Mitigating interaction between adaptive equalization and timing recovery

Abstract

System and method of timing recovery for recovering a clock signal with reduced interference with clock phase correction by an adaptive equalizer. The equalizer in the timing recovery loop is dynamically adapted to the current channel characteristics that vary over time. The equalizer includes compensation logic operable to detect and compensate a correction of clock phase ascribed to the equalization adaptation. The compensation logic can calculate the offset between a center of filter (COF) value and a COF nominal value, the offset indicative of the amount and direction of clock phase correction contributed by the equalizer. Based on the offset, the compensation logic adjusts the equalized signal by adjusting the tap weights of the equalizer to correct the offset, thereby compensating the clock phase correction.

Claims

1. A method of timing recovery for signals transmitted via serial links, said method comprising: generating an equalized signal responsive to a digital input signal based on a set of equalizer parameters; detecting a correction in clock delay associated with said digital input signal, said correction caused by said generating said equalized signal; and adjusting said set of equalizer parameters based on said detecting to reverse said correction in clock delay, wherein: said generating said equalized signal comprises applying an equalization filter on said digital input signal; said equalization filter comprises a plurality of taps; and said adjusting said set of equalizer parameters comprises adjusting tap weights of said equalization filter, wherein said detecting comprises: determining a center of filter (COF) of said equalization filter, wherein said COF is a function of a first set of selected tap weights of said equalization filter; and determining an offset between said COF with a nominal COF that is predeterminded, said offset indicative of said correction in clock delay, wherein said adjusting said tap weights comprises determining tap weights of selected taps of said equalization filter based on said offset, wherein said nominal COF is determined by: accessing a plurality of candidate values; adjusting tap weights for said equalization filter based on said plurality of candidate values respectively; monitoring Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNRs) of said equalized signal, said SNRs are associated with said adjusting said tap weights based on said plurality of candidate values respectively; and selecting said nominal COF from said plurality of candidate values, wherein said nominal COF results in an optimal SNR of said equalized signal.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said COF is equal to one of: a tap weight difference between two selected taps of said equalization filter; and a tap weight of another selected tap of said equalization filter.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said adjusting said tap weights comprises updating tap weights of a second set of selected taps in said equalization filter based on said offset and further based on interpolating/extrapolating tap weights of a third set of selected taps in said equalization filter.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein said second set of selected taps comprise one or more of a reference tap, a tap before said reference tap and a tap after said reference tap, and wherein said third set of selected taps comprise said reference tap, two taps before said reference tap and two taps after said reference tap.

5. The method of claim 2, and wherein said adjusting said tap weights comprises alternately updating two selected tap weights of said equalization filter.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein said correction in clock delay is caused by dynamically adapting taps in said equalization filter to channel characteristics of said digital input signal, and further comprising generating a recovered clock signal based on said equalized signal.

7. A device for signal processing, said device comprising: an equalizer configured to generate an equalized signal responsive to a digital input signal, wherein said equalizer comprises an equalization filter; and compensation logic coupled to said equalizer and configured to: detect a correction in clock delay associated with said digital input signal, wherein said correction is introduced by said equalizer; and adjust said equalization filter based on said correction in clock delay to compensate said correction, wherein adjusting said equalization filter comprises adjusting tap weights thereof responsive to the detection of said correction in clock delay, and wherein said compensation logic comprises: center of filter (COF) logic configured to determine a current difference between two selected tap weights of said equalization filter; a storage unit configured to store a nominal difference between said two selected tap weights; and an adder configured to generate an offset between said nominal difference and said current difference, said offset representative of said correction in clock delay.

8. The device of claim 7, wherein said compensation logic further comprises interpolation/extrapolation logic configured to update a first set of selected tap weights of said equalization filter based on said offset and further based on a second set of selected tap weights of said equalization filter.

