Diffractive waveplate lenses for correcting aberrations and polarization-independent functionality

Abstract

Diffractive waveplate lenses, devices, systems and methods of fabricating and manufacturing lenses for correcting spherical and chromatic aberrations of diffractive waveplate lenses and refractive lenses, by using nonlinear patterning of anisotropy axis of birefringent layers comprising the diffractive waveplate lenses, and their combinations and for obtaining polarization-independent functionality of diffractive waveplate lenses.

Claims

1. A spherical aberration corrected diffractive waveplate lens optical film, comprising: an optical substrate; and at least one birefringent material layer deposited on said optical substrate, an optical axis orientation angle of said at least one birefringent material layer being a nonlinear function of Cartesian coordinates in a plane of said at least one birefringent material layer such that an optical radiation transmitted through said at least one birefringent material and said optical substrate is focused to one of a point in space and a line segment in space with no spherical aberrations.

2. The spherical aberration corrected diffractive waveplate lens optical film as in claim 1, wherein the at least one birefringent material layer includes at least two birefringent material layers, wherein the nonlinear function of Cartesian coordinates in the plane of said at least one birefringent material layer of the optical axis orientation angle is different for the at least two birefringent material layers allowing to control at least one of: effective focal length, spherical aberrations and spectrum of diffraction efficiency of the spherical aberration corrected diffractive waveplate lens optical film.

3. The spherical aberration corrected diffractive waveplate lens optical film as in claim 2, wherein coverage areas of the at least two birefringent material layers on said optical substrate are different allowing to control at least one of: distribution of focusing power, diffraction efficiency spectrum and aberration of the spherical aberration corrected diffractive waveplate lens optical film over an area of the spherical aberration corrected diffractive waveplate lens optical film.

4. The spherical aberration corrected diffractive waveplate lens optical film as in claim 3 wherein the at least one birefringent material layer is selected based on at least one of the nonlinear function of Cartesian coordinates in the plane of said at least one birefringent material layer of the optical axis orientation angle and sizes of said at least one birefringent material layer to provide progressively varying focusing power of said at least one birefringent material layer over said optical substrate.

5. The spherical aberration diffractive waveplate lens optical film as in claim 1 wherein full-wave phase retardation of said at least one birefringent material layer is selected to provide for no diffraction efficiency for a predetermined wavelength or range of wavelengths.

6. An optical system comprising: two or more diffractive waveplate lenses positioned at a predetermined distances from each other, the two or more diffractive waveplate lenses including an optical substrate with at least one birefringent material layer deposited on said optical substrate, an optical axis orientation angle of said at least one birefringent material layer being a nonlinear function of Cartesian coordinates in a plane of said at least one birefringent material layer such that the optical radiation transmitted through said at least one birefringent material and said optical substrate is focused to one of a point in space and a line segment in space with no spherical aberrations.

7. The optical system of claim 6 wherein said position of the at least two diffractive waveplate lenses diffracts polarized light to a same point focus or a line focus.

8. The optical system of claim 7 wherein said position of the at least two diffractive waveplate lenses diffracts light of any polarization to the same point focus or the line focus such that an effective focal length of the optical system is the same for light of any polarization.

9. The optical system of claim 8 further comprising: a refractive imaging system.

10. The optical system as in claim 9 wherein both a spherical and a chromatic aberration of said refractive imaging system are corrected.

11. The optical system as in claim 9 further comprising a light source.

12. The optical system as in claim 11 wherein a predetermined portion of a light power provided by said light source is focused.

13. An optical device for imaging, communication and solar concentrator applications comprising: a flat mirror; a quarter-wave phase retarder film deposited on said mirror; and a diffractive waveplate lens deposited on said quarter-wave phase retarder film, the diffractive waveplate lens including an optical substrate with at least one birefringent material layer deposited on said optical substrate, an optical axis orientation angle of said at least one birefringent material layer being a nonlinear function of Cartesian coordinates in a plane of said at least one birefringent material layer such that an optical radiation transmitted through said at least one birefringent material and the optical substrate is focused to one of a point in space and a line segment in space with no spherical aberrations.

14. The optical device as in claim 13 wherein the flat mirror, the quarter-wave phase retarder film and the diffractive waveplate lens are broadband.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1A shows spatial distribution of optical axis orientation in spherical diffractive waveplate lenses of one sign.

