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Inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7)

10112927 ยท 2018-10-30

Assignee

Inventors

Cpc classification

International classification

Abstract

The present invention provides novel compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, prodrugs, and compositions thereof. Also provided are methods and kits involving the inventive compounds or compositions for treating or preventing proliferative diseases (e.g., cancers (e.g., leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, multiple myeloma, breast cancer, Ewing's sarcoma, osteosarcoma, brain cancer, neuroblastoma, lung cancer), benign neoplasms, angiogenesis, inflammatory diseases, autoinflammatory diseases, and autoimmune diseases) in a subject. Treatment of a subject with a proliferative disease using a compound or composition of the invention may inhibit the aberrant activity of a kinase, such as cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) (e.g., cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7)), and therefore, induce cellular apoptosis and/or inhibit transcription in the subject. ##STR00001##

Claims

1. A compound of Formula (I): ##STR00263## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein: Ring A is ##STR00264## ##STR00265## each instance of R.sup.A1 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; each instance of R.sup.A2 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; Ring B is of the formula: ##STR00266## R.sup.B1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl, W.sub.B is CR.sup.B2, wherein R.sup.B2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, carbocyclyl, and OR.sup.B2a, wherein R.sup.B2a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; or R.sup.B1 and R.sup.B2 are joined to form a carbocyclyl or aryl ring; X is NR.sup.X, wherein R.sup.X is hydrogen or C.sub.1-6 alkyl; L.sup.2 is NR.sup.L2aC(O) or NR.sup.L2aS(O).sub.2, wherein R.sup.L2a is hydrogen or C.sub.1-6 alkyl; each instance of R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, and alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; each instance of R.sup.D is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, and N(R.sup.D1).sub.2, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.D1 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; R.sup.E is ##STR00267## R.sup.E and L.sup.2 are para or meta to each other; L.sup.3 is NR.sup.L3a or an optionally substituted C.sub.1-4 hydrocarbon chain, wherein R.sup.L3a is hydrogen; R.sup.E1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl; R.sup.E2 is hydrogen or alkyl; R.sup.E3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, CH.sub.2OR.sup.E3a, and CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E3a).sub.2, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.E3a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, ##STR00268## and alkynyl; and Y is O; wherein substituted within each of R.sup.B2 and L.sup.3, refers independently to halogen, cyano, NO.sub.2, OH, OR.sup.aa, N(R.sup.bb).sub.2, SH, SR.sup.aa,C(O)R.sup.aa, CO.sub.2H, CHO, CO.sub.2R.sup.aa, OC(O)R.sup.aa, OCO.sub.2R.sup.aa, C(O)N(R.sup.bb).sub.2, OC(O)N(R.sup.bb).sub.2, NR.sup.bbC(O)R.sup.aa, NR.sup.bbCO.sub.2R.sup.aa, NR.sup.bbC(O)N(R.sup.bb).sub.2, C(NR.sup.bb)R.sup.aa,C(NR.sup.bb)N(R.sup.bb).sub.2,NR.sup.bbC(NR.sup.bb)N(R.sup.bb).sub.2; each of R.sup.aa is independently alkyl; and each of R.sup.bb is independently hydrogen or alkyl.

2. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ring A is: ##STR00269##

3. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ring A is: ##STR00270##

4. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ring A is: ##STR00271##

5. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.B1 is hydrogen or methyl.

6. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein L.sup.2 is NHC(O), N(CH.sub.3)C(O), or NHS(O).sub.2.

7. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1): ##STR00272## wherein Y is O; L.sup.3 is NH or ##STR00273## R.sup.E1 and R.sup.E2 are each hydrogen; and R.sup.E3 is selected from hydrogen, CH.sub.2N(CH.sub.3)CCH, CH.sub.2N(CH.sub.3).sub.2, and CH.sub.2OH.

8. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of Formula (I-3): ##STR00274## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

9. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of Formula (I-5): ##STR00275## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

10. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of Formula (I-7): ##STR00276## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

11. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00277## ##STR00278## ##STR00279## ##STR00280## ##STR00281## ##STR00282## ##STR00283## ##STR00284## ##STR00285## and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

13. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.B2 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, chloro, CF.sub.3, cyclopropyl, OCH.sub.3, cyano, and isopropyl.

14. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Ring A is ##STR00286##

15. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein L.sup.2 is NR.sup.L2aC(O).

16. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of the formula: ##STR00287## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

17. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of the formula: ##STR00288## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

18. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of the formula: ##STR00289## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

19. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of the formula: ##STR00290## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

20. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is of the formula: ##STR00291## ##STR00292## ##STR00293## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows that the kinome profiling and compound-based affinity chromatography identify phenylamino-pyrimidine scaffold as a potential CDK7 scaffold. FIG. 1A shows the structures of compounds I-23, I-23R, and I-49. FIG. 1B shows that compound I-23 potently inhibits proliferation of Jurkat and Loucy leukemia cell lines. The cell lines were treated with compound I-23 or I-23R for 72 hours, and the antiproliferative effect was determined by cell titer glo. FIG. 1C shows that compound I-49 pulls down CDK7 from cellular lysates. Loucy cellular lysates were treated with compound I-49 (1 M) in the presence (10 M) or absence of compound I-23 and incubated at 4 C. for 12 hours. Precipitated proteins were washed and probed for CDK7.

(2) FIG. 2 shows that compound I-23 irreversibly inhibits RNAP II CTD phosphorylation. FIG. 2A shows that compound I-23 inhibits RNAP II CTD phosphorylation. Loucy cells were treated with compound I-23 or I-23R for 4 hours. Cellular lysates were then probed with antibodies recognizing the Ser-2, Ser-5, and Ser-7 CTD phosphoepitopes. FIG. 2B shows that compound I-23 exhibits time-dependent CDK7 inactivation. Loucy cells were treated with compound I-23 or I-23R for 0 to 4 hours. At each time point cells were lysed, and the cellular lysates were probed using antibodies as described herein. FIG. 2C shows that compound I-23, but not compound I-23R, shows irreversible inactivation of CDK7. Loucy cells were treated with compound I-23 or I-23R for 4 hours, followed by washout of inhibitor-containing medium. Cells were allowed to grow in medium without inhibitor for 0 to 6 hours. At each time point cells were lysed, and the cellular lysates were probed using antibodies as described herein. FIG. 2D shows that pre-incubation of compound I-23 increases its inhibitory activity against CDK7. Recombinant CAK complex was incubated with compound I-23 or I-23R in dose response format with and without pre-incubation prior to ATP (25 M) addition. The kinase reaction was then allowed to proceed for 45 minutes at 30 C.

(3) FIG. 3 shows that affinity chromatography result demonstrates compound I-23 binds irreversibly to CDK7. FIG. 3A shows that compound I-49 binds irreversibly to CDK7. Recombinant CAK complex containing His.sub.6-tagged CDK7, GST-tagged MAT1, and cyclin H, was incubated with compound I-49 and increasing concentrations of competing free compound I-23 at 37 C. for 4 hours. The samples were probed with streptavidin-HRP. FIG. 3B shows that compound I-49 labels CDK7 in lysates. Loucy cellular lysates were incubated with compound I-49 at 4 C. for 12 hours followed by immunoprecipitation of CDK7 at 4 C. for 3 hours. Precipitated proteins were washed and probed with streptavidin-HRP. FIG. 3C illustrates the workflow of a compound-I-49-pull-down competition experiment. FIG. 3D shows that a free intracellular compound I-23 competes with compound I-49 for binding to CDK7. Loucy cells were treated with increasing concentrations of compound I-23 for 4 hours. Cellular lysates were incubated with compound I-49 and processed as in FIG. 1C.

(4) FIG. 4 shows that CDK7 covalently binds a unique cysteine in a distal C-terminal region located outside the kinase domain. FIG. 4A depicts a docking model of compound I-23 in the ATP-binding pocket of CDK7 (PDB code 1UA2). Key residues are indicated. C312 has been modeled into the crystal structure. FIG. 4B shows that C312 is unique among CDKs. Independent sequence alignments of CDK C-terminal regions with CDK7 C312-containing region. FIGS. 4C-4D show total ion chromatograms (TIC) and extracted ion chromatograms (XIC) for CDK7 peptides recorded during analysis of CAK complexes treated with DMSO or I-23, respectively. Efficiency of labeling was estimated from the reduction in signal of the triply and quadruply charged C312 containing peptide using signals from VPFLPGDSDLDQLTR and LDFLGEGQFATVYK for normalization. FIG. 4E shows high resolution Orbitrap HCD MS/MS spectrum of a quadruply charged CDK7 derived peptide labeled by I-23 at C312. FIG. 4F shows that the mutation of C312 to serine (C312S) rescues wild-type kinase activity in the presence of compound I-23. HCT116 cells stably expressing FLAG-tagged CDK7 (kinase dead (KD), wild-type (WT), and C312S mutant) were treated with compound I-23 or I-23R for 4 hours. Exogenous CDK7 was immunoprecipitated from cellular lysates using FLAG antibody. Precipitated proteins were washed and subjected to in vitro kinase assays at 30 C. for 30 minutes using the large subunit of RNAP II (RPB1) as substrate and 25 M ATP.

(5) FIG. 5 shows that compound I-23 decreases RNAP II processivity by disruption of CDK7 kinase activity. FIGS. 5A-B show that a treatment with 250 nM of compound I-23 for 6 hours dramatically altered the RNAP II occupancy where the RNAP II at the promoter proximal pause site is drastically diminished. RNAP II is largely depleted from the 3-end of genes. FIGS. 5C-5D show that treatment with compound I-23 did not disrupt CDK7 occupancy.

(6) FIG. 6 shows that compound I-23 exhibits strong anti-proliferative activity against a wide range of cancer cell lines. FIG. 6A shows that a treatment with compound I-23 results in down-regulation of MCL-1 protein and induction of apoptosis. Loucy cells were treated with increasing amounts of compound I-23 or I-23R over a time course of 12 to 48 hours. At indicated time points, cellular lysates were harvested at the indicated times points and immunoblotted for the indicated proteins. Experiments were conducted in the presence or absence of compound I-23 or I-23R washout. FIG. 6B shows that the anti-proliferative effects of compound I-23 are impervious to inhibitor washout. Loucy cells were treated with compound I-23 or I-23R in a dose-response format for 48 hours. Anti-proliferative effects were determined using cell titer glo analysis. FIG. 6C shows that compound I-23 displays potent anti-proliferative activity in a human cancer cell line panel. Cells were treated with compound I-23 or I-23R in a dose-response format for 72 hours. Anti-proliferative effects were determined using alamarBlue analysis. FIG. 6D shows select cell lines from distinct origins, which are sensitive to I-23. FIG. 6E shows the results of anti-proliferative assays in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE1) cells. Cells were treated with compound I-23 or I-23R in a dose-response format for 72 hours. Anti-proliferative effects were determined using cell titer glo analysis. RPE1 cells were largely resistant to both I-23 and I-23R treatment. FIG. 6F shows the pharmacokinetic data for I-23 plasma following a single intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration in male Swiss Albino mice. Dose: i.v. 1 mg/kg and p.o. 10 mg/kg.

(7) FIG. 7 shows that certain CDKs tested (e.g., CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6) do not interact with I-49. However, cyclin K, which is known to bind to CDK12/13, did interact with I-49. Loucy cells were treated with I-23, I-23R, or vehicle for 4 hours. Lysates were then probed with I-49. Precipitated proteins were washed and probed with antibodies as shown.

(8) FIG. 8 shows that compound I-23 induces a differential phenotype, as compared to flavopiridol, on RNAP II occupancy at housekeeping genes.

(9) FIG. 9 shows that compound I-23 induces a differential phenotype, as compared to flavopiridol, on RNAP II occupancy at genes important for Jurkat cancer cell state.

(10) FIG. 10 shows that RNAP II occupancy defect is similar after 6 or 12 hours of a treatment with compound I-23.

(11) FIG. 11 shows that I-23, but not I-23R, has potent anti-proliferative and anti-cancer activities in blood cancer cell lines. FIG. 11A shows that I-23, but not I-23R, potently kills patient-derived chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) isolates in vitro. Clinical isolates of CLL were cultured with compounds of Formula (I) or flavopiridol and assessed for cell death after a 24 hour time course by Annexin V staining. FIGS. 11B-11H show that I-23, but not I-23R, displays potent anti-proliferative activity in multiple myeloma cell lines. Multiple myeloma cell lines were grown in the absence or presence of underlying stromal cells and assayed for anti-proliferative effect following a 48-hour treatment with I-23 and I-23R. Anti-proliferative effect was measured using cell titer glo analysis.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

(12) The present invention provides compounds, which inhibit the activity of a kinase, for the prevention and/or treatment of a proliferative disease of a subject. In certain embodiments, the inventive compounds inhibit the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). In certain embodiments, the inventive compounds inhibit the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7). The present invention further provides methods of using the compounds described herein, e.g., as biological probes to study the inhibition of the activity of a kinase (e.g., CDK (e.g., CDK7)), and as therapeutics, e.g., in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases associated with the overexpression and/or aberrant activity of the kinase (e.g., CDK (e.g., CDK7)). In certain embodiments, the diseases are proliferative diseases. The proliferative diseases include, but are not limited to, cancer (e.g., leukemia, melanoma, multiple myeloma), benign neoplasm, angiogenesis, inflammatory diseases, autoinflammatory diseases, and autoimmune diseases. In certain embodiments, the cancer is associated with the overexpression and/or aberrant activity of a kinase (e.g., CDK (e.g., CDK7)).