9. The device of claim 8, wherein said compensation logic is further configured to determine if updating said first set of selected tap weights causes a change in a reference tap location of said equalization filter; and restore previous tap weights for said first set of selected taps responsive to a determination of said change.

10. The device of claim 7, wherein: the center of filter (COF) logic is further configured to determine a current tap weight of an identified tap; the storage unit is further configured to store a nominal tap weight of said identified tap; and the adder is further configured to generate a COF offset between said nominal tap weight and said current tap weight, said COF offset indicative of said correction in clock delay.

11. The device of claim 7, wherein said compensation logic is configured to adjust a plurality of tap weights of said equalization filter alternately.

12. A receiver comprising: an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) configured to generate a digital input signal responsive to a received signal; a timing recovery loop coupled to said ADC and comprising: an equalizer configured to generate an equalized signal responsive to said digital input signal and through an adaptive equalization process, wherein said equalizer comprises an equalization filter, and wherein said adaptive equalization process results in correction of clock delay associated with said digital input signal; compensation logic coupled to said equalizer and configured to compensate said correction by updating said equalized filter; and a phase detector coupled to said equalizer, wherein said compensation logic comprises: center of filter (COF) logic configured to determine a current COF based on one or more tap weights of said equalization filter; a storage unit configured to store a predetermined nominal COF; an adder configured to generate an offset of said current COF from said predetermined nominal COF; and calculation logic configured to determine tap weights of a first set of selected taps in said equalization filter based on said offset.

13. The receiver of claim 12, wherein said current COF equals to one of: a difference between two selected tap weights of said equalization filter; and a current tap weight of a selected tap of said equalization filter.

14. The receiver of claim 13, wherein said timing recovery loop further comprises mode selection logic configured to: enable or disable said compensation logic; and enable or disable equalization adaptation in said equalizer.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Embodiments of the present invention will be better understood from a reading of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures, in which like reference characters designate like elements and in which:

(2) FIG. 1 illustrates the configuration of an exemplary equalizer-based timing recovery loop capable of compensating clock delay correction caused by equalization adaptation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

(3) FIG. 2 illustrates the configuration of exemplary control logic coupled to an adaptive equalizer and operable to detect and compensate clock delay correction introduced by the adaptive equalizer according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

(4) FIG. 3 illustrates the configurations of exemplary phase detectors that can be used in an equalizer-based timing recovery loop in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

(5) FIG. 4 illustrates the configuration of exemplary COF compensation logic coupled to the equalizer filter in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

(6) FIG. 5 is a flow chart of pseudo code for an exemplary equalization process with equalization adaptation enabled and COF correction disabled according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

(7) FIG. 6 is a flow chart of pseudo code for an exemplary equalization process with both equalization adaptation and COF correction enabled according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

(8) FIG. 7 is a flow chart of pseudo code for an exemplary equalization process with both equalization adaptation and COF correction enabled according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

(9) Overall, embodiments of the present disclosure provide a timing recovery mechanism for recovering a clock signal and yet preserving the capability of preventing undesirable interaction between an adaptive equalizer and the overall timing recovery loop with respect to clock phase recovery. Particularly, for an equalizer filter (or equalization filter), the offset between a current Center of Filter (COF) value and a nominal COF value is used as a measure for a clock phase correction resulted from an adaptive equalization process. In some embodiments, a COF may be defined as a function of two selected tap weights or equal to a selected tap weight. The tap weights of the equalizer filter are adjusted to decrease the offset, e.g., by interpolating/extrapolating selected tap weights based on the offset. In this manner, the clock delay correction contributed by the adaptive equalization process is compensated and its potential interaction with the timing recovery process is reduced or eliminated.

