DEVICE, APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR MINIBEAM RADIATION THERAPY

Abstract

A method for generating a minibeam, including focusing the incident beam through a first quadrupole along a first direction and through a second quadrupole along a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, deflecting the incident beam, through a third magnet along a third direction and through a fourth magnet according to a distinct fourth direction, adjusting a magnetic field gradient generated by first quadrupole and/or respectively by the second quadrupole so that a focal length of the first quadrupole is superior or equal to 60 and/or is less than or equal to 250 cm and/or respectively a focal length of the second quadrupole is superior or equal to 50 and/or is less than or equal to 200 cm for the focused beam to meet the criteria of a minibeam along a volume extending between a focal point of the first quadrupole and a focal point of the second quadrupole.

Claims

1. A method for generating a minibeam, said minibeam being generated from an incident beam of charged particles that exhibits: an energy superior or equal to 10 and/or less than or equal to 1000 MeV, and a divergence less than 15 milliradian, and/or an absolute value of a correlation coefficient between a size of the incident beam and the divergence of the incident beam superior or equal to 0.8 and/or less than or equal to 1, said method comprising the steps consisting of: focusing the incident beam, through a first quadrupole according to a first direction; focusing the incident beam, through a second quadrupole according to a second direction orthogonal to the first direction; deflecting the incident beam, through a third magnet according to a third direction; deflecting the incident beam through a fourth magnet according to a fourth direction different from the third direction; and adjusting a magnetic field gradient generated by the first quadrupole and/or respectively by the second quadrupole so that a focal length of the first quadrupole is superior or equal to 60 and/or is less than or equal to 250 cm and/or respectively a focal length of the second quadrupole is superior or equal to 50 and/or is less than or equal to 200 cm in order for the focused beam to meet the criteria of a minibeam along a volume extending between a focal point of the first quadrupole and a focal point of the second quadrupole.

2. The method according to claim 1, comprising the step consisting of arranging the beam, the first and second quadrupoles and the third and fourth magnets in a vacuum environment, said vacuum environment extending over a distance higher than 50 cm and lower than 200 cm.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein a distance from an end of the vacuum environment to the focal point of the second quadrupole is superior to few centimeters and/or is less than or equal to 50 cm.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein a FWHM of the incident beam is less than 50 mm.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein values of magnetic field gradients generated by the first and second quadrupoles, require for the beam focused at the focal point of the second quadrupole to meet the criteria of a minibeam, are superior or equal to 0 and/or are less than or equal to 1,6.cm.sup.−1.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein a distance separating the first quadrupole from the second quadrupole is less than 15 cm, preferably less than 6 cm, more preferably less than or equal to 3 cm.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the incident beam of charged particles exits from a beamline of a medical facility.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the charged particles are ions.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein operational frequencies of the third and fourth magnets are superior or equal to 1 Hz and/or are less than or equal to 200 Hz.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein a minibeam according to the invention exhibits a horizontal full width at half maximum (hFWHM) less than or equal to 2 mm and a vertical FWHM (vFWHM) equal to or less than the hFWHM of the minibeam.

11. A minibeam scanning nozzle (MSN) for charged particles minibeam Radiation Therapy, said MSN comprising, along a beam path of the charged particles inside the nozzle: a first quadrupole arranged to focus the incident beam according to a first direction; a second quadrupole arranged to focus the incident beam according to a second direction orthogonal to the first direction; a third magnet arranged to deflect the incident beam according to a third direction; and a fourth magnet arranged to deflect the incident beam according to a fourth direction different from the third direction; the first quadrupole and/or respectively the second quadrupole being arranged to generate a magnetic field gradient that is adjusted so that a focal length of the first quadrupole is superior or equal to 60 and/or is less than or equal to 250 cm and/or respectively a focal length of the second quadrupole is superior or equal to 50 and/or is less than or equal to 200 cm in order for the focused beam to meet the criteria of a minibeam along a volume extending between a focal point of the first quadrupole and a focal point of the second quadrupole.

12. The MSN according to claim 11, comprising a vacuum chamber wherein the first and second quadrupoles and the third and fourth magnets are arranged.

13. The MSN according to claim 12, wherein a distance between an exit face of the vacuum chamber and the focal point of the second quadrupole is less than 50 cm.

14. The MSN according to claim 11, arranged to generate the minibeam from an incident beam of charged particles exiting a beamline of a medical facility, the MSN being intended to be arranged downstream of the beamline in a path of the incident beam of charged particles.

15. The MSN according to any of claim 11, being arranged to carry out the a method for generating a minibeam, said minibeam being generated from an incident beam of charged particles that exhibits: an energy superior or equal to 10 and/or less than or equal to 1000 MeV, and a divergence less than 15 milliradian, and/or an absolute value of a correlation coefficient between a size of the incident beam and the divergence of the incident beam superior or equal to 0.8 and/or less than or equal to said method comprising the steps consisting of: focusing the incident beam, through a first quadrupole according to a first direction; focusing the incident beam, through a second quadrupole according to a second direction orthogonal to the first direction; deflecting the incident beam, through a third magnet according to a third direction; deflecting the incident beam through a fourth magnet according to a fourth direction different from the third direction; and adjusting a magnetic field gradient generated by the first quadrupole and/or respectively by the second quadrupole so that a focal length of the first quadrupole is superior or equal to 60 and/or is less than or equal to 250 cm and/or respectively a focal length of the second quadrupole is superior or equal to 50 and/or is less than or equal to 200 cm in order for the focused beam to meet the criteria of a minibeam along a volume extending between a focal point of the first quadrupole and a focal point of the second quadrupole.