(13) Compounds

(14) In one aspect of the present invention, provided are compounds of Formula (I):

(15) ##STR00021##
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, and prodrugs thereof;
wherein:

(16) Ring A is an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring of any one of the Formulae (i-1)-(i-5):

(17) ##STR00022##

(18) each instance of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, V.sup.9, V.sup.10, V.sup.11, V.sup.12, V.sup.13, and V.sup.14 is independently O, S, N, NR.sup.A1, C, or CR.sup.A2;

(19) each instance of R.sup.A1 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and a nitrogen protecting group;

(20) each instance of R.sup.A2 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, OR.sup.A2a, N(R.sup.A2a).sub.2, and SR.sup.A2a, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.A2a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, and a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or two R.sup.A2a groups are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(21) optionally any two of R.sup.A1, R.sup.A2, and R.sup.A2a groups are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic, optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;

(22) Ring B is of the formula:

(23) ##STR00023##

(24) R.sup.B1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, OR.sup.B1a, N(R.sup.B1a).sub.2, and SR.sup.B1a, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.B1a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, and a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or two R.sup.B1a groups are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(25) W.sub.B is N or CR.sup.B2, wherein R.sup.B2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, OR.sup.B2a, N(R.sup.B2a).sub.2, and SR.sup.B2a, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.B2a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, and a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or two R.sup.B2a groups are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(26) optionally R.sup.B1 and R.sup.B2 are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted aryl ring;

(27) X is an optionally substituted C.sub.1-4 hydrocarbon chain, optionally wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocarbon chain is replaced with O, S, or NR.sup.X, wherein R.sup.X is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group;

(28) L.sup.2 is a bond, O, S, NR.sup.L2a, NR.sup.L2aC(O), C(O)NR.sup.L2a, SC(O), C(O)S, OC(O), C(O)O, NR.sup.L2aC(S), C(S)NR.sup.L2a, trans-CR.sup.L2bCR.sup.L2b, cis-CR.sup.L2bCR.sup.L2b, CC, OC(R.sup.L2b).sub.2, C(R.sup.L2b).sub.2O, NR.sup.L2aC(R.sup.L2b).sub.2, C(R.sup.L2b).sub.2NR.sup.L2a, SC(R.sup.L2b).sub.2, C(R.sup.L2b).sub.2S, S(O).sub.2O, OS(O).sub.2, S(O).sub.2NR.sup.L2a, NR.sup.L2aS(O).sub.2, or an optionally substituted C.sub.1-4 hydrocarbon chain, optionally wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocarbon chain is replaced with O, S, NR.sup.L2a, NR.sup.L2aC(O), C(O)NR.sup.L2a, SC(O), C(O)S, OC(O), C(O)O, NR.sup.L2aC(S), C(S)NR.sup.L2a, trans-CR.sup.L2bCR.sup.L2b, cis-CR.sup.L2bCR.sup.L2b, CC, S(O).sub.2O, OS(O).sub.2, S(O).sub.2NR.sup.L2a, or NR.sup.L2aS(O).sub.2, wherein R.sup.L2a is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group, and wherein each occurrence of R.sup.L2b is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R.sup.L2b groups are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic or optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(29) each instance of R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, OR.sup.C1, N(R.sup.C1).sub.2, and SR.sup.C1, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.C1 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, and a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or two R.sup.C1 groups are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(30) n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

(31) each instance of R.sup.D is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, OR.sup.D1, N(R.sup.D1).sub.2, and SR.sup.D1, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.D1 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, and a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or two R.sup.D1 groups are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(32) p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

(33) R.sup.E is any one of the Formulae (ii-1)-(ii-17):

(34) ##STR00024## ##STR00025##

(35) R.sup.E and L.sup.2 are para or meta to each other;

(36) L.sup.3 is a bond, O, S, NR.sup.L3a, or an optionally substituted C.sub.1-4 hydrocarbon chain, optionally wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocarbon chain is replaced with O, S, NR.sup.L3a, NR.sup.L3aC(O), C(O)NR.sup.L3a, SC(O), C(O)S, OC(O), C(O)O, NR.sup.L3aC(S), C(S)NR.sup.L3a, trans-CR.sup.L3bCR.sup.L3b, cis-CR.sup.L3bCR.sup.L3b, CC, S(O).sub.2O, OS(O).sub.2, S(O).sub.2NR.sup.L3a, or NR.sup.L3a(O).sub.2, wherein R.sup.L3a is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group, and wherein each occurrence of R.sup.L3b is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R.sup.L3b groups are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic or optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(37) L.sup.4 is a bond or an optionally substituted C.sub.1-4 hydrocarbon chain;

(38) R.sup.E1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, CN, CH.sub.2OR.sup.E1a, CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E1a).sub.2, CH.sub.2SR.sup.E1a, OR.sup.E1a, N(R.sup.E1a).sub.2, and SR.sup.E1a, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.E1a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R.sup.E1a groups are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(39) R.sup.E2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, CN, CH.sub.2OR.sup.E2a, CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E2a).sub.2, CH.sub.2SR.sup.E2a, OR.sup.E2a, N(R.sup.E2a).sub.2, and SR.sup.E2a, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.E2a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R.sup.E2a groups are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(40) R.sup.E3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, CN, CH.sub.2OR.sup.E3a, CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E3a).sub.2, CH.sub.2SR.sup.E3a, OR.sup.E3a, N(R.sup.E3a).sub.2, and SR.sup.E3a, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.E3a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R.sup.E3a groups are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(41) optionally R.sup.E1 and R.sup.E3, or R.sup.E2 and R.sup.E3, or R.sup.E1 and R.sup.E2 are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic or optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(42) R.sup.E4 is a leaving group;

(43) Y is O, S, or NR.sup.E5, wherein R.sup.E5 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group;

(44) a is 1 or 2; and

(45) z is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

(46) In certain embodiments, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I),

(47) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, and prodrugs thereof;

(48) wherein:

(49) Ring A is an optionally substituted heteroaryl ring of any one of the Formulae (i-1)-(i-5);

(50) each instance of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, V.sup.9, V.sup.10, V.sup.11, V.sup.12, V.sup.13, and V.sup.14 is independently O, S, N, NR.sup.A1, C, or CR.sup.A2;

(51) each instance of R.sup.A1 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and a nitrogen protecting group;

(52) each instance of R.sup.A2 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, OR.sup.A2a, N(R.sup.A2a).sub.2, and SR.sup.A2a, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.A2a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, and a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or two R.sup.A2a groups are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(53) optionally any two of R.sup.A1, R.sup.A2, and R.sup.A2a groups are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic, optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring;

(54) Ring B is of the formula:

(55) ##STR00026##

(56) R.sup.B1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, OR.sup.B1a, N(R.sup.B1a).sub.2, and SR.sup.B1a, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.B1a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, and a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or two R.sup.B1a groups are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(57) W.sub.B is N or CR.sup.B2, wherein R.sup.B2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, OR.sup.B2a, N(R.sup.B2a).sub.2, and SR.sup.B2a, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.B2a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, and a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or two R.sup.B2a groups are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(58) optionally R.sup.B1 and R.sup.B2 are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted aryl ring;

(59) X is an optionally substituted C.sub.1-4 hydrocarbon chain, optionally wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocarbon chain is replaced with O, S, or NR.sup.X, wherein R.sup.X is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group;

(60) L.sup.2 is a bond, O, S, NR.sup.L2a, NR.sup.L2aC(O), C(O)NR.sup.L2a, SC(O), C(O)S, OC(O), C(O)O, NR.sup.L2aC(S), C(S)NR.sup.L2a, trans-CR.sup.L2bCR.sup.L2b, cis-CR.sup.L2bCR.sup.L2b, CC, OC(R.sup.L2b).sub.2, C(R.sup.L2b).sub.2O, NR.sup.L2aC(R.sup.L2b).sub.2, C(R.sup.L2b).sub.2NR.sup.L2a, SC(R.sup.L2b).sub.2, C(R.sup.L2b).sub.2S, S(O).sub.2O, OS(O).sub.2, S(O).sub.2NR.sup.L2a, NR.sup.L2aS(O).sub.2, or an optionally substituted C.sub.1-4 hydrocarbon chain, optionally wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocarbon chain is replaced with O, S, NR.sup.L2a, NR.sup.L2aC(O), C(O)NR.sup.L2a, SC(O), C(O)S, OC(O), C(O)O, NR.sup.L2aC(S), C(S)NR.sup.L2a, trans-CR.sup.L2bCR.sup.L2b, cis-CR.sup.L2bCR.sup.L2b, CC, S(O).sub.2O, OS(O).sub.2, S(O).sub.2NR.sup.L2a, or NR.sup.L2aS(O).sub.2, wherein R.sup.L2a is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group, and wherein each occurrence of R.sup.L2b is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R.sup.L2b groups are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic or optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(61) each instance of R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, OR.sup.C1, N(R.sup.C1).sub.2, and SR.sup.C1, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.C1 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, and a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or two R.sup.C1 groups are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(62) n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

(63) each instance of R.sup.D is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, OR.sup.D1, N(R.sup.D1).sub.2, and SR.sup.D1, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.D1 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom, an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, and a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom, or two R.sup.D1 groups are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(64) p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

(65) R.sup.E is any one of the Formulae (ii-1)-(ii-17);

(66) R.sup.E and L.sup.2 are para or meta to each other;

(67) L.sup.3 is a bond, O, S, NR.sup.L3a, or an optionally substituted C.sub.1-4 hydrocarbon chain, optionally wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocarbon chain is replaced with O, S, NR.sup.L3a, NR.sup.L3aC(O), C(O)NR.sup.L3a, SC(O), C(O)S, OC(O), C(O)O, NR.sup.L3aC(S), C(S)NR.sup.L3a, trans-CR.sup.L3bCR.sup.L3b, cis-CR.sup.L3bCR.sup.L3b, CC, S(O).sub.2O, OS(O).sub.2, S(O).sub.2NR.sup.L3a, or NR.sup.L3aS(O).sub.2, wherein R.sup.L3a is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group, and wherein each occurrence of R.sup.L3b is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R.sup.L3b groups are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic or optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(68) L.sup.4 is a bond or an optionally substituted C.sub.1 hydrocarbon chain;

(69) R.sup.E1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, CH.sub.2OR.sup.E1a, CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E1a).sub.2, CH.sub.2SR.sup.E1a, OR.sup.E1a, N(R.sup.E1a).sub.2, and SR.sup.E1a, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.E1a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R.sup.E1a groups are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(70) R.sup.E2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, CH.sub.2OR.sup.E2a, CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E2a).sub.2, CH.sub.2SR.sup.E2a, OR.sup.E2a, N(R.sup.E2a).sub.2, and SR.sup.E2a, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.E2a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R.sup.E2a groups are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(71) R.sup.E3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, CH.sub.2OR.sup.E3a, CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E3a).sub.2, CH.sub.2SR.sup.E3a, OR.sup.E3a, N(R.sup.E3a).sub.2, and SR.sup.E3a, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.E3a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R.sup.E3a groups are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(72) optionally R.sup.E1 and R.sup.E3, or R.sup.E2 and R.sup.E3, or R.sup.E1 and R.sup.E2 are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic or optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(73) R.sup.E4 is a leaving group;

(74) Y is O, S, or NR.sup.E5, wherein R.sup.E5 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group;

(75) a is 1 or 2; and

(76) z is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

(77) In certain embodiments, provided in the present invention are compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

(78) Compounds of Formula (I) include Ring A attached to Ring B. Ring A may be an optionally substituted bicyclic heteroaryl ring. In certain embodiments, Ring A is an optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl ring fused with an optionally substituted monocyclic aryl ring. In certain embodiments, Ring A is an optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl ring fused with another optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl ring. Ring A may be an optionally substituted 6,5-membered heteroaryl ring or an optionally substituted 5,6-membered heteroaryl ring. In certain embodiments, Ring A is an optionally substituted monocyclic 5-membered heteroaryl ring fused with an optionally substituted monocyclic 6-membered aryl ring. In certain embodiments, Ring A is an optionally substituted monocyclic 5-membered heteroaryl ring fused with an optionally substituted monocyclic 6-membered heteroaryl ring. The point of attachment of Ring A to Ring B may be at any atom of Ring A, as valency permits. In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (i-1):

(79) ##STR00027##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (i-2):

(80) ##STR00028##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (i-3):

(81) ##STR00029##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (i-4):

(82) ##STR00030##

(83) In compounds of Formula (I), V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 of Ring A may each independently be O, S, N, NR.sup.A1, C, or CR.sup.A2, as valency permits. In certain embodiments, V.sup.1 is O, S, N or NR.sup.A1. In certain embodiments, V.sup.1 is N or NR.sup.A1. In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(84) ##STR00031##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(85) ##STR00032##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(86) ##STR00033##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(87) ##STR00034##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(88) ##STR00035##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(89) ##STR00036##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(90) ##STR00037##

(91) In certain embodiments, only one of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting of O, S, N, and NR.sup.A1. In certain embodiments, only one of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 is selected from the group consisting of N and NR.sup.A1. In certain embodiments, V.sup.1 is N or NR.sup.A1; V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently C or CR.sup.A2; and therefore, Ring A is an optionally substituted indole ring. In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (iii-1):

(92) ##STR00038##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (iii-2):

(93) ##STR00039##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (iii-3):

(94) ##STR00040##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (iii-4):

(95) ##STR00041##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (iii-5):

(96) ##STR00042##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (iii-6):

(97) ##STR00043##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (iii-7):

(98) ##STR00044##

(99) In certain embodiments, only two of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, N, and NR.sup.A1. In certain embodiments, only two of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of N and NR.sup.A1. In certain embodiments, V.sup.1 is N or NR.sup.A1; and only one of V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 is N or NR.sup.A1. In certain embodiments, V.sup.1 and V.sup.2 are each independently N or NR.sup.A1; V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently C or CR.sup.A2; and therefore, Ring A is an optionally substituted indazole ring. In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(100) ##STR00045##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(101) ##STR00046##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(102) ##STR00047##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(103) ##STR00048##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(104) ##STR00049##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(105) ##STR00050##

(106) In certain embodiments, V.sup.1 and V.sup.3 are each independently N or NR.sup.A1; V.sup.2, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently C or CR.sup.A2; and therefore, Ring A is an optionally substituted benzimidazole ring. In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (iv-1):

(107) ##STR00051##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (iv-2):

(108) ##STR00052##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (iv-3):

(109) ##STR00053##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (iv-4):

(110) ##STR00054##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (iv-5):

(111) ##STR00055##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (iv-6):

(112) ##STR00056##

(113) In certain embodiments, V.sup.1 and V.sup.4 are each independently N or NR.sup.A1; V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently C or CR.sup.A2; and therefore, Ring A is an optionally substituted 4-azaindazole ring. In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(114) ##STR00057##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(115) ##STR00058##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(116) ##STR00059##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(117) ##STR00060##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(118) ##STR00061##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(119) ##STR00062##

(120) In certain embodiments, V.sup.1 and V.sup.5 are each independently N or NR.sup.A1; V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently C or CR.sup.A2; and therefore, Ring A is an optionally substituted 5-azaindazole ring. In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(121) ##STR00063##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(122) ##STR00064##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(123) ##STR00065##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(124) ##STR00066##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(125) ##STR00067##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(126) ##STR00068##

(127) In certain embodiments, V.sup.1 and V.sup.6 are each independently N or NR.sup.A1; V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently C or CR.sup.A2; and therefore, Ring A is an optionally substituted 6-azaindole ring. In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(128) ##STR00069##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(129) ##STR00070##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(130) ##STR00071##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(131) ##STR00072##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(132) ##STR00073##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(133) ##STR00074##

(134) In certain embodiments, V.sup.1 and V.sup.7 are each independently N or NR.sup.A1; V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently C or CR.sup.A2; and therefore, Ring A is an optionally substituted 7-azaindole ring. In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (v-1):

(135) ##STR00075##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (v-2):

(136) ##STR00076##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (v-3):

(137) ##STR00077##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (v-4):

(138) ##STR00078##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (v-5):

(139) ##STR00079##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (v-6):

(140) ##STR00080##

(141) In certain embodiments, V.sup.1 and V.sup.8 are each independently N or NR.sup.A1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently C or CR.sup.A2; and therefore, Ring A is an optionally substituted 8-azaindole ring. In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (vi-1):

(142) ##STR00081##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (vi-2):

(143) ##STR00082##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (vi-3):

(144) ##STR00083##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (vi-4):

(145) ##STR00084##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (vi-5):

(146) ##STR00085##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (vi-6):

(147) ##STR00086##
In certain embodiments, V.sup.1 and V.sup.9 are each independently N or NR.sup.A1; V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, and V.sup.8 are each independently C or CR.sup.A2; and therefore, Ring A is an optionally substituted 9-azaindole ring. In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(148) ##STR00087##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(149) ##STR00088##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(150) ##STR00089##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(151) ##STR00090##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(152) ##STR00091##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(153) ##STR00092##

(154) In certain embodiments, only three of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, N, and NR.sup.A1. In certain embodiments, only three of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently selected from the group consisting of N and NR.sup.A1. In certain embodiments, V.sup.1 is N or NR.sup.A1; and only two of V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently N or NR.sup.A1.