(10) As noted above, an equalizer can cause clock delay correction when it is adaptive to the time-varying channel characteristics. The adaptation is typically implemented by adapting the tap weights of the equalizer filter. FIG. 1 illustrates the configuration of an exemplary equalizer-based timing recovery loop 100 capable of compensating clock delay correction caused by equalization adaptation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

(11) As illustrated, the timing recovery loop 100 includes an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) 110, an equalizer 111, a slicer 112, a selector 113, a phase detector 114, a loop filter 115, and a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) 116. A received analog signal R.sub.x 101 is converted by the ADC 110 to a digital signal d.sub.k 102 and then supplied to the equalizer 111 and the slicer 112. The equalizer 111 is used to render a flat frequency response in the signal and output an equalized signal x.sub.k 103. After sampling at the slicer 112, the estimated symbols a.sub.k 104 are produced and supplied to the phase detector 114.

(12) The phase detector 114 generates a phase error based on the difference between the selector output e.sub.k 107 and the estimated symbols a.sub.k 104. The loop filter 115 averages the phase error, and the VCO 116 adjusts the effective sampling frequency and phase based on the average phase error. As a result, a recovered clock signal 106 is generated from the VCO 116 and, in turn, used to clock the ADC 110 for sampling as well as to clock downstream processing logic. The performance of symbol synchronization can be indicated by a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) or other suitable parameters related to the noise level in the data stream.

(13) The phase detector 114, loop filter 115, and VCO 116 can be implemented in any suitable configuration that is well-known in the art. For example, the phase detector 114 can be based on a Mueller Muller algorithm as described in greater detail below. The loop filter 115 can be a typical digital filter for a second-order Phase Lock Loop (PLL). The VCO 116 may include a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL). Alternatively, the VCO 116 may be replaced with a phase interpolator using a programmable gain element, a digital interpolator, and/or an analog interpolator. For example, the digital interpolator includes a register and an adder. The analog phase interpolator receives a reference clock and outputs a clock signal with a phase that is a function of the input. In addition, an equalizer-based timing recovery loop capable of compensating clock delay correction caused by equalization adaptation may include various other components that are well-known in the art without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

(14) The adaptive equalizer 111 may be a Feed-Forward Equalizer (FFE) implemented via a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter or a Decision-Directed Equalizer (DDE) which includes an FFE and a feedback equalizer (FBE). However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto.

(15) The equalizer filter (e.g., an FIR filter) is an adaptive filter which enables it to track any changes over time of a transmission channel. During adaptation, the tap weights of the equalizer filter may be updated through a Least-Mean-Square (LMS) adaptation process with programmable step sizes for the taps. Especially, it's typical to have a different step size for the main three taps, namely the reference tap (RefTap) and the taps before and after the RefTap.

(16) The adaptation can also result in correction of time delay in the channel. As noted above, this is problematic as it may interfere timing recovery by the overall timing recovery loop. According to the present disclosure, the adaptive equalizer 111 is coupled to control logic 120 configured to control equalization adaptation to mitigate or prevent the interference in time delay correction.

(17) According to one aspect of the present disclosure, the interference in clock delay correction can be mitigated by slowing down or suspending the adaptation of selected main taps in the equalizer. More specifically, in some embodiments, the control logic 120 is capable of detecting a SNR during the equalization process, e.g., in the equalized signal. After a satisfactory SNR is achieved, the control logic 120 instructs to freeze the tap weights of the w.sub.1 tap (before the RefTap) and w.sub.1 tap (after the RefTap) of the equalizer filter, for example by setting the step size of the w.sub.1 and w.sub.1 taps to 0. All the other weights (taps) can continue adapting. As a result, the adaptation of the equalizer filter is substantially slowed down.

(18) In some other embodiments, the control logic 120 may slow down the adaptation of the main taps in the equalizer filter relative to the timing recovery loop 1/BW, where BW is the timing recovery loop bandwidth. For example, this can be achieved by using small step sizes for the main two weights (w.sub.1 and w.sub.1 taps). All the other taps can adapt to the channel variations over time at higher speed.

(19) According to another aspect of the present disclosure, the control logic is configured to detect in real-time the amount of correction of time delay that results from the adaptation of equalization filter, and dynamically compensate the correction by modifying the tap weights of the filter. The present disclosure is not limited to any specific parameter used to monitor the amount of correction of time delay that results from the adaptation of equalization.