16. A use of the MSN according to claim 11 for implementing a method for generating a minibeam, said minibeam being generated from an incident beam of charged particles that exhibits: an energy superior or equal to 10 and/or less than or equal to 1000 MeV, and a divergence less than 15 milliradian, and/or an absolute value of a correlation coefficient between a size of the incident beam and the divergence of the incident beam superior or equal to 0.8 and/or less than or equal to said method comprising the steps consisting of: focusing the incident beam, through a first quadrupole according to a first direction; focusing the incident beam, through a second quadrupole according to a second direction orthogonal to the first direction; deflecting the incident beam, through a third magnet according to a third direction; deflecting the incident beam through a fourth magnet according to a fourth direction different from the third direction; and adjusting a magnetic field gradient generated by the first quadrupole and/or respectively by the second quadrupole so that a focal length of the first quadrupole is superior or equal to 60 and/or is less than or equal to 250 cm and/or respectively a focal length of the second quadrupole is superior or equal to 50 and/or is less than or equal to 200 cm in order for the focused beam to meet the criteria of a minibeam along a volume extending between a focal point of the first quadrupole and a focal point of the second quadrupole.

17. A system for charged particles minibeam radiation therapy comprising: a beam source arranged to generate an incident beam of charged particles that exhibits: an energy superior or equal to 10 and/or less than or equal to 1000 MeV, and a divergence less than 15 milliradian, and/or an absolute value of a correlation coefficient between a size of the incident beam and the divergence of the incident beam superior or equal to 0.8 and/or less than or equal to a minibeam scanning nozzle (MSN) arranged to generate a minibeam of charged particles comprising, along a beam path of the charged particles inside the nozzle: a first quadrupole arranged to focus the incident beam according to a first direction; a second quadrupole arranged to focus the incident beam according to a second direction orthogonal to the first direction; a third magnet arranged to deflect the incident beam according to a third direction; and a fourth magnet arranged to deflect the incident beam according to a fourth direction different from the third direction; the first quadrupole and/or respectively the second quadrupole being arranged to generate a magnetic field gradient that is adjusted so that a focal length of the first quadrupole is superior or equal to 60 and/or is less than or equal to 250 cm and/or respectively a focal length of the second quadrupole is superior or equal to 50 and/or is less than or equal to 200 cm in order for the focused beam to meet the criteria of a minibeam along a volume extending between a focal point of the first quadrupole and a focal point of the second quadrupole.

18. The system according to claim 17, wherein the beam source comprises a beamline of a medical facility.

19. The system according to claim 17, wherein the MSN is for charged particles minibeam Radiation Therapy, said MSN comprising, along a beam path of the charged particles inside the nozzle: a first quadrupole arranged to focus the incident beam according to a first direction; a second quadrupole arranged to focus the incident beam according to a second direction orthogonal to the first direction; a third magnet arranged to deflect the incident beam according to a third direction; and a fourth magnet arranged to deflect the incident beam according to a fourth direction different from the third direction; the first quadrupole and/or respectively the second quadrupole being arranged to generate a magnetic field gradient that is adjusted so that a focal length of the first quadrupole is superior or equal to 60 and/or is less than or equal to 250 cm and/or respectively a focal length of the second quadrupole is superior or equal to 50 and/or is less than or equal to 200 cm in order for the focused beam to meet the criteria of a minibeam along a volume extending between a focal point of the first quadrupole and a focal point of the second quadrupole.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0083] Further inventive objects, features and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description of several embodiments of the invention with references to the drawings, in which:

[0084] FIG. 1 is a schematic tilted view of an arrangement of the nozzle components according to the invention,

[0085] FIG. 2a is a schematic side view of a setup currently used in medical facilities for radiation therapy,

[0086] FIGS. 2b, 2c and 2d are schematic side view of three further possible arrangements of a setup for radiation therapy,

[0087] FIG. 3 shows four bar charts illustrating the minimized sizes of the focused beam achieved respectively by the nozzle arrangements of FIGS. 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0088] The embodiments hereinafter described are not restrictive; other embodiments comprising a selection of features described hereinafter may be considered. A selection may comprise features isolated from a set of features (even if this selection is isolated among a sentence comprising other features thereof), if the selection is sufficient to confer a technical advantage or to distinguish the invention form the state of the art. This selection comprises at least a feature, preferably described by its technical function without structural features, or with a part of structural details if this part is sufficient to confer a technical advantage or to distinguish the invention form the state of the art on its own.

[0089] An embodiment of a method to generate a minibeam according to the invention is described. This method is intended to be used for minibeam radiation therapy. The method comprises the steps consisting of:

focusing the incident beam 6, through a first quadrupole 10 according to a first direction x,
focusing the incident beam 6, through a second quadrupole 11 according to a second direction y orthogonal to the first direction x,
deflecting the incident beam 6, through a third magnet 12 according to a third direction y,
deflecting the incident beam 6, through a fourth magnet according to a fourth direction x orthogonal to the third direction y,
adjusting a magnetic field gradient generated by the first quadrupole 10 and/or respectively by the second quadrupole 11 so that a focal length of the first quadrupole 10 is superior or equal to 60 cm and/or is less than or equal to 250 cm and/or respectively a focal length of the of the second quadrupole 11 is superior or equal to 50 cm and/or is less than or equal to 240 cm in order for the focused beam 16 to meet the criteria of a minibeam along a volume extending between a focal point of the first quadrupole 10 and a focal point of the second quadrupole 11.

[0090] In practice, the magnetic field gradient generated by the first quadrupole 10 can be predetermined or set, for example, so that the target 7 (for example a tumor 7), or a section plane 18 of the target 7 or an entrance plane 18 of the target 7, is arranged at a given distance of an exit plane 33 of the nozzle 2 according to the invention. The magnetic field gradient generated by the second quadrupole 11 is then adjusted, according to the invention, so that the focused beam 16 meets the criteria of a minibeam at the target 7 or at a section plane 18 of the target 7 or at an entrance plane 18 of the target 7. Conversely, the magnetic field gradient generated by the second quadrupole 11 can be predetermined or set, for example, so that the target 7 or a section plane 18 of the target 7 or an entrance plane 18 of the target 7, is arranged at a given distance of an exit plane 33 of the nozzle 2 according to the invention.

[0091] Surprisingly, adjusting the focal length of the quadrupoles 10, 11 has been found to be the one of the major parameters for decreasing the size of the focused beam 16 to a size smaller than 2 mm so that the focused beam 16 meets the criteria of a minibeam. Indeed, the nozzles of the state of the art exhibit focal length higher than 250 cm, see for instance Grevillot et al. which disclosed size higher than 700 cm.