(155) In compounds of Formula (I), Ring A may also be an optionally substituted 5-membered heteroaryl ring. In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (i-5):

(156) ##STR00093##

(157) In compounds of Formula (I), V.sup.10, V.sup.11, V.sup.12, V.sup.13, and V.sup.14 of Ring A may each independently be O, S, N, NR.sup.A1, C, or CR.sup.A2, as valency permits. In certain embodiments, only one of V.sup.10, V.sup.11, V.sup.12, V.sup.13, and V.sup.14 is selected from the group consisting of O, S, N, and NR.sup.A1. In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(158) ##STR00094##

(159) In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(160) ##STR00095##

(161) In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(162) ##STR00096##

(163) In certain embodiments, only two of V.sup.10, V.sup.11, V.sup.12, V.sup.13, and V.sup.14 are each independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, N, and NR.sup.A1. In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(164) ##STR00097##

(165) In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(166) ##STR00098##

(167) In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(168) ##STR00099##

(169) In certain embodiments, Ring A is of Formula (vii):

(170) ##STR00100##

(171) In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(172) ##STR00101##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(173) ##STR00102##
In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(174) ##STR00103##

(175) In certain embodiments, only three of V.sup.10, V.sup.11, V.sup.12, V.sup.13, and V.sup.14 are each independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, N, and NR.sup.A1. In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(176) ##STR00104##

(177) In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(178) ##STR00105##

(179) In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(180) ##STR00106##

(181) In certain embodiments, only four of V.sup.10, V.sup.11, V.sup.12, V.sup.13, and V.sup.14 are each independently selected from the group consisting of N and NR.sup.A1. In certain embodiments, Ring A is of the formula:

(182) ##STR00107##

(183) In compounds of Formula (I), Ring A may be substituted with one or more R.sup.A1 groups when the R.sup.A1 group is attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A1 is H (hydrogen). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is halogen. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is F (fluorine). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is Cl (chlorine). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is Br (bromine). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is I (iodine). In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is acetyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is substituted acetyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is ethyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is propyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is butyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is vinyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R.sup.A1 is Bn, BOC, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, acetyl, or Ts.

(184) In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A1 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, all instances of R.sup.A1 are each independently hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, all instances of R.sup.A1 are hydrogen.

(185) In compounds of Formula (I), Ring A may be substituted with one or more R.sup.A2 groups when the R.sup.A2 group is attached to a carbon atom. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is H. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is halogen. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is F. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is Cl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is Br. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is I (iodine). In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is acetyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is substituted acetyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is ethyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is propyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is butyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is vinyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is OR.sup.A2a. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is N(R.sup.A2a).sub.2. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is SR.sup.A2a.

(186) In certain embodiments, two R.sup.A2 groups are each independently halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted aryl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.A2 groups are each independently halogen or optionally substituted alkyl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.A2 groups are halogen; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.A2 groups are optionally substituted alkyl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.A2 groups are C.sub.1-6 alkyl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.A2 groups are methyl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.A2 groups are ethyl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.A2 groups are propyl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.A2 groups are butyl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.A2 groups are optionally substituted aryl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.A2 groups are optionally substituted phenyl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen.

(187) In certain embodiments, one R.sup.A2 groups is halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted aryl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one R.sup.A2 is halogen or optionally substituted alkyl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one R.sup.A2 is halogen; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one R.sup.A2 is optionally substituted alkyl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one R.sup.A2 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one R.sup.A2 is methyl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one R.sup.A2 is ethyl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one R.sup.A2 is propyl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one R.sup.A2 is butyl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one R.sup.A2 is optionally substituted aryl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, one R.sup.A2 is optionally substituted phenyl; and all other instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen.

(188) In certain embodiments, all instances of R.sup.A2 are hydrogen.

(189) In certain embodiments, when R.sup.A2 is OR.sup.A2a, N(R.sup.A2a).sub.2, or SR.sup.A2a, at least one R.sup.A2a is H. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is halogen. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is F. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is Cl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is Br. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is I (iodine). In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is acetyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is substituted acetyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is ethyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is propyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is butyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is vinyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2 is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is Bn, BOC, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, acetyl, or Ts when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is silyl, TBDPS, TBDMS, TIPS, TES, TMS, MOM, THP, t-Bu, Bn, allyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, or benzoyl when attached to an oxygen atom. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.A2a is acetamidomethyl, t-Bu, 3-nitro-2-pyridine sulfenyl, 2-pyridine-sulfenyl, or triphenylmethyl when attached to a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.A2a groups are joined to form a substituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.A2a groups are joined to form an unsubstituted heterocyclic ring.

(190) In compounds of Formula (I), any two of R.sup.A1, R.sup.A2, and R.sup.A2a groups may be joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic, optionally substituted heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A1 and one instance of R.sup.A2 are joined to form a substituted carbocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A1 and one instance of R.sup.A2 are joined to form an unsubstituted carbocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A1 and one instance of R.sup.A2 are joined to form a substituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A1 and one instance of R.sup.A2 are joined to form an unsubstituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A1 and one instance of R.sup.A2 are joined to form a substituted aryl ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A1 and one instance of R.sup.A2 are joined to form an unsubstituted aryl ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A1 and one instance of R.sup.A2 are joined to form a substituted heteroaryl ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A1 and one instance of R.sup.A2 are joined to form an unsubstituted heteroaryl ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A1 and one instance of R.sup.A2a are joined to form a substituted carbocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A1 and one instance of R.sup.A2a are joined to form an unsubstituted carbocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A1 and one instance of R.sup.A2a are joined to form a substituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A1 and one instance of R.sup.A2a are joined to form an unsubstituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A1 and one instance of R.sup.A2a are joined to form a substituted aryl ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A1 and one instance of R.sup.A2a are joined to form an unsubstituted aryl ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A1 and one instance of R.sup.A2a are joined to form a substituted heteroaryl ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A1 and one instance of R.sup.A2a are joined to form an unsubstituted heteroaryl ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A2a and one instance of R.sup.A2 are joined to form a substituted carbocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A2a and one instance of R.sup.A2 are joined to form an unsubstituted carbocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A2a and one instance of R.sup.A2 are joined to form a substituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A2a and one instance of R.sup.A2 are joined to form an unsubstituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A2a and one instance of R.sup.A2 are joined to form a substituted aryl ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A2a and one instance of R.sup.A2 are joined to form an unsubstituted aryl ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A2a and one instance of R.sup.A2 are joined to form a substituted heteroaryl ring. In certain embodiments, one instance of R.sup.A2a and one instance of R.sup.A2 are joined to form an unsubstituted heteroaryl ring.

(191) Compounds of Formula (I) include a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl ring of the formula:

(192) ##STR00108##
as Ring B. In certain embodiments, W.sub.B is N; and therefore, Ring B is of the formula:

(193) ##STR00109##
In certain embodiments, W.sub.B is CR.sup.B2; and therefore, Ring B is of the formula:

(194) ##STR00110##
In certain embodiments, Ring B is of the formula:

(195) ##STR00111##
In certain embodiments, Ring B is of the formula:

(196) ##STR00112##
In certain embodiments, Ring B is of the formula:

(197) ##STR00113##
In certain embodiments, Ring B is of the formula:

(198) ##STR00114##
In certain embodiments, Ring B is of the formula:

(199) ##STR00115##
In certain embodiments, Ring B is of the formula:

(200) ##STR00116##
In certain embodiments, Ring B is of the formula:

(201) ##STR00117##
In certain embodiments, Ring B is of the formula:

(202) ##STR00118##

(203) In compounds of Formula (I), Ring B includes a substituent R.sup.B1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is H. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is halogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is F. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is Cl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is Br. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is I (iodine). In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is substituted acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is ethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is propyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is vinyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is OR.sup.B1a. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is N(R.sup.B1a).sub.2. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is SR.sup.B1a.

(204) In certain embodiments, when R.sup.B1 is OR.sup.B1a, N(R.sup.B1a).sub.2, or SR.sup.B1a, R.sup.B1a is H. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is halogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is F. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is Cl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is Br. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is I (iodine). In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is substituted acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is ethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is propyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is vinyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is Bn, BOC, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, acetyl, or Ts when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is silyl, TBDPS, TBDMS, TIPS, TES, TMS, MOM, THP, t-Bu, Bn, allyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, or benzoyl when attached to an oxygen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1a is acetamidomethyl, t-Bu, 3-nitro-2-pyridine sulfenyl, 2-pyridine-sulfenyl, or triphenylmethyl when attached to a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.B1a groups are joined to form a substituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.B1a groups are joined to form an unsubstituted heterocyclic ring.

(205) In compounds of Formula (I), when W.sub.B is CR.sup.B2, Ring B also includes a substituent R.sup.B2. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is H. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, OR.sup.B2a, N(R.sup.B2a).sub.2, and SR.sup.B2a. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is halogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is F. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is Cl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is Br. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is I (iodine). In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is substituted acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is partially fluorinated C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is perfluorinated C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is CH.sub.2F. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is CHF.sub.2. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is CF.sub.3. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is ethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is C.sub.2F.sub.5. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is propyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is vinyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is cyclobutyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is cyclopentyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is cyclohexyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is cycloheptyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is OR.sup.B2a. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is N(R.sup.B2a).sub.2. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is SR.sup.B2a.

(206) In certain embodiments, when R.sup.B2 is OR.sup.B2a, N(R.sup.B2a).sub.2, or SR.sup.B2a, R.sup.B2a is H. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is halogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is F. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is Cl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is Br. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is I (iodine). In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is substituted acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is ethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is propyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is vinyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is Bn, BOC, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, acetyl, or Ts when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom.

(207) In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is silyl, TBDPS, TBDMS, TIPS, TES, TMS, MOM, THP, t-Bu, Bn, allyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, or benzoyl when attached to an oxygen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2a is acetamidomethyl, t-Bu, 3-nitro-2-pyridine sulfenyl, 2-pyridine-sulfenyl, or triphenylmethyl when attached to a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.B2a groups are joined to form a substituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.B2a groups are joined to form an unsubstituted heterocyclic ring.

(208) In compounds of Formula (I), R.sup.B1 and R.sup.B2 groups may be joined to form a ring fused to Ring B. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 and R.sup.B2 are joined to form a substituted carbocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 and R.sup.B2 are joined to form an unsubstituted carbocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 and R.sup.B2 are joined to form a substituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 and R.sup.B2 are joined to form an unsubstituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 and R.sup.B2 are joined to form a substituted heteroaryl ring. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 and R.sup.B2 are joined to form an unsubstituted heteroaryl ring. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 and R.sup.B2 are joined to form a substituted pyridyl ring. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 and R.sup.B2 are joined to form an unsubstituted pyridyl ring. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 and R.sup.B2 are joined to form a substituted aryl ring. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 and R.sup.B2 are joined to form an unsubstituted aryl ring. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 and R.sup.B2 are joined to form a substituted phenyl ring. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 and R.sup.B2 are joined to form an unsubstituted phenyl ring.

(209) In certain embodiments, Ring B is of the formula:

(210) ##STR00119##

(211) In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is H. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, OR.sup.B3a, N(R.sup.B3a).sub.2, and SR.sup.B3a. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is halogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is F. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is Cl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is Br. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is I (iodine). In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is substituted acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is ethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is propyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is vinyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is OR.sup.B3a. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is N(R.sup.B3a).sub.2. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3 is SR.sup.B3a.

(212) In certain embodiments, when R.sup.B3 is OR.sup.B3a, N(R.sup.B3a).sub.2, or SR.sup.B3a, R.sup.B3a is H. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is halogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is F. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is Cl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is Br. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is I (iodine). In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is substituted acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is ethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is propyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is vinyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is Bn, BOC, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, acetyl, or Ts when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is silyl, TBDPS, TBDMS, TIPS, TES, TMS, MOM, THP, t-Bu, Bn, allyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, or benzoyl when attached to an oxygen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B3a is acetamidomethyl, t-Bu, 3-nitro-2-pyridine sulfenyl, 2-pyridine-sulfenyl, or triphenylmethyl when attached to a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.B3a groups are joined to form a substituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.B3a groups are joined to form an unsubstituted heterocyclic ring.

(213) Ring B may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with one or more R.sup.B3 groups. In certain embodiments, Ring B is unsubstituted, and thus q is 0. In certain embodiments, q is 1. In certain embodiments, q is 2. In certain embodiments, q is 3.

(214) In compounds of Formula (I), X is a divalent linker moiety connecting Ring B and Ring C. X may be an optionally substituted C.sub.1-4 hydrocarbon chain, optionally wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocarbon chain is replaced with O, S, or NR.sup.X. In certain embodiments, X is an optionally substituted C.sub.1-2 hydrocarbon chain, optionally wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocarbon chain is replaced with O, S, or NR.sup.X. In certain embodiments, X is an optionally substituted C.sub.1 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, X is O. In certain embodiments, X is S. In certain embodiments, X is NR.sup.X. In certain embodiments, X is NH. In certain embodiments, X is C(R.sup.X).sub.2. In certain embodiments, X is CH.sub.2. In certain embodiments, X is an optionally substituted C.sub.3 hydrocarbon chain, optionally wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocarbon chain is replaced with O, S, or NR.sup.X. In certain embodiments, X is an optionally substituted C.sub.4 hydrocarbon chain, optionally wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocarbon chain is replaced with O, S, or NR.sup.X. In certain embodiments, when X is NR.sup.X or C(R.sup.X).sub.2, R.sup.X is H. In certain embodiments, R.sup.X is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.X is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.X is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.X is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.X is ethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.X is propyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.X is butyl. In certain embodiments, when X is NR.sup.X, R.sup.X is a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.X is Bn, BOC, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, acetyl, or Ts.

(215) In compounds of Formula (I), L.sup.2 is a divalent linker moiety connecting Ring C and Ring D. L.sup.2 may contain 0-4 carbon or hetero atoms in the backbone of L.sup.2. L.sup.2 may be saturated or unsaturated. L.sup.2 may be substituted or unsubstituted. L.sup.2 may be branched or unbranched. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is a bond. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is O. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is S. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is NR.sup.L2a. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is NH. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is NR.sup.L2aC(O). In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is NHC(O). In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is NH or NHC(O). In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is C(O)NR.sup.L2a. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is C(O)NH. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is NH or C(O)NH. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is SC(O). In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is C(O)S. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is OC(O). In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is C(O)O. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is NR.sup.L2aC(S). In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is NHC(S). In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is C(S)NR.sup.L2a. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is C(S)NH. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is trans-CR.sup.L2bCR.sup.L2b. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is trans-CHCH. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is cis-CR.sup.L2bCR.sup.L2b. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is cis-CHCH. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is CC. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is OC(R.sup.L2b).sub.2. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is OCH.sub.2. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is C(R.sup.L2b).sub.2O. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is CH.sub.2O.sub.2. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is NR.sup.L2aC(R.sup.L2b).sub.2. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is NR.sup.L2aCH.sub.2. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is NHCH.sub.2. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is C(R.sup.L2b).sub.2NR.sup.L2a. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is CH.sub.2NR.sup.L2a. In certain embodiments, is CH.sub.2NH. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is SC(R.sup.L2b). In certain embodiments, is SCH.sub.2. In certain embodiments, L is C(R.sup.L2b).sub.2S. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is CH.sub.2S. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is S(O).sub.2O. In certain embodiments, L is OS(O).sub.2. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is S().sub.2NR.sup.L2a. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is S(O).sub.2NH. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is NR.sup.L2aS(O).sub.2. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is NHS(O).sub.2. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is a substituted C.sub.1-4 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is an unsubstituted C.sub.1-4 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is a substituted C.sub.2 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is an unsubstituted C.sub.2 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is a substituted C.sub.3 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is an unsubstituted C.sub.3 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L is a substituted C.sub.4 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is an unsubstituted C.sub.4 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.2 is an optionally substituted C.sub.1-4 hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocarbon chain is replaced with O, S, NR.sup.L2a, NR.sup.L2aC(O), C(O)NR.sup.L2a, SC(O), C(O)S, OC(O), C(O)O, NR.sup.L2aC(S), C(S)NR.sup.L2a, trans-CR.sup.L2bCR.sup.L2b, cis-CR.sup.L2bCR.sup.L2b, CC, S(O).sub.2O, OS(O).sub.2, S(O).sub.2NR.sup.L2a, or NR.sup.L2aS(O).sub.2.