(2) FIG. 1B shows spatial distribution of optical axis orientation in spherical diffractive waveplate lenses of an opposite sign.

(3) FIG. 2A shows a representation of a spherical diffractive waveplate lens with continuous alignment lines of anisotropy axis of the birefringent material.

(4) FIG. 2B shows spherical diffractive waveplate lenses of opposite signs in description with continuous alignment lines.

(5) FIG. 3 shows a diffractive waveplate lense viewed from opposite sides.

(6) FIG. 4A shows polarization properties of focusing and defocusing of a right-hand circular polarized beam by a diffractive waveplate lens, respectively.

(7) FIG. 4B shows polarization properties of focusing and defocusing a left-hand circular polarized beam by a diffractive waveplate lens, respectively.

(8) FIG. 5A shows the structure of a cylindrical diffractive waveplate lens.

(9) FIG. 5B shows the structure of a cylindrical diffractive waveplate lens.

(10) FIG. 6A shows a lens with spherical aberration focusing light to a large focal spot.

(11) FIG. 6B shows a lens, with spherical aberration corrected, focusing light to a small focal spot.

(12) FIG. 6C shows a multilayer system of diffractive waveplate lenses of varying spatial frequency of optical axis orientation and different area.

(13) FIG. 6D shows a lens with aberrations corrected with a diffractive waveplate coating.

(14) FIG. 7 shows a pair of diffractive waveplate lenses focusing light to the same spot for right hand circular (RHC) polarization as well as left hand circular (LHC) polarization.

(15) FIG. 8 shows a system of a triplet of diffractive waveplate lenses focusing light to the same spot for light of RHC polarization or LHC polarization, said system having the same effective focal length for either polarization.

(16) FIG. 9A shows a conventional glass lens focusing light in the red region of the spectrum to a small focal spot.

(17) FIG. 9B shows the paths of rays of light in the red region of the spectrum, and light in the blue region of the spectrum, near the focus of a glass lens, illustrating the fact that light with different wavelengths is focused to different axial locations by the glass lens.

(18) FIG. 10A shows a combination of one glass lens and three diffractive waveplate lenses focusing light in the red region of the spectrum to a small focal spot.

(19) FIG. 10B shows the paths of rays of light in the red region of the spectrum, and light in the blue region of the spectrum, near the focus of the combination of one glass lens and three diffractive waveplate lenses, illustrating the fact that light with different wavelengths is focused to the same axial location by said combination of lenses.

(20) FIG. 11 shows a planar mirror converted into aberrations corrected focusing mirror by addition of the diffractive waveplate lens coating.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(21) Before explaining the disclosed embodiments of the present invention in detail it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its applications to the details of the particular arrangements shown since the invention is capable of other embodiments. Also, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. In the Summary above and in the Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments and in the accompanying drawings, reference is made to particular features (including method steps) of the invention. It is to be understood that the disclosure of the invention in this specification includes all possible combinations of such particular features. For example, where a particular feature is disclosed in the context of a particular aspect or embodiment of the invention, that feature can also be used, to the extent possible, in combination with and/or in the context of other particular aspects and embodiments of the invention, and in the invention generally.

(22) In this section, some embodiments of the invention will be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout, and prime notation is used to indicate similar elements in alternative embodiments. A list of components will now be described. 101 left hand thin film 102 right hand thin film 201 continuous lines 300 plane 301 observer 302 observer 400 component/element 410 right-hand circular polarized (RHCP) light beam 411 defocused RHCP light beam 412 focused RHCP light beam 420 left-hand circular polarized (LHCP) light beam 421 defocused (LHCP) light beam 422 focused LHCP beam 430 DWL layer 440 substrate 601 collimated lens 602 lens 603 focal region 612 aspheric lens 613 focal region 614 diffractive waveplate lens 615 diffractive waveplate lens 616 diffractive waveplate lens 617 incoming beam 618 conventional lens 619 diffractive waveplate lens 701 collimated beam 702 axis 703 right-hand circular polarized beam 704 left-hand circular polarized beam 711 diffractive waveplate lens 712 diffractive waveplate lens 721 focal region 801 DWL 802 DWL 803 DWL 804 cone of light 805 focal point 901 collimated beam 902 axis 903 spherical lens 904 RHCP component 905 LHCP component 906 focal point 907 RHCP component of blue light 908 LHCP component of blue light 909 focal point 1001 diffractive waveplate lens 1002 diffractive waveplate lens 1003 diffractive waveplate lens 1010 focal point 1101 collimated light beam 1102 diffractive waveplate lens 1103 quarter waveplate 1105 focused beam

Glossary of Terms

(23) Diffractive waveplate (DWs): A birefringent film with anisotropy axis orientation modulated in the plane of the film. Different modulation patterns are possible resulting in different optical functionality, including lens, prism, axicon, etc. Generally, DWs may possess more than one layer, and the anisotropy axis may be modulated also in the bulk of the layer.