[0092] Moreover, reducing the focal length of the quadrupoles 10, 11 allows to reduce the total length of the nozzle which may facilitate the treatment process. Reducing the focal length of the quadrupoles 10, 11 also increase the quality of the protons beam by reducing scattering and so lateral penumbra.

[0093] Usual pMBRT system comprises a beam source. The beam source comprises a proton accelerator, such as a cyclotron, and a beam transport system comprising magnets and being arranged to convey an incident proton beam 6 from the proton accelerator to the nozzle 2. For other therapies, protons may be substituted with other ions, such as carbon ions. After the transport system, the beam is finally shaped with a collimator to generate an array of areas of high dose values and/or is deflected to generate a scanning beam.

[0094] An embodiment according to the invention comprises a proton minibeam radiation therapy (pMBRT) system (not represented). The system comprises a nozzle 2 according to the invention. The nozzle 2 according to the invention is arranged to shape the incident proton beam 6 into a proton minibeam 16 and to guide said proton minibeam 16 towards a tumor (not depicted) located in a patient 7.

[0095] In some pMBRT system, the patient is located in a gantry which is part of the pMBRT system. The nozzle 2 is connected to the gantry (not represented) and the gantry is arranged to rotate the nozzle 2 around the patient 7 so as to enable treatment with multiple fields from different angles to better target the tumor and spare surrounding healthy tissue.

[0096] Typical a values of current proton beams 6 used in current facilities are between 2 and 10 mm. Standard energy values of current proton beams 6 used in current facilities are between 60 and 230 MeV. A standard divergence exhibited by current proton beams 6 is around 3 mrad (milliradians).

[0097] FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the nozzle 2 arrangement according to the invention that has been found suitable for minibeam generation compared to numerous different potential nozzle arrangements investigated (see below) that are not suitable. The nozzle 2 comprises a vacuum chamber 9 arranged to receive the incident proton beam 6. Coming from the transport system, the proton beam propagates into the vacuum chamber 9. According to the beam path, in other words from left to right of the FIG. 1, the nozzle 2 comprises:

a first quadrupole 10,
a second quadrupole 11,
a first scanning dipole 12, and
a second scanning dipole 13.

[0098] In a preferable configuration, the nozzle 2 also comprises an ionization chamber 14.

[0099] The vacuum chamber 9 extends from an entrance face 32 of the nozzle 2, through which the proton beam 6 enters the vacuum chamber 9, to an exit of the dipole 13, through which the proton minibeam 16 exits the vacuum chamber 9 towards the target 7 (which can be a tumor for example) through an ionization chamber 14. The quadrupoles 10, 11, the dipoles 12, 13 are out of the vacuum environment of the vacuum chamber 9. The proton beam propagates in the vacuum chamber through each quadrupole 10, 11, then between the two poles of each scanning dipole 12, 13 and is located at equal distance from each pole of a scanning dipole 12, 13. Then, the proton minibeam 16 passes through the ionization chamber 14 before exiting the vacuum chamber and propagating towards the target 7.

[0100] The first quadrupole 10 is arranged to focus the proton beam 6 propagating within the vacuum chamber 9 according to the y direction and the second quadrupole 11 is arranged to focus the proton beam 6 propagating within the vacuum chamber 9 according to the x direction. Each of the first 10 and the second quadrupoles 11 is arranged to provide a variable magnetic field gradient. Downstream of the second quadrupole 11, according to the beam path, the proton beam is focused to meet the criteria of a minibeam along a volume extending between a focal point of the first quadrupole 10 and a focal point of the second quadrupole 11.

[0101] The ionization chamber 14 is arranged to measure the intensity and the size and position of the proton minibeam 16. The wall parts of each ionization chamber located on the beam path may be made of mylar. The ionization chamber 14 is filled with air or helium.

[0102] The first scanning dipole 12 is arranged to deflect the proton beam propagating within the vacuum chamber 9 according to the y direction and the second scanning dipole 13 is arranged to deflect the proton beam 6 propagating within the vacuum chamber 9 according to the x direction. Each of the first 12 and the second scanning dipole 13 is arranged to provide an approximatively homogeneous magnetic field of variable strength. A processing unit, for use in connection with the nozzle 2, is arranged to control the magnetic field gradient value provided by each of the first 12 and the second scanning dipole 13 so as to deflect the proton beam 6 propagating within the vacuum chamber 9 so as to move the point of intersection between the proton minibeam 16 and a given section plane 18 of the target 7. The point of intersection between the proton minibeam 16 and the section plane 18 of the target 7 is moved so as to scan the target 7 according to a given pattern 17. According to the embodiment, the pattern 17 exhibits a crenellated shape. The pattern may also be any type of alternating array of areas of high dose values, called peaks and areas of low dose values, called valleys. As non-limiting examples, the areas may be circles or ellipses or squares or rectangles and may be concentric. Each of the first 12 and the second 13 scanning dipole exhibits an operational frequency between 1 and 200 Hz. An operational frequency range of 3 to 100 Hz is suitable in most cases. Downstream of the second scanning dipole 13, according to the beam path, the proton beam 16 is focused and deflected.

[0103] Embodiments on FIGS. 2a, 2c and 2d illustrate a chamber 2 containing a vacuum chamber 9 conveying the beam. The vacuum chamber passes through the components 10-13. The magnets are disposed around the vacuum chamber, not inside. Others components are in an air filled volume. On FIG. 2b, the whole chamber 2 is in a vacuum environment, thus it is considered as the vacuum chamber 9. In all figures, including FIG. 2b, the ionization chamber 14 is always arranged in an air filled volume.

[0104] FIG. 2a illustrates a setup currently used in medical facilities for radiation therapy. The current setup comprises a snout 23 arranged to receive a collimator and to obtain a shaped proton beam 24 from the focused beam 16, which is not a minibeam, prior to impact the target 7. The snout 23 is in the ambient air and is mounted on a snout holder 25. A ionization chamber 14 is placed downstream of the vacuum chamber 9. The current setup comprises a vacuum window 28 arranged in the ambient air upstream a vacuum chamber 9. A first 10 and a second 11 quadrupole and a first 12 and a second 13 scanning magnet are arranged out of the vacuum chamber 9.