(216) In certain embodiments, R.sup.L2a is H. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L2a is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L2a is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L2a is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L2a is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L2a is ethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L2a is propyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L2a is butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L2a is a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L2a is Bn, BOC, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, acetyl, or Ts.

(217) In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is H. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is halogen. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is F. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is Cl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is Br. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is I (iodine). In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is ethyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is propyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is butyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is vinyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L2b is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.L2b groups are joined to form a substituted carbocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.L2b groups are joined to form an unsubstituted carbocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.L2b groups are joined to form a substituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.L2b groups are joined to form an unsubstituted heterocyclic ring.

(218) In compounds of Formula (I), Ring C is a meta-phenylene moiety. Ring C may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with one or more R.sup.C groups. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is H. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is halogen. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is F. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is Cl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is Br. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is I (iodine). In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is acetyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is substituted acetyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is ethyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is propyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is butyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is vinyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is OR.sup.C1. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is N(R.sup.C1).sub.2. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C is SR.sup.C1.

(219) In certain embodiments, when R.sup.C is OR.sup.C1, N(R.sup.C1).sub.2, or SR.sup.C1, at least one R.sup.C1 is H. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is halogen. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is F. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is Cl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is Br. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is I (iodine). In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is acetyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is substituted acetyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is ethyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is propyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is butyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is vinyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is Bn, BOC, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, acetyl, or Ts when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is silyl, TBDPS, TBDMS, TIPS, TES, TMS, MOM, THP, t-Bu, Bn, allyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, or benzoyl when attached to an oxygen atom. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.C1 is acetamidomethyl, t-Bu, 3-nitro-2-pyridine sulfenyl, 2-pyridine-sulfenyl, or triphenylmethyl when attached to a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.C1 groups are joined to form a substituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.C1 groups are joined to form an unsubstituted heterocyclic ring.

(220) Ring C may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R.sup.C groups. In certain embodiments, Ring C is unsubstituted, and thus n is 0.

(221) In certain embodiments, n is 1. In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(222) ##STR00120##
In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(223) ##STR00121##
In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(224) ##STR00122##
In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(225) ##STR00123##
In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(226) ##STR00124##
In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(227) ##STR00125##
In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(228) ##STR00126##
In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(229) ##STR00127##
In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(230) ##STR00128##
In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(231) ##STR00129##
In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(232) ##STR00130##
In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(233) ##STR00131##

(234) In certain embodiments, n is 2. In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(235) ##STR00132##
In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(236) ##STR00133##
In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(237) ##STR00134##
In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(238) ##STR00135##
In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(239) ##STR00136##
In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(240) ##STR00137##
In certain embodiments, n is 3. In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(241) ##STR00138##
In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(242) ##STR00139##
In certain
embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(243) ##STR00140##
In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(244) ##STR00141##
In certain embodiments, n is 4. In certain embodiments, Ring C is of the formula:

(245) ##STR00142##

(246) In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is halogen; and n is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is F; and n is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is Cl; and n is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is Br; and n is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is I (iodine); and n is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is substituted alkyl; and n is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is unsubstituted alkyl; and n is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is C.sub.1-6 alkyl; and n is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is methyl; and n is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is ethyl; and n is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is propyl; and n is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is butyl; and n is 1.

(247) In certain embodiments, each instance of R.sup.C is independently halogen or optionally substituted alkyl; and n is 2. In certain embodiments, each instance of R.sup.C is independently halogen or C.sub.1-6 alkyl; and n is 2.

(248) In compounds of Formula (I), Ring D is a phenyl ring. Ring D is substituted with R.sup.E and may also be substituted with one or more R.sup.D groups. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is H. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is halogen. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is F. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is Cl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is Br. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is I (iodine). In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is acetyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is substituted acetyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is ethyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is propyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is butyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is vinyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is OR.sup.D. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is N(R.sup.D1).sub.2. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D is SR.sup.D1.

(249) In certain embodiments, when R.sup.D is OR.sup.D1, N(R.sup.D1).sub.2, or SR.sup.D1, at least one R.sup.D1 is H. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is acetyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is substituted acetyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is ethyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is propyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is butyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is vinyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.D1 is Bn, BOC, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, acetyl, or Ts when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.D1 is an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.D1 is silyl, TBDPS, TBDMS, TIPS, TES, TMS, MOM, THP, t-Bu, Bn, allyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, or benzoyl when attached to an oxygen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.D1 is a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.D1 is acetamidomethyl, t-Bu, 3-nitro-2-pyridine sulfenyl, 2-pyridine-sulfenyl, or triphenylmethyl when attached to a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.D1 groups are joined to form a substituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.D1 groups are joined to form an unsubstituted heterocyclic ring.

(250) Ring D may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R.sup.D groups. In certain embodiments, Ring D is unsubstituted, and thus p is 0. In certain embodiments, p is 1. In certain embodiments, p is 2. In certain embodiments, p is 3. In certain embodiments, p is 4.

(251) In certain embodiments, R.sup.D is halogen; and p is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.D is F; and p is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.D is Cl; and p is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.D is Br; and p is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.D is I (iodine); and p is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.D is substituted alkyl; and p is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.D is unsubstituted alkyl; and p is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.D is C.sub.1-6 alkyl; and p is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.D is methyl; and p is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.D is ethyl; and p is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.D is propyl; and p is 1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.D is butyl; and p is 1.

(252) In certain embodiments, each instance of R.sup.D is independently halogen or optionally substituted alkyl; and p is 2. In certain embodiments, each instance of R.sup.D is independently halogen or C.sub.1-6 alkyl; and p is 2.

(253) In compounds of Formula (I), Ring D also includes a substituent R.sup.E. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E comprises a Michael acceptor moiety. This Michael acceptor moiety may react with a cysteine residue of a kinase (e.g., CDK (e.g., CDK7)) to allow covalent attachment of the compound to the kinase. In certain embodiments, the covalent attachment is irreversible. In other embodiments, the covalent attachment is reversible.

(254) In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1):

(255) ##STR00143##
In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-2):

(256) ##STR00144##
In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-3):

(257) ##STR00145##
In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-4):

(258) ##STR00146##
In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-5):

(259) ##STR00147##
In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-6):

(260) ##STR00148##
In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-7):

(261) ##STR00149##
In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-8):

(262) ##STR00150##
In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-9):

(263) ##STR00151##
In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-10):

(264) ##STR00152##
In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-11):

(265) ##STR00153##
In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-12):

(266) ##STR00154##
In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-13):

(267) ##STR00155##
In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-14):

(268) ##STR00156##
In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-15):

(269) ##STR00157##
In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-16):

(270) ##STR00158##
In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-17):

(271) ##STR00159##

(272) In certain embodiments, R.sup.E and L.sup.2 are meta to each other. In certain embodiments, Ring D is of the formula:

(273) ##STR00160##
In certain embodiments, Ring D is of the formula:

(274) ##STR00161##
In certain embodiments, Ring D is of the formula:

(275) ##STR00162##
In certain embodiments, Ring D is of the formula:

(276) ##STR00163##
In certain embodiments, Ring D is of the formula:

(277) ##STR00164##

(278) In certain embodiments, R.sup.E and L.sup.2 are para to each other. In certain embodiments, Ring D is of the formula:

(279) ##STR00165##
In certain embodiments, Ring D is of the formula:

(280) ##STR00166##
In certain embodiments, Ring D is of the formula:

(281) ##STR00167##

(282) In compounds of Formula (I), L.sup.3 is a divalent linker moiety. L.sup.3 may contain 0-4 carbon or hetero atoms in the backbone of L.sup.3. L.sup.3 may be saturated or unsaturated. L.sup.3 may be substituted or unsubstituted. L.sup.3 may be branched or unbranched. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is a bond. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is O. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is S. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is NR.sup.L3a. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is NH. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is a substituted C.sub.1-4 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is an unsubstituted C.sub.1-4 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is C(R.sup.L3b).sub.2. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is CHR.sup.L3b. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is CH.sub.2. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is a substituted C.sub.2 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is a unsubstituted C.sub.2 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is C(R.sup.L3b).sub.2C(R.sup.L3b).sub.2. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is CH.sub.2CH.sub.2. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is trans-CR.sup.L3bCR.sup.L3b. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is trans-CHCH. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is cis-CR.sup.L3bCR.sup.L3b. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is cis-CHCH. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is CC. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is a substituted C.sub.3 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is an unsubstituted C.sub.3 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is (CH.sub.2).sub.3. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is CHCHCH.sub.2, wherein CHCH is trans or cis. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is CH.sub.2CHCH, wherein CHCH is trans or cis. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is CCCH.sub.2. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is CH.sub.2CC. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is a substituted C.sub.4 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is an unsubstituted C.sub.4 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is (CH.sub.2).sub.4. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is CHCHCHCH, wherein each instance of CHCH is independently trans or cis. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is CHCHCC, wherein CHCH is trans or cis. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is CCCHCH, wherein CHCH is trans or cis. In certain embodiments, L.sup.3 is CCCC. In certain embodiments, L is an optionally substituted C.sub.1-4 hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocarbon chain is replaced with O, S, NR.sup.L3a, NR.sup.L3aC(O), C(O)NR.sup.L3a, SC(O), C(O)S, OC(O), C(O)O, NR.sup.L3aC(S), C(S)NR.sup.L3a, trans-CR.sup.L3bCR.sup.L3b, cis-CR.sup.L3bCR.sup.L3b, CC, S(O).sub.2O, OS(O).sub.2, S(O).sub.2NR.sup.L3a, or NR.sup.L3aS(O).sub.2.

(283) In certain embodiments, R.sup.L3a is H. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L3a is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L3a is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L3a is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L3a is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L3a is ethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L3a is propyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L3a is butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L3a is a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.L3a is Bn, BOC, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, acetyl, or Ts.

(284) In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is H. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is halogen. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is F. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is Cl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is Br. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is I (iodine). In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is methyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is ethyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is propyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is butyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is vinyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, at least one R.sup.L3b is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.L3b groups are joined to form a substituted carbocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.L3b groups are joined to form an unsubstituted carbocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.L3b groups are joined to form a substituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.L3b groups are joined to form an unsubstituted heterocyclic ring.

(285) In compounds of Formula (I), L.sup.4 is a divalent linker moiety. L.sup.4 may contain 0-4 carbon or hetero atoms in the backbone of L.sup.4. L.sup.4 may be saturated or unsaturated. L.sup.4 may be substituted or unsubstituted. L.sup.4 may be branched or unbranched. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is a bond. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is a substituted C.sub.1-4 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is an unsubstituted C.sub.1-4 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is C(R.sup.L4b).sub.2. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is CHR.sup.L4b. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is CH.sub.2. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is a substituted C.sub.2 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is a unsubstituted C.sub.2 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is C(R.sup.L4b).sub.2C(R.sup.L4b).sub.2. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is CH.sub.2CH.sub.2. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is trans-CR.sup.L4bCR.sup.L4b. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is trans-CHCH. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is cis-CR.sup.L4bCR.sup.L4b. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is cis-CHCH. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is CC. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is a substituted C.sub.3 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is an unsubstituted C.sub.3 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is (CH.sub.2).sub.3. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is CHCHCH.sub.2, wherein CHCH is trans or cis. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is CH.sub.2CHCH, wherein CHCH is trans or cis. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is CCCH.sub.2. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is CH.sub.2CC. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is a substituted C.sub.4 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is an unsubstituted C.sub.4 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is (CH.sub.2).sub.4. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is CHCHCHCH, wherein each instance of CHCH is independently trans or cis. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is CHCHCC, wherein CHCH is trans or cis. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is CCCHCH, wherein CHCH is trans or cis. In certain embodiments, L.sup.4 is CCCC.

(286) In compounds of Formula (I), R.sup.E may include a substituent R.sup.E1. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is H. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is halogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is F. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is Cl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is Br. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is I (iodine). In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is substituted acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is ethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is propyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is vinyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is CN. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is OR.sup.E1a. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is N(R.sup.E1a).sub.2. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is SR.sup.E1a. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is CH.sub.2OR.sup.E1a. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E1a).sub.2. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1 is CH.sub.2SR.sup.E1a.

(287) In certain embodiments, when R.sup.E1 is OR.sup.E1a, N(R.sup.E1a).sub.2, SR.sup.E1a, CH.sub.2OR.sup.E1a, CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E1a).sub.2, or CH.sub.2SR.sup.E1a, R.sup.E1a is H. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is substituted acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is ethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is propyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is vinyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is Bn, BOC, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, acetyl, or Ts when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is silyl, TBDPS, TBDMS, TIPS, TES, TMS, MOM, THP, t-Bu, Bn, allyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, or benzoyl when attached to an oxygen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E1a is acetamidomethyl, t-Bu, 3-nitro-2-pyridine sulfenyl, 2-pyridine-sulfenyl, or triphenylmethyl when attached to a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.E1a groups are joined to form a substituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.E1a groups are joined to form an unsubstituted heterocyclic ring.

(288) In compounds of Formula (I), R.sup.E may include a substituent R.sup.E2. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is H. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is halogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is F. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is Cl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is Br. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is I (iodine). In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is substituted acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is ethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is propyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is vinyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is CN. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is OR.sup.E2a. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is N(R.sup.E2a).sub.2. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is SR.sup.E2a. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is CH.sub.2OR.sup.E2a. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E2a).sub.2. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2 is CH.sub.2SR.sup.E2a.

(289) In certain embodiments, when R.sup.E2 is OR.sup.E2a, N(R.sup.E2a).sub.2, SR.sup.E2a, CH.sub.2OR.sup.E2a, CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E2a).sub.2, or CH.sub.2SR.sup.E2a, R.sup.E2a is H. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is unsubstituted acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is ethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is propyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is vinyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is Bn, BOC, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, acetyl, or Ts when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is silyl, TBDPS, TBDMS, TIPS, TES, TMS, MOM, THP, t-Bu, Bn, allyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, or benzoyl when attached to an oxygen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E2a is acetamidomethyl, t-Bu, 3-nitro-2-pyridine sulfenyl, 2-pyridine-sulfenyl, or triphenylmethyl when attached to a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.E2a groups are joined to form a substituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.E2a groups are joined to form an unsubstituted heterocyclic ring.