(24) Diffractive waveplate lens: A diffractive waveplate with lens function. It may provide spherical, cylindrical, and other types of lens action.

(25) Optical substrate or optical film: A transparent material providing mechanical support for DWs. It may be glass, quartz, plastic, or any other material that is at least partially transparent for the wavelengths of light that propagate through the DWs. It may possess anti-reflective or anti-scratch functions.

(26) Switchable Diffractive waveplate: A DW that can be switched between diffractive and non-diffractive states upon application of external influences such as electric fields, temperature, optical radiation, etc. Generally, the switching can take place through gradual change of diffraction spectrum.

(27) Variable phase retarder or polarization controller: An optical component capable of controlling the polarization of light propagated through it by applying electric fields, changing temperature, exposure to a light beam, etc. Particularly, it may be a liquid crystal sandwiched between substrates coated with transparent electrodes.

(28) Before explaining the disclosed preferred embodiments of the present invention in detail it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of the particular arrangements shown since the invention is capable of other embodiments. Also, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not limitation.

(29) In the description here of the invention, the term light will often be used to describe the electromagnetic radiation that interacts with the diffractive waveplate lenses that are the subject of this invention. Although light generally means electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, it should be understood that the usage of the term light in the description is not restrictive, in the sense of limiting the design and application to diffractive waveplate lenses that operate only in the visible region of the spectrum. In general, all the designs and concepts described herein apply to operation over a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, including the microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, and X-ray regions. While physical embodiments of diffractive waveplate lenses are at present advanced for operation in the visible region of the spectrum, the designs and applications disclosed here are applicable over all the noted regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

(30) The present invention relates to the design and application of diffractive waveplate lenses. The term diffractive waveplate lens as used herein describes a thin film of birefringent material deposited on a transparent structure, for example, a thin flat substrate of optical material such as glass. This birefringent film has the property that it retards the phase of light of one linear polarization by approximately one half wave (pi radians of optical phase) relative to the light of the other linear polarization. In diffractive waveplate lenses, the optical axis orientation depends on the transverse position on the waveplate, i.e. the position in the two coordinate axes perpendicular to the surface of the diffractive waveplate lens. In other words, the optical axis orientation is modulated in one or both of the transverse directions parallel to the surface of the substrate on which the active thin film is applied. Lensing action is due to parabolic profile of optical axis orientation modulation.

(31) There are two general types of diffractive waveplate lenses to which the present invention applies. The first type of diffractive waveplate lens is axially symmetric and is used, for example, to focus a collimated beam of light to a point in space. The second type of diffractive waveplate lens is cylindrically symmetric and is used, for example, to focus a collimated beam of light to a line segment in space. In many examples below, an optical system of circular symmetry is used as an example, but in general, all of the conclusions apply as well to optical systems of cylindrical symmetry.

(32) In FIG. 1A, the orientation of the anisotropy axis at each point of the birefringent thin film 101 is indicated by a short line segments. In the first type of diffractive waveplate lenses to which the present invention applies, illustrated in FIG. 1A, the orientation of the anisotropy axis of the birefringent material of the thin film layer depends only on the radial distance r from a center point. This type of spherical diffractive waveplate lens is used for applications such as focusing a collimated beam of light to a point for imaging a distant scene onto a sensor array. To perform this function, the angle that the anisotropy axis of the birefringent material makes with the coordinate axis is given by the following equation:

(33) $=\frac{k_0}{4f}{r}^2$
where k.sub.0=2/ is the wavenumber of the light that is to be focused by the diffractive waveplate lens, is the wavelength of that radiation, f is the focal length of the diffractive waveplate lens (DWL), and r is the distance to the central point.