(20) As described in greater detail below, in some embodiments, Center of Filter (COF) can be used as a measure for a clock delay correction introduced during adaptive equalization. In some embodiments, the definition of Center of Filter (COF) is dependent on the type of the phase detector used in the timing recovery loop (as shown in FIG. 3). In the example described in detail herein,

(21) $\begin{array}{cc}COF=\{\begin{array}{cc}{w}_1-w_{-1}& \mathrm{PD}\mathrm{Type}A\\ w_{-1}& \mathrm{PD}\mathrm{Type}B\end{array}& \left(\mathrm{Equation}1\right)\end{array}$
where w.sub.1 is the weight of the tap after the RefTap and w.sub.1 is the weight of the tap before the RefTap, the RefTap being the tap associated with the maximum tap weight. The COF can be calculated and saved into a register continuously following any change in the equalizer weights due to adaptation or COF compensation. It will be appreciated that the present disclosure is not limited to any specific definition of COF. Also, the definition of COF may vary with the particular configurations of the timing recovery loop and the components therein.

(22) FIG. 2 illustrates the configuration of exemplary control logic 220 coupled to an adaptive equalizer 210 and operable to detect and compensate clock delay correction introduced by the adaptive equalizer 210 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. It will be appreciated that the present disclosure is not limited to any specific type of equalizer or any specific process or mechanism of adaptive equalization. The implementation of the equalizer is dependent on the adaptive process in the specific embodiment, such as an LMS adaptation process or any other method that is well-known in the art. In this example, the equalizer 210 includes a filter having multiple taps, for instance, an FIR filter with 8 taps. Controlled by the adaptation logic in the equalizer 210, the tap weights of the equalizer filter are adapted through an LMS adaptation process.

(23) According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the control logic 220 includes SNR detection module 221, a mode selection module 222 and compensation logic 230. The compensation logic 230 is configured to detect in real time, and accordingly compensate for, the clock phase correction caused by the adaptive equalization process. In the illustrated example, the compensation logic 230 is equipped with the COF offset determination logic 231 for calculating COF offset based on the tap weights of the filter in the equalizer 210. COF offset corresponds to a difference between the current COF and a COF_nom value which can be determined by the COF_Nom determination logic 233. The COF offset serves to indicate the amount and direction (positive or negative) of clock delay correction contributed by the adaptive equalization process.

(24) The interpolation/extrapolation logic 232 in the compensation logic 230 interpolates and/or extrapolates a set of selected tap weights to adjust another set of selected tap weights based on the COF offset, as described in greater detail below. The control logic 220 may be implemented using logic circuitry, a programmable microcontroller, a combination thereof, or any other suitable means.

(25) The mode selection logic 222 can select an operation mode of the equalizer 210 by selectively disabling or enabling its adaptation logic and the compensation logic 230. The operation mode can be selected based on the SNR as detected by the SNR detection logic 221. Various operational modes are described in greater detail below with reference to FIGS. 5-7.

(26) During operation, the adjusted tap weights 202 are output from the control logic 220, supplied back to the equalizer 210 and used for equalization, leading to reduced COF offset. As a result, clock delay correction introduced by adaptive equalization can be compensated, and its interaction with the timing recovery loop can be effectively and advantageously prevented. Also, since the tap weights are adjusted based on the time delay correction that is dynamically calculated using COF offset as the metric, interference with the equalization adaptation caused by the tap weight adjustment is advantageously controlled to a minimal level.