(290) In compounds of Formula (I), R.sup.E may include a substituent R.sup.E3. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is H. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is halogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is F. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is Cl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is Br. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is I (iodine). In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is substituted acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is ethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is propyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is vinyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is CN. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is OR.sup.E3a. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is N(R.sup.E3a).sub.2. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is SR.sup.E3a. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is CH.sub.2OR.sup.E3a. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E3a).sub.2. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3 is CH.sub.2SR.sup.E3a.

(291) In certain embodiments, when R.sup.E3 is OR.sup.E3a, N(R.sup.E3a).sub.2, SR.sup.E3a, CH.sub.2OR.sup.E3a, CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E3a).sub.2, or CH.sub.2SR.sup.E3a, R.sup.E3a is H. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is substituted acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is ethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is propyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is vinyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is unsubstituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is a nitrogen protecting group when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is Bn, BOC, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, acetyl, or Ts when attached to a nitrogen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is silyl, TBDPS, TBDMS, TIPS, TES, TMS, MOM, THP, t-Bu, Bn, allyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, or benzoyl when attached to an oxygen atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is a sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E3a is acetamidomethyl, t-Bu, 3-nitro-2-pyridine sulfenyl, 2-pyridine-sulfenyl, or triphenylmethyl when attached to a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.E3a groups are joined to form a substituted heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.E3a groups are joined to form an unsubstituted heterocyclic ring.

(292) In compounds of Formula (I), R.sup.E may include a substituent R.sup.E4. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is a leaving group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is halogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is F. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is Cl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is Br. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is I (iodine). In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is OS(O).sub.wR.sup.E4a. In certain embodiments, w is 1. In certain embodiments, w is 2. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is OMs. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is OTf. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is OTs. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is OBs. In certain embodiments, R is 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyloxy. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is OR.sup.E4a. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is OMe. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is OCF.sub.3. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is OPh. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is OC(O)R.sup.E4a. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is OC(O)Me. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is OC(O)CF.sub.3. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is OC(O)Ph. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is OC(O)Cl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is OC(O)OR.sup.E4a. In certain embodiments, RE is OC(O)OMe. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4 is OC(O)O(t-Bu).

(293) In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is ethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is propyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is vinyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E4a is unsubstituted pyridyl.

(294) In compounds of Formula (I), R.sup.E may include a Y group. In certain embodiments, Y is O. In certain embodiments, Y is O. In certain embodiments, Y is S. In certain embodiments, Y is S. In certain embodiments, Y is NR.sup.E5. In certain embodiments, Y is NR.sup.E5. In certain embodiments, Y is NH. In certain embodiments, Y is NH.

(295) In certain embodiments, R.sup.E5 is H. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E5 is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E5 is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E5 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E5 is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E5 is ethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E5 is propyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E5 is butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E5 is a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E5 is Bn, BOC, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, acetyl, acetyl, or Ts.

(296) In certain embodiments, a is 1. In certain embodiments, a is 2.

(297) In certain embodiments, z is 0. In certain embodiments, z is 1. In certain embodiments, z is 2. In certain embodiments, z is 3. In certain embodiments, z is 4. In certain embodiments, z is 5. In certain embodiments, z is 6.

(298) In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1); and R.sup.E1 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1); and R.sup.E2 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1); and R.sup.E3 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1); and R.sup.E2 and R.sup.E3 are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1); and R.sup.E1, R.sup.E2 and R.sup.E3 are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1); and R.sup.E1 is CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E1a). In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1); R.sup.E1 is CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E1a); and R.sup.E1a is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1); R.sup.E1 is CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E1a); and R.sup.E1a is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1); and R.sup.E2 is CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E2a). In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1); R.sup.E2 is CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E2a); and R.sup.E2a is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1); R.sup.E2 is CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E2a); and R.sup.E2a is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1); and R.sup.E3 is CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E3a). In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1); R.sup.E3 is CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E3a); and R.sup.E3a is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1); R.sup.E3 is CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E3a); and R.sup.E3a is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1); and Y is O. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1); and L.sup.3 is NR.sup.L3a. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1); and L.sup.3 is NH.

(299) In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-3); and R.sup.E1 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-3); and RE is CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E1a). In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-3); R.sup.E1 is CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E1a); and R.sup.E1a is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-3); R.sup.E1 is CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E1a); and R.sup.E1a is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-3); and Y is O. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-3); and L.sup.3 is NR.sup.L3a. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-3); and L.sup.3 is NH.

(300) In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) is of the formula:

(301) ##STR00168##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof

(302) In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) is the formula:

(303) ##STR00169##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof.

(304) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-1):

(305) ##STR00170##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof.

(306) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-2):

(307) ##STR00171##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof.

(308) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-3):

(309) ##STR00172##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-3); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (i-1)-(i-4). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-3); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iii-1)-(iii-7). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-3); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iv-1)-(iv-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-3); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (v-1)-(v-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-3); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (vi-1)-(vi-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-3); and Ring A is of Formula (i-5). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-3); and Ring A is of Formula (vii).

(310) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-3); and R.sup.X and R.sup.L2a are each hydrogen.

(311) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-3); and R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-3); and R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-3).

(312) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-4):

(313) ##STR00173##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-4); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (i-1)-(i-4). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-4); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iii-1)-(iii-7). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-4); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iv-1)-(iv-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-4); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (v-1)-(v-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-4); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (vi-1)-(vi-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-4); and Ring A is of Formula (i-5). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-4); and Ring A is of Formula (vii).

(314) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-4); and R.sup.X and R.sup.L2a are each hydrogen.

(315) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-4); and R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-1). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-4); and R.sup.E is of Formula (ii-3).

(316) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-5):

(317) ##STR00174##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-5); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (i-1)-(i-4). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-5); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iii-1)-(iii-7). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-5); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iv-1)-(iv-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-5); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (v-1)-(v-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-5); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (vi-1)-(vi-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-5); and Ring A is of Formula (i-5). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-5); and Ring A is of Formula (vii).

(318) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-5); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, and R.sup.L3a are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-5); and R.sup.E1, R.sup.E2, and R.sup.E3 are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-5); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, R.sup.L3a, R.sup.E1, R.sup.E2, and R.sup.E3 are each hydrogen.

(319) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-6):

(320) ##STR00175##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-6); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (i-1)-(i-4). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-6); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iii-1)-(iii-7). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-6); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iv-1)-(iv-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-6); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (v-1)-(v-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-6); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (vi-1)-(vi-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-6); and Ring A is of Formula (i-5). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-6); and Ring A is of Formula (vii).

(321) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-6); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, and R.sup.L3a are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-6); and R.sup.E1, R.sup.E2, and R.sup.E3 are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-6); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, R.sup.L3a, R.sup.E1, R.sup.E2, and R.sup.E3 are each hydrogen.

(322) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-7):

(323) ##STR00176##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-7); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (i-1)-(i-4). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-7); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iii-1)-(iii-7). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-7); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iv-1)-(iv-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-7); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (v-1)-(v-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-7); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (vi-1)-(vi-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-7); and Ring A is of Formula (i-5). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-7); and Ring A is of Formula (vii).

(324) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-7); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, and R.sup.L3a are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-7); and R.sup.E1, R.sup.E2, and R.sup.E3 are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-7); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, R.sup.L3a, R.sup.E1, R.sup.E2, and R.sup.E3 are each hydrogen.

(325) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-8):

(326) ##STR00177##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-8); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (i-1)-(i-4). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-8); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iii-1)-(iii-7). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-8); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iv-1)-(iv-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-8); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (v-1)-(v-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-8); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (vi-1)-(vi-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-8); and Ring A is of Formula (i-5). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-8); and Ring A is of Formula (vii).

(327) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-8); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, and R.sup.L3a are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-8); and R.sup.E1, R.sup.E2, and R.sup.E3 are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-8); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, R.sup.L3a, R.sup.E1, R.sup.E2, and R.sup.E3 are each hydrogen.

(328) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-9):

(329) ##STR00178##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-9); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (i-1)-(i-4). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-9); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iii-1)-(iii-7). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-9); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iv-1)-(iv-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-9); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (v-1)-(v-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-9); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (vi-1)-(vi-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-9); and Ring A is of Formula (i-5). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-9); and Ring A is of Formula (vii).

(330) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-9); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, and R.sup.L3a are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-9); and R.sup.E1 and R.sup.E2 are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-9); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, R.sup.L3a, R.sup.E1, and R.sup.E2 are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-9); and each instance of R.sup.E3a is independently optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-9); and each instance of R.sup.E3a is independently C.sub.1-6 alkyl.

(331) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-10):

(332) ##STR00179##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-10); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (i-1)-(i-4). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-10); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iii-1)-(iii-7). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-10); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iv-1)-(iv-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-10); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (v-1)-(v-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-10); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (vi-1)-(vi-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-10); and Ring A is of Formula (i-5). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-10); and Ring A is of Formula (vii).

(333) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-10); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, and R.sup.L3a are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-10); and R.sup.E1 and R.sup.E2 are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-10); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, R.sup.L3a, R.sup.E1, and R.sup.E2 are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-10); and each instance of R.sup.E3a is independently optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-10); and each instance of R.sup.E3a is independently C.sub.1-6 alkyl.

(334) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-11):

(335) ##STR00180##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-11); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (i-1)-(i-4). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-11); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iii-1)-(iii-7). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-11); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iv-1)-(iv-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-11); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (v-1)-(v-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-11); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (vi-1)-(vi-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-11); and Ring A is of Formula (i-5). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-11); and Ring A is of Formula (vii).

(336) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-11); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, and R.sup.L3a are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-11); and R.sup.E1 and R.sup.E2 are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-11); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, R.sup.L3a, R.sup.E1, and R.sup.E2 are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-11); and each instance of R.sup.E3a is independently optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-11); and each instance of R.sup.E3a is independently C.sub.1-6 alkyl.

(337) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-12):

(338) ##STR00181##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-12); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (i-1)-(i-4). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-12); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iii-1)-(iii-7). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-12); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iv-1)-(iv-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-12); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (v-1)-(v-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-12); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (vi-1)-(vi-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-12); and Ring A is of Formula (i-5). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-12); and Ring A is of Formula (vii).

(339) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-12); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, and R.sup.L3a are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-12); and R.sup.E1 and R.sup.E2 are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-12); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, R.sup.L3a, R.sup.E1 and R.sup.E2 are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-12); and each instance of R.sup.E3a is independently optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-12); and each instance of R.sup.E3a is independently C.sub.1-6 alkyl.

(340) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-13):

(341) ##STR00182##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-13); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (i-1)-(i-4). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-13); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iii-1)-(iii-7). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-13); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iv-1)-(iv-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-13); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (v-1)-(v-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-13); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (vi-1)-(vi-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-13); and Ring A is of Formula (i-5). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-13); and Ring A is of Formula (vii).

(342) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-13); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, and R.sup.L3a are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-13); and R.sup.E1 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-13); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, R.sup.L3a, and R.sup.E1 are each hydrogen.

(343) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-14):

(344) ##STR00183##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-14); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (i-1)-(i-4). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-14); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iii-1)-(iii-7). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-14); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iv-1)-(iv-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-14); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (v-1)-(v-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-14); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (vi-1)-(vi-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-14); and Ring A is of Formula (i-5). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-14); and Ring A is of Formula (vii).

(345) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-14); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, and R.sup.L3a are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-14); and R.sup.E1 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-14); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, R.sup.L3a, and R.sup.E1 are each hydrogen.

(346) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-15):

(347) ##STR00184##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-15); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (i-1)-(i-4). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-15); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iii-1)-(iii-7). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-15); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iv-1)-(iv-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-15); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (v-1)-(v-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-15); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (vi-1)-(vi-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-15); and Ring A is of Formula (i-5). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-15); and Ring A is of Formula (vii).

(348) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-15); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, and R.sup.L3a are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-15); and R.sup.E1 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-15); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, R.sup.L3a, and R.sup.E1 are each hydrogen.

(349) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-16):

(350) ##STR00185##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-16); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (i-1)-(i-4). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-16); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iii-1)-(iii-7). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-16); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (iv-1)-(iv-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-16); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (v-1)-(v-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-16); and Ring A is of any one of the Formulae (vi-1)-(vi-6). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-16); and Ring A is of Formula (i-5). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-16); and Ring A is of Formula (vii).

(351) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-16); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, and R.sup.L3a are each hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-16); and R.sup.E1 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-16); and R.sup.X, R.sup.L2a, R.sup.L3a, and R.sup.E1 are each hydrogen.

(352) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of:

(353) ##STR00186## ##STR00187## ##STR00188## ##STR00189## ##STR00190## ##STR00191## ##STR00192##
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, or prodrugs thereof.

(354) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-49):

(355) ##STR00193##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof.

(356) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is of Formula (I-50):

(357) ##STR00194##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer,

(358) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is not of the formula:

(359) ##STR00195##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof.

(360) In another aspect, the present invention provides the compound of the formula:

(361) ##STR00196##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof.

(362) In still another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of the formula:

(363) ##STR00197##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof.

(364) The compounds of the present invention may bear multiple binding motifs for binding to CDK, specifically CDK7. Ring A of the inventive compounds may be accommodated by a hydrophobic pocket in the ATP-binding site of CDK7. Functionalities on Rings A and B may bind to residues of CDK7. For example, Ring A may form a hydrogen bond with Asp 155 of CDK7. Functional groups of R.sup.E may form one or more hydrogen bonds with CDK7. Moreover, the Michael acceptor moiety of R.sup.E may react with a cysteine residue (e.g., Cys312) of CDK7 to allow covalent attachment of the compound to CDK7.

(365) In another aspect, the present invention discloses CDK7 inhibitors of Formula (II):

(366) ##STR00198##
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, and prodrugs thereof;
wherein:

(367) G is group of atoms ranging a total length between 20 to 30 {acute over ()};

(368) R.sup.E is an electrophile with any one of the Formulae (ii-1)-(ii-17):

(369) ##STR00199## ##STR00200##

(370) L.sup.3 is a bond, O, S, NR.sup.L3a, or an optionally substituted C.sub.1-4 hydrocarbon chain, optionally wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocarbon chain is replaced with O, S, NR.sup.L3a, NR.sup.L3aC(O), C(O)NR.sup.L3a, SC(O), C(O)S, OC(O), C(O)O, NR.sup.L3aC(S), C(S)NR.sup.L3a, trans-CR.sup.L3bCR.sup.L3b, cis-CR.sup.L3bCR.sup.L3b, CC, S(O).sub.2O, OS(O).sub.2, S(O).sub.2NR.sup.L3a, or NR.sup.L3aS(O).sub.2, wherein R.sup.L3a is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group, and wherein each occurrence of R.sup.L3b is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R.sup.L3b groups are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic or optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(371) L.sup.4 is a bond or an optionally substituted C.sub.1-4 hydrocarbon chain;

(372) R.sup.E1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, CN, CH.sub.2OR.sup.E1a, CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E1a).sub.2, CH.sub.2SR.sup.E1a, OR.sup.E1a, N(R.sup.E1a).sub.2, and SR.sup.E1a, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.E1a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R.sup.E1a groups are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(373) R.sup.E2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, CN, CH.sub.2OR.sup.E2a, CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E2a).sub.2, CH.sub.2SR.sup.E2a, OR.sup.E2a, N(R.sup.E2a).sub.2, and SR.sup.E2a, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.E2a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R.sup.E2a groups are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(374) R.sup.E3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, CN, CH.sub.2OR.sup.E3a, CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E3a).sub.2, CH.sub.2SR.sup.E3a, OR.sup.E3a, N(R.sup.E3a).sub.2, and SR.sup.E3a, wherein each occurrence of R.sup.E3a is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl, or two R.sup.E3a groups are joined to form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(375) optionally R.sup.E1 and R.sup.E3, or R.sup.E2 and R.sup.E3, or R.sup.E1 and R.sup.E2 are joined to form an optionally substituted carbocyclic or optionally substituted heterocyclic ring;

(376) R.sup.E4 is a leaving group;

(377) Y is O, S, or NR.sup.E5, wherein R.sup.E5 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group;

(378) a is 1 or 2; and

(379) z is 0, 1 or 2;

(380) L.sup.1e is a linker ranging between 0 to 3 atoms in length;

(381) L.sup.x is a linker ranging between 0 to 5 atoms in length; and

(382) optionally, the IC.sub.50 for CDK7 is less than approximately 100 nM; and

(383) optionally, the compound is selective for CDK7.