[0105] A substantial number of different modifications of the current setup, as described above and as illustrated FIG. 2a, have been tested. These modifications have led to numerous different potential arrangements of the setup. Among these numerous different potential arrangements, four are set forth in FIGS. 2b, 2c and 2d. Besides the current setup, shown in FIG. 2a, each of these four arrangements has been investigated as described hereinafter. The modifications carried out comprise, among others, the arrangement of the elements relative to each other and/or the distance between the elements and the target and/or the removal of the snout 23, the snout holder 25 and the ionization chamber 14 and/or the addition of extra elements at different locations of the setup, in particular a pair of extra quadrupoles 30, 31.

[0106] Simulations of proton beams propagating through nozzles were performed. The simulations were Monte Carlo simulations performed carried out with TOPAS version 3.2 and 3.1. For each given setup arrangement investigated, energies of the incident proton beam of 100, 150 and 200 MeV were considered and the magnetic field gradient in each of the quadrupoles 10, 11 and was varied in steps of 0.016 T.cm.sup.−1 from 0 to 0.8 T.cm.sup.−1, resulting in 51 different field strengths for each quadrupole 10, 11. Furthermore, two orienta-tions of the focussing planes of the quadrupoles 10, 11 were considered. The minimum beam size for each setup arrangement was then determined by com-paring the sizes simulated with each of these 51×51×2 configurations of the quadrupoles 10, 11. It has to be noted that the magnetic field applied at the pole tips generates a magnetic field gradient inside the quadrupole 10, 11.

[0107] FIG. 3 shows four bar charts depicting the minimum sizes of the focused beam 16, calculated from the simulations, achieved by the setup arrangements of FIGS. 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d from left to right. The bar charts of FIGS. 3a, 3b and 3d related to arrangements of FIGS. 2a, 2b and 2d show the horizontal FWHM (hFWHM) and the vertical FWHM (vFWHM) of the shaped proton beam 24 at the target 7 for an energy of the incident proton beam 6 of 100 and 200 MeV and the chart of the FIG. 3c related to the arrangement of FIG. 2c shows the horizontal FWHM (hFWHM) and the vertical FWHM (vFWHM) of the focused beam 16 at the target 7 for energy of the incident proton beam 6 of 100 and 200 MeV. None of the presented arrangements is suitable to provide minibeam, that is to say a beam that exhibits a hWHM and a vFWHM less than 2 mm. Among the numerous different potential arrangements investigated, only the arrangement of the setup according to the invention, set forth FIG. 1, allows to achieve minibeams. The minimized beam sizes of the nozzle 2 according to the invention, set forth in FIG. 1, derived from the simulations, are presented in chart 1.

[0108] Hence, compared to usual pencil beam scanning (PBS) of FIG. 2a that produces beams with minimum FWHM of 5 mm at the target 7, the beam 16 produced by the nozzle 2 according to the invention meets the criteria of a minibeam at a target 7 and may be used for pMBRT.

TABLE-US-00001 CHART 1 Configuration Beam size at the target Incident beam Distance between the nozzle hFWHM vFWHM energy (MeV) exit and the target (cm) (mm) (mm) 100 30 1.67 1.65 100 10 0.66 0.68 200 30 0.87 0.85 200 10 0.33 0.35

[0109] Throughout the rest of the description, the nozzle 2 according to the invention, as set forth in FIG. 3, is considered. The precise dimensions of the nozzle 2 and the features of the nozzle 2 components, the distances separating the components of the nozzle 2 between each other and the components of the nozzle 2 from the target 7 have been simulated with an analytical calculation code for magnetic fields and checked through Monte Carlo method using TOPAS code version 3.2 and 3.1. The components comprise the first 10 and the second 11 quadrupoles, the third 12 and the fourth 13 scanning dipoles and the ionization chamber 14.

[0110] The size of each component of the nozzle 2, the distances separating these components from one another and the distances separating these components from the target 7 are introduced. Each component length presented hereinafter describes the size of a component along the beam path.

[0111] The size of each component is defined by the distance separating an entrance plane and an exit plane of a component.

[0112] It has been found that one of the major parameters, related to the nozzle 2 arrangement, to be controlled to achieve a minibeam is the distance d2 separating the exit face of the second quadrupoles 11 from the section plane 18 of the target 7. To obtain a minimum size of the focused beam 16, the distance d2 should be less than 200 cm. A distance d2 less than 200 cm is only achievable by means of the nozzle 2 arrangement according to the invention and also because the nozzle 2 according to the invention does not use a snout 23 or a physical collimator. Indeed, the distance d2 in current setups used in medical facilities, as shown FIG. 2a, is generally superior to 230 cm.

[0113] It has been observed that another relevant parameter to be controlled to achieve a minibeam is the distance (d5) between the exit plane 33 of the vacuum tank 2 and the section plane 18 of the target 7. From the calculation, to obtain minimum sizes of the focused beam 16, this distance d5 is less than 50 cm. Here again, such a distance d5 is achievable because the nozzle 2 according to the invention does not use a snout 23 or a physical collimator. In the state of the art, the minibeams, and in particular the minibeams generated from medical facilities, are considered to be achievable only by using a collimator mounted on the snout 23 and/or a collimator. Therefore, removing the snout 23 and/or the collimator has been counterintuitive.