(27) FIG. 3 illustrates the configurations of exemplary phase detectors that can be used in an equalizer-based timing recovery loop in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The phase detectors can be used as the phase detector 114 in FIG. 1 timing recovery loop may be equipped with one or more types of phase detectors. Depending on the configuration of the phase detector that is enabled, the COF compensation logic may select the corresponding COF calculation. Diagram 310 shows the configuration of a type A phase detector based on the Mueller Muller (MM) algorithm. The (original) Mueller-Muller (MM) phase detector type A is given by:
x.sub.ka.sub.k-1x.sub.k-1a.sub.k
where, for equalizer-based timing recovery, x.sub.k is the slicer input at the k.sup.th sample and a.sub.k is the slicer decision at the k.sup.th sample (as shown in FIG. 1).

(28) In an alternative implementation of MM type A,
e.sub.k-1.Math.(a.sub.ka.sub.k-2)
which is equivalent to:
e.sub.k-1a.sub.ke.sub.k-1a.sub.k-2
(e.sub.k-1a.sub.k-2e.sub.k-1a.sub.k)

(29) Since the loop averages the phase detector output, the index of the first term can be shifted by +1, which gives:
(e.sub.ka.sub.k-1e.sub.k-1a.sub.k).
This is equivalent to the original MM type A equation.

(30) Diagram 320 shows the configuration of a type B(1) phase detector based on the Mueller Muller algorithm. Diagram 330 shows the configuration of a type B(2) phase detector based on the Mueller Muller algorithm. The MM phase detector type B(1) can be given by:
x.sub.ka.sub.k-1

(31) In another version of Mueller-Muller PD type B, the slicer error, e.sub.k, replaces the slicer input, x.sub.k, which gives:
e.sub.ka.sub.k-1.
The timing recovery loop zeros the post-cursor w.sub.1 when MM Type B phase detector is used.

(32) In type B(2) phase detector, the slicer error, e.sub.k, replaces the slicer input, x.sub.k, giving:
(e.sub.ka.sub.k-1e.sub.k-1a.sub.k)
where the slicer error e.sub.k is given by
e.sub.k=a.sub.kx.sub.k.
The two versions are equivalent because the mean of a.sub.k is zero.

(33) In still another version of Mueller-Muller PD type B, the slicer error, e.sub.k, replaces the slicer input, x.sub.k, which gives
e.sub.k-1a.sub.k.

(34) Exemplary definitions of COF corresponding to these types of phase detectors are presented in Equation 1. Functions of these types of phase detectors are well known in the art and detailed description related thereto is omitted for brevity. It will be appreciated that any other suitable type of phase detector can also be used without departing the scope of the present disclosure. In such case, the definition of COF may change accordingly.

(35) FIG. 4 illustrates the configuration of exemplary COF compensation logic 430 coupled to the equalizer filter 410 in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The COF determination logic 431 can receive the tap weights 401 of the equalizer filter 410 and calculate the current COF value (or the COF) of the equalizer filter 410, for example as defined in Equation 1. The COF is calculated and saved into a register continuously following any change of the tap weights due to adaptation or COF correction.

(36) The COF compensation logic 430 includes a register 433 storing a nominal COF value (COF_nom), the COF determination logic 431 for computing the COF, an adder 435 for generating the COF offset, a multiplier 434 for multiplying the COF offset with a coefficient to generate the error 403, and the interpolation/extrapolation logic 432.

(37) During operation, if the COF is shifted relative to COF_nom, the COF can be corrected by modifying a set of selected taps of the equalizer filter, e.g., the main three taps. An alternative approach is to modify all the tap weights of the equalizer filter 410. Modification of the tap weights can be performed by interpolating/extrapolating the main three or five taps, or etc.

(38) For example, if COF of the equalizer filter is shifted relative to COF_nom (as stored in the COF_nom register) due to LMS, the COF is corrected by modifying the main two or one taps of the Equalizer. The updated two main weights are corrected by the error (e.g., the error 403 in FIG. 4):
e=.Math.(COFCOF_nom),(Equation2)
where the coefficient can depend on a programmable value n. For instance, can be defined as

(39) $\begin{array}{cc}=\{\begin{array}{cc}{2}^{-n},& n=0\text{:}30\\ 0,& n=31\end{array}& \left(\mathrm{Equation}3\right)\end{array}$
where the default can be set as n=4; and, when n=31, the COF correction is disabled.