(34) The difference in signs in variation of the anisotropy axis with radius designate lenses of two opposite signs. The difference in corresponding patterns 101 and 102 in FIGS. 1A and 1B, respectively, is even more visible in representation of the DWL structure by continuous lines 201 as shown in FIG. 2A. DWLs of different signs correspond to the right- and left-spiraling patterns shown in FIG. 2B.

(35) In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, DWLs of opposite optical axis modulation signs need not be two separate optical components and is obtained by rotating the DWL around an axis in the plane 300 of the DWL by 180 degrees. The observers 301 and 302 looking at a given DWL from opposite sides in FIG. 3 see patterns of opposite sign.

(36) This optical asymmetry is described in detail in regard to FIG. 4A wherein the DWL layer 430 is shown on a substrate 440. As an example, a right-hand circular polarized (RHCP) light beam 410 is transformed into a defocused left-hand circular polarized (LHCP) beam 421 when incident from the side of the substrate. Arranging the component 400 with the substrate facing the incident RHCP beam results in a focused LHCP beam 422.

(37) For a LHCP light beam 420 in FIG. 4B, the situation is reversed. The LHCP beam 420 is transformed into a focused RHCP beam 412 when incident from the side of the DWL and it is transformed into defocused RHCP beam 411 when incident from the side of the substrate.

(38) In the second type of diffractive waveplate lenses to which the present invention applies, illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B, the orientation of the optical axis of the birefringent material of the thin film layer depends only on the linear distance x from a central axis. This type of cylindrical diffractive waveplate lens is used for applications such as focusing a beam of light to a line for imaging light from the sun onto a line of photovoltaic devices. In the paraxial approximation, the angle that the optical axis of the birefringent material makes with the coordinate axis is given by the following equation:

(39) $=\frac{k_0}{4f}{x}^2$
where k.sub.0 and f have the same meanings as before, and x is the distance from the center of the coordinate axis. FIGS. 5A and 5B correspond to patterns of different sign (cylindrical lenses of different sign).
Aspherics

(40) One of the problems with conventional lenses is spherical aberration, illustrated in FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B, in which an incident collimated beam 601 is focused by a lens 602. When a refractive material such as glass formed such that one or both surfaces closely approximates a section of a sphere, such as the lens 602, then the resulting structure can be used to focus light as illustrated in FIG. 6A. However, as is well known in the art, when focused by a lens constructed in this way, the rays of light from a distant source are not all brought to the same focal point. Specifically, such a lens with spherical surfaces will bring the peripheral rays, the rays at the edge of the beam, to a focus closer to the lens than the point to which the lens brings the rays closer to the axis. Hence, the rays in the focal region 603 in FIG. 6A do not all pass through the same point. This phenomenon is called spherical aberration.

(41) By means of modifying one of the surfaces of a lens such that the surface is not spherical (i.e. such that the surface is aspherical), all incident light in a collimated beam can be brought to the same focal point, as indicated in FIG. 6B. With an appropriately designed aspheric lens 612, all the rays in the focal region 613 pass through the same point. However, fabrication of such aspheric lenses is often very expensive, and therefore their use is impractical for many applications.

(42) A major advantage of diffractive waveplate lenses is that the focusing effect of aspheric surfaces of arbitrary form can be produced simply by changing the dependence of optical axis orientation of the birefringent film with coordinate, =ax+bx.sup.2+cx.sup.3+ . . . . For such lenses, unlike the situation with conventional lenses, the manufacturing expense of a lens that has no spherical aberration will not be significantly greater than for a lens that does have spherical aberration.

(43) Another preferred embodiment of current invention for obtaining nonlinear orientation modulation pattern comprises stacking layers of diffractive waveplate lenses with varying modulation patterns and varying degree of overlap. A system of three such layers, 614, 615, and 616 is shown in FIG. 6C.

(44) Correcting Aberrations of Conventional Lenses

(45) In one of the embodiments of the current invention shown in FIG. 6D, the thin film diffractive waveplate lens 619 may be deposited on a conventional lens 618 to correct for aberrations and focus an incoming beam 617 onto the same point in space 620.