[0114] In reference to FIG. 1, the distance between the entrance plane 32 of the nozzle 2 and the entrance face of the first quadrupole 10, the first quadrupoles 10 length (Iq1) and the second quadrupoles 11 length (Iq2), the distance d1 separating the first quadrupoles 10 and the second quadrupoles 11, the first scanning dipole 12 length (Id1), the second scanning dipole 13 length (Id2), the distance between the exit face of the second quadrupole 11 and the entrance face of the first scanning dipole 12 (d6), the distance between the exit face of the first scanning dipole 12 and the entrance face of the second scanning dipole 13 (d4), the distance between the exit face of the second scanning dipole 13 and the entrance face of the ionization chamber 14 (d7), the ionization chamber 14 length (Ii1), the distance between the exit face of the ionization chamber 14 and the exit plane 33 of the nozzle 2 and the distance d5 between the exit plane 33 of the nozzle 2 and the section plane 18 of the tumor are adapted so that d2 and d5 fit with the values described hereinabove.

[0115] The following example is a particular embodiment arrangement of the nozzle 2 and its component relative to the target 7. This is a preferred embodiment among numerous embodiments which is given for the purpose of further explanation and not limitation. A quadrupole 10, 11 usually has a cylindrical shape. From the calculation, the diameter of this assembly is 20 cm in the present embodiment; the diameter being orthogonal to the beam path. A height and a width of the dipoles 12, 13 and the ionization chamber 9 are 20 cm. A diameter of the vacuum chamber 9 is about 5 cm. A vacuum is maintained within the nozzle 2. In this preferred embodiment, The distance Iq1 is equal to Iq2 is less than 20 cm, preferably comprised between 3 and 20 cm, more preferably comprised between 5 and 15 cm and is equal to 10 cm in the present embodiment. The distance d1 is less than 15 cm, preferably less than 6 cm and is equal to 3 cm in the present embodiment. The distance li1 is less than 30 cm, preferably comprised between 2 and 15 cm, and is equal to 10 cm in the present embodiment. The distance d2 is less than 200 cm, and preferably between 90 and 110 cm in the present embodiment. The distance (d3) between the beam entrance face 32 the nozzle 2 and the section plane 18 of the tumor is less than 260 cm, generally comprised between 130 and 160 cm and preferably between 130 and 150 cm in the present embodiment. The distance Id1 is equal to 1d2 is less than 40 cm and is equal to 25 cm in the present embodiment. The distance d4 is less than 10 cm and is equal to 0 cm in the present embodiment. The distance d6 is less than 15 cm and is equal to 5 cm in the present embodiment. The distance d7 is less than 30 cm and is equal 15 cm in the present embodiment.

[0116] The nozzle 2 according to the invention avoids the use of collimators. The use of collimators in current pMBRT devices causes the loss of a major part of the total flux of the proton beam 6. Thus, the dose rate is strongly lowered. The nozzle 2 according to the invention allows transmitting the total flux of the proton beam 6 to the tumor. Thus, the dose rate is significantly increased compared to current pMBRT. Moreover, avoiding the use of a collimator allows to significantly decrease the production of harmful secondaries close to the patient.

[0117] In order for the focal length of the second quadrupoles 11 to be less than 200 cm, and so for the FWHM of the focused beam 16 to meet the criteria of a minibeam, the magnetic field gradient to be generated has been investigated.

[0118] To that end, it has been found that minimizing Q was a pertinent approach,

[0119] where Ω=(hFWHM).sup.2+(vFWHM).sup.2.

[0120] The calculations have been carried out for the 51×51×2 quadrupole 10, 11 configurations and with magnetic field gradients defined by the magnetic field applied at the pole tips of the first 10 and the second 11 quadrupoles which was incremented in steps of 0.016 T.cm.sup.−1 from 0 to 0.8 T.cm.sup.−1.

[0121] In order for the focused beam 16 to meet the criteria of a minibeam along a volume extending between a focal point of the first quadrupole 10 and a focal point of the second 11 quadrupole, the magnetic field gradient generated by the first 10 and/or the second 11 quadrupoles are adjusted, by the processing unit, so that the focal length of the first 10 quadrupole is superior or equal to 60 and/or is less than or equal to 250 cm and/or the focal length of the second 11 quadrupole is superior or equal to 50 and/or is less than or equal to 240 cm.

[0122] According to the embodiment, the magnetic field gradients generated by the quadrupoles 10, 11 are adjusted so that:

the focal point of the first quadrupole 10 tends superior or equal to 108 cm and the focal point of the second 11 quadrupole is inferior or equal to 128 cm, or
the focal point of the first quadrupole 10 is inferior or equal to 128 cm and the focal point of the second 11 quadrupole is inferior or equal to 108 cm. Hence, the target 7, or a section plane 18 of the target 7 or an entrance plane 18 of the target 7, will be positioned at an optimal distance, which is between 10 and 30 cm, from the exit plane 33 of the nozzle 2.

[0123] The inventors showed that the focusing capabilities of the nozzles strongly depend on parameters of the incident beam 6. In particular, the inventors observed that at least one among the divergence of the incident beam 6 and the correlation coefficient between the size of the incident beam 6 and the divergence of the incident beam 6 has to be controlled. Counterintuitively, the size of the incident beam 6 has a negligible effect.

[0124] From the calculations, in order for the FWHM of the focused beam 16 to meet the criteria of a minibeam, it has been found that:

either the divergence of the incident beam 6 is less than 15 milliradian, and/or
the absolute value of the correlation coefficient between a size of the incident beam 6 and the divergence of the incident beam 6 is superior or equal to 0.8 and/or less than or equal to 1.
The combination of a divergence of the incident beam 6 less than 15 milliradian and an absolute value of the correlation coefficient between a size of the incident beam 6 and the divergence of the incident beam superior or equal to 0.95 and/or less than or equal to 1 will ensure the focused beam 16 to meet the criteria of a minibeam. Conversely, the combination of a divergence of the incident beam 6 less than 1 milliradian and an absolute value of the correlation coefficient between a size of the incident beam 6 and the divergence of the incident beam superior or equal to 0.9 and/or less than or equal to 1 will ensure the focused beam 16 to meet the criteria of a minibeam.
Indeed, the combination of a divergence of the incident beam 6 less than 1 milliradian and an absolute value of the correlation coefficient between a size of the incident beam 6 and the divergence of the incident beam superior or equal to 0.95 and/or less than or equal to 1 will also ensure the beam 16 focused by the nozzle 2 according to the invention to meet the criteria of a minibeam.