(40) COF correction can be implemented in various suitable methods. In a first exemplary method, the COF correction is performed via linear interpolation based on 3 (or 5) main taps. When 5 main taps are used, a linear interpolation is applied to get the 3 corrected main taps. When 3 main taps are used, an interpolation or extrapolation is used to get the corrected 3 main taps.

(41) To simplify the implementation, the difference COF=COFCOF_nom can be approximated, so the implementation can use a shifter instead of a multiplier. For example, it can be approximated as:
COFsign(COF).Math.2.sup.rnd(log.sup.2.sup.(abs(COF)))
where rnd represent round, and abs represents absolute value. When COF=0, set e=0.

(42) Corrections of the two main taps (before and after the RefTap) based on 3 tap weights can be given by:
y.sub.1=(w.sub.1w.sub.0).Math.e+w.sub.1
y.sub.1=(w.sub.0w.sub.1).Math.e+w.sub.1
where the 3 old main weights are w.sub.1, w.sub.0, w.sub.1, and the new 3 weights are y.sub.1, y.sub.0, y.sub.1. In this example, the weight of the RefTap is not corrected.

(43) However, in an alternative embodiment, the RefTap can be corrected in combination with correction of the other two main taps as shown above. The RefTap correction can be represented as:
y.sub.0=(w.sub.1w.sub.0).Math.e+w.sub.0, e0
y.sub.0=(w.sub.0w.sub.1).Math.e+w.sub.0, e<0

(44) In a second exemplary method, the correction of the main 3 taps is based on 5 tap weights. For example, the new 3 main weights y.sub.i, i=1, 0, +1, can be given by:
y.sub.i=(w.sub.i+1w.sub.i).Math.e+w.sub.i, e0, i=1,0,+1
y.sub.i=(w.sub.iw.sub.1).Math.e+w.sub.i, e<0, i=1,0,+1
That is,
y.sub.0=(w.sub.1w.sub.0).Math.e+w.sub.0, e0
y.sub.0=(w.sub.0w.sub.1).Math.e+w.sub.0, e<0
y.sub.1=(w.sub.2w.sub.1).Math.e+w.sub.1, e0
y.sub.1=(w.sub.1w.sub.0).Math.e+w.sub.1, e<0
y.sub.1=(w.sub.0w.sub.1).Math.e+w.sub.1, e0
y.sub.1=(w.sub.1w.sub.2).Math.e+w.sub.1, e<0

(45) In a third exemplary method, the two main weights w.sub.1 and w.sub.1 are adjusted alternately in consecutive cycles. For example,
w.sub.1=w.sub.1e
w.sub.1=w.sub.1+e.
The duration of the alternation can be set by a counter. For instance, the default value of the duration is set as 1, and the correction sequence is: w.sub.1, w.sub.1, w.sub.1, w.sub.1, . . . , etc. A STATE register can be used and toggle between 0 and 1 after the counter reaches its end. When STATE=0, w.sub.1 is updated, and when STATE=1, w.sub.1 is updated.

(46) A programmable register COF_TAP_CORRECTION may be used, in combination with the STATE register, to control which taps are corrected based on COF offset. For instance, the values of the COF_TAP_CORRECTION can be defined as follows:

(47) $\mathrm{COF\_TAP}\mathrm{\_CORRECTION}=\{\begin{array}{ccc}00,& \mathrm{Corrects}& \mathrm{none}\\ 01,& \mathrm{Corrects}& w_1\\ 10,& \mathrm{Corrects}& w_{-1}\\ 11,& \mathrm{Corrects}& w_{-1}\&w_1\left(\mathrm{default}\right)\end{array}$

(48) Although embodiments of the present disclosure described herein use linear interpolation/extrapolation, various other suitable techniques, mechanisms, algorithms and methods that are well known in the art can be used to modify the tap weights for COF correction purposes. For example, exponential or parabola interpolation can be used instead. Further, the tap weights or other type of coefficients of an equalization filter can be updated for purposes of COF correction in any other suitable method or algorithm that is well known in the art.

