{B} + R_{C})}{? P} - \frac{? (R_{m} + R_{C})}{? P} + \frac{? R_{m}}{? P} \\ = \frac{? (R_{B} + R_{m})}{? P} = \frac{1}{J_{P}} \end{matrix} & [Equation 15] \end{matrix}$

(80) The result obtained by dividing both hand sides of Equation 15 by a membrane area A is indicated as the following Equation 16.

(81) $\begin{matrix} \frac{1}{Q_{C}} = \frac{1}{Q_{I}} + \frac{1}{Q_{O}} - \frac{1}{Q_{P}} & [Equation 16] \end{matrix}$

(82) When the reference flow rate Q.sub.C calculated by Equation 16 is applied as a flow rate for the reference permeation rate measured for application to Equation 13, the C-SDI value according to the present invention may be calculated. That is, the reference permeation rate applied to Equation 13 is calculated by measuring respective flow rates passing through the first and second filtration membranes 10a and 10b and by calculating a reference flow rate for DI water together with the premeasured flow rate.

(83) In other words, the value calculated by Equation 13 is a C-SDI value which is a new fouling index calculated by the filtration membrane fouling index measuring method according to the third embodiment of the present invention.

(84) Various embodiments have been described in the best mode for carrying out the invention. Although the present invention has been described with respect to the illustrative embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various variations and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.

Filtration membrane fouling index measuring method

Assignee

Inventors

Cpc classification

Classification Explorer

G01N15/0826

PHYSICS

Classification Explorer

B01D61/12

PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

Classification Explorer

B01D65/109

PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

Classification Explorer

G01N2015/086

PHYSICS

International classification

Classification Explorer

G01N15/08

PHYSICS

Classification Explorer

B01D61/12

PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

Classification Explorer

B01D65/10

PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING

Abstract

Claims

Description