(384) In certain embodiments, E is moderately hydrophobic group with a fragment c Log P between 1.0 and 3.0.

(385) In certain embodiments, E contains at least one hydrogen bond donor moiety.

(386) In certain embodiments, E is both a moderately hydrophobic group with a fragment c Log P between 1.0 and 3.0 and contains at least one hydrogen bond donor moiety.

(387) In certain embodiments, E associates with a hydrophobic pocket exposed by the inactive form of CDK7 characterized by a closed conformation of the activation loop (DFG out).

(388) In certain embodiments, E forms a hydrogen bond to the NH.sub.2 of CDK7 residue lysine-41.

(389) In certain embodiments, U contains at least one hydrogen bond acceptor moiety.

(390) In certain embodiments, U forms a hydrogen bond to the backbone amide NH of CDK7 residue methionine-94.

(391) In certain embodiments, L.sup.x contains at least one hydrogen bond donor moiety.

(392) In certain embodiments, Lx forms a hydrogen bond to the backbone amide CO group of CDK7 residue methionine-94.

(393) In certain embodiments, R.sup.E forms a covalent bond with a nucleophilic amino acid residue of CDK7. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E forms a covalent bond with the SH group of a cysteine residue of CDK7. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E forms a covalent bond with the SH group of cysteine-312 of CDK7.

(394) In certain embodiments, the compound binds to a pocket within CDK7 that is defined by amino acids phenylalanine-93, aspartic acid-92, aspartic acid-97, asparagine-142, and leucine-144.

(395) In certain embodiments, the compound binds to a pocket within CDK7 that is defined by amino acids methionine-94, lysine-41, and phenylalanine-91.

(396) In certain embodiments, the compound binds to the inactive form of CDK7 characterized by a closed conformation of the activation loop (DFG out).

(397) In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is between 9 to 17 {acute over ()} from the CDK7 inhibitor binding pocket. In certain embodiments, R.sup.E is between 12 to 14 {acute over ()} from the CDK7 inhibitor binding pocket.

(398) In certain embodiments, L.sup.1e is 0 to 3 atoms in length. In certain embodiments, L.sup.1e is 0 to 1 atoms in length.

(399) In certain embodiments, G represents a group of atoms spanning a total length of between 20 to 30 {acute over ()}. In certain embodiments, G represents two linked, optionally substituted aryl rings of formula (III):

(400) ##STR00201##
wherein X and L.sup.2 are defined as above.

(401) In certain embodiments, G represents two linked, optionally substituted aryl rings of formula (IIIa):

(402) ##STR00202##
wherein X and L.sup.2 are defined as above.

(403) In another aspect, the present invention discloses a CDK7 inhibitor having molecular dimensions compatible with the shape of a CDK7-active site as defined by the atomic coordinates of phenylalanine-93, aspartic acid-92, aspartic acid-97, asparagine-142, and leucine-144, methionine-94, lysine-41, and phenylalanine-91, wherein a pendent electrophile may reach to and react covalently with cysteine-312 and the compound has a biochemical IC.sub.50 for CDK7 of less than 100 nM.

(404) In another aspect, the present invention discloses an inhibited Cyclin-dependent kinase comprising an irreversible CDK-7 inhibitor having a covalent bond to the cysteine-312 residue of CDK-7.

(405) In some embodiments, the inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase includes a covalent bond between an electrophilic moiety of the inhibitor and the SH group of the cysteine-312 residue of CDK-7.

(406) In some embodiments, the inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase forms a covalent bond between a R.sup.E moiety of the inhibitor and the SH group of the cysteine-312 residue of CDK-7, producing a structure of Formula (IV) when an inhibitor of Formula (II) is used:

(407) ##STR00203##
wherein R.sup.E* is an electrophilic moiety that has reacted with the nucleophilic SH of cysteine-132, and E, L.sup.1e, U, L.sup.x, and G are defined herein.

(408) In some embodiments, the inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase forms a covalent bond with the R.sup.E moiety of Formula (ii-1), producing a structure of Formula (ii-1*):

(409) ##STR00204##
wherein L.sup.3, Y, R.sup.E1, R.sup.E2, and R.sup.E3 are defined herein.

(410) In some embodiments, the inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase forms a covalent bond with the R.sup.E moiety of Formula (ii-1), wherein R.sup.E2 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, the inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase forms a covalent bond with the R.sup.E moiety of Formula (ii-1), wherein R.sup.E3 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, the inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase forms a covalent bond with the R.sup.E moiety of Formula (ii-1), wherein R.sup.E2 and R.sup.E3 are each hydrogen. In some embodiments, the inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase forms a covalent bond with the R.sup.E moiety of Formula (ii-1), wherein R.sup.E3 is CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E3a).

(411) In some embodiments, the inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase forms a covalent bond with the R.sup.E moiety of Formula (ii-3), producing a structure of Formula (ii-3*):

(412) ##STR00205##
wherein L.sup.3, Y, and R.sup.E1 are defined herein.

(413) In some embodiments, the inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase forms a covalent bond with the R.sup.E moiety of Formula (ii-3), wherein Y is O. In some embodiments, the inhibited Cyclin-dependent kinase forms a covalent bond with the R.sup.E moiety of Formula (ii-3), wherein L is NR.sup.L3. In some embodiments, the inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase forms a covalent bond with the R.sup.E moiety of Formula (ii-3), wherein L is NH. In some embodiments, the inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase forms a covalent bond with the R.sup.E moiety of Formula (ii-3), wherein L.sup.3 is C(R.sup.L3b).sub.2NR.sup.L3. In some embodiments, the inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase forms a covalent bond with the R.sup.E moiety of Formula (ii-3), wherein L.sup.3 is CH.sub.2NH. In some embodiments, the inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase forms a covalent bond with the R.sup.E moiety of Formula (ii-3), wherein R.sup.E1 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, the inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase forms a covalent bond with the R.sup.E moiety of Formula (ii-3), wherein R.sup.E1 is CH.sub.2N(R.sup.E1a).

(414) In another aspect, the present invention discloses an inhibited Cyclin-dependent kinase comprising an irreversible CDK7 inhibitor having a covalent bond to the cysteine-312 residue of CDK7. In certain embodiments, based on an inhbitor of Formula (I) above such a modified CDK7 may have be of Formula (V):

(415) ##STR00206##
wherein R.sup.E* is an electrophilic moiety that has reacted with the nucleophilic SH of cysteine-312 and A, B, X, C, D, L.sup.2, R.sup.C, R.sup.D, p, and n are defined herein.

(416) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention are compounds of Formula (I) or (II), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, and prodrugs thereof. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention are compounds of Formula (I) or (II), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention are compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, and prodrugs thereof. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention are compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention are compounds of Formula (II), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, and prodrugs thereof. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention are compounds of Formula (II), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

(417) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention are kinase inhibitors. In certain embodiments, the inventive compounds are CDK inhibitors. In certain embodiments, the inventive compounds are CDK7 inhibitors. In certain embodiments, the inventive compounds are selective CDK inhibitors (e.g., being more active in inhibiting a CDK than a non-CDK kinase). In certain embodiments, the inventive compounds are selective CDK7 inhibitors (e.g., being more active in inhibiting CDK7 than a non-CDK7 kinase). In certain embodiments, the inventive compounds are selective CDK12 inhibitors. In certain embodiments, the inventive compounds are selective CDK13 inhibitors.

(418) The selectivity of an inventive compound for a first kinase (e.g., CDK7) over a second kinase (e.g., a non-CDK7 kinase) may be measured by the quotient of the IC.sub.50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) value of the inventive compound in inhibiting the activity of the second kinase over the IC.sub.50 value of the inventive compound in inhibiting the activity of the first kinase. The selectivity of an inventive compound for a first kinase over a second kinase may also be measured by the quotient of the K.sub.d (dissociation constant) value of an adduct (covalent or non-covalent) of the inventive compound and the second kinase over the K.sub.d value of an adduct of the inventive compound and the first kinase. In certain embodiments, the selectivity is at least about 1-fold, at least about 2-fold, at least about 5-fold, at least about 10-fold, at least about 30-fold, at least about 100-fold, at least about 300-fold, at least about 1,000-fold, at least about 3,000-fold, at least about 10,000-fold, at least about 30,000-fold, or at least about 100,000-fold. In certain embodiments, IC.sub.50 values are measured by a functional antagonist assay. In certain embodiments, IC.sub.50 values are measured by a competition binding assay. In certain embodiments, IC.sub.50 values are measured by a method described herein. In certain embodiments, K.sub.d values are measured by a nuclear magnetic resonance method (e.g., a linearization method and curve fitting method). In certain embodiments, K.sub.d values are measured by a mass spectrometry method (e.g., a one-ligand one-binding-site ESI-MS method).

(419) One skilled in the art will appreciate that there are many tools including computer software for designing the covalent inhibitors of CDK7. These tools may also be used to select a candidate compound for screening as a kinase inhibitor (e.g. CDK7). This design or selection may begin with selection of various moieties which fill binding pockets. There are a number of ways to select moieties to fill individual binding pockets. These include visual inspection of a physical model or computer model of the active site and manual docking of models of selected moieties into various binding pockets. Modeling software that is well known and available in the art may be used. These include Discovery Studio/CHARMm 37b2 (Accelrys, Inc., Burlington, Mass., 2013, see B. R. Brooks, R. E. Bruccoleri, B. D. Olafson, D. J. States, S. Swaminathan, and M. Karplus, J. Comp. Chem. vol. 4, pp. 187-217 (1983)), SYBYL-X (Molecular Modeling Software, Tripos Associates, Inc., St. Louis, Mo., 2010), or AMBER 12 and AmberTools 13 (D. A. Case et al., 2012, for review see R. Salomon-Ferrer, D. A. Case, R. C. Walker, WIREs Comput. Mol. Sci. 3, pp. 198-210 (2013)).

(420) This modeling step may be followed by energy minimization with standard molecular mechanics forcefields such as CHARMm and AMBER 12. In addition, there are a number of more specialized computer programs to assist in the process of selecting the binding moieties of this invention. These include, but are not limited to: 1. GRID (Goodford, P. J. A Computational Procedure for Determining Energetically Favorable Binding Sites on Biologically Important Macromolecules. J. Med. Chem. 1985, 28, 849-857). GRID is available from Oxford University, Oxford, UK. 2. CATALYST or MODELER in Discovery Studio. Discovery Studio is available from Accelrys, Inc., Burlington, Mass. 3. AUTODOCK (Goodsell, D. S.; Olsen, A. J. Automated Docking of Substrates to Proteins by Simulated Annealing. PROTEINS: Structure, Function and Genetics 1990, 8, 195-202). AUTODOCK 4.2.5.1 is available from the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, Calif., 2013.
DOCK 3.7 (Coleman, R. G.; Carchia, M.; Sterling, T.; Irwin, J. J.; Shoichet, B. K. Ligand Pose and Orientational Sampling in Molecular Docking. PLOS one 2013, 8, e75992). DOCK 3.7 is available from the University of California. San Francisco, Calif., 2013.

(421) Once suitable binding moieties have been selected, they can be assembled into a single compound (e.g. an inhibitor of CDK7). This assembly may be accomplished by connecting the various moieties to a central scaffold. The assembly process may, for example, be done by visual inspection followed by manual model building, again using software as described herein. A number of other programs may also be used to assist in assembly of the compound. These include, but are not limited to: 1. CAVEAT (Bartlett, P. A.; Shea, G. T.; Telfer, S. J.; Waterman, S. CAVET: A Program to Facilitate the Structure-Derived Design of Biologically Active Molecules. In Molecular Recognition in Chemical and Biological Problems, Special Pub., Royal Chem. Soc. 1989, 78, 182-196). CAVEAT is available from the University of California, Berkeley, Calif. 2. 3D Database systems such as Cambridge Structural Database (Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC), Cambridge, Mass.). 3. QSAR Plus (available from Accelrys. Burlington. Mass.)

(422) In addition to the above computer assisted modeling of inhibitor compounds, the inhibitors of this invention may be constructed de novo using either an empty active site or optionally including some portions of a known inhibitor. Such methods are well known in the art. They include, for example, SYBYL-X (available from Tripos associates. St. Louis. Mo.)

(423) Some examples of these specific applications include: Baldwin, J. J. et al., Thienothiopyran-2-sulfonamides: Novel Topically Active Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Glaucoma, J. Med. Chem., 32. pp. 2510-2513 (1989); Appelt, K. et al., Design of Enzyme

(424) Inhibitors Using Iterative Protein Crystallographic Analysis, J. Med. Chem., 34. pp. 1925-1934 (1991); and Ealick, S. E. et al., Application of Crystallographic and Modeling Methods in the Design of Purine Nucleotide Phosphorylase Inhibitors, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 88, pp. 11540-11544 (1991).

(425) The inventive methods are also useful in the rational design of CDK7 inhibitors and therapeutic and prophylactic agents against CDK7-mediated diseases. Accordingly, the present invention relates to such inhibitors.

(426) A variety of conventional techniques may be used to carry out each of the above evaluations as well as the evaluations necessary in screening a candidate compound for CDK7 inhibitory activity. Generally, these techniques involve determining the location and binding proximity of a given moiety, the occupied space of a bound inhibitor, the deformation energy of binding of a given compound, and electrostatic interaction energies. Examples of conventional techniques useful in the above evaluations include: quantum mechanics, molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo sampling, systematic searches and distance geometry methods (G. R. Marshall, Ann. Ref. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 27, p. 193 (1987)). Specific computer software has been developed for use in carrying out these methods. Examples of programs designed for such uses include: Gaussian 09 (M. J. Frisch, Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford, Ct.); AMBER 12 and AmberTools 13 (P. A. Kollman, University of California at San Francisco); Discovery Studio (Accelrys, Inc., Burlington, Mass.). These programs may be implemented on computational hardware systems known to those skilled in the art. Modern versions of these programs or alternatives are known and may be implemented by those skilled in the art.

(427) Different classes of CDK7 inhibitors, according to this invention, may interact in similar ways with the various binding pockets of the CDK7 active site. The spatial arrangement of these important groups is often referred to as a pharmacophore. The concept of the pharmacophore has been well described in the literature (D. Mayer, C. B. Nayloc, I. Motoc, and G. R. Marshall, J. Comp. Aided Molec. Design vol. 1, pp. 3-16 (1987); A. Hopfinger and B. J. Burke, in Concepts and Applications of Molecular Similarity, M. A. Johnson and G. M. Maggiora, ed., Wiley (1990)).