(49) The RefTap location refers to the tap index of the main tap that has the maximum absolute tap weight. When the tap weights are updated due to adaptation or COF correction, the RefTap may change to another location (a different tap index). In some embodiments, once the location of a RefTap is changed as a result of updating the tap weights (e.g., the main three taps), the updated tap weights are discarded and the previous values of these tap weights are loaded back.

(50) A variety of techniques, processes, methods and algorithms can be used to acquire a COF_nom without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, a COF_nom can be user-assigned based on the expected channel characteristics. In some other embodiments, a COF_nom can be obtained through programmed tryouts using a number of candidate COF_nom values. The candidate value that yields an optimal performance can be selected as the COF_nom used for subsequent signal processing.

(51) In still some other embodiments, the nominal COF of the equalizer is obtained after a successful timing recovery acquisition where the equalizer SNR is above a programmable threshold, or the equalizer noise is below a programmable threshold. The equalizer noise can be obtained via averaging of a squared slicer error for example.

(52) In an acquisition state, the timing recovery loop runs for a programmable number of symbols. The programmable number is stored in a register and used to define the duration of the acquisition process. The mean squared error or the SNR of the equalizer signal, the mean squared error of the equalized signal and the COF values are saved, while the tap weights updating based on computed COF offset is disabled. At the end of the acquisition, a COF that corresponds to an optimal SNR may be selected as the COF_nom. In the tracking state, the tap weights are updated based on the computed COF offset.

(53) A timing recovery loop according to the present disclosure can operate in various optional modes depending on whether COF compensation and equalization adaptation are enabled. In each mode, the timing recovery loop may operate in one of the two states: acquisition and tracking.

(54) In the acquisition state, the timing recovery loop runs for a programmable number of symbols set by a register (acquisition duration register). The mean squared error of the equalized signal and COF values are saved (updating is stopped) at the end of the acquisition state. Alternatively, the acquisition state is not controlled by the acquisition duration register, but rather by the firmware. In the tracking state, the timing recovery process runs continuously.

(55) In some embodiments, optimal tap weights and/or COF_nom may be obtained in an initial searching stage, and used as initial values for the subsequent equalization process, as described in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 5-7. Processes described with reference to FIGS. 5-7 can be performed by the timing recovery loop 100 in FIG. 1 using different configurations.

(56) FIG. 5 is a flow chart of pseudo code for an exemplary equalization process 500 with equalization adaptation enabled and COF correction disabled according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In this mode, the equalizer filter tap weights are initialized in the acquisition state with ready values and are adapted iteratively based on the evaluation of the resulted noise in the initial searching process (502-507). The adaptation steps are set to be small values to reduce or eliminate the interaction in clock delay correction between the equalizer and the overall timing recovery loop. For example, the adaptation steps for the two main taps before and after RefTap are set to very small values or even zero.

(57) More specifically, at 501, a noise threshold (Best_Noise) is set as max. At 502, the tap weights of the equalizer filter (EQ Weights) are initialized using a set of ready values. At 503, the acquisition state is configured such that the equalizer is dynamically adaptive to channel characteristics, but the tap weights are not adjusted even if the COF is not equal to COF_nom. At 504, the equalizer error is averaged and saved as Noise. At 505, it is determined if Noise is less than Best_Noise. If yes, the tap weights are saved as the Best EQ Weights at 506. It is checked at 507 whether the number of iterations has been exhausted. If not, the foregoing 502-507 are repeated to obtain a set of weights that lead to a satisfactory noise level of the equalizer.