(46) Polarization-Independent Focusing

(47) In general, the optical deflection angle resulting from a light beam propagating through a diffractive waveplate lens depends on the circular polarization of the light. As a result, if the focal length of a lens such as the ones illustrated in FIG. 1 is f for right-hand-circular polarized (RHCP) light as an example, then the focal length of the same lens for left-hand-circular polarized (LHCP) light will be f. Therefore, a diffractive waveplate lens that converges a collimated beam of RHCP light will diverge a beam of LHCP light. This is illustrated by the action of the diffractive waveplate lens 711 in FIG. 7, in which an incident collimated beam 701, centered on axis 702, and including both a RHCP component and a LHCP component, converges the RHCP component 703 and diverges the LHCP component 704 of the incident beam.

(48) In many applications, one of the functions of the optical system is to bring light to a focal point (in the case of an axially symmetric system) or to a focal line (in the case of a cylindrically symmetric system). It is often desirable for light of all polarizations to be brought to the same focal point or focal line. In the case of diffractive waveplate lenses, for which the focal length of a single lens for LHCP light is opposite in sign to the focal length for the same lens for RHCP light, it is possible to bring light of both polarizations to the same focal point or focal line by the use of two diffractive waveplate lenses. In the preferred embodiment the focal lengths of the two lenses are related as

(49) $.Math.f_2.Math.=.Math.f_1.Math.-\frac{d^2}{.Math.f_1.Math.}$
where the distance between the two lenses d is smaller than the absolute value of the focal length of the 1.sup.st lens, d<|f.sub.1|. By that, the back focal length f.sub.BFL of the system of two lenses, the distance of the focal spot from the second lens, is determined by equation

(50) $f_{\mathrm{BFL}}=\frac{f_1^2}{d}-d$

(51) For example, the distance between diffractive waveplate lens 711 and diffractive waveplate lens 712 can be 50 mm, the focal lengths of lenses 711 and 712 for RHCP light 703 can be 70.7 mm and 35.4 mm, respectively. Therefore, the focal lengths of lenses 711 and 712 for LHCP light 704 are 70.7 mm and 35.4 mm, respectively. As shown in FIG. 7, this combination of focal lengths and spacing results in both RHCP light 703 and LHCP light 704 being brought to the same focal point 721.

(52) As will be evident to those skilled in the art, if an optical system brings light of both RHC polarization and LHC polarization to a single point or line focus, then it will bring light of any polarization to the same point or line focus. Therefore FIG. 7 demonstrates the ability with two diffractive waveplate lenses to bring light in any polarized or unpolarized beam to the same point or line focus.

(53) As previously noted, for diffractive waveplate lenses of the type that is the subject of the present invention, the sign of focal length for LHC polarized light is opposite to that of the focal length for RHC polarized light. It was shown by means of FIG. 7 and the associated discussion that despite the difference in focal length for light of the two possible circular polarizations, it is possible to focus light of any polarization with a combination of two diffractive waveplate lenses. However, there may be some applications that an alternative method can be used to focus light of both polarizations, using only a single diffractive waveplate lens and an additional optical element. For example, instead of using two diffractive waveplate lenses, a single diffractive waveplate lens combined with a waveplate and a refractive lens made from a birefringent material could also be used to perform focusing of light of any polarization. Methods of combining diffractive waveplate lenses into optical systems that include such waveplates and birefringent refractive elements will be evident to anyone skilled in the art of optical design, once the fundamental characteristics of diffractive waveplate lenses of this invention are revealed.

(54) System with Same Effective Focal Length

(55) As will be evident to those skilled in the art, the effective focal length (EFL) of the optical system comprising lens 711 and 712 in FIG. 7 is much different for light of RHC polarization than it is for light of LHC polarization. In some applications, it is required that light of all polarizations be focused with the same EFL. The capability of a combination of three diffractive waveplate lenses to not only bring light of any polarization to the same point or line focus, but also to have the same EFL for light of any polarization, as illustrated in FIG. 8. As in FIG. 7, in FIG. 8 an incident beam 701 symmetrically disposed about a system optical axis 702, comprising both a RHCP component 703 and a LHCP component 704, is incident on the optical system. However, in FIG. 8, the optical system now consists of three lenses 801, 802, and 803, with a spacing of 30 mm between adjacent lenses, and with focal lengths of 70.7 mm, 35.4 mm, and 45.5 mm, respectively.