[0125] For one given medical facility (or a given medical setup) to another, the divergence of the incident beam 6, the absolute value of the correlation coefficient between a size of the incident beam 6 and the divergence of the incident beam 6, the energy of the incident beam 6 and the arrangement of the medical facility will vary. Hence, the magnetic field gradient generated by the first 10 and/or the second 11 quadrupole are adjusted, through the processing unit, so that the focal length of the second 11 quadrupole is superior or equal to 50 and/or is less than or equal to 240 cm in order for the focused beam 16 to meet the criteria of a minibeam at the focal point of the second 11 quadrupole. The focal point of the first quadrupole 10 and the focal point of the second 11 quadrupole are arranged so that the target 7, or a section plane 18 of the target 7 or an entrance plane 18 of the target 7, is located within the volume extending between the focal point of the first quadrupole 10 and a focal point of the second 11 quadrupole.

[0126] Hence, contrary to current setups comprising collimators, which are specifically designed for a given medical facility and/or a patient, the nozzle 2 according to the invention is suitable is suitable to be used in every medical facility only by adjusting the magnetic field gradients of the first 10 and/or of the second 11 quadrupoles.

[0127] The invention is not restricted to embodiments described above and numerous adjustments may be made within the scope of the invention.

[0128] Thus, in combinable alternatives of previous embodiments:

the energy of the incident beam 6 is superior or equal to 10 MeV and/or less than or equal to 1000 MeV, preferably less than 500 MeV/nucleon, more preferably comprised between 100 and 230 MeV, and/or
the focal length of the first quadrupole 10 is superior or equal to 60 and/or is less than or equal to 250 cm, and/or
the focal length of the first quadrupole 10 and/or the focal length of the second quadrupole 11 is superior or equal to 60 cm, more preferably superior or equal to 70 cm, even more preferably superior or equal to 80 cm and in a preferred manner superior or equal to 90 cm, and/or
the focal length of the second quadrupole 11 is less than or equal to 180 cm, more preferably less than or equal to 160 cm, even more preferably less than or equal to 150 cm, in a preferred manner less than or equal to 140 cm, in a more preferred manner less than or equal to 130 cm and in a particularly preferred manner less than or equal to 120 cm, and/or
the focal length of the first quadrupole 10 is less than or equal to 220 cm, more preferably less than or equal to 200 cm, even more preferably less than or equal to 180 cm, in a preferred manner less than or equal to 160 cm, in a more preferred manner less than or equal to 140 cm, in a particularly preferred manner less than or equal to 130 cm, and/or
the distance d5 is superior or equal to 10 cm and/or less than or equal to 40 cm, more preferably less than or equal to 30 cm, and/or
the FWHM of the incident beam 6 is less than 50 mm, and/or
the operational frequencies of the third 12 and fourth 13 magnets is superior or equal to 1 Hz and/or are less than or equal to 200 Hz, and/or
the focused beam 16 exhibits a FWHM, at a target 7, less than or equal to 0.6 mm, more preferably less than or equal to 0.5 mm.

[0129] In some embodiment, the MSN according to the invention may be used in the treatment of cancer including but are not limited to solid tumors such as skin carcinomas, breast carcinomas, brain carcinomas, cervical carcinomas, testicular carcinomas rectum carcinoma, anal carcinoma, cardiac sarcoma (angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma), myxoma, rhab-domyoma, fibroma, lipoma and teratoma; lung: bronchogenic carcinoma (squamous cell, undifferentiated small cell, undifferentiated large cell, adenocarcinoma), alveolar (bronchiolar) carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, chondromatous hamartoma, mesothelioma, gastrointestinal: esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma), stomach (carcinoma, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma), pancreas (ductal adenocarcinoma, insulinoma, glucagonoma, gastrinoma, carcinoid tumors, vipoma), small bowel (adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, Karposi's sarcoma, leiomyoma, hemangioma, lipoma, neurofibroma, fibroma), large bowel (adenocarcinoma, tubular adenoma, Villous adenoma, hamartoma, leiomyoma); Genitourinary tract: kidney (adenocarcinoma, Wilm's tumor nephro-blastoma, lymphoma, leukemia), bladder and urethra (Squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma), prostate (adenocarcinoma, Sarcoma), testis (seminoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, terato-carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, Sarcoma, interstitial cell carcinoma, fibroma, fi-broadenoma, adenomatoid tumors, lipoma); Liver: hepatoma (hepatocellular carcinoma), cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastom, angiosarcoma, hepatocellular adenoma, hemangioma; Bone: osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma), fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma (reticulum cell Sarcoma), multiple myeloma, malignant giant cell tumor chordoma, osteochronfroma (osteocartilaginous exostoses), benign chondroma, chondroblastoma, chondromyxofibroma, osteoid osteoma and giant cell tumors, Nervous System: skull (osteoma, hemangioma, granuloma, Xanthoma, Osteitis deformans), meninges (meningioma, meningiosarcoma, gliomatosis), brain (astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, glioma, ependymoma, ger-minomapinealoma, glioblastoma multiform, oligodendroglioma, Schwannoma, retinoblastoma, congenital tumors), Spinal cord (neurofibroma, meningioma, glioma, Sarcoma); Gynecological: uterus (endometrial carcinoma), cervix (cervical carcinoma, pre-tumor cervical dysplasia), ovaries (ovarian carcinoma, Serous cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, unclassified carcinoma, granulosa-thecal cell tumors, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, dysgerminoma, malignant teratoma), Vulva (Squamous cell carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma), vagina (clear cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, botryoid Sarcoma embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, fallopian tubes (carcinoma); Skin: malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Karposi's Sarcoma, moles dysplastic nevi, lipoma, angioma, dermatofibroma, keloids, psoriasis, and Adrenal glands: neu-roblastoma.