(58) If the number of iterations has been exhausted, the tap weights are assigned with Best EQ Weights at 508. In a subsequent equalization process, in both the acquisition state 509 and the tracking state 510, the tap weights of the equalizer filter are adaptive. However, the weights are not adjusted based on COF even if the COF is not equal to the COF_nom.

(59) FIG. 6 is a flow chart of pseudo code for an exemplary equalization process 600 with both equalization adaptation and COF correction enabled according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. For instance, the two main taps before and after RefTap are adapted during both the acquisition and tracking states. The COF is constantly modified, and the COF correction tries to correct the COF to keep it close to COF_nom.

(60) In the acquisition state, the tap weights and COF_nom of the equalizer filter are initialized. While applying equalization adaptation, the weights of the two main taps are corrected so the COF is kept close to COF_nom. After acquisition, if the SNR is below a programmable threshold, another set of tap weights of the equalizer and COF_nom are initialized and the timing recovery loop is restarted until the SNR is above a certain threshold. An alternative approach is to select the best set of initial tap weights of the equalizer and COF_nom that achieved the maximum SNR between couples of tryouts.

(61) More specifically, at 601, a noise threshold (Best_Noise) is set as max. At 602, the tap weights and COF_nom are initialized using a set of ready values. At 603, the acquisition state is configured such that the equalizer is dynamically adaptive to the channel characteristics and continuously adjusted to compensate for the COF offset.

(62) At 604, the equalizer error is averaged and saved as Noise. At 605, it is determined if Noise is less than Best_Noise. If yes, the instant tap weights of the equalizer filter are saved as the Best EQ Weights, and the instant COF_nom is assigned to Best COF_nom at 606. It is checked at 607 whether the number of iterations has been exhausted. If not, the foregoing 602-607 are repeated to obtain a set of weights that lead to a satisfactory noise level of the equalizer.

(63) If the number of iterations has been exhausted, the EQ Weights and the COF_nom are assigned with Best EQ Weights and the best COF_nom respectively at 608. In a subsequent equalization process, in both the acquisition state 609 and the tracking state 610, the tap weights of the equalizer filter are adapted to current channel characteristics. Also, the weights are adjusted based on the COF offset.

(64) FIG. 7 is a flow chart of pseudo code for an exemplary equalization process 700 with both equalization adaptation and COF correction enabled according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In this mode, the COF is not corrected during acquisition state. If the SNR obtained after acquisition is above a certain threshold, the achieved COF after acquisition is set as COF_nom. Then, during tracking, the two main taps before and after RefTap are corrected, so the COF is the same as the set optimal COF_nom.

(65) More specifically, at 701, a noise threshold (Best_Noise) is set as max. At 702, the tap weights and COF_nom of the equalizer filter are initialized using a set of ready values. At 703, the acquisition state is configured such that the equalizer is adaptive to the channel characteristics, but the EQ Weights are not adjusted based on the COF offset.

(66) At 704, the equalizer error is averaged and saved as Noise, and the COF is computed. At 705, it is determined if Noise is less than Best_Noise. If yes, the instant EQ weights are saved as the Best EQ Weights, and the instant COF is assigned to Best COF_nom at 706. It is checked at 707 whether the number of iterations has been exhausted. If not, the foregoing 702-707 are repeated to obtain a set of weights and COF that lead to a satisfactory noise level of the equalizer.

(67) If the number of iterations has been exhausted, the EQ Weights are assigned with Best EQ Weights at 708. Also, the COF_nom is assigned with Best COF_nom. In the subsequent adaptation process, both the acquisition state 709 and the tracking state 710, the tap weights of the equalizer are adapted to current channel characteristics, and the weights are adjusted based on COF offset if the COF is not equal to COF_nom.

(68) Although certain preferred embodiments and methods have been disclosed herein, it will be apparent from the foregoing disclosure to those skilled in the art that variations and modifications of such embodiments and methods may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is intended that the invention shall be limited only to the extent required by the appended claims and the rules and principles of applicable law.