(56) As shown in FIG. 8, this combination of three diffractive waveplate lenses brings both the RHCP component 703 and the LHCP component 704 of the incident beam to the same focal point 805. While in both FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 both polarization components of the incident light beam 701 are brought to the same focal point, the significant difference between the two figures is that in FIG. 8, the cone angle of the cone of light 804 that converges to the focus 805 is the same for both the RHC polarization component 703 and the LHC polarization component 704, as must be the case if and only if the system EFL is the same for both components. FIG. 8 therefore demonstrates that with three diffractive waveplate lenses, light of any polarization can be brought to the same focal point, with the same EFL.

(57) Correcting Chromatic Aberration

(58) Due to the diffractive nature of diffractive waveplate lenses, the deflection angle for a given grating is a function of wavelength, in accordance with the well-known transmission grating diffraction condition, d sin =m. Here d is the grating spacing, is the angle through which the grating deflects the beam, m is the order of diffraction, and is the wavelength. The phase gratings used in diffractive waveplate lenses are designed to be continuous in nature, eliminating all but the first orders of diffraction. Also, for illustrative purposes, it is useful to consider only the paraxial case, in which the angle through which the beam is diffracted is small compared with , in which case sin can be approximated by . The equation above therefore becomes dA. That is, in the paraxial approximation, the deflection angle of a ray of light incident on a local area of a diffractive waveplate lens is directly proportional to the wavelength of the light. As a direct consequence, the focal length of the lens is inversely proportional to wavelength.

(59) Because of this strong dependence of the focal length of a diffractive waveplate lens on wavelength, such lenses can be used to correct for chromatic aberration in optical systems containing refractive elements. Chromatic aberration, as the expression is used here, is the dependence of the focal position on wavelength. Due to the dependence of the index of refraction n of any dielectric medium on wavelength, every imaging system that employs such media suffers from chromatic aberration.

(60) To illustrate the ability of diffractive waveplate lenses to correct for chromatic aberration, a specific example will be used. FIG. 9A illustrates an imaging system employing a single refractive element made with BK7 glass, an optical material available from Schott Advanced Optics. A collimated beam 901 of white light from a distant source is incident on spherical lens 903 with aperture centered on axis 902. Although BK7 is isotropic, and therefore does not act any differently on RHCP light than it acts on LHCP light, we will distinguish between these two components of the incident unpolarized light because (later in this discussion) diffractive waveplate lenses are considered whose effects differ between these two polarization components. With only the refractive element made from BK7 in place, both the RHCP component 904 and the LHCP component 905 of the red component of the white input beam are brought to the same focal point 906.

(61) The BK7 material from which the refractive lens in FIG. 9A is made has an index of refraction of n=1.515 for red light (wavelength =650 nm) and n=1.526 for blue light (wavelength =450 nm). As a result, the focal length of the lens is slightly shorter for blue light than it is for red light. This is shown in FIG. 9B, showing a magnified view of the region near the focal point. The focal point 909 on the axis 902 of the input beam, for both the RHCP component of the blue light 907 and the LHCP component of the blue light 908, is 2.2% closer to the lens than the focal point 906 for the two polarization components of the red light.

(62) For optical systems such as cameras, it is undesirable for the focal positions at any two wavelengths within the operating wavelength band to differ significantly. Therefore, chromatic aberration correction is an important part of the design of such optical systems. The most common approach to chromatic aberration correction in refractive imaging systems is to include refractive elements of multiple types, with various indices of refraction and various dependences of index of refraction on wavelength. These approaches increase the complexity and cost of the system. Therefore, there is a need for alternative approaches to chromatic aberration correction.

(63) FIG. 10A illustrates correction of the chromatic aberration in a conventional refractive lens by employment of a set of three diffractive waveplate lenses. As was the case for FIGS. 9A and 9B, white light collimated beam 901 is incident along an axis 902 onto the conventional BK7 glass lens 903. FIG. 10A includes three diffractive waveplate lenses 1001, 1002, and 1003. As is evident from the figure, the path of red light through the combined system is slightly different for the RHCP component 904 than it is for the LHCP component 905, but both of the polarization components of the red light are brought to the same focal point 1010. The focal lengths of the lenses shown in the figure for RHCP polarized red light are 10.00 mm, 14.00 mm, 7.00 mm, and 14.07 mm for lenses 903, 1001, 1002, and 1003, respectively. As noted previously, for the diffractive waveplate lenses, the focal lengths change sign for LHC polarized light.