(428) Different classes of CDK7 inhibitors of this invention may also use different scaffolds or core structures, but all of these cores will allow the necessary moieties to be placed in the active site such that the specific interactions necessary for binding may be obtained.

(429) Pharmaceutical Compositions, Kits, and Administration

(430) The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of Formula (I), e.g., a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof, as described herein, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof, is provided in an effective amount in the pharmaceutical composition. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is a prophylactically effective amount.

(431) Pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacology. In general, such preparatory methods include the steps of bringing the compound of Formula (I) (the active ingredient) into association with a carrier and/or one or more other accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary and/or desirable, shaping and/or packaging the product into a desired single- or multi-dose unit.

(432) Pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in bulk, as a single unit dose, and/or as a plurality of single unit doses. A unit dose is a discrete amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. The amount of the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient which would be administered to a subject and/or a convenient fraction of such a dosage such as, for example, one-half or one-third of such a dosage.

(433) Relative amounts of the active ingredient, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and/or any additional ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition of the invention will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and/or condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered. By way of example, the composition may comprise between 0.1% and 100% (w/w) active ingredient.

(434) Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients used in the manufacture of provided pharmaceutical compositions include inert diluents, dispersing and/or granulating agents, surface active agents and/or emulsifiers, disintegrating agents, binding agents, preservatives, buffering agents, lubricating agents, and/or oils. Excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes, coloring agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents may also be present in the composition.

(435) Exemplary diluents include calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate lactose, sucrose, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbitol, inositol, sodium chloride, dry starch, cornstarch, powdered sugar, and mixtures thereof.

(436) Exemplary granulating and/or dispersing agents include potato starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sodium starch glycolate, clays, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, agar, bentonite, cellulose, and wood products, natural sponge, cation-exchange resins, calcium carbonate, silicates, sodium carbonate, cross-linked poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) (crospovidone), sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate), carboxymethyl cellulose, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (croscarmellose), methylcellulose, pregelatinized starch (starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), sodium lauryl sulfate, quaternary ammonium compounds, and mixtures thereof.

(437) Exemplary surface active agents and/or emulsifiers include natural emulsifiers (e.g. acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodium alginate, tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin, gelatin, egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and lecithin), colloidal clays (e.g. bentonite (aluminum silicate) and Veegum (magnesium aluminum silicate)), long chain amino acid derivatives, high molecular weight alcohols (e.g. stearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, triacetin monostearate, ethylene glycol distearate, glyceryl monostearate, and propylene glycol monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol), carbomers (e.g. carboxy polymethylene, polyacrylic acid, acrylic acid polymer, and carboxyvinyl polymer), carrageenan, cellulosic derivatives (e.g. carboxymethylcellulose sodium, powdered cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose), sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g. polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), polyoxyethylene sorbitan (Tween 60), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80), sorbitan monopalmitate (Span 40), sorbitan monostearate (Span 60), sorbitan tristearate (Span 65), glyceryl monooleate, sorbitan monooleate (Span 80)), polyoxyethylene esters (e.g. polyoxyethylene monostearate (Myrj 45), polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil, polyoxymethylene stearate, and Solutol), sucrose fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters (e.g. Cremophor), polyoxyethylene ethers, (e.g. polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (Brij 30)), poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), diethylene glycol monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, sodium oleate, potassium oleate, ethyl oleate, oleic acid, ethyl laurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, Pluronic F-68, Poloxamer-188, cetrimonium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, docusate sodium, and/or mixtures thereof.

(438) Exemplary binding agents include starch (e.g. cornstarch and starch paste), gelatin, sugars (e.g. sucrose, glucose, dextrose, dextrin, molasses, lactose, lactitol, mannitol, etc.), natural and synthetic gums (e.g. acacia, sodium alginate, extract of Irish moss, panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose acetate, poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), and larch arabogalactan), alginates, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, inorganic calcium salts, silicic acid, polymethacrylates, waxes, water, alcohol, and/or mixtures thereof.

(439) Exemplary preservatives include antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antifungal preservatives, alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and other preservatives. In certain embodiments, the preservative is an antioxidant. In other embodiments, the preservative is a chelating agent.

(440) Exemplary antioxidants include alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid, acorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, monothioglycerol, potassium metabisulfite, propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium sulfite.

(441) Exemplary chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., sodium edetate, disodium edetate, trisodium edetate, calcium disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, and the like), citric acid and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., citric acid monohydrate), fumaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, malic acid and salts and hydrates thereof, phosphoric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, and tartaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof. Exemplary antimicrobial preservatives include benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, bronopol, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cresol, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, hexetidine, imidurea, phenol, phenoxyethanol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, propylene glycol, and thimerosal.

(442) Exemplary antifungal preservatives include butyl paraben, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, and sorbic acid.

(443) Exemplary alcohol preservatives include ethanol, polyethylene glycol, phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol, chlorobutanol, hydroxybenzoate, and phenylethyl alcohol.

(444) Exemplary acidic preservatives include vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, citric acid, acetic acid, dehydroacetic acid, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and phytic acid.

(445) Other preservatives include tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, deteroxime mesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluened (BHT), ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, Glydant Plus, Phenonip, methylparaben, Germall 115, Germaben II, Neolone, Kathon, and Euxyl.

(446) Exemplary buffering agents include citrate buffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, D-gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen-free water, isotonic saline, Ringer's solution, ethyl alcohol, and mixtures thereof.

(447) Exemplary lubricating agents include magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, silica, talc, malt, glyceryl behanate, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycol, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, magnesium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof.

(448) Exemplary natural oils include almond, apricot kernel, avocado, babassu, bergamot, black current seed, borage, cade, camomile, canola, caraway, carnauba, castor, cinnamon, cocoa butter, coconut, cod liver, coffee, corn, cotton seed, emu, eucalyptus, evening primrose, fish, flaxseed, geraniol, gourd, grape seed, hazel nut, hyssop, isopropyl myristate, jojoba, kukui nut, lavandin, lavender, lemon, litsea cubeba, macademia nut, mallow, mango seed, meadowfoam seed, mink, nutmeg, olive, orange, orange roughy, palm, palm kernel, peach kernel, peanut, poppy seed, pumpkin seed, rapeseed, rice bran, rosemary, safflower, sandalwood, sasquana, savoury, sea buckthorn, sesame, shea butter, silicone, soybean, sunflower, tea tree, thistle, tsubaki, vetiver, walnut, and wheat germ oils. Exemplary synthetic oils include, but are not limited to, butyl stearate, caprylic triglyceride, capric triglyceride, cyclomethicone, diethyl sebacate, dimethicone 360, isopropyl myristate, mineral oil, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol, silicone oil, and mixtures thereof.

(449) Liquid dosage forms for oral and parenteral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredients, the liquid dosage forms may comprise inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (e.g., cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents. In certain embodiments for parenteral administration, the conjugates of the invention are mixed with solubilizing agents such as Cremophor, alcohols, oils, modified oils, glycols, polysorbates, cyclodextrins, polymers, and mixtures thereof.

(450) Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions can be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation can be a sterile injectable solution, suspension, or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

(451) The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.

(452) In order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This can be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.

(453) Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are typically suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the conjugates of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active ingredient.

(454) Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active ingredient is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or (a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, (b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, (c) humectants such as glycerol, (d) disintegrating agents such as agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, (e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, (f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, (g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, (h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and (i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets, and pills, the dosage form may include a buffering agent.

(455) Solid compositions of a similar type can be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the art of pharmacology. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type can be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polethylene glycols and the like.

(456) The active ingredient can be in a micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. In such solid dosage forms the active ingredient can be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch. Such dosage forms may comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets, and pills, the dosage forms may comprise buffering agents. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

(457) Dosage forms for topical and/or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention may include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants and/or patches. Generally, the active ingredient is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or any needed preservatives and/or buffers as can be required. Additionally, the present invention contemplates the use of transdermal patches, which often have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of an active ingredient to the body. Such dosage forms can be prepared, for example, by dissolving and/or dispensing the active ingredient in the proper medium. Alternatively or additionally, the rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane and/or by dispersing the active ingredient in a polymer matrix and/or gel.

(458) Suitable devices for use in delivering intradermal pharmaceutical compositions described herein include short needle devices such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,886,499; 5,190,521; 5,328,483; 5,527,288; 4,270,537; 5,015,235; 5,141,496; and 5,417,662. Intradermal compositions can be administered by devices which limit the effective penetration length of a needle into the skin, such as those described in PCT publication WO 99/34850 and functional equivalents thereof. Jet injection devices which deliver liquid vaccines to the dermis via a liquid jet injector and/or via a needle which pierces the stratum corneum and produces a jet which reaches the dermis are suitable. Jet injection devices are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,480,381; 5,599,302; 5,334,144; 5,993,412; 5,649,912; 5,569,189; 5,704,911; 5,383,851; 5,893,397; 5,466,220; 5,339,163; 5,312,335; 5,503,627; 5,064,413; 5,520,639; 4,596,556; 4,790,824; 4,941,880; 4,940,460; and PCT publications WO 97/37705 and WO 97/13537. Ballistic powder/particle delivery devices which use compressed gas to accelerate the compound in powder form through the outer layers of the skin to the dermis are suitable. Alternatively or additionally, conventional syringes can be used in the classical mantoux method of intradermal administration.

(459) Formulations suitable for topical administration include, but are not limited to, liquid and/or semi liquid preparations such as liniments, lotions, oil-in-water and/or water-in-oil emulsions such as creams, ointments, and/or pastes, and/or solutions and/or suspensions. Topically-administrable formulations may, for example, comprise from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) active ingredient, although the concentration of the active ingredient can be as high as the solubility limit of the active ingredient in the solvent. Formulations for topical administration may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.

(460) A pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for pulmonary administration via the buccal cavity. Such a formulation may comprise dry particles which comprise the active ingredient and which have a diameter in the range from about 0.5 to about 7 nanometers or from about 1 to about 6 nanometers. Such compositions are conveniently in the form of dry powders for administration using a device comprising a dry powder reservoir to which a stream of propellant can be directed to disperse the powder and/or using a self-propelling solvent/powder dispensing container such as a device comprising the active ingredient dissolved and/or suspended in a low-boiling propellant in a sealed container. Such powders comprise particles wherein at least 98% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 0.5 nanometers and at least 95% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 7 nanometers. Alternatively, at least 95% of the particles by weight have a diameter greater than 1 nanometer and at least 90% of the particles by number have a diameter less than 6 nanometers. Dry powder compositions may include a solid fine powder diluent such as sugar and are conveniently provided in a unit dose form.

(461) Low boiling propellants generally include liquid propellants having a boiling point of below 65 F. at atmospheric pressure. Generally the propellant may constitute 50 to 99.9% (w/w) of the composition, and the active ingredient may constitute 0.1 to 20% (w/w) of the composition. The propellant may further comprise additional ingredients such as a liquid non-ionic and/or solid anionic surfactant and/or a solid diluent (which may have a particle size of the same order as particles comprising the active ingredient).

(462) Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention formulated for pulmonary delivery may provide the active ingredient in the form of droplets of a solution and/or suspension. Such formulations can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold as aqueous and/or dilute alcoholic solutions and/or suspensions, optionally sterile, comprising the active ingredient, and may conveniently be administered using any nebulization and/or atomization device. Such formulations may further comprise one or more additional ingredients including, but not limited to, a flavoring agent such as saccharin sodium, a volatile oil, a buffering agent, a surface active agent, and/or a preservative such as methylhydroxybenzoate. The droplets provided by this route of administration may have an average diameter in the range from about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers.

(463) Formulations described herein as being useful for pulmonary delivery are useful for intranasal delivery of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention. Another formulation suitable for intranasal administration is a coarse powder comprising the active ingredient and having an average particle from about 0.2 to 500 micrometers. Such a formulation is administered by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close to the nares.

(464) Formulations for nasal administration may, for example, comprise from about as little as 0.1% (w/w) to as much as 100% (w/w) of the active ingredient, and may comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein. A pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation for buccal administration. Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of tablets, and/or lozenges made using conventional methods, and may contain, for example, 0.1 to 20% (w/w) active ingredient, the balance comprising an orally dissolvable and/or degradable composition and, optionally, one or more of the additional ingredients described herein. Alternately, formulations for buccal administration may comprise a powder and/or an aerosolized and/or atomized solution and/or suspension comprising the active ingredient. Such powdered, aerosolized, and/or aerosolized formulations, when dispersed, may have an average particle and/or droplet size in the range from about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers, and may further comprise one or more of the additional ingredients described herein.

(465) A pharmaceutical composition of the invention can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation for ophthalmic administration. Such formulations may, for example, be in the form of eye drops including, for example, a 0.1/1.0% (w/w) solution and/or suspension of the active ingredient in an aqueous or oily liquid carrier. Such drops may further comprise buffering agents, salts, and/or one or more other of the additional ingredients described herein. Other opthalmically-administrable formulations which are useful include those which comprise the active ingredient in microcrystalline form and/or in a liposomal preparation. Ear drops and/or eye drops are contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

(466) Although the descriptions of pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are principally directed to pharmaceutical compositions which are suitable for administration to humans, it will be understood by the skilled artisan that such compositions are generally suitable for administration to animals of all sorts. Modification of pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to humans in order to render the compositions suitable for administration to various animals is well understood, and the ordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist can design and/or perform such modification with ordinary experimentation.

(467) Compounds provided herein are typically formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular subject or organism will depend upon a variety of factors including the disease being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific active ingredient employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the subject; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific active ingredient employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific active ingredient employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.

(468) The compounds and compositions provided herein can be administered by any route, including enteral (e.g., oral), parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intraventricular, transdermal, interdermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal, topical (as by powders, ointments, creams, and/or drops), mucosal, nasal, bucal, sublingual; by intratracheal instillation, bronchial instillation, and/or inhalation; and/or as an oral spray, nasal spray, and/or aerosol. Specifically contemplated routes are oral administration, intravenous administration (e.g., systemic intravenous injection), regional administration via blood and/or lymph supply, and/or direct administration to an affected site. In general the most appropriate route of administration will depend upon a variety of factors including the nature of the agent (e.g., its stability in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract), and/or the condition of the subject (e.g., whether the subject is able to tolerate oral administration).

(469) The exact amount of a compound required to achieve an effective amount will vary from subject to subject, depending, for example, on species, age, and general condition of a subject, severity of the side effects or disorder, identity of the particular compound(s), mode of administration, and the like. The desired dosage can be delivered three times a day, two times a day, once a day, every other day, every third day, every week, every two weeks, every three weeks, or every four weeks. In certain embodiments, the desired dosage can be delivered using multiple administrations (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, or more administrations).

(470) In certain embodiments, an effective amount of a compound for administration one or more times a day to a 70 kg adult human may comprise about 0.0001 mg to about 3000 mg, about 0.0001 mg to about 2000 mg, about 0.0001 mg to about 1000 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 1000 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 1000 mg, about 0.1 mg to about 1000 mg, about 1 mg to about 1000 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 10 mg to about 1000 mg, or about 100 mg to about 1000 mg, of a compound per unit dosage form.

(471) In certain embodiments, the compounds of Formula (I) may be at dosage levels sufficient to deliver from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, preferably from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg, preferably from about 0.5 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, and more preferably from about 1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic effect.

(472) It will be appreciated that dose ranges as described herein provide guidance for the administration of provided pharmaceutical compositions to an adult. The amount to be administered to, for example, a child or an adolescent can be determined by a medical practitioner or person skilled in the art and can be lower or the same as that administered to an adult.

(473) It will be also appreciated that a compound or composition, as described herein, can be administered in combination with one or more additional pharmaceutical agents. The compounds or compositions can be administered in combination with additional pharmaceutical agents that improve their bioavailability, reduce and/or modify their metabolism, inhibit their excretion, and/or modify their distribution within the body. It will also be appreciated that the therapy employed may achieve a desired effect for the same disorder, and/or it may achieve different effects.

(474) The compound or composition can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to, one or more additional pharmaceutical agents, which may be useful as, e.g., combination therapies. Pharmaceutical agents include therapeutically active agents. Pharmaceutical agents also include prophylactically active agents. Each additional pharmaceutical agent may be administered at a dose and/or on a time schedule determined for that pharmaceutical agent. The additional pharmaceutical agents may also be administered together with each other and/or with the compound or composition described herein in a single dose or administered separately in different doses. The particular combination to employ in a regimen will take into account compatibility of the inventive compound with the additional pharmaceutical agents and/or the desired therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect to be achieved. In general, it is expected that the additional pharmaceutical agents utilized in combination be utilized at levels that do not exceed the levels at which they are utilized individually. In some embodiments, the levels utilized in combination will be lower than those utilized individually.

(475) Exemplary additional pharmaceutical agents include, but are not limited to, anti-proliferative agents, anti-cancer agents, anti-diabetic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, immunosuppressant agents, and a pain-relieving agent. Pharmaceutical agents include small organic molecules such as drug compounds (e.g., compounds approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as provided in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)), peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, nucleoproteins, mucoproteins, lipoproteins, synthetic polypeptides or proteins, small molecules linked to proteins, glycoproteins, steroids, nucleic acids, DNAs, RNAs, nucleotides, nucleosides, oligonucleotides, antisense oligonucleotides, lipids, hormones, vitamins, and cells.

(476) Also encompassed by the invention are kits (e.g., pharmaceutical packs). The inventive kits may be useful for preventing and/or treating a proliferative disease (e.g., cancer (e.g., leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, multiple myeloma, breast cancer, Ewing's sarcoma, osteosarcoma, brain cancer, neuroblastoma, lung cancer), benign neoplasm, angiogenesis, inflammatory disease, autoinflammatory disease, or autoimmune disease). The kits provided may comprise an inventive pharmaceutical composition or compound and a container (e.g., a vial, ampule, bottle, syringe, and/or dispenser package, or other suitable container). In some embodiments, provided kits may optionally further include a second container comprising a pharmaceutical excipient for dilution or suspension of an inventive pharmaceutical composition or compound. In some embodiments, the inventive pharmaceutical composition or compound provided in the container and the second container are combined to form one unit dosage form.

(477) Thus, in one aspect, provided are kits including a first container comprising a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, and prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In certain embodiments, the kit of the invention includes a first container comprising a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In certain embodiments, the kits are useful in preventing and/or treating a proliferative disease in a subject. In certain embodiments, the kits further include instructions for administering the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, and prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, to a subject to prevent and/or treat a proliferative disease.

(478) Methods of Treatment and Uses

(479) The present invention also provides methods for the treatment or prevention of a proliferative disease (e.g., cancer, benign neoplasm, angiogenesis, inflammatory disease, autoinflammatory disease, or autoimmune disease) or an infectious disease (e.g., a viral disease) in a subject.

(480) In certain embodiments, the subject being treated is a mammal. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human. In certain embodiments, the subject is a domesticated animal, such as a dog, cat, cow, pig, horse, sheep, or goat. In certain embodiments, the subject is a companion animal such as a dog or cat. In certain embodiments, the subject is a livestock animal such as a cow, pig, horse, sheep, or goat. In certain embodiments, the subject is a zoo animal. In another embodiment, the subject is a research animal such as a rodent, dog, or non-human primate. In certain embodiments, the subject is a non-human transgenic animal such as a transgenic mouse or transgenic pig.

(481) The proliferative disease to be treated or prevented using the compounds of Formula (I) may be associated with overexpression of a kinase, such as cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). The process of eukaryotic cell division may be broadly divided into a series of sequential phases termed G1, S, G2, and M. Correct progression through the various phases of the cell cycle has been shown to be critically dependent upon the spatial and temporal regulation of a family of proteins known as cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) and a diverse set of their cognate protein partners termed cyclins. CDKs are CDC2 (also known as CDK1) homologous serine-threonine kinase proteins that are able to utilize ATP as a substrate in the phosphorylation of diverse polypeptides in a sequence-dependent context. Cyclins are a family of proteins characterized by a homology region, containing approximately 100 amino acids, termed the cyclin box which is used in binding to, and defining selectivity for, specific CDK partner proteins.

(482) Modulation of the expression levels, degradation rates, and activation levels of various CDKs and cyclins throughout the cell cycle leads to the cyclical formation of a series of CDK/cyclin complexes, in which the CDKs are enzymatically active. The formation of these complexes controls passage through discrete cell cycle checkpoints and thereby enables the process of cell division to continue. Failure to satisfy the prerequisite biochemical criteria at a given cell cycle checkpoint, i.e., failure to form a required CDK/cyclin complex, can lead to cell cycle arrest and/or cellular apoptosis. Aberrant cellular proliferation can often be attributed to loss of correct cell cycle control. Inhibition of CDK enzymatic activity therefore provides a means by which abnormally dividing cells can have their division arrested and/or be killed. The diversity of CDKs, and CDK complexes, and their critical roles in mediating the cell cycle, provides a broad spectrum of potential therapeutic targets selected on the basis of a defined biochemical rationale.

(483) CDK7, a member of the CDK family, was originally isolated as the catalytic subunit of the trimeric CDK-activating kinase (CAK) complex. This complex, consisting of CDK7, cyclin H, and MAT1, is responsible for activation of the mitotic promoting factor in vitro. The discovery that CDK7 was also a component of the basal transcription repair factor IIH (TFIIH) implicated a dual role for CDK7 in transcription as part of TFIIH and in the control of the cell cycle as the trimeric CAK complex. TFIIH is a multisubunit protein complex identified as a factor required for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II)-catalyzed transcription, and subsequently this complex was found to play a key role in nucleotide excision repair. CDK7 is a component of at least three complexes, i.e., the trimeric CAK complex, the quaternary complex with the XPD (or ERCC2, a protein involved in transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair), and the nine-subunit TFIIH complex. The two functions of CDK7 in CAK and CTD phosphorylation support critical facets of cellular proliferation, cell cycling, and transcription. Overexpression of CDK7 may inhibit apoptosis, promote transcription and cell proliferation, and/or disrupt DNA repair, and therefore, cause proliferative diseases. In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease to be treated or prevented using the compounds of Formula (I) may be associated with overexpression of CDK7. The compounds of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, and prodrugs thereof, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof, may down-regulate the expression of CDK7.

(484) A proliferative disease may be associated with aberrant activity of CDK7. Aberrant activity of CDK7 may be an elevated and/or an inappropriate activity of CDK7. Deregulation of cell cycle progression is a characteristic of a proliferative disease, and a majority of proliferative diseases have abnormalities in some component of CDK (e.g., CDK7) activity, frequently through elevated and/or inappropriate CDK activation. Inhibition of the catalytic activity of CDK7 would be expected to inhibit cell cycle progression by blocking the phosphorylation of cell cycle CDKs, and would additionally inhibit transcription of effectors of cell division. In certain embodiments, CDK7 is not overexpressed, and the activity of CDK7 is elevated and/or inappropriate. In certain other embodiments, CDK7 is overexpressed, and the activity of CDK7 is elevated and/or inappropriate. The compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, prodrugs, and compositions thereof, may inhibit the activity of CDK7 and be useful in treating and/or preventing proliferative diseases.

(485) A proliferative disease may also be associated with inhibition of apoptosis of a cell in a biological sample or subject. All types of biological samples described herein or known in the art are contemplated as being within the scope of the invention. Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death. Inhibition of apoptosis may result in uncontrolled cell proliferation and, therefore, may cause proliferative diseases. The cell cycle CDKs (CDK1, 2, 4, and 6) are activated by phosphorylation by CDK7/cyclin H (also called CAK). Inhibition of CDK7 would therefore result in cell-cycle arrest at multiple points in the cell cycle due to failure to activate the cell cycle CDKs. CDK 7 activates transcription by phosphorylating the CTD of RNAP II. Inhibition of CTD phosphorylation has been shown to inhibit transcription and reduce expression of short lived proteins, including those involved in apoptosis regulation. It is appreciated in the art that stalling of RNA polymerase may activate p53 (also known as protein 53 or tumor protein 53, a tumor suppressor protein that is encoded in humans by the TP53 gene), leading to apoptosis. Thus, inhibition of the activity of CDK7 are expected to cause cytotoxicity by inducing apoptosis. The compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, prodrugs, and compositions thereof, may induce apoptosis, and therefore, be useful in treating and/or preventing proliferative diseases.

(486) In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease to be treated or prevented using the compounds of Formula (I) is cancer. All types of cancers disclosed herein or known in the art are contemplated as being within the scope of the invention. In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is a cancer associated with dependence on BCL-2 anti-apoptotic proteins (e.g., MCL-1 and/or XIAP). In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is a cancer associated with overexpression of MYC (a gene that codes for a transcription factor). In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is a hematological malignancy. In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is a blood cancer. In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is a hematological malignancy. In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is leukemia. In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL). In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is lymphoma. In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is a Hodgkin's lymphoma. In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is multiple myeloma. In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is melanoma. In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is breast cancer. In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is Ewing's sarcoma. In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is a bone cancer. In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is osteosarcoma. In some embodiments, the proliferative disease is a brain cancer. In some embodiments, the proliferative disease is neuroblastoma. In some embodiments, the proliferative disease is a lung cancer. In some embodiments, the proliferative disease is small cell lung cancer (SCLC). In some embodiments, the proliferative disease is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In some embodiments, the proliferative disease is a benign neoplasm. All types of benign neoplasms disclosed herein or known in the art are contemplated as being within the scope of the invention. In some embodiments, the proliferative disease is associated with angiogenesis. All types of angiogenesis disclosed herein or known in the art are contemplated as being within the scope of the invention. In certain embodiments, the proliferative disease is an inflammatory disease. All types of inflammatory diseases disclosed herein or known in the art are contemplated as being within the scope of the invention. In certain embodiments, the inflammatory disease is rheumatoid arthritis. In some embodiments, the proliferative disease is an autoinflammatory disease. All types of autoinflammatory diseases disclosed herein or known in the art are contemplated as being within the scope of the invention. In some embodiments, the proliferative disease is an autoimmune disease. All types of autoimmune diseases disclosed herein or known in the art are contemplated as being within the scope of the invention.

(487) In certain embodiments, the infectious disease to be treated or prevented using the compounds of Formula (I) is a viral disease. Such viral infections are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/622,828, filed Apr. 11, 2012, and international PCT application, PCT/US2013/032488, filed Mar. 15, 2013, each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

(488) The cell described herein may be an abnormal cell. The cell may be in vitro or in vivo. In certain embodiments, the cell is a proliferative cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is a blood cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is a lymphocyte. In certain embodiments, the cell is a B-cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is a T-cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is a cancer cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is a leukemia cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is a CLL cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is a melanoma cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is a multiple myeloma cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is a benign neoplastic cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is an endothelial cell. In certain embodiments, the cell is an immune cell.

(489) In another aspect, the present invention provides methods of down-regulating the expression of a CDK (e.g., CDK7, CDK1, CDK2, CDK5, CDK8, CDK9, CDK12, CDK13) in a biological sample or subject. In another aspect, the present invention provides methods of down-regulating the expression of Jurkat, IRAK1, JNK1, JNK2, or MLK3 in a biological sample or subject.

(490) Another aspect of the invention relates to methods of inhibiting the activity of a kinase in a biological sample or subject. In certain embodiments, the kinase is CDK. In certain embodiments, the kinase is CDK7. In certain embodiments, The activity of the kinase is aberrant activity of the kinase. In certain embodiments, the inhibition of the activity of the kinase is irreversible. In other embodiments, the inhibition of the activity of the kinase is reversible. In certain embodiments, the methods of inhibiting the activity of the kinase include attaching a compound of Formula (I) to the kinase.

(491) Also provided in the present invention are methods of inhibiting transcription in a biological sample or subject.

(492) The present invention also provides methods of inhibiting cell growth in a biological sample or subject.

(493) In still another aspect, the present invention provides methods of inducing apoptosis of a cell in a biological sample or a subject.

(494) In certain embodiments, the methods described herein include administering to a subject or contacting a biological sample with an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, polymorph, co-crystal, tautomer, stereoisomer, isotopically labeled derivative, or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In certain embodiments, the methods described herein include administering to a subject or contacting a biological sample with an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. In certain embodiments, the compound is contacted with a biological sample. In certain embodiments, the compound is administered to a subject. In certain embodiments, the compound is administered in combination with one or more additional pharmaceutical agents described herein. The additional pharmaceutical agent may be an anti-proliferative agent. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is an anti-cancer agent. The additional pharmaceutical agent may also be a kinase inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is an inhibitor of CDK. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is an inhibitor of CDK7. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is a selective inhibitor of CDK7. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is a nonselective inhibitor of CDK7. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is flavopiridol, triptolide, SNS-032 (BMS-387032), PHA-767491, PHA-793887, BS-181, (S)- CR8, (R)-CR8, or NU6140. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is an inhibitor of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is an inhibitor of a glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is an inhibitor of an AGC kinase. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is an inhibitor of a CaM kinase. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is an inhibitor of a casein kinase 1. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is an inhibitor of a STE kinase. In certain embodiments, the additional pharmaceutical agent is an inhibitor of a tyrosine kinase.

(495) The inventive compounds or compositions may synergistically augment inhibition of CDK7 induced by the additional pharmaceutical agent(s) in the biological sample or subject. Thus, the combination of the inventive compounds or compositions and the additional pharmaceutical agent(s) may be useful in treating proliferative diseases resistant to a treatment using the additional pharmaceutical agent(s) without the inventive compounds or compositions.

(496) Another aspect of the invention relates to methods of screening a library of compounds to identify one or more compounds that are useful in the treatment of a proliferative disease, in inhibiting a kinase (e.g., CDK, such as CDK7, CDK12, CDK13), in inhibiting cell growth, in inducing apoptosis of a cell, and/or in inhibiting transcription. In certain embodiments, the library of compounds is a library of compounds of Formula (I). The methods of screening a library include providing at least two different compounds of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, or prodrugs thereof, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof; and performing at least one assay using the different compounds of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, or prodrugs thereof, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof, to detect one or more characteristics associated with the proliferative disease. In certain embodiments, the methods of screening a library include providing at least two different compounds of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof; and performing at least one assay using the different compounds of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof, to detect one or more characteristics associated with the proliferative disease. The characteristic to be detected may be a desired characteristic associated with