FOOD-IMPROVING AGENT

Abstract

An object of the present invention is to provide a protein-containing food having a smooth, grittiness-free texture without aggregation or roughness of the protein, even after severe sterilization such as retort sterilization.

The object of the present invention is achieved by a protein aggregation inhibitor comprising welan gum.

Claims

1. A protein aggregation inhibitor comprising welan gum.

2. A protein-containing food comprising welan gum, in which protein aggregation is inhibited.

3. The protein-containing food according to claim 2, wherein the protein-containing food is any one of a processed egg product, a processed milk product, and a processed soybean product.

4. A processed meat food comprising welan gum.

5. The processed meat food according to claim 4, wherein the content of welan gum is 0.001 to 3 mass %.

6. A method for improving the texture of a processed meat food, the method comprising adding welan gum to the meat food.

7. A flour-containing food comprising welan gum.

8. The flour-containing food according to claim 7, wherein the amount of the welan gum in the entire flour-containing food is 0.001 to 1 parts by mass.

9. A method for improving the texture of a flour-containing food, the method comprising adding welan gum.

10. A method for inhibiting syneresis in a gelatin-containing soup upon freeze-thawing, the method comprising adding welan gum to the gelatin-containing soup.

11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the amount of the welan gum is 0.01 to 1 mass %, based on the total mass of the gelatin-containing soup after the addition of the welan gum.

12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the method comprises adding a polysaccharide thickener in combination with welan gum.

13. The flour-containing food of claim 7, wherein the welan gum provides the food with an improved texture relative to the food that does not comprise the welan gum.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0140] (1)

[0141] A protein aggregation inhibitor of the present invention, a protein-containing food of the present invention in which protein aggregation is inhibited, and a method for inhibiting protein aggregation of the present invention are described below.

[0142] A person skilled in the art will be able to understand these embodiments of the present invention by combining the respective explanations of the protein aggregation inhibitor of the present invention, the protein-containing food of the present invention in which protein aggregation is inhibited, and the method for inhibiting protein aggregation of the present invention, together with common technical knowledge.

[0143] The protein aggregation inhibitor of the present invention comprises welan gum.

[0144] For example, by adding the protein aggregation inhibitor comprising welan gum to a protein-containing food, it is possible to provide the protein-containing food in which protein aggregation is inhibited.

[0145] Examples of protein-containing foods include foods containing, as a raw material, an animal or plant-derived protein, such as egg, milk, soybean, and rice (specifically, processed egg product, a processed milk product, or a processed soybean product).

[0146] Examples of processed egg products include processed egg foods containing, as a main raw material, liquid egg containing egg yolk, (e.g., rolled omlet, chawanmushi (liquid egg dish steamed in a cup), omelet, scrambled egg, and egg sauce to be applied on oyakodon (a bowl of rice with cooked chicken and egg on top)).

[0147] The liquid egg may be produced from one or more raw materials selected from the group consisting of whole egg, egg yolk, and egg white.

[0148] Examples of protein-containing foods further include gelled foods (preferably a semisolid food, more preferably a gelled food for which further finer, slick, and smooth feel on the tongue or texture is required) produced by solidifying a protein (as well as other components as necessary) derived from one or more members selected from the group consisting of raw milk material, egg, soybean, and the like.

[0149] Examples include pudding, pudding shake, drinkable jelly pudding, drinkable jelly, mousse, Bavarian cream, milk pudding, tofu, pastry cream (flour-containing cream), Chinese almond jelly, and foods for patients with dysphagia.

[0150] Particularly preferable examples thereof include products produced as a gelled food with a high protein content.

[0151] The protein-containing food may be, for example, the gelled food, or a food containing the gelled food. In the following, the gelled food may mean a protein-containing food, depending on the context.

[0152] The gelled food in the protein-containing food as described above generally contains a gelling agent to form a gel.

[0153] The gelling agent is generally used for foods. It is sufficient that the gelling agent has a gelling function solely or in combination of two or more kinds thereof, and converts a liquid food to a solid food. The gelling agent preferably has a function of improving the texture or the property of the generated gel.

[0154] Specific examples thereof include one or more members selected from the group consisting of deacylated gellan gum, native gellan gum, agar, carrageenan, xanthan gum, furcellaran, alginic acid, alginates, pectins, gelatin, locust bean gum, guar gum, gum arabic, karaya gum, pullulan, tara gum, glucomannan, tamarind seed gum, psyllium seed gum, macrophomopsis gum, rhamsan gum, starch, and the like.

[0155] Among these, preferred examples include one or more members selected from agar, deacylated gellan gum, native gellan gum, carrageenan, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, pectins, psyllium seed gum, tamarind seed gum, glucomannan, tara gum, and guar gum.

[0156] The gelling agents containing these components can be commercially obtained. Examples include GEL UP PI, GEL UP PI-963, GEL UP PI-983(F), and the like, produced by San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc.

[0157] Further, the gelled food may also contain starches such as cornstarch and tapioca starch, as well as polysaccharides such as carboxymethylcellulose, as a component of the gelled food.

[0158] Addition of such gelling agents and/or polysaccharides to increase the viscosity to the extent giving no influence on the gel property adjunctively serves to stabilize the protein.

[0159] Further, salts such as calcium lactate, potassium chloride, and the like may be added to the gelled food to enable it to adjunctively reinforce the gelling formation of the gelling agent.

[0160] The amount of the gelling agent in the gel food may be selected according to the type of gelling agent to be used, the type of the product, and the like. For example, the amount may be, in the case of pudding as an example of the gelle food, 0.05 to 4 wt %, preferably 0.1 to 2 wt %, more preferably 0.15 to 1.5 wt %, based on the total amount of the pudding.

[0161] The gelled food according to the present invention is not restricted by the sterilization conditions in which the gelled food is exposed or the temperature during distribution; in particular, the gelled food of the present invention also include foods in a form for ordinary temperature distribution that requires sterilization at a high temperature. To prepare a food for ordinary temperature distribution, retort sterilization, which perform heating at 100 to 150 C. for about 10 to 60 minutes, UHT sterilization, HTST sterilization, and like may be adopted. Retort sterilization is preferable.

[0162] According to the present invention, problems such as loss of the uniformity of the gel, aggregation or precipitation of the protein, and the like may be highly inhibited even in severe sterilization such as retort sterilization, and a gelled food in which the components are homogeneously retained can be provided.

[0163] The containers for packing the gel food are not limited. For example, the gelled food may be packed or sealed in a can, bottle, paper pack, PET bottle, laminated pack, cheer pack pouch, or the like. The gelled food may be distributed and sold in a sealing state in such a container. This enables consumers to easily obtain or intake the gelled food.

[0164] Usually, gelled foods, which have a higher protein content among protein-containing foods, undergo aggregation or precipitation by heating due to thermal denaturation, in particular, severe heating such as retort sterilization.

[0165] In contrast, in the protein-containing foods (e.g., gelled foods) of the present invention, thermally denatured particulate whey protein may be added as a protein component.

[0166] In this case of the protein-containing food of the present invention, it is particularly advantageous that the aggregation, precipitation, and the like due to thermal denaturation are highly inhibited in the production step even when the food has a high protein content (specifically, for example, 3 to 20 mass %). Accordingly, the food has a smooth and soft texture.

[0167] The protein-containing food of the present invention has a property very suitable for foods for patients with dysphagia.

[0168] Generally, foods suitable for patients with dysphagia require textural properties such as:

1) excellence in formation of food lump (a property of the food clumping together)
2) less adherence to the oral cavity and pharynx; and
3) high water-holding property.

[0169] The protein-containing food of the present invention may be a food satisfying such textural properties.

[0170] More specifically, the protein-containing food of the present invention may be provided as a gelled food, such as pudding or jelly for nutritional support, gelled foods with adjusted protein content, mousse-like foods, hydration jelly, pureed foods, strained vegetables, chopped foods, or high-nutrient liquid foods.

[0171] Further, the protein aggregation inhibitor of the present invention also exerts the effects not only in the above gelled foods but also protein-containing foods with good taste and flavor attributable to milk or egg as well as a creamy and smooth texture (preferably, protein-containing foods having fluidity), as preferable effects.

[0172] More specifically, the present invention provides a protein-containing food (preferably a protein-containing food having fluidity), such as sauces (e.g., hollandaise sauce, carbonara sauce, etc.), liquid soup, and the like, having good perceived meltability in mouth and rich flavor which are characteristic of egg, for example, by imparting the distinct creamy texture and preventing the loss of smoothness due to protein aggregation caused by heating of protein.

[0173] The protein aggregation inhibitor of the present invention comprises welan gum.

[0174] Welan gum mainly comprises a polysaccharide obtained from a culture medium of bacteria of the genus Sphingomonas (Sphingomonas sp.). Simply, commonly distributed commercial products can be used. Specific examples include VIS TOP W (produced by San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc.) and the like.

[0175] The protein-containing foods of the present invention are produced by a method comprising adding welan gum. The production of the protein-containing foods of the present invention may be performed by a production method generally used for foods, except for the addition of welan gum.

[0176] The time of the addition of welan gum is generally not particularly limited; however, when the production step of the protein-containing food comprises a heating step, welan gum is preferably added before the heating step.

[0177] For example, by adopting a method of adding a welan gum dispersion upon mixing of raw materials of the protein-containing food, a method of adding welan gum together with a gelling agent, or a similar method, it becomes possible to provide a protein-containing food with smooth and roughness-free texture in which protein aggregation or the like that occurs in the subsequent heating treatment is inhibited.

[0178] More specifically, for example, when welan gum is added to a liquid egg,

(1) a method of adding and mixing welan gum dispersion in water prepared in advance with a liquid egg as a raw material, a method of directly adding and mixing welan gum to a liquid egg;
(2) a method of adding welan gum to the whole egg followed by stirring, thereby obtaining a liquid egg;
and the like may be performed.

[0179] As is clear from above, the method for producing a protein-containing food of the present invention must be a method in which welan gum is added to a raw material before the heating treatment (e.g., heat preparation).

[0180] The addition amount of welan gum in the protein-containing food of the present invention may be adjusted as necessary depending on the type of the protein-containing food to be prepared, or the raw materials to be contained in the food.

[0181] For processed egg products (e.g., rolled egg, omelet, scrambled egg, and sauces (e.g., egg sauce used as a raw material of the foods, liquid hollandaise sauce, and carbonara sauce)), it is preferable that the processed egg food contains 0.01 to 0.5 mass %, preferably 0.1 to 0.3 mass % of welan gum.

[0182] When the addition amount is less than 0.01 mass %, the effects of the present invention may not be fully obtained.

[0183] On the other hand, when the addition amount is more than 0.5 mass %, the viscosity increases and its property becomes closer to a gel. As a result, the fluffy texture attributable to egg or the like is lost, and the texture may become heavy.

[0184] Further, for gelled foods, it is desirable to add welan gum so that the gelled food contains 0.01 to 1 mass %, preferably 0.05 to 0.5 mass %, more preferably 0.1 to 0.3 mass % of welan gum.

[0185] When the addition amount is less than 0.01 mass %, the effects of the present invention may not be sufficiently obtained, and protein aggregation cannot be prevented.

[0186] On the other hand, when the addition amount is more than 1.0 mass %, although a protein aggregation inhibitory effect can be ensured, the texture of the gelled food becomes heavy.

[0187] The protein-containing foods of the present invention may contain, as a protein source, animal and plant-derived protein, such as dairy ingredients (e.g., cow milk, fresh cream, whole-milk powder, skim-milk powder, sweetened condensed whole milk, defatted condensed milk, yogurt (fermented milk), fermented milk powder, butter, soymilk, etc.), whole egg, egg yolk, egg white, and soybean protein.

[0188] Insofar as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired, various food ingredients and food additives (e.g., sugars, sweeteners, organic acids or their salts, flavors, color additives, antioxidants, shelf-life extenders, preservatives, and the like) for use in usual food manufacture may be added to the protein-containing food of the present invention.

[0189] Other examples of various food ingredients that can be added to the processed egg food (e.g., omelet) as the protein-containing food of the present invention include:

chopped vegetables such as carrot, tomato, and green pea; processed meat and seafood such as bacon and kamaboko; edible oils and fats such as margarine and butter; and seasonings such as salt, pepper, ketchup, mayonnaise, and sauce.

[0190] Further, apart from the purpose of combined use with welan gum or the use as an additive of the preparation thereof, xanthan gum, guar gum, agar, locust bean gum, carrageenan, gellan gum, tamarind seed gum, gum arabic, pectin, gelatin, tara gum, celluloses, and soybean soluble polysaccharides may also be added for other purposes (for example, for the purpose of thickening or stabilizing processed egg food).

[0191] Examples of sugars and sweeteners include: sweetener components such as sugar, fructose, glucose, starch syrup, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, honey, isomerized glucose syrup, invert sugar, oligosaccharides (isomaltooligosaccharide, reduced xylooligosaccharide, reduced gentiooligosaccharide, xylooligosaccharide, gentiooligosaccharide, nigerooligosaccharide, teandeoligosaccharide, soybean oligosaccharide, etc.), trehalose, sugar alcohols (maititol, erythritol, sorbitol, palatinit, xylitol, lactitol, etc.), sugar-binding starch syrup (coupling sugar), aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sucralose, alitame, neotame, licorice extract (glycyrrhizin), saccharin, saccharin sodium, advantame, stevia extract, and stevia powder.

[0192] Preferable examples of organic acids and their salts include: organic acids and their sodium salts such as citric acid, trisodium citrate, tartaric acid, sodium tartrate, malic acid, sodium malate, lactic acid, sodium lactate, glucosic acid, and sodium gluconate.

[0193] The protein-containing food of the present invention may also contain, as necessary, extracts of black tea, coffee, or the like; powdery components such as cocoa or green powdered tea; and fruit juices of strawberry, orange, and the like. The protein-containing food of the present invention may also intendedly contain calcium lactate, calcium gluconate, and like calcium to enrich the calcium amount.

[0194] Further, emulsifiers, antioxidants, preservatives, vitamins, and minerals other than calcium (e.g., iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, etc.) may be added to the protein-containing food of the present invention.

[0195] The production of the protein-containing food of the present invention may be performed merely by adding welan gum as an ingredient, and it is not particularly necessary to change the production conditions; thus, the production may be performed according to the conventional production method for respective food types.

[0196] Therefore, new production devices are unnecessary, and existing factory facilities may advantageously be used.

(2)

[0197] A processed meat food of the present invention, a method for improving the texture of the processed meat food of the present invention, and a method for producing the processed meat food of the present invention are explained below.

[0198] A person skilled in the art will be able to understand these embodiments of the present invention by combining the respective explanations of the processed meat food of the present invention, the method for improving the texture of the processed meat food of the present invention, and the method for producing the processed meat food of the present invention, together with common technical knowledge.

[0199] In the present invention, meat includes animal meat and seafood (i.e., edible seafood).

[0200] The processed meat food of the present invention may be any product, as long as it partially or entirely contains, as a raw material for processing, meats such as beef, pork, poultry meat (chicken, duck meat, and the like), sheep meat, horse meat, rabbit meat, and the like; and seafood such as cod, croaker, pike conger, sardine, sea bream, hoki, cutlass fish, perch, Atka mackerel, and the like; the type of meat is not particularly limited.

[0201] The meat herein may mean a meat containing additives (e.g., salt), a pulverized meat block, or a pulverized meat (minced or mashed meat).

[0202] The meat may contain fats.

[0203] In the broad sense, the meat includes viscera (e.g., heart, stomach, intestine).

[0204] The meat also includes meats processed without removing parts (e.g., tendon, bones) other than the meat of an animal used as the material.

[0205] The seafood may contain fats.

[0206] The seafood also includes seafood processed without removing parts (e.g., head, viscera, bones, and skin) other than the meat of a fish.

[0207] Examples of processed meat foods include:

(1) foods processed and prepared by using, as a raw material, minced meat, or cut or finely chopped meat (finely chopped meat or pulverized meat) (e.g., processed meat foods such as sausage and ham), prepared from one or more kinds of the meats described above;
(2) foods produced by using meat either partially or entirely (e.g., deep-fried chicken, breaded pork cutlet, meatballs (e.g., meatballs, tsukune, etc.), meatloaf, Hamburg steak, patty, shish kebab, chicken nugget, stuffed cabbage, meat gyoza, meat shao-mai, meat-containing cake, and the like;
(3) foods produced by using restructured steak produced by processing pieces of chopped meat with a binder or the like (e.g., deep-fried chicken, breaded pork cutlet, and chicken nugget); and
(4) processed foods produced by using, as a raw material, seafood (e.g., processed foods produced by using, either partially or entirely, seafood, such as seafood ham, seafood sausage, kamaboko, tsumire, chikuwa (tube-shaped fish sausage), hanpen (boiled surimi), satsuma-age (deep-fried surimi), seafood-containing cake, and the like).

[0208] The meat-containing cake and the seafood-containing cake herein mean a sponge cake containing meat, or a sponge cake containing seafood.

[0209] The present invention provides a processed meat food in which the texture of the meat is retained or enhanced while ensuring a soft texture; and a production method of the processed meat food.

[0210] The processed meat food of the present invention can be obtained by adding welan gum to a processed meat food.

[0211] The processed meat food of the present invention can be obtained by adding welan gum to a processed meat food. More specifically, the processed meat food may be produced by a production method, such as a method of:

(1) a method comprising mixing welan gum with either part or the entirety of one or more materials constituting the processed meat food such as a meat;
(2) a method comprising mixing a welan gum-containing aqueous solution with one or more materials constituting the processed meat food such as a meat;
and the like.

[0212] The proportion of the welan gum to be added to the various materials of processed meat food such as a meat in the method (1) is, generally, for example, such that the welan gum is contained at least in an amount of 0.001 mass % in the processed meat food.

[0213] If the amount of the welan gum is greatly smaller than 0.001 mass %, the effects of improving meat-like texture decrease, and the consumer will not feel a sufficient meat-like texture. The amount is preferably 0.005 mass % or more.

[0214] Further, the upper limit of the amount of welan gum is preferably adjusted to be 3 mass % or less, preferably 1.5 mass % or less, in the processed meat food.

[0215] If the content of welan gum is more than 3 mass %, the viscosity during the mixing may excessively increase, thereby inducing undesirable effects including difficulty in mixing with a meat or seafood, and an excessive heavy texture of the resulting processed meat food.

[0216] In production method (2), the method of mixing the welan gum-containing aqueous solution with one or more materials of the processed meat food may be a method of simply mixing it with the materials including a meat.

[0217] The mixing may mean contact of a meat with a welan gum-containing aqueous solution.

[0218] Alternatively, the method may be performed by preparing a welan gum-containing pickling liquid (an example of the welan gum-containing aqueous solution), and causing the welan gum-containing pickling liquid to infiltrate into the meat block through a method using, for example, injection, tumbling, immersion, or the like.

[0219] As a raw material constituting the processed meat food, polysaccharide thickeners other than welan gum may be used insofar as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.

[0220] In addition, optional components, such as starch (modified starch), an emulsifier, a seasoning, a flavor, a color additive, a sweetener, an acidulant, an acidity regulator, a polyphosphate, baking powder, skim milk powder, sodium caseinate, a shelf-life extender, a preservative, an antioxidant, an enzyme, a gelatin, a processed egg product, a processed milk product, a processed soybean product, a processed wheat product, a processed rice product, a processed oil and fat product, dietary fiber, and the like, may also be added to the processed meat product.

[0221] The use of the above-mentioned polysaccharide thickeners improves the meat-like texture achieved by welan gum, and is thus useful in preparing a processed meat food in which the meat texture is retained or enhanced while introducing a further soft texture.

[0222] Examples of the polysaccharide thickeners include guar gum, gellan gum, carrageenan, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, glucomannan, agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, tamarind seed gum, tara gum, gum arabic, tragacanth gum, karaya gum, pectin, pullulan, carboxy methylcellulose (CMC) or its sodium salt, microcrystalline cellulose, fermentation-derived cellulose, and furcellaran. These polysaccharide thickeners may be used singly, or in a combination of two or more.

[0223] When welan gum and a polysaccharide thickener are used in combination, the processed meat food of the present invention may be prepared through:

(a) a method comprising the step of mixing (i) the welan gum and (ii) a polysaccharide thickener with either part or the entirety of one or more materials constituting the processed meat food such as a meat;
(b) a method comprising the step of preparing an aqueous solution containing (i) the welan gum and (ii) a polysaccharide thickener, and mixing the aqueous solution with other one or more materials constituting the processed meat food, such as a meat;
(c) a method comprising the step of preparing an aqueous solution containing (i) the welan gum, (ii) a polysaccharide thickener, and one or more various materials constituting the processed meat food, such as a meat, and causing the aqueous solution as a pickling liquid to infiltrate into the meat block through a method using, for example, injection, tumbling, soaking, or the like; and other similar methods.

[0224] In this case, the proportion of the polysaccharide thickener may vary depending on the type of polysaccharide thickener to be used, or the desired texture of the final processed meat food, and therefore cannot be generally specified; however, for example, the proportion of the polysaccharide thickener is generally 0.001 to 3.0 mass %, preferably 0.005 to 2.5 mass %, more preferably 0.01 to 2.0 mass %, per 100 mass % of the final processed meat food.

[0225] In the present invention, the operation of mixing welan gum, meat, and various materials is not particularly limited insofar as the method is capable of evenly dispersing welan gum in the resulting processed meat food. For example, any methods of stirring and mixing the target materials using various conventional stirrers (whisk, beater, mixer, cutting machine, and the like) may be used.

[0226] The processed meat food of the present invention may be prepared by carrying out processing in addition to the above steps through a conventional processing method for the manufacture of processed meat foods according to the type and usage of the foods. Examples of the processing methods include one or more methods selected from refrigeration, freezing, boiling, steaming, baking, oil-cooking (deep-frying), drying and smoking, and microwave-heating; the processing is performed with respect to the meat product after the treated meat product is shaped into a desired form.

[0227] Further, in the present invention, welan gum may be formulated beforehand into an agent together with food additives and the like that are used for the manufacture of processed meat foods. Formulation of welan gum into a texture-improving agent has advantages in terms of handling ease during manufacturing process.

[0228] Examples of components that can be used in combination with welan gum to constitute a texture-improving agent include, without limitation, food additives and food materials that are used for processed meat foods, as described above.

[0229] Specifically, examples of thickening stabilizers include xanthan gum, galactomannan, gellan gum, carrageenan, cellulose, soybean polysaccharides, starches (modified starches), and gelatins; examples of emulsifiers include lecithin, sucrose fatty acid ester, and glycerol fatty acid ester; and examples of binders include dextrin, cyclodextrin, glucose, sucrose, lactose, and trehalose.

[0230] In addition, it is also possible to optionally use a seasoning, an acidulant, an acidity regulator, various polyphosphates, sodium caseinate, a processed egg product, a processed milk product, a processed soybean product, a processed wheat product, a processed rice product, a processed oil and fat product, dietary fiber, shelf-life extender, and a preservative, solely or in combination in an amount necessary for the manufacture of the processed meat food.

[0231] Further, the amount of the texture-improving agent to be added to the processed meat food containing welan gum may be adjusted so that the content of the welan gum in the resulting processed meat food falls within the above range. The same can be said for the method for improving the texture of a processed meat food of the present invention, and a method for producing a processed meat food of the present invention.

(3)

[0232] A flour-containing food of the present invention, a method for producing the food, a method for improving the texture of the flour-containing food of the present invention, and a texture-improving agent for a flour-containing food are explained below.

[0233] A person skilled in the art will be able to understand these embodiments of the present invention by combining the respective explanations of the flour-containing food of the present invention, the method for producing the food, the method for improving the texture of a flour-containing food of the present invention, and a texture-improving agent for a flour-containing food, together with common technical knowledge.

Flour-Containing Food

[0234] The present invention relates to a flour-containing food comprising welan gum, as mentioned above.

[0235] The flour-containing food is not particularly limited insofar as the food contains flour.

[0236] Examples include takoyaki, okonomiyaki, akashiyaki, taiyaki, imagawayaki, monjayaki, various breads such as steamed bread, sweet buns, and plain loafs; cakes such as sponge cake and pancake; pizza; and doughnuts.

[0237] The amount of welan gum of the present invention in these flour-containing foods may be appropriately adjusted according to the target food and the required texture.

[0238] Specifically, welan gum is incorporated in the food so that 0.001 to 1 parts by mass, preferably 0.005 to 0.5 parts by mass, of welan gum is incorporated based on the total amount of the flour-containing food.

[0239] Further, in addition to these general foods, examples also include other flour-containing foods such as:

(1) special diets such as protein-, phosphorus-, and potassium-controlled food, salt-controlled food, oil-and-fat controlled food, probiotic food, calcium-, iron-, and vitamin-enriched food, low-allergy food, high-nutrition liquid diet, pureed food, and minced food;
(2) therapeutic diets; and
(3) dysphagia diets.

[0240] The method for adding welan gum to a flour-containing food of the present invention is not particularly limited, and previously known methods, such as a method of blending welan gum with other powder materials in advance, methods using kneading, spraying or soaking, and the like may be performed. Since special conditions or equipment is unnecessary in the addition of welan gum, it is also advantageous for industries.

[0241] Further, insofar as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired, various food materials and additives for use in the manufacture of a flour-containing food other than welan gum may also be added to the flour-containing food of the present invention. Specifically, sugar, a polysaccharide, a sweetener, a seasoning, an acidulant, an organic acid or a salt thereof, a flavor, a color additive, an antioxidant, a shelf-life extender, a preservative, baking powder, a yeast food, an enzyme, a processed egg product, a processed soybean product, a processed rice product, a processed wheat product, whey protein, a processed oil and fat product, starches (modified starches), yeasts, salt, edible oils and fats, processed milk product, seafood, meat, and vegetables may also be added. Further, as necessary, it is possible to use extracts of tea, black tea, coffee, and the like; powdery components such as cocoa and powdered green tea; and fruit flesh or fruit juices of strawberry, orange, and the like.

[0242] Further, in the present invention, welan gum may be formulated beforehand into an agent together with food additives and the like that are used for the manufacture of flour-containing food. Formulation of welan gum into a texture-improving agent has advantages in terms of handling ease during manufacturing process.

[0243] Examples of components that can be used in combination with welan gum to constitute a texture-improving agent include, without limitation, food additives and food materials that are used for flour-containing food, as described above.

[0244] Specifically, examples of thickening stabilizers include xanthan gum, galactomannan, gellan gum, carrageenan, cellulose, soybean polysaccharides, starches (modified starches), and gelatins; examples of emulsifiers include lecithin, sucrose fatty acid ester, and glycerol fatty acid ester; and examples of binders include dextrin, cyclodextrin, glucose, sucrose, lactose, and trehalose. Examples of other food materials include processed egg products, processed soybean products, processed milk products, whey proteins, processed rice products, processed wheat products, processed oil and fat products, and the like.

[0245] The composition of the texture-improving agent of the present invention may vary depending on the type etc. of the flour-containing food to which the texture-improving agent is applied.

[0246] Further, the amount of the texture-improving agent of the present invention to be added to the flour-containing food may be adjusted so that the content of the welan gum in the resulting flour-containing food falls within the above range.

Texture-Improving Method

[0247] Subsequently, a method for improving the texture of the flour-containing food of the present invention is explained below.

The texture-improving method for the flour-containing food of the present invention may be a method using welan gum or the texture-improving agent containing welan gum as a raw material for the manufacture of a flour-containing food.

[0248] Regarding the addition of a texture-improving agent, the method of adding a texture-improving agent to a flour-containing food described above may be referred to.

[0249] With the texture-improving method of the present invention, it is possible to impart a soft and moist texture to a flour-containing food, while imparting good perceived meltability in the mouth.

[0250] Further, the present invention also provides a method for producing a flour-containing food with improved texture.

[0251] The production method may be a method comprising adding the texture-improving agent of the present invention described above to a flour-containing food. The details of the method may be understood by referring to the description of the flour-containing food stated above.

[0252] With the present invention, it becomes possible to produce a flour-containing food having a soft and moist texture, as well as good perceived meltability in the mouth.

(4)

[0253] The syneresis suppression method of the present invention (more specifically, the method for suppressing syneresis upon freeze-thawing of a gelatin-containing soup), and a gelatin-containing soup for freeze-thawing of the present invention are explained below.

[0254] A person skilled in the art will be able to understand these embodiments by combining the respective explanations of the syneresis suppression method of the present invention, and the gelatin-containing soup for freeze-thawing of the present invention, together with common technical knowledge.

[0255] The gelatin-containing soup of the present invention (hereinafter simply referred to as a gelatin-containing soup) may include a fluid portion of a soup stock or a soup-like food (including a food of which the entirety is fluid) that is mass-produced and stored in a freezer; and then is to be thawed by heating, such as boiling or the like, or thawed naturally without particular heating during the production step.

[0256] Examples of the foods to which such a gelatin-containing soup is applied include:

soups containing, as ingredients, vegetables, meatballs, and boiled gyoza; noodle dishes such as ramen, udon, and soba; stew; prepared fluid foods to be applied on rice (e.g., curry, sauce of gyudon (beef-on-rice-bowl)); and pasta sauce.

[0257] Further, the present invention may be used for soups of stuffed cabbage, oden (Japanese dish of various ingredients stewed in soy-flavored soup), rice porridge, zosui (seasoned rice porridge containing other ingredients), and the like, that may be distributed with the soup being in contact with the ingredients.

[0258] These foods are distributed and stored at a temperature within the chilled-food temperature range. Upon eating, the gelatin-containing soup is dissolved by heating with a microwave oven or the like, and the food may be eaten as a general food.

[0259] The gelatin-containing soup of the present invention contains gelatin, and may be used through freeze-thawing.

[0260] The gelatin-containing soup of the present invention is not particularly limited by the production method, flavoring, category (e.g., Japanese style, Western style, and Chinese style), and the like.

[0261] The ingredient of the gelatin-containing soup of the present invention is not particularly limited.

[0262] The gelatin-containing soup of the present invention contains welan gum, in addition to gelatin.

[0263] The gelatin-containing soup of the present invention may be for freeze-thawing.

[0264] The Gelatin-containing soup of the present invention may be suitably frozen and thawed.

[0265] The method and the conditions for the manufacture of the gelatin-containing soup of the present invention may be the same as those of a previously known gelatin-containing soup, except for the use or addition of welan gum.

[0266] The timing of the use or addition is not particularly limited; however, welan gum is preferably added before freeze-thawing.

[0267] The method for suppressing the syneresis upon the freeze-thawing of the gelatin-containing soup of the present invention comprises adding welan gum to the gelatin-containing soup.

[0268] The addition step may be the step of adding welan gum during the manufacture of a gelatin-containing soup.

[0269] Similar to a general gelatin-containing soup, the materials of the gelatin-containing soup of the present invention include, in addition to gelatin and welan gum, extracts of chicken, beef, pork, fish (e.g., bonito fish), kombu, shiitake mushroom, and the like (e.g., Bashi stock, consomme, bouillon); soy sauce; salt; vinegar; citric acid; umami seasoning; antioxidants; flavors; color additives; sweeteners; preservatives; and the like.

[0270] Further, insofar as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired, the gelatin-containing soup of the present invention may contain polysaccharides such as xanthan gum, carrageenan, guar gum, pectin, locust bean gum, tamarind seed gum, curdlan, gellan gum, or fermentation-derived cellulose, in combination with welan gum.

[0271] Examples of the ingredients to be combined with the gelatin-containing soup of the present invention include any materials generally used for the food examples listed above, specifically, dairy products such as cow's milk, butter, cheese and the like; vegetables such as corn, green pea, onion, tomato, green pepper, parsley, carrot, and potatoes; processed meat products or seafood paste products, such as ham, bacon, meatball, and sardine paste ball; noodles such as ramen, pasta, udon and soba; and ingredients of boiled gyoza, stuffed cabbage, and oden.

[0272] The gelatin-containing soup of the present invention further encompasses, in addition to soup, soup-like foods (e.g., stew, potage, curry, sauce of gyudon (beef-on-rice bowl), and pasta sauce).

[0273] The gelatin contained in the gelatin-containing soup of the present invention may be a gelatin generally used for food manufacture, and is not limited by the material such as beef, pork, and fish, or the production method.

[0274] The content of gelatin in the gelatin-containing soup of the present invention may vary depending on the amounts of welan gum and other components described later, or the type of soup; however, the content of gelatin is generally in a range of 0.5 to 3 mass %, and preferably in a range of 1 to 2 mass %. If the amount of gelatin is excessively small, the soup may not be sufficiently gelled. On the other hand, an excessively large amount of gelatin may cause undesirable effects regarding the taste or texture of the soup or the food containing the soup, such as an increase in odor originating from the raw material of gelatin, a degradation in texture upon eating due to an increase in viscosity to more than the appropriate viscosity, and the like.

[0275] The content of welan gum in the gelatin-containing soup of the present invention may vary depending on the gelatin amount described above; however, generally, the content of welan gum is in a range of 0.01 to 1 mass %, and preferably in a range of 0.05 to 0.5 mass %. If the amount is excessively small, the syneresis suppression effects upon freeze-thawing may become insufficient. On other hand, an excessively large amount of welan gum may decrease the flavor release of the gelatin-containing soup, and may degrade the texture due to excessive viscosity.

[0276] However, for example, for a soup requiring a high thickness, such as ankake (a thick, starchy sauce), the content of welan gum may preferably exceed the above range without problem.

[0277] In the present invention, the mass ratio of gelatin and welan gum may be, for example, in a range of 20:1 to 2:1, and in a range of 20:1 to 10:1.

EXAMPLES

[0278] The present invention is specifically described below with reference to Examples, Test Examples, etc. However, the present invention is not limited to these Examples.

[0279] In the formulas, the unit of value is part by mass, unless otherwise specified.

[0280] The term part refers to part by mass, unless otherwise specified.

[0281] The expression % refers to mass %, unless otherwise specified.

[0282] In this specification, * represents a product of San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc.

[0283] In this specification, the superscript represents a registered trademark of San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc.

[0284] The evaluation expression AA represents particularly excellent, A represents excellent, B represents good, and C represents defect.

[0285] The blank in each table represents a blank test for the Example or Comparative Example in the table (or in a group in the table).

Test Example 1-1: Omelet

[0286] An egg slurry was prepared based on the following formula, followed by cooking, thereby preparing an omelet. Table 1-1 shows the types and amounts of the additives used in this example.

TABLE-US-00001 Formula (parts) Whole egg: 70.0 Salad oil: 15.0 Salt: 0.5 Preservative (NATURAL KEEPER*): 0.2 Seasoning (SAN-LIKE AMINO BASE NAG*): 0.1 Additives: see Table 1-1

[0287] The total amount was adjusted to 100 parts with ion exchanged water.

[0288] Preparation Method

[0289] Step 1) The additives were added to water, and the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes.

[0290] Step 2) Raw materials other than salad oil were added and stirred for 5 minutes.

[0291] Step 3) Salad oil was added, followed by cooking for 1 minute and 40 seconds at 150 C.

[0292] Step 4) After being slightly cooled, the omelet was stored in a refrigerator.

[0293] Step 5) The texture was evaluated on the following day.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1-1 No. Additive Amount Texture Blank Dry and hard texture without fluffiness Comparative Modified starch 1.5% Fluffier than blank but pasty Example 1-1 (Gel Pro OS-28: Oji Cornstarch Co., Ltd.) Comparative Microcrystalline 0.1% Dry and hard texture like blank Example 1-2 cellulose blend Comparative (Ceolus RC-N30: 0.5% Slightly fluffier than Comparative Example 1-3 Asahi Kasei Example 1-2, but inferior to Corporation) Comparative Example 1-1. Example 1-1 Welan gum 0.01% Fluffier than Comparative Example (VIS TOP W*) 1-1, and no pastiness Example 1-2 0.1% Fluffiest and softest among all test samples. The center had a runny texture. Example 1-3 0.5% Fluffier than Comparative Example 1-1 and Example 1-1, but still inferior to Example 1-2. The center had a runny texture, as in Example 1-2. Example 1-4 Welan gum 0.01% Less pasty than Comparative Example (VIS TOP W*) 1-1, and fairly fluffy Modified starch 1.5% (Gel Pro OS-28: Oji Cornstarch Co., Ltd.) Example 1-5 Welan gum 0.01% Fluffier than Comparative Example (VIS TOP W*) 1-3 Microcrystalline 0.1% cellulose blend (Ceolus CL-611S: Asahi Kasei Corporation)

[0294] Evaluation

[0295] The omelet to which welan gum was added had a texture fluffier than that to which a modified starch or a microcrystalline cellulose blend was added. Further, the omelet had a fluffy texture without starch-like pastiness. Further, in the omelet containing 0.1 mass or more welan gum, the center portion was in a runny state.

[0296] Further, even when 0.5 of welan gum was added, the viscosity of the egg slurry did not greatly increase, and the slurry easily spread over a cooking iron plate. Therefore, the handling was not impaired due to an increase in viscosity, and a problem of scorch during cooking also did not occur.

[0297] Further, in the omelet containing a combination of welan gum and a modified starch or a microcrystalline cellulose blend, the fluffiness synergistically increased, compared with the product to which welan gum was solely added; moreover, the effects of alleviating the starch pastiness were observed.

Test Example 1-2: Hollandaise Sauce

[0298] Hollandaise sauce was prepared according to the formula below. Table 1-2 shows the types and amounts of the additives used in this example, and the evaluation results of the obtained hollandaise sauce.

TABLE-US-00003 Formula (parts) Butter: 35.0 Egg yolk: 14.0 White wine: 7.0 Salt: 0.8 Frozen lemon juice: 1.0 Powdered black pepper: 0.01 Seasoning (SAN-LIKE KISOAJI*): 0.8 Seasoning: (SAN-LIKE EGG ENHANCER VN-43*) 0.2 Preservative (NATURAL KEEPER*): 0.2 Sweetener (SAN SWEET SU-100*): 0.01 Additives: see Table 1-2

[0299] The total amount was adjusted to 100 parts with ion exchanged water.

[0300] Preparation Method

[0301] Step 1) The additives were added to water, and the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at 6,000 rpm using a homomixer.

[0302] Step 2) White wine was boiled, and soon after boiling the mixture obtained in Step 1 and materials other than butter were added, followed by stirring for 5 minutes.

[0303] Step 3) While adding butter that has been molten in a hot-water bath, the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at 3,000 rpm using a homomixer.

[0304] Step 4) The resulting mixture was packed in a PE pouch container, and sterilized in a hot-water bath at 85 C. for 30 minutes.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 1-2 No. Additive Amount Evaluation Blank Blank Lumpy aggregates were observed in entire sauce Comparative Microcrystalline 1.0% Lumpy aggregates were Example 1-4 cellulose blend observed as in blank (Ceolus RC-N30: Asahi Kasei Corporation) Comparative Microcrystalline 1.5% Lumpy aggregates were Example 1-5 cellulose blend observed as in blank (Ceolus RC-K30: Asahi Kasei Corporation) Example 1-6 Welan gum 0.02% Slight aggregates were (VIS TOP W*) observed, but fluidity was good. Example 1-7 0.05% No aggregates were observed, and entire sauce was smooth and desirably fluid Example 1-8 0.1% No aggregates were observed, and entire sauce was smooth and desirably fluid Example 1-9 Welan gum 0.02% No aggregates were (VIS TOP W*) observed, and entire Microcrystalline 0.3% sauce was smooth and cellulose blend desirably fluid (Ceolus RC-N30: Asahi Kasei Corporation)

[0305] Results

[0306] The hollandaise sauce to which welan gum was added was a smooth sauce in which no aggregates were generated. It was also confirmed that the protein aggregation inhibitory effects were synergistically increased by combining welan gum with a microcrystalline cellulose blend.

Test Example 1-3: Carbonara Sauce

[0307] Carbonara sauce was prepared according to the formula below. Table 1-3 shows the types and amounts of the additives used in this example, and the evaluation of the obtained carbonara sauce.

TABLE-US-00005 Formula (parts) Egg yolk: 3.0 Skim milk powder: 5.6 Salt: 1.6 Salad oil: 5.2 Additives: see Table 1-3

[0308] The total amount was adjusted to 100 parts with ion exchanged water.

[0309] Preparation Method

[0310] Step 1) The additives were added to water, and the mixture was stirred at 80 C. for 10 minutes.

[0311] Step 2) The mixture was adjusted in temperature to 40 C.; after the rest of the materials was added, the mixture was further stirred for 5 minutes.

[0312] Step 3) The resulting mixture was packed in a PE pouch container, and subjected to retort sterilization at 121 C. for 20 minutes.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 1-3 No. Additive Amount Evaluation Blank Blank Severe aggregation Comparative Modified starch 4.0% Aggregation Example 1-6 (Suehiro 200: Oji Cornstarch Co., Ltd.) Comparative Xanthan gum 0.4% Slight Example 1-7 (San Ace*) aggregation Comparative Xanthan gum 0.5% No aggregation, Example 1-8 (San Ace*) slimy Comparative Microcrystalline cellulose 0.4% Severe Example 1-9 preparation (Ceolus DX-2: aggregation Asahi Kasei Corporation) Comparative Microcrystalline cellulose 0.5% Severe Example 1-10 preparation (Ceolus DX-2: aggregation Asahi Kasei Corporation) Example 1-6 Welan gum 0.4% No aggregation, (VIS TOP W*) texture was creamy and smooth Example 1-7 Welan gum 0.5% No aggregation, (VIS TOP W*) texture was creamy and smooth

[0313] Results

[0314] In the carbonara sauce containing welan gum of the present invention, no aggregation occurred, and a smooth thickness was imparted. Further, the sliminess particular to polysaccharides was not sensed. In a Comparative Example using a modified starch, aggregation was observed. In a Comparative Example using 0.4% of xanthan gum, aggregation was slightly observed. In the carbonara sauce to which 0.5% of xanthan gum was added, although no aggregation was observed, the strong sliminess was sensed. The texture of the sauce was thus not suitable for pasta. Severe aggregation was observed in the sauce to which a microcrystalline cellulose blend was added; thus, no aggregation inhibitory effects were observed.

Test Example 1-4: Shelf-Stable Pudding

[0315] Shelf-stable pudding was prepared according to the formula below. Table 1-4 shows the types and amounts of the additives used in this example. Table 1-4 shows the measured values of the viscosities of the homogenized mix solutions. Further, the appearance of the completed shelf-stable pudding was visually observed, and those with no aggregation were evaluated as a product ensuring stability.

TABLE-US-00007 Formula (parts) Sugar: 10.0 Skim milk powder: 3.0 Coconut oil: 3.0 Gelling agent (GEL UP PI): 0.3 Additives: see Table 1-4 Emulsifier (HOMOGEN DM-S): 0.1 Trisodium citrate: 0.1 Color additive (CAROTENE BASE No. 9400-SV*): 0.1 Flavor (PUDDING FLAVOR No. 72724(P)*): 0.1

[0316] The total amount was adjusted to 100 parts with ion exchanged water.

[0317] Preparation Method

[0318] Step 1) A powder mixture of sugar, skim milk powder, the gelling agent, additives, the emulsifier, and trisodium citrate was added to an ion exchanged water and coconut oil under stirring, and the mixture was dissolved by heat-stirring at 80 C. for 10 minutes.

[0319] Step 2) The color additive and the flavor were further added, followed by the addition of water to adjust the total amount.

[0320] Step 3) Homogenization was performed at 75 C. with a homogenizer (first step: 10 MPa, second step: 5 MPa).

[0321] Step 4) The mixture was placed in a PP pudding cup at a liquid temperature of 60 C.

[0322] Step 5) Retort sterilization was performed at 121 C. for 20 minutes.

[0323] Step 6) The mixture was cooled to be solidified, thereby obtaining a shelf-stable pudding.

[0324] Evaluation

[0325] Stability

[0326] The aggregation was visually confirmed.

[0327] Evaluation Criteria for Stability

[0328] A: No aggregation, good stability

[0329] B: Slight aggregation was observed.

[0330] C: Severe aggregation, and separation were observed.

[0331] Viscosity Upon Preparation

[0332] The viscosity of the mix after the homogenization (Step 3) was measured using a Brookfield-type viscometer.

[0333] Measurement Conditions: 60 rpm, Rotor No. 3, temperature of the mix=602 C.

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 1-4 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Test Sample Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Additive Blank 1-11 1-12 1-13 1-14 1-8 1-9 1-10 Xanthan gum 0.05% 0.1% (SAN ACE*) Fermentation- 0.3% 0.45% derived cellulose blend (SAN ARTIST PG*) Welan gum 0.05% 0.1% 0.15% (VIS TOP W*) Stability C C C B B-A C-B B-A A Viscosity (60 C.) 9 57 102 72 139 60 79 135 Unit: mPa .Math. s

[0334] Results

[0335] It was confirmed that use of welan gum inhibited protein aggregation upon retort sterilization. The results were excellent compared with Comparative Examples using xanthan gum or fermentation-derived cellulose blend. More specifically, the addition of welan gum, even in a small amount, provided a viscosity lower than or similar to that of the examples using xanthan gum or fermentation-derived cellulose blend; moreover, the stability enhanced, and a smooth texture comparable to a chilled pudding was obtained.

Test Example 1-5: High-Protein Shelf-Stable Pudding

[0336] Shelf-stable pudding with a high protein content was prepared according to the formula below. Table 1-5 shows the types and amounts of the additives used in this example. The appearance of the completed shelf-stable pudding was observed based on the same standard as that in Test Example 1-4. Table 1-5 shows the evaluation results. The protein content per 100 g of the shelf-stable pudding obtained according to the following formula was 7.5 g.

TABLE-US-00009 Formula (parts) Sugar: 1.5 Sodium caseinate: 2.7 Protein: concentrated whey powder 10.1 (Simplesse 100: CP Kelco) Coconut oil: 5.0 Agar (GEL UP J-1630*): 0.3 Carrageenan (GEL RICH No. 3(F)*): 0.05 Additives: see Table 1-5 Color additive (CAROTENE BASE No. 9400-SV*): 0.2 Flavor (VANILLA ESSENCE No. 70*): 0.1 Sweetener (SAN SWEET SU-100*): 0.1 Sweetener (NEO SAN MARUKU AG*): 0.1

[0337] The total amount was adjusted to 100 parts with ion exchanged water.

[0338] Preparation Method

[0339] Step 1) A powder mixture of sugar, sodium caseinate, protein concentrated whey powder, additives, agar, carrageenan, and sweeteners was added to water and coconut oil under stirring, and the mixture was heated up to 90 C. and stirred for 10 minutes for dissolution.

[0340] Step 2) The color additive and the flavor were added, followed by the addition of water to adjust the total amount.

[0341] Step 3) Homogenization was performed at 75 C. with a homogenizer (first step: 10 MPa, second step: 5 MPa).

[0342] Step 4) The resulting mixture was packed in a PP pudding cup, and subjected to retort sterilization at 121 C. for 20 minutes.

[0343] Step 5) The mixture was cooled to be solidified, thereby obtaining a shelf stable pudding.

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 1-5 Comparative Comparative Test Sample Example Example Example Additive Blank 1-15 1-16 1-11 Fermentation-derived 0.45% cellulose blend (SAN ARTIST PG*) Fermentation-derived 0.45% cellulose blend (SAN ARTIST PN*) Welan gum 0.15% (VIS TOP W*) Stability C B B A

[0344] Evaluation

[0345] The above test results confirmed that use of welan gum inhibited protein aggregation upon retort sterilization. The results were superior to those of the fermentation-derived cellulose blend. When a fermentation-derived cellulose blend was used, the resulting pudding had a hard and brittle texture. When welan gum was used, the resulting pudding had a good perceived meltability in the mouth, and a smooth texture.

Test Example 1-6: Milk-Containing Drinkable Coffee Jelly

[0346] A milk-containing drinkable coffee jelly of the present invention was prepared according to the following formula. Table 1-6 shows the types and amounts of the additives used in this example. Table 1-6 shows the measured values of viscosities after the homogenization, as well as the visually evaluated appearance of the milk-containing drinkable coffee jelly.

TABLE-US-00011 Formula (parts) Cow's milk: 22.0 Skim milk powder: 1.0 Sugar: 4.0 Sweetener (SAN SWEET SA-5050*): 0.025 Instant coffee: 1.0 Gelling agent (carrageenan, locust bean gum): 0.3 Additives: see Table 1-6 Emulsifier (HOMOGEN NO. 3136*): 0.14 Sodium hydrogen carbonate: 0.1 Flavor (COFFEE FLAVOR No. 112246(P)*): 0.07

[0347] The total amount was adjusted to 100 parts with ion exchanged water.

[0348] Preparation Method

[0349] Step 1) A powder mixture of sugar, skim milk powder, sweetener, instant coffee, gelling agent, additives, emulsifier, and sodium hydrogen carbonate was added to water and cow's milk under stirring, and the mixture was heated up to 80 C. and stirred for 10 minutes for dissolution.

[0350] Step 2) The flavor was added, followed by the addition of water to adjust the total amount.

[0351] Step 3) Homogenization was performed at 75 C. with a homogenizer (first step: 10 MPa, second step: 5 MPa).

[0352] Step 4) The mixture was packed in a can at a liquid temperature of 60 C.

[0353] Step 5) Retort sterilization was performed at 121 C. for 20 minutes.

[0354] Step 6) The mixture was solidified by cooling, thereby obtaining a milk-containing drinkable coffee jelly.

[0355] Evaluation Method

[0356] Stability of Protein

[0357] The aggregation was visually observed.

Evaluation Criteria for Stability

[0358] A: No aggregation, good stability

[0359] B: Slight aggregation was observed.

[0360] C: Severe aggregation, and separation were observed.

[0361] Viscosity of Preparation

[0362] The viscosity of the mix after the homogenization (Step 3) was measured using a Brookfield type viscometer. Measurement Conditions: 60 rpm, Rotor No. 1 or 2, temperature=602 C.

[0363] Texture

[0364] After the solidification by cooling, the can was strongly shaken manually 10 times to make the jelly drinkable; after drinking it, the friability was sensorily evaluated.

[0365] A: The jelly had appropriate hardness, and was appropriately crumbled after shaking.

[0366] B: The jelly was relatively hard, and was not easy to drink, as coarse grains remained even after shaking.

[0367] C: The jelly was hard and was not easily crumbled even after shaking, and was not suitable to drink.

TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 1-6 Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Test Sample Example Example Example Example Example Additive Blank 1-17 1-18 1-19 1-20 1-12 Xanthan gum 0.05% 0.12% (SAN ACE*) Fermented cellulose 0.2% 0.45% preparation (SAN ARTIST PG*) Welan gum 0.15% (VIS TOP W*) Stability of Protein C C C C B A Viscosity (60 C.) 8 26 73 29 92 106 Unit: mPa .Math. s Texture A B C B C A

[0368] Results

[0369] It was confirmed that use of welan gum for a drinkable jelly inhibited protein aggregation upon retort sterilization, while imparting a friability and a texture suitable for a jelly drink. In contrast, in a Comparative Example using xanthan gum, the protein aggregation was not inhibited, and a strong elasticity was imparted after the solidification by cooling; thus, the jelly was not crumbled even after shaking. The resulting property was thus not suitable for a drinkable jelly. In contrast, in a Comparative Example using a fermentation-derived cellulose blend, the protein aggregation upon retort sterilization was slightly inhibited; however, the jelly after the solidification by cooling was not easily crumbled, and was thus not suitable for a drinkable jelly.

Test Example 1-7: Tofu

[0370] Tofu was prepared according to the formula below. Table 1-7 shows the types and amounts of the additives used in this example, and the evaluation of the obtained tofu.

TABLE-US-00013 Formula (parts) Soymilk: 95.0 Bittern: 3.0 Additives: see Table 1-7

[0371] The total amount was adjusted to 100 parts with ion exchanged water.

[0372] Preparation Method

[0373] Step 1) A modified starch or an additive were added to a soymilk, and dissolved by 10 minutes stirring.

[0374] Step 2) A bittern was added, and stirred for 10 seconds.

[0375] Step 3) The resulting mixture was packed in a PP container, and subjected to retort sterilization at 121 C. for 20 minutes.

TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 1-7 No. Additive Amount Evaluation Blank Hard, less smooth Comparative Modified starch 1.0% Slightly softer than Example (Suehiro 200: Oji blank, but not smooth 1-21 Cornstarch Co., due to pastiness Ltd.) particular to starch Example Welan gum (VIS TOP 0.03% Softer and smoother 1-13 W*) than blank Example Welan gum (VIS TOP 0.1% Further softer and 1-14 W*) smoother than Example 1-13

[0376] Results

[0377] The tofu containing welan gum of the present invention did not easily harden even after retort sterilization, and had a smooth texture. Further, the sliminess particular to polysaccharides was not sensed, and the smooth and slippery texture particular to tofu was retained.

[0378] In contrast, the Comparative Example using a modified starch had a pasty texture despite the slight softness, and the smoothness was very low.

Test Example 1-8: Baked Pudding

[0379] Baked pudding was prepared according to the formula below. Table 1-8 shows the types and amounts of the additives used in this example. Further, the hardness (gel strength) of the completed baked pudding was evaluated using a texture analyzer.

TABLE-US-00015 Formula (parts) Sugared frozen whole egg 20 (Kewpie Corporation): 30.0 Sugar: 7.0 Skim milk powder: 2.1 Coconut oil: 4.2 Additives: see Table 1-8 Emulsifier (HOMOGEN DM-S): 0.07 Flavor (PUDDING FLAVOR No. 72724(P)*): 0.07

[0380] The total amount was adjusted to 100 parts with ion exchanged water.

[0381] Preparation Method

[0382] Step 1) A powder mixture of sugar, skim milk powder, additives, and the emulsifier was added to an ion exchanged water and coconut oil under stirring, and the mixture was heated up to 80 C. and stirred for 10 minutes for dissolution.

[0383] Step 2) The flavor and ion exchanged water were added, followed by homogenization at 75 C. with a homogenizer (first step: 10 MPa, second step: 5 MPa).

[0384] Step 3) After the mixture was cooled to 20 C., sugared frozen whole egg 20 was added.

[0385] Step 4) The resulting mixture was packed in a PP cup, and baked in an oven at 170 C. for 40 minutes.

[0386] Step 5) The baked mixture was solidified by cooling.

[0387] Evaluation Method

[0388] Gel Strength

[0389] The hardness (gel strength) of the pudding stored in a refrigerator overnight was measured using a texture analyzer (Texture Analyzer TA-XT Plus (Stable Micro Systems)).

[0390] Measurement Conditions: Cylindrical plunger (stainless steel) having a diameter of 11.3 mm, penetration speed=1 mm/sec, product temperature=5 C.

TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 1-8 Test Sample Comparative Additive Blank Example 1-22 Example 1-15 Example 1-16 Xanthan gum 0.07% (SAN ACE*) Welan gum 0.07% 0.14% (VIS TOP W*) Texture Relatively Relatively softer Softer and Further smoother, and hard and and smoother than smoother than had good perceived crumbly blank blank and meltability in mouth Comparative Example Gel 0.99 0.63 0.33 0.29 Strength Unit: N/cm.sup.2

[0391] Results

[0392] Use of welan gum prevented an egg protein in a baked pudding containing a large amount of egg from excessively hardening by heat coagulation, thereby obtaining a smooth pudding with a soft texture. The pudding had a smooth and soft texture compared with the example using xanthan gum.

Test Example 1-9: Pastry Cream

[0393] Pastry cream was prepared according to the formula below. Table 1-9 shows the types and amounts of the additives used in this example. Further, the completed pastry cream was evaluated visually and by its texture.

TABLE-US-00017 Formula (parts) Sugar: 12.0 Gelatin (SPECIAL GELATIN*): 1.0 Shelf-life extender (glycine): 1.0 Shelf-life extender (ART FRESH 50/50*): 0.025 Starch syrup: 10.1 Salad oil: 2.0 Sugared frozen egg yolk 20 (Kewpie Corporation): 15.0 Cow's milk: 10.0 Ion exchanged water: 65.0 Additives: see Table 1-9 Flavor (CREAM OIL No. 86654(P)*): 0.1
The total amount was adjusted to 120 parts with ion exchanged water.

[0394] The obtained mixture was further concentrated by boiling so that the total amount became 100 parts.

[0395] Preparation Method

[0396] Step 1) A powder mixture of sugar, gelatin, shelf-life extenders, and additives was added to ion exchanged water, starch syrup, salad oil, sugared frozen egg yolk 20, and cow's milk under stirring, and the mixture was heated up to 70 C.

[0397] Step 2) The flavor and ion exchanged water were added, followed by homogenization at 8,000 rpm for 10 minutes using a homomixer.

[0398] Step 3) The mixture was concentrated by boiling in a cooking pan to a specific amount.

[0399] Step 4) The mixture was packed in a PE pouch, and was solidified by cooling.

TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 1-9 Test Sample Comparative Comparative Additive Blank Example 1-23 Example 1-24 Example 1-17 Modified 1.0% 3.0% Starch Xanthan gum 0.2% (SAN ACE*) Welan gum 0.2% (VIS TOP W*) Appearance Aggregation No aggregation Aggregation No aggregation Texture Gritty and Smoother than Gritty and Smoother and watery blank, but heavy, pasty lighter than pasty, and sticky Comparative Example 1-23

[0400] Results

[0401] Use of welan gum inhibited the generation of grittiness due to heat coagulation of the egg protein in a pastry cream, thereby obtaining a pastry cream with a smooth and light texture. Aggregation was generated in the blank, and the blank had a watery texture without shape retainability. In a pastry cream of Comparative Example 1-23 containing more modified starch than the blank, aggregation was not generated and the pastry cream had a smooth texture. However, the pastry cream also had a heavy and pasty texture. Further, in Comparative Example 1-24 to which xanthan gum was further added, generation of aggregation was not inhibited, and the texture was gritty and pasty.

Test Example 2-1: Deep-Fried Chicken

[0402] Deep-fried chicken was prepared according to the formula below. Table 2-1 shows the types and amounts of additives used in this example. The pickling liquid was prepared so that the viscosity was 80 mPa.Math.s (measurement temperature: 8 C., rotation speed: 60 rpm). Table 2-1 shows the yield and texture evaluation of the obtained deep-fried chicken.

TABLE-US-00019 Formula Pickling liquid (parts) pH control agent (SAN POLYMER No. 366*): 4.0 Salt: 1.0 Additives: see Table 2-1 Ion exchanged water 95.0

[0403] A method for preparing a pickling liquid

[0404] Step 1) An additive was added to ion exchanged water. After the mixture was heated up to 80 C. and stirred for 10 minutes for dissolution, the mixture was cooled.

[0405] Step 2) The remaining materials were added and stirred for dissolution.

[0406] Method for Preparing Deep-Fried Chicken

[0407] Step 1) Chicken breast meat (skinless) was cut into a piece having a weight of about 20 g.

[0408] Step 2) 20 parts of the pickling liquid was added to 100 parts of the cut chicken breast meat. The mixture was subjected to tumbling for 2 hours, and stored in a refrigerator overnight.

[0409] Step 3) The chicken was subjected to battering and deep-fried at 175 C. for 3 minutes and 30 seconds.

TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 2-1 Amount Evaluation of Evaluation of yield (based on pickling liquid Deep- the total Viscosity.sup.1) Pickling frying Total.sup.2) No. Additive amount) pH (mPa .Math. s) (%) (%) (%) Blank 4.0 110.8 70.1 77.7 Standard Comparative Xanthan gum 0.15 g 9.58 83.0 116.9 77.6 90.7 Softer than blank, Example (SAN ACE*) (0.021%) and texture had no 2-1 fibrous feeling of meat Example Welan gum 0.12 g 9.65 80.0 117.9 78.7 92.7 Juicier than 2-1 (VIS TOP (0.016%) blank, and W*) satisfactory firm texture with stronger fibrous feeling of meat than Comparative Example 2-1
1) Viscosity measurement conditions:

[0410] Measurement temperature=8 C., rotation speed of Brookfield-type viscometer=60 rpm, Rotor No. 1; the viscosity after 1 minute rotation was measured.

2) Total yield: Yield after picklingyield after deep-frying

[0411] Evaluation

[0412] Comparative Example 2-1 containing xanthan gum was softer than the blank to which xanthan gum was not added; further, in this example, the satisfactory chewy texture of meat was lost, and the texture was dissatisfactory. In contrast, Example 2-1 containing welan gum had a fibrous feeling of meat similar to that of the blank. The meaty feeling was sufficiently felt with an increase in the yield.

Test Example 2-2: Meat Loaf

[0413] Meat loaf was prepared according to the formula below. Table 2-2 shows the types and amounts of the additives used in this example. Table 2-2 shows the texture evaluation results of the obtained meat loaf.

TABLE-US-00021 Formula (parts) Pork arm meat (5 mm): 65.0 Lard (5 mm): 10.0 Salt: 0.7 Sugar: 0.5 Polyphosphate: 0.3 L-sodium ascorbate (crystal): 0.08 Sodium nitrite: 0.012 Seasoning (SAN-LIKE SAUTEED ONION 9Y55E*): 0.3 Seasoning (SAN-LIKE BEEF ENHANCER VF-1734*): 0.2 Seasoning (SAN-LIKE SPICE MIX AR-1*): 0.3 Whey protein (MILPRO LG*): 3.0 Sodium caseinate: 1.0 Preservative (NATURAL KEEPER*): 0.3 Preservative (ART FRESH 50/50*): 0.05 Additives: see Table 2-2

[0414] The total amount was adjusted to 100.0 parts with ice water.

[0415] Preparation Method

[0416] Step 1) Additives were added to ice water, and dissolved by stirring.

[0417] Step 2) The rest of the raw materials was added and mixed, and the mixture was packed in a kaese (meatloaf) mold.

[0418] Step 3) The mixture was heated with a convection oven at 180 C. for 5 minutes.

[0419] Step 4) The meat was subjected to steam-heating until the center of the meat was heated up to 70 C.

TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 2-2 Amount (based on the Additive total amount) Texture of meat loaf Blank Dextrin 0.1 g Standard (0.09%) Comparative Xanthan gum 0.1 g Softer and slimier than Example (SAN ACE*) (0.09%) blank 2-2 Example Welan gum 0.1 g Softer than blank but 2-2 (VIS TOP W*) (0.09%) not slimy, and had enhanced granular feeling of meat

[0420] Evaluation

[0421] As shown in the results in Table 2-2, the addition of welan gum to a meat loaf made the meat dough softer and more brittle, and its texture had a strong granular feeling of meat comparable to real minced meat.

Test Example 2-3: Hamburg Steak

[0422] Hamburg steak was prepared according to the formula below. Table 2-3 shows the types and amounts of the additives used in this example. Table 2-3 shows the yield after heating and texture evaluation results of the obtained Hamburg steak.

TABLE-US-00023 Formula (parts) Minced chicken breast meat (with skin, 5-mm minced): 15.0 Minced Pork arm meat (with skin, 5-mm minced): 10.0 Lard (5-mm minced): 10.0 Rehydrated Granular vegetable protein 15.0 (mixed with water in an amount of 4 times): Onion (shredded, 80% sauteed): 15.0 Dry bread crumbs: 5.0 Powdered soybean protein: 2.0 Modified starch: 2.0 Sugar: 1.0 Salt: 0.5 pH control agent (SAN POLYMER No. 366*): 0.4 Seasoning (SAN-LIKE SPICE MIX BW-1*): 0.3 Shelf-life extender (ART FRESH/No. 101*): 0.2 Additives: see Table 2-3

[0423] The total amount was adjusted to 100 parts with ion exchanged water.

[0424] Preparation Method

[0425] Step 1) All of the materials in the formula were mixed well, and placed in an 80-g flat oval mold.

[0426] Step 2) Each side of the Hamburg steak was cooked in a hot plate at 180 C. until brown, and was subjected to steam-heating at 90 C. until the temperature of the center reached 80 C.

[0427] Step 3) The Hamburg steak was left to stand until the temperature of the center became equal to room temperature (25 C.)

[0428] The heating yield was calculated according to the following formula.

Heating yield (%)=(weight before heating/weight after heating)100

[0429] The Hamburg steak at room temperature was eaten, and the texture was evaluated.

TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 2-3 Comparative Test Sample Example Example Example Additive Blank 2-4 2-5 2-6 Xanthan gum 0.2% (VIS TOP D-3500*) Welan gum 0.2% 0.4% (VIS TOP W*) Heating yield 96.0 98.3 98.5 99.0 (%) Texture No Slimier and Hardly slimy, Hardly sliminess gooier than easy to be slimy, blank crumbled evenly soft

[0430] Evaluation

[0431] The heating yield was superior in the Hamburg steak to which welan gum was added to that of the Hamburg steak of blank or the Hamburg steak of Comparative Example 2-4 containing xanthan gum. Moreover, the texture was not slimy, and was easy to eat.

Test Example 2-4: Kamaboko

[0432] Kamaboko was prepared according to the formula below. Table 2-4 shows the types and amounts of the additives used in this example.

[0433] The texture of the obtained kamaboko was evaluated.

TABLE-US-00025 Formula (parts) Minced fish (SA): 34.0 Minced fish (2nd grade): 16.0 Salt: 1.5 Potato starch: 5.0 Preservative (SAN KIPRO No. 9): 1.0 Monosodium L-glutamate: 0.5 Additives: see Table 2-4

[0434] The total amount was adjusted to 100 parts with ice water.

[0435] Preparation Method

[0436] Step 1) The minced fish (SA) and the minced fish (2nd grade) in the formula were cut into 2-cm square blocks, and coarsely ground with a cooled cutter.

[0437] Step 2) Salts were added and ground therein until a paste was obtained.

[0438] Step 3) of ice water was added, and then preservatives and monosodium L-glutamate were added; the resulting mixture was ground well.

[0439] Step 4) Another of ice water was added, and then additives were added; the resulting mixture was ground well.

[0440] Step 5) The remaining ice water and potato starch were gradually added, and the mixture was ground until the temperature became 8 C.

[0441] Step 6) The mixture was packed in a vinyl chloride casing, steamed at 40 C. for 20 minutes, and then left to stand for 30 minutes at room temperature.

[0442] Step 7) The mixture was boiled at 90 C. for 40 minutes, and then cooled.

Evaluation Criteria

[0443] Texture: the obtained kamaboko was cut into 1-cm-wide slices, eaten, and evaluated.

TABLE-US-00026 TABLE 2-4 Amount Additive (%) Texture Blank Standard Comparative Guar Gum 0.05 Softer than blank, dry Example (VIS TOP D-20*) and hard 2-4 Example Welan gum 0.05 Softer than blank, 2-5 (VIS TOP W*) easy to be crumbled

[0444] Results

[0445] In comparison with the blank that serves as the standard, the kamaboko in the Example was soft, and had a texture such that the kamaboko was easily crumbled. The kamaboko in the Comparative Example was softer than the blank, but had a dry and hard texture.

Test Example 2-5: Finely Minced Sausage

[0446] Finely minced sausage was prepared according to the formula below. Table 2-5 shows the types and amounts of the additives used in this example. Table 2-5 also shows the results of texture evaluation of the obtained finely minced sausage.

TABLE-US-00027 Formula (parts) Minced chicken breastmeat 30.0 (with skin, 5-mm minced): Chicken skin (5-mm minced): 5.0 Modified starch: 8.0 Powdered soybean protein: 5.0 Dried egg white: 3.0 Salt: 1.5 Sodium caseinate: 1.0 Sugar: 0.5 Polyphosphate: 0.3 Seasoning (SAN-LIKE SPICE MIX SW-1*): 0.3 Preservatives (NATURAL KEEPER*): 0.3 Seasoning (SAN-LIKE AMINO BASE NAG*) L-sodium ascorbate (crystal): 0.08 Sodium nitrite: 0.012 Additives: see Table 2-5

[0447] The total amount was adjusted to 100 parts with ice water.

Preparation Method

[0448] Step 1) The minced chicken breast minced (with skin, 5-mm minced), the chicken skin (5-mm minced), the salt, the polyphosphate, and half of the ice water in the formula were added to a cooled cutter, and mixed. After additives were added, the mixture was mixed.

[0449] Step 2) The rest of the raw materials was added and mixed until the temperature became 12 C.

[0450] Step 3) The mixture was placed in a Nojax casing, dried at 50 C. for 15 minutes, smoked at 60 C. for 30 minutes in a smoke house, and then steamed at 75 C. for 20 minutes.

TABLE-US-00028 TABLE 2-5 Comparative Test Sample Example Example Example Example Additive Blank 2-6 2-8 2-9 2-10 Welan gum 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% (VIS TOP W*) Xanthan gum 0.1% (VIS TOP D- 3500*) Texture Sticky Slimy and gooey Hardly sticky or Hardly sticky or Soft, hardly slimy, relatively slimy, easy to be sticky or slimy easy to be crumbled crumbled

[0451] Results

[0452] Although the sausage of the blank was sticky, the stickiness and the sliminess were suppressed by the addition of welan gum, and a texture that makes the sausage easy to be crumbled was imparted. Comparative Example 2-6, to which xanthan gum was added, was slimy, and the texture was gooey.

Test Example 2-6: Coarsely Minced Sausage

[0453] Coarsely minced sausage was prepared according to the formula below. Table 2-6 shows the types and amounts of the additives used in this example. Table 2-6 also shows the results of texture evaluation.

TABLE-US-00029 Formula (parts) Pork arm meat (5-mm minced): 55.0 Lard (5-mm minced): 14.0 Modified starch: 3.0 Powdered soybean protein: 2.0 Salt: 1.5 Sugar: 0.5 Polyphosphate: 0.3 Seasoning (SAN-LIKE SPICE MIX SW-1*): 0.3 Preservatives (NATURAL KEEPER*): 0.3 Seasoning (SAN-LIKE AMINO BASE NAG*): 0.2 L-sodium ascorbate (crystal): 0.08 Sodium nitrite: 0.012 Additives: see Table 2-6

[0454] The total amount was adjusted to 100 parts with ice water.

[0455] Preparation Method

[0456] Step 1) The pork arm meat (5-mm minced), the lard (5-mm minced), the salt, the polyphosphate, and half of the ice water in the formula were mixed. After additives were added, the mixture was further mixed.

[0457] Step 2) The rest of the raw materials was added and mixed until the temperature became 12 C.

[0458] Step 3) The mixture was placed in a Nojax casing, dried at 50 C. for 15 minutes, smoked at 60 C. for 30 minutes in a smoke house, and then steamed at 75 C. for 20 minutes.

TABLE-US-00030 TABLE 2-6 Comparative Test Sample Example Example Example Additive Blank 2-7 2-11 2-12 Welan gum 0.1% 0.2% (VIS TOP W*) Xanthan gum 0.1% (VIS TOP D- 3500*) Evaluation Sticky Slimy and Hardly Hardly gooey sticky sticky or or slimy, slimy, easy to easy to be be crumbled crumbled

[0459] Results

[0460] As in the finely minced sausage of Test Example 2-5, although the blank was sticky, the stickiness and the sliminess were suppressed by the addition of welan gum, and a texture that makes the sausage easy to be crumbled was imparted. Comparative Example 2-7, to which xanthan gum was added, was slimy, and the texture was gooey.

Test Example 3-1: Takoyaki

[0461] Takoyaki was prepared according to the formula below. Table 3-1 shows the types and amounts of the additives used in this example. The texture of the takoyaki was evaluated (after cooking, and after freeze-thawing). Table 3-1 shows the results.

TABLE-US-00031 Formula (g) Soft flour (sieved with a 8.6M): 100.0 Whole egg (strained with a mesh): 21.1 Seasoning 2.6 (SAN-LIKE WAFU DASHI L*): Salt: 2.1 Monosodium L-glutamate: 2.1 Seasoning 0.1 (SAN-LIKE TASTE BASE A (RENEWED)*): Leavening agent (SAN OVER O-62*): 1.1 Additives: see Table 3-1 Ion exchanged water: 76.7

Preparation Method

Comparative Example 3-1, and Examples 3-1 and 3-2

[0462] Step 1) A 1% aqueous solution of xanthan gum or welan gum (dissolved with a propeller stirrer at 80 C. for 10 minutes) was prepared and cooled.

[0463] Step 2) Water and the mixture prepared in Step 1 were mixed so that the additives had specified concentrations.

[0464] Step 3) Soft flour was added to the mixture prepared in Step 2, and stirred for 5 minutes.

[0465] Step 4) The rest of the raw materials other than the leavening agent was added, and the mixture was stirred for 5 minutes.

[0466] Step 5) Immediately before the cooking, the leavening agent was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 minute.

[0467] Step 6) The mixture was cooked in a takoyaki hotplate (with salad oil, at 230 C.)

[0468] Step 7) 7 minutes after the cooking was started, the cooked balls were turned over sequentially as they became hard enough for rotation.

[0469] Step 8) The cooked balls were turned over again as necessary, and cooked until the surfaces were crispy and slightly brown (about 30 minutes after the cooking was started).

Comparative Examples 3-2 to 3-4

[0470] Step 1) Soft flour and an additive were added to water, and the mixture was kneaded for 5 minutes.

[0471] Step 2) The rest of the raw materials other than the leavening agent was added, and the mixture was kneaded for 5 minutes.

[0472] Step 3) Immediately before baking, the leavening agent was added, and the mixture was kneaded for 1 minute.

[0473] Step 4) The mixture was baked as in the method described in Steps 6 to 8.

TABLE-US-00032 TABLE 3-1 Amount (based on the Texture Texture No. Additive total amount) (30 minutes after baking) (30 minutes after thawing frozen product) Blank Inferior perceived meltability Inferior perceived meltability in mouth in mouth Mealy Mealy Comparative Xanthan gum 0.11 g (0.02%) Better perceived meltability in Better perceived meltability in mouth than Example (SAN ACE*) mouth than blank blank 3-1 Pastier than blank Pastier than blank Comparative Modified Starch 1.1 g (0.2%) Similar perceived meltability Slightly inferior perceived meltability in Example (Matsutani Yuri 8: in mouth to that of Comparative mouth to that of Comparative Example 3-1 3-2 Matsutani Chemical Example 3-1 Further pastier than Comparative Example 3-1 Industry Co., Ltd.) Further pastier than Comparative Example 3-1 Comparative Modified starch 1.1 g (0.2%) Similar perceived meltability Similar perceived meltability in mouth and Example (Ingredion Japan, in mouth and texture to those texture to those of Comparative Example 3-2 3-3 Pregel VA70T) of Comparative Example 3-2 Comparative Maltodextrin 1.1 g (0.2%) Similar perceived meltability Similar perceived meltability in mouth to that Example (SMART TASTE*) in mouth to that of Comparative of Comparative Example 3-1 3-4 Example 3-1 No pastiness No pastiness Example Welan gum 0.11 g (0.02%) Better perceived meltability in Better perceived meltability in mouth than 3-1 (VIS TOP W*) mouth than blank and blank and Comparative Examples 3-1 to 3-4 Comparative Examples 3-1 to 3-4 No pastiness No pastiness Example 0.33 g (0.06%) Good perceived meltability in Good perceived meltability in mouth 3-2 mouth No pastiness No pastiness

[0474] Evaluation

[0475] The takoyaki containing welan gum (Examples 3-1 and 3-2) had a crispier cooked surface than those containing xanthan gum (Comparative Example 3-1), those containing modified starch (Comparative Examples 3-2 and 3-3), or those containing maltodextrin (Comparative Example 3-4). The inside was not pasty, and had a good perceived meltability in the mouth.

Test Example 3-2: Plain Loaf

[0476] Plain loafs were prepared according to the formula below. Table 3-2 shows the types and amounts of the additives used in this example. Table 3-2 also shows the results of texture evaluation of the obtained plain loafs.

TABLE-US-00033 Formula (g) Flour: 100.0 Instant dry yeast: 1.0 Sugar: 5.0 Skim milk powder: 3.0 Salt: 2.0 Yeast food: 0.1 Margarine: 5.0 Additives: see Table 3-2 Ion exchanged water: 70.0

[0477] Preparation Method

[0478] Step 1) Raw materials other than margarine were mixed for about 7 minutes at 63 rpm to 107 rpm using a stand mixer.

[0479] Step 2) Margarine was added and mixed for about 6 minutes at 63 rpm to 107 rpm (kneading temperature: about 27 C.)

[0480] Step 3) After rising for an hour at 30 C., the dough was punched down (degassing) and further risen for 30 minutes.

[0481] Step 4) The dough was divided into 220 g, and was subjected to bench rest for 30 minutes.

[0482] Step 5) The dough was molded and risen for about 60 minutes in a dryer (35 C., humidity=85%).

[0483] Step 6) The dough was baked for 33 minutes with an oven (Queen Oven EPQS-9-2, Fujisawa) with an upper heater at 160 C. and a lower heater at 230 C. (loss by baking: about 12%).

TABLE-US-00034 TABLE 3-2 Amount (based on the Additive total amount) Texture Blank Appropriately springy Comparative Xanthan gum 0.3 g (0.16%) Softer than blank Example (SAN ACE*) 3-5 Comparative Welan gum 0.093 g (0.05%) Softer than blank, but close to Example (VIS TOP Comparative Example 3-5 3-6 W*) Example 0.186 g (0.1%) Softer than Comparative Example 3-6 3-3 Example 0.3 g (0.16%) Further softer than Comparative 3-4 Example 3-5 Example 0.558 g (0.3%) Softer than Example 3-3, and the 3-5 softest among all examples shown in this table Example 0.93 g (0.5%) Softer than Example 3-3, but 3-6 slightly harder than Example 3-5 Example 1.86 g (1.0%) Similar to Example 3-3 3-7

[0484] Evaluation

[0485] According to the texture evaluation based on the texture of the blank, Comparative Example 3-5, to which xanthan gum was added, had a softer texture than the blank. Further, Comparative Example 3-6, to which 0.093 g of welan gum (0.05% in the bread) was added, had a texture similar to that of Comparative Example 3-5, to which xanthan gum was added.

[0486] As the amount of welan gum increased, the texture became softer. Example 3-5 had the best texture.

[0487] Freeze-Thawing Test

[0488] The plain loafs of the blank, Comparative Example 3-5, and Example 3-4 in Table 3-2 were stored in a freezer for 7 days at 30 C. The textures were evaluated after the breads were thawed at 25 C. for 4 hours. According to the evaluation based on the texture of the blank, Comparative Example 3-5, to which xanthan gum was added, had a softer texture than the blank. Example 3-4 to which welan gum was added had a further softer texture than that of Comparative Example 3-5.

Test Example 3-3: Frozen Bread Dough

[0489] Frozen bread dough was prepared according to the formula below. Table 3-3 shows the types and amounts of the additives used in this example. Table 3-3 also shows the results of texture evaluation of the obtained bread.

TABLE-US-00035 Formula (g) Flour: 100.0 Instant dry yeast: 5.0 Sugar: 5.0 Skim milk powder: 3.0 Salt: 2.0 Yeast food: 0.1 Margarine: 5.0 Additives: see Table 3-3 Ion exchanged water: 70.0

[0490] Preparation Method

[0491] Step 1) The raw materials other than margarine were mixed in the form of powder. Ion exchanged water was added to the mixture, followed by mixing for 7 minutes using a stand mixer at 63 rpm to 107 rpm.

[0492] Step 2) Margarine was added and mixed for 6 minutes at 63 rpm to 107 rpm (kneading temperature: about 22 C.)

[0493] Step 3) After 15 minutes of floor time, the dough was divided into 220 g, rolled, and subjected to bench rest for 10 minutes.

[0494] Step 4) The dough was molded and stored in a freezer (30 C.) for 18 days.

[0495] Step 5) The dough was thawed at room temperature until the temperature of the dough became 20 C.

[0496] Step 6) The dough was risen for 60 minutes in a dryer (35 C., humidity=85%).

[0497] Step 7) The dough was baked for 33 minutes with an upper heater at 160 C. and a lower heater at 230 C. (loss by baking: about 12%).

TABLE-US-00036 TABLE 3-3 Comparative Blank Example 3-7 Example 3-8 Example 3-9 Xanthan gum 0.16% (VIS TOP D-3500*) Welan gum 0.16% 0.26% (VIS TOP W*) Texture Gritty Slightly Softer than Further texture softer than Comparative softer than blank Example 3-7 Example 3-8

[0498] It was revealed that by adding welan gum, the resulting dough had a texture with no roughness, and that was softer than those of the frozen bread dough of the blank and the frozen bread dough to which xanthan gum was added.

Test Example 3-4: Pre-Boiled Noodles

[0499] Pre-boiled noodles were prepared according to the formula below, and texture-improving effects with respect to the noodles were evaluated. Table 3-4 shows the types and amounts of the additives used in this example. Table 3-4 also shows the results of texture evaluation of the obtained pre-boiled noodles.

TABLE-US-00037 (g) Flour (Nippon Flour Mills, Tokuju): 100.0 Salt: 1.0 Potassium carbonate: 0.6 Sodium carbonate: 0.9 Color additive (SAN YELLOW NO. 3L*): 0.1 Additives: see Table 3-4 Ion exchanged water: 35.0

[0500] Preparation Method

[0501] Step 1) Salt, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, and a color additive were added to ion exchanged water at 20 C., and dissolved by stirring for 5 minutes.

[0502] Step 2) Flour and additives were mixed in the form of powder, and the mixture prepared in Step 1 was slowly added thereto while stirring using a stand mixer; the mixture was then mixed by stirring for 12 minutes.

[0503] Step 3) The mixture obtained in Step 2 was transferred to a noodle kneader, and subjected to rough kneading to obtain a noodle sheet, followed by kneading 2 times.

[0504] Step 4) Subsequently, folding was performed twice, and the thickness of the noodle sheet was adjusted to 1.4 mm.

[0505] Step 5) The noodle sheet was cut with a cutting blade #22, and the noodles were boiled for 3 minutes and 15 seconds.

[0506] Step 6) After the noodles were cooled under running water for 15 seconds, the noodles were cooled with ice water for 15 seconds.

[0507] Evaluation Method

Sensory evaluation of hardness and springiness of noodles

[0508] Hardness

A: Hard and chewy
B: Relatively hard
C: Soft and easy to break

[0509] Elasticity

A: Springy and glutinous
B: Relatively springy
C: No springy and brittle

TABLE-US-00038 TABLE 3-4 Amount (based on the total Immediately after boiling No. Additive amount) Hardness Elasticity Remarks Blank C C Standard Comparative Acetylated 3.0% C B Springy and Example distarch glutinous 3-9 phosphate (CRISTAL SET300: Ingredion Japan) Example Welan gum 0.2% B-A B-A Harder and more 3-12 (VIS TOP W*) springy than blank, satisfactory firm texture Example Welan gum 0.6% A A Noodle was 3-13 (VIS TOP W*) further harder and more springy than Example 3- 12, satisfactory firm texture

[0510] Results

[0511] By using welan gum, hard and springy noodles with a satisfactory chewy texture may be obtained. Although modified starch also imparts hardness and springiness to noodles, welan gum gives more springy texture.

[0512] Further, the noodles containing 0.6% of welan gum had significant hardness and springiness, and a satisfactory chewy texture, compared with that containing 0.2% of welan gum.

Test Example 4-1: Japanese-Style Pasta Sauce

[0513] A Japanese-style pasta sauce was prepared according to the formula below, and the sauce was evaluated. Tables 4-1, 4-2, and 4-3 show the types and amounts of the additives used in this example. Table 4-4 shows the results of evaluation of the obtained pasta sauce.

TABLE-US-00039 Formula (parts) Buna Shimeji (Hypsizygus marmoreus): 10.0 Cabbage: 8.0 Bacon: 8.0 Dark soy sauce: 5.0 Salt: 1.0 Seasoning (SAN-LIKE WAFU DASHI L*): 1.0 Seasoning (SAN-LIKE SHIITAKE M*): 0.5 Seasoning (SAN-LIKE CONSOMME 0316P*): 0.5 Sweetener (sucralose*): 0.002 Flavor (PERILLA FLAVOR G*): 0.1 Additives: see Tables 4-3 and 4-4 (for the components, see Table 4-2)

[0514] The total amount was adjusted to 100 parts with ion exchanged water.

TABLE-US-00040 TABLE 4-1 Additive Component Product Name 1 Gelatin 2 Welan gum VIS TOP W* 3 Iota carrageenan GEL RICH No. 3(F)* 4 Lambda carrageenan CARRAGEENAN CSL-1(F)* 5 Gellan gum Kelcogel LT-100* 6 Xanthan gum VIS TOP D-3000* 7 Guar gum VIS TOP D-20* 8 Psyllium seed gum VIS TOP D-2074* 9 Tamarind seed gum VIS TOP D-2032* 10 Locust bean gum VIS TOP D-171* 11 Kappa carrageenan CARRAGEENAN CSK-1(F)*

TABLE-US-00041 TABLE 4-2 Exam- Exam- Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example ple Example ple Additive 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11 4-12 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2 0.05 0.1 0.5 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 3 0.2 4 0.2 5 0.02 6 0.2 7 0.2 8 0.2 9 0.2 10 0.2 0.125 11 0.075

TABLE-US-00042 TABLE 4-3 Com- Com- Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative parative Comparative parative Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Additive 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3 0.5 4 0.5 5 0.06 6 0.5 7 0.5 8 0.5 9 0.5 10 0.5 0.313 11 0.187

[0515] Preparation Method

[0516] Step 1) Additives were added to ion exchanged water (Table 4-1), and the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at 80 C.

[0517] Step 2) Buna Shimeji (Hypsizygus marmoreus), cabbage, bacon, dark soy sauce, salts, 3 kinds of seasoning, sweetener, and flavor were added, followed by 10-minute stirring.

[0518] Step 3) After the evaporative water loss was compensated, 100 g of the mixture was packed in a PP cup container. After being slightly cooled, the mixture was rapidly frozen at 40 C., and stored in a freezer overnight.

[0519] Evaluation Method

[0520] The sauce stored in a freezer overnight was thawed in a refrigerator at 5 C. The mass of the moisture removed from the gel sauce was measured as a syneresis amount.

[0521] The thawed sauce was heated in a microwave oven at 800 W for one minute to dissolve the gel, thereby preparing a sauce. A sensory evaluation with respect to the flavor release after the cooking was performed, and the temperature at which the cooked soup was gelled again was measured.

TABLE-US-00043 TABLE 4-4 Syneresis Flavor release Gelling quantity after microwave temperature of soup (g) cooking ( C.) Example 4-1 5.0 A 9 Example 4-2 4.2 A 10 Example 4-3 2.7 B-A 10 Example 4-4 3.0 A 16 Example 4-5 3.5 A 9 Example 4-6 2.9 A 15 Example 4-7 2.0 A 17 Example 4-8 3.8 A 10 Example 4-9 1.5 A 10 Example 4-10 2.7 A 13 Example 4-11 3.2 A 12 Example 4-12 1.2 A 10 Comparative 29.5 A 9 Example 4-1 Comparative 12.9 B 45 Example 4-2 Comparative 22.0 B 10 Example 4-3 Comparative 12.0 C 60 Example 4-4 Comparative 22.5 C 12 Example 4-5 Comparative 21.0 C 10 Example 4-6 Comparative 11.0 B 53 Example 4-7 Comparative 24.5 B 11 Example 4-8 Comparative 17.5 B 12 Example 4-9 Comparative 21.0 B 55 Example 4-10

[0522] Results

[0523] The results of Table 4-4 revealed that by adding welan gum to a gelatin-containing soup, the syneresis upon freeze-thawing was greatly inhibited (Examples 4-1 to 4-3). It was also revealed that by combining welan gum with a polysaccharide commonly used for food manufacture, the syneresis was further inhibited, compared with Example 4-1 (containing the same amount of welan gum) containing only welan gum (Examples 4-4 to 4-12). The Japanese-style pasta sauces of Examples 4-1 to 4-12 to which welan gum was added achieved enhanced flavor release after the cooking in a microwave oven. In these Examples, the temperature at which the pasta sauce was again gelled was similar to that in Comparative Example 4-1 containing only gelatin, and gelation due to cooling of the pasta sauce did not occur. Thus, no influence of addition of welan gum was observed.

[0524] In contrast, a large amount of syneresis occurred in the Japanese-style pasta sauce to which welan gum was not added (Comparative Examples 4-1 to 4-10), and the flavor release was inferior (Comparative Examples 4-5 to 10). Further, the gelation temperature of the pasta sauce increased in some Examples (in particular, Comparative Examples 4-4, 4-7, and 4-10). This means that when the temperature of the pasta sauce decreases and falls to about 60 C. after heating, gelation is restarted. More specifically, these Examples suggested that the sauce will be gelled, even during eating, if the temperature of the pasta sauce decreases to the aforementioned level.