[0130] As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to any cancer that may affect any one of the following tissues or organs: breast; liver; kidney; heart, medi-astinum, pleura; floor of mouth; lip; salivary glands; tongue; gums; oral cavity; palate; tonsil; larynx; trachea; bronchus, lung; pharynx, hypopharynx, oro-pharynx, nasopharynx; esophagus; digestive organs such as stomach, intrahe-patic bile ducts, biliary tract, pancreas, small intestine, colon; rectum; urinary organs such as bladder, gallbladder, ureter; rectosigmoid junction; anus, anal canal; skin; bone; joints, articular cartilage of limbs; eye and adnexa; brain; peripheral nerves, autonomic nervous system; spinal cord, cranial nerves, meninges; and various parts of the central nervous system; connective, subcuta-neous and other soft tissues; retroperitoneum, peritoneum; adrenal gland; thy-roid gland; endocrine glands and related structures; female genital organs such as ovary, uterus, cervix uteri; corpus uteri, vagina, vulva; male genital organs such as penis, testis and prostate gland.

[0131] The cancer may be selected from the group consisting of: glioblastoma, lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, rectal cancer, cervical cancer, and head and neck cancer.

[0132] Tthe cancer may be selected from the group consisting of: benign, metastatic and malignant neoplasias, and also including acral lentiginous melanoma, actinic keratoses, adenocarcinoma, adenoid cycstic carcinoma, adeno-mas, adenosarcoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, astrocytic tumors, Bartholin gland carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, bronchial gland carcinomas, capillary, carcinoids, carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, cavernous, cholangiocarcinoma, chon-dosarcoma, choriod plexus papilloma/carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, cystad-enoma, endodermal sinus tumor, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial stromal sarcoma, endometrioid adenocarcinoma, ependymal, epitheloid, Ewing's sarcoma, fibrolamellar, focal nodular hyperplasia, gastrinoma, germ cell tumors, glioblastoma, glucagonoma, hemangiblastomas, hemangioendothelioma, he-mangiomas, hepatic adenoma, hepatic adenomatosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, insulinoma, intaepithelial neoplasia, interepithelial squamous cell neoplasia, invasive squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, lentigo maligna melanomas, malignant melanoma, malignant mesothelial tumors, medulloblastoma, medulloepithelioma, melanoma, meningeal, mesothelial, metastatic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, neuroblas-toma. neuroepithelial adenocarcinoma nodular melanoma, oat cell carcinoma, oligodendroglial, osteosarcoma, pancreatic polypeptide. papillary serous adenocarcinoma, pineal cell, pituitary tumors, plasmacytoma, pseudosarcoma, pul-monary blastoma, renal cell carcinoma, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, sarcoma, serous carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, soft tissue carcinomas, so-matostatin-secreting tumor, squamous carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, submesothelial, superficial spreading melanoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, uveal melanoma, verrucous carcinoma, vipoma, well differentiated carcinoma. and Wilm's tumor.

[0133] In some embodiments, the minibeam generated through the method according to the invention is used for minibeam radiation therapy in combination with any anticancer drug.

[0134] In some embodiments, the MSN according to the invention may be used for the treatment of cancer in combination with any anticancer drug.

[0135] In some embodiments, the MSN according to the invention may be used in combination with additional cancer therapies. In particular, the MSN according to the invention may be used in combination with targeted therapy, immu-notherapy such as immune checkpoint therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitor, co-stimulatory antibodies, or chemotherapy.

[0136] Immune checkpoint therapy such as checkpoint inhibitors include, but are not limited to programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors, programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, programmed death ligand-2 (PD-L2) inhibitors, lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) inhibitors, T-cell immunoglobulin and mu-cin-domain containing protein 3 (TIM-3) inhibitors, T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) inhibitors, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) inhibitors, V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) inhibitors, cyto-toxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) inhibitors, Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors, killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) inhibitors, KIR2L3 inhibitors, KIR3DL2 inhibitors and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM-1) inhibitors. In particular, checkpoint inhibitors include antibodies anti-PD1, anti-PD-L1, anti-CTLA-4, anti-TIM-3, anti-LAG3. Co-stimulatory antibodies deliver positive signals through immune-regulatory receptors including but not limited to ICOS, CD137, CD27, OX-40 and GITR.

[0137] Example of anti-PD1 antibodies include, but are not limited to, nivolumab, cemiplimab (REGN2810 or REGN-2810), tislelizumab (BGB-A317), tislelizumab, spartalizumab (PDR001 or PDR-001), ABBV-181, JNJ-63723283, BI 754091, MAG012, TSR-042, AGEN2034, pidilizumab, nivolumab (ONO-4538, BMS-936558, MDX1106, GTPL7335 or Opdivo), pembrolizumab (MK-3475, MK03475, lambrolizumab, SCH-900475 or Keytruda) and antibodies described in International patent applications WO2004004771, WO2004056875, WO2006121168, WO2008156712, WO2009014708, WO2009114335, WO2013043569 and WO2014047350.

[0138] Example of anti-PD-L1 antibodies include, but are not limited to, LY3300054, atezolizumab, durvalumab and avelumab.

[0139] Example of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies include, but are not limited to, ipili-mumab (see, e.g., US patents U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,984,720 and 8,017,114), tremelimumab (see, e.g., US patents U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,109,003 , 8,143,379), single chain anti-CTLA4 antibodies (see, e.g., International patent applications WO1997020574 and WO2007123737) and antibodies described in US patent U.S. Pat. No. 8,491,895.

[0140] Example of anti-VISTA antibodies are described in US patent application US20130177557.

[0141] Example of inhibitors of the LAG3 receptor are described in US patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,578.

[0142] Example of KIR inhibitor is IPH4102 targeting KIR3DL2.