(64) FIG. 10B shows the ability of the lens combination illustrated in FIG. 1 OA to correct for chromatic aberration. The focal positions 906 and 909 for red and blue light, respectively, before the addition of diffractive waveplate lenses 1001, 1002, and 1003, are shown in FIG. 10B for reference. Light of all four considered polarization/wavelength combinations is brought to the same focal point 1010 after the addition of lenses 1001, 1002, and 1003. In FIG. 10B, the paths of the RHC red beam 904, LHC red beam 905, RHC blue beam 907, and LHC blue beam 908 are shown slightly offset vertically for clarity, but for the considered optical design, the four beams come to exactly the same focal point 1010.

(65) In the discussion of FIG. 6 it was noted that by adjusting the grating spacing in a diffractive waveplate lens, spherical aberration can be eliminated. In the discussion of FIG. 10 it was demonstrated that chromatic aberration correction of a refractive imaging system is possible by the addition of appropriate diffractive waveplate lenses. Once the mechanism of correcting for spherical aberration alone, and the mechanism for correcting for chromatic aberration alone, methods will be evident to those skilled in the art that allow the use of diffractive waveplate lenses to be used to simultaneously compensate for both spherical and chromatic aberration.

(66) Camera Lens

(67) An example of uses of diffractive waveplate lenses of the present invention are camera lenses and machine vision wherein the contrast reduction due to presence of defocused beam does not affect required image information obtained due to focused portion of the beam.

(68) Fiber Illuminator/Focusing System

(69) An important use of diffractive waveplate lenses in the current invention are polarization maintaining fibers. As an example, the diffractive waveplate lens coated at the output facet of the fiber may allow collimating or focusing the light emerging from the fiber.

(70) Partially Focused Beams

(71) In another exemplary embodiment, waveplate lenses allow arbitrary and selectable fraction of the optical power in the beam to be deflected by the diffractive structure of the diffractive waveplate lens, and the balance of the optical power in the beam can be passed without deflection. This is accomplished by setting an optical retardation of one linear polarization relative to the other of more than zero retardation (at which no beam deflection occurs), but less than one-half wave of retardation (at which 100% of the optical power in the beam is deflected by the diffractive structure). The fraction of power focused or defocused by the lens can be adjusted to any value between 0% and 100%. For example, in a fiber coupling application, the fraction of the power transferred between fibers can be varied from 0% to nearly 100%.

(72) Flat Focusing Mirror

(73) While all of the exemplary embodiments discussed herein are of a realization of diffractive waveplate lenses employed in a mode in which the optical beam is transmitted through the thin film diffractive waveplate lens and through the underlying substrate, an alternative embodiment is to apply the thin film diffractive waveplate lens to a flat mirror as demonstrated in FIG. 11. In this manner, flat reflective optical elements can be fabricated to have a wide variety of beam deflecting properties, including the ability to focus light with a flat reflective optical element. In one of the preferred embodiments shown in FIG. 11, a flat mirror 1104 is coated with a quarter waveplate 1103 and a diffractive waveplate lens 1102. A circular polarized collimated light beam 1101 is thus reflected from the system a focused beam 1105, for example.

(74) The exemplary embodiments described herein have assumed either explicitly or implicitly that the thin film constituting the diffractive waveplate lens is applied to the flat surface of a solid substrate such as glass. Neither the assumption of a solid substrate, nor the assumption of a flat surface, should be taken as restrictive in defining the potential embodiments of this invention. As will be evident to anyone skilled in the art, the coatings may be applied to curved substrates, and to flexible substrates. All of the exemplary embodiments described herein could also be realized with either a curved substrate, a flexible substrate, or a substrate that is both curved and flexible.

(75) Solar Concentrators and Telescopes

(76) In a preferred embodiment, light-weight flat lenses and/or mirrors of the present invention may be used for solar concentrators, particularly, portable solar concentrators and for telescopes.

(77) Microwave, Infrared, Ultraviolet, and X-Ray Regions of the Spectrum

(78) By merely changing the thickness of the layer, in a preferred embodiment of current invention, diffractive waveplate lenses are optimized for use in different parts of the spectrum, spanning microwave and to short wavelengths.

(79) While the invention has been described, disclosed, illustrated and shown in various terms of certain embodiments or modifications which it has presumed in practice, the scope of the invention is not intended to be, nor should it be deemed to be, limited thereby and such other modifications or embodiments as may be suggested by the teachings herein are particularly reserved especially as they fall within the breadth and scope of the claims here appended.