[0143] In some embodiments, the MSN according to the invention may be used in combination with targeted therapy. Targeted therapy agents, are drugs designed to interfere with specific molecules necessary for tumor growth and pro-gression. For example, targeted therapy agents such as therapeutic monoclonal antibodies target specific antigens found on the cell surface, such as transmem-brane receptors or extracellular growth factors. Small molecules can penetrate the cell membrane to interact with targets inside a cell. Small molecules are usually designed to interfere with the enzymatic activity of the target protein such as for example proteasome inhibitor, tyrosine kinase or cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, histone deacetylase inhibitor. Targeted therapy may also use cytokines. Examples of such targeted therapy include with no limitations: Ado-trastuzumab emtansine (HER2), Afatinib (EGFR (HER1/ERBB1), HER2), Aldesleukin (Proleukin), alectinib (ALK), Alemtuzumab (CD52), axitinib (kit, PDGFRbeta, VEGFR1/2/3), Belimumab (BAFF), Belinostat (HDAC), Bevaci-zumab (VEGF ligand), Blinatumomab (CD19/CD3), bortezomib (proteasome), Brentuximab vedotin (CD30), bosutinib (ABL), brigatinib (ALK), cabozantinib (FLT3, KIT, MET, RET, VEGFR2), Canakinumab (IL-1 beta), carfilzomib (proteasome), ceritinib (ALK), Cetuximab (EGFR), cofimetinib (MEK), Crizotinib (ALK, MET, ROS1), Dabrafenib (BRAF), Daratumumab (CD38), Dasatinib (ABL), Denosumab (RANKL), Dinutuximab (B4GALNT1 (GD2)), Elotuzumab (SLAMF7), Enasidenib (IDH2), Erlotinib (EGFR), Everolimus (mTOR), Gefitinib (EGFR), Ibritumomab tiuxetan (CD20), Sonidegib (Smoothened), Sipuleucel-T, Siltuximab (IL-6), Sorafenib (VEGFR, PDGFR, KIT, RAF),(Tocilizumab (IL-6R), Temsirolimus (mTOR), Tofacitinib (JAK3), Trametinib (MEK), Tositumomab (CD20), Trastuzumab (HER2), Vandetanib (EGFR), Vemurafenib (BRAF), Ve-netoclax (BCL2), Vismodegib (PTCH, Smoothened), Vorinostat (HDAC), Ziv-aflibercept (PIGF, VEGFA/B), Olaparib (PARP inhibitor).

[0144] In some embodiments, the MSN according to the invention may be used in combination with chemotherapy. As used herein, the term “chemotherapy” has its general meaning in the art and refers to the treatment that consists in administering to the patient a chemotherapeutic agent. Chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to alkylating agents such as thiotepa and cyclosphosphamide; alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and pipo-sulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemela-mine, trietylenephosphoramide, triethiylenethiophosphoramide and trime-thylolomelamine; acetogenins (especially bullatacin and bullatacinone); a camptothecin (including the synthetic analogue topotecan); bryostatin; cal-lystatin; CC-1065 (including its adozelesin, carzelesin and bizelesin synthetic analogues); cryptophycins (particularly cryptophycin 1 and cryptophycin 8); dolastatin; duocarmycin (including the synthetic analogues, KW-2189 and CB1-TM1); eleutherobin; pancratistatin; a sarcodictyin; spongistatin; nitrogen mus-tards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, cholophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melpha-lan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine, trofosfamide, uracil mustard; nitrosureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin, fotemustine, lomustine, ni-mustine, and ranimnustine; antibiotics such as the enediyne antibiotics (e.g, calicheamicin, especially calicheamicin gammall and calicheamicin omegall; dynemicin, including dynemicin A; bisphosphonates, such as clodronate; an es-peramicin; as well as neocarzinostatin chromophore and related chromoprotein enediyne antiobiotic chromophores, aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authrarnycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, carabicin, caminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycinis, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-nor-leucine, doxorubicin (including morpholino-doxorubicin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin and deoxy doxorubicin), epirubicin, esorubi-cin, idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins such as mitomycin C, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, potfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin; anti-metabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); folic acid analogues such as denopterin, methotrexate, pteropterin, tri-metrexate; purine analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine; androgens such as calusterone, dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, mepi-tiostane, testolactone; anti-adrenals such as aminoglutethimide, mitotane, trilostane; folic acid replenisher such as frolinic acid; aceglatone; aldophospha-mide glycoside; aminolevulinic acid; eniluracil; amsacrine; bestrabucil; bis-antrene; edatraxate; defofamine; demecolcine; diaziquone; elformithine; el-liptinium acetate; an epothilone; etoglucid; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; len-tinan; lonidainine; maytansinoids such as maytansine and ansamitocins; mito-guazone; mitoxantrone; mopidanmol; nitraerine; pentostatin; phenamet; pi-rarubicin; losoxantrone; podophyllinic acid; 2-ethylhydrazide; methylhydrazine derivatives including N-methylhydrazine (MIH) and procarbazine; PSK polysac-charide complex); razoxane; rhizoxin; sizofuran; spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid; triaziquone; 2,2′,2″-trichlorotriethylamine; trichothecenes (especially T-2 toxin, verracurin A, roridin A and anguidine); urethan; vindesine; dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol; pipobroman; gacytosine; arabinoside (“Ara-C”); cyclophosphamide; thiotepa; taxoids, e.g., paclitaxel and doxetaxel; chlorambucil; gemcitabine; 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; platinum coordination complexes such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin; vinblastine; platinum; etoposide (VP-16); ifosfamide; mitoxantrone; vincristine; vinorelbine; novantrone; teniposide; edatrexate; daunomycin; aminop-terin; xeloda; ibandronate; irinotecan (e.g., CPT-1 1); topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000; difluoromethylomithine (DMFO); retinoids such as retinoic acid; capecitabine; anthracyclines, nitrosoureas, antimetabolites, epipodophylotox-ins, enzymes such as L-asparaginase; anthracenediones; hormones and antagonists including adrenocorticosteroid antagonists such as prednisone and equivalents, dexamethasone and aminoglutethimide; progestin such as hydroxypro-gesterone caproate, medroxyprogesterone acetate and megestrol acetate; es-trogen such as diethylstilbestrol and ethinyl estradiol equivalents; antiestrogen such as tamoxifen; androgens including testosterone propionate and fluoxymesterone/equivalents; antiandrogens such as flutamide, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs and leuprolide; and non-steroidal antiandrogens such as flutamide; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above.

[0145] Moreover, features, alternatives and embodiments of the invention may be associated if they are not mutually exclusive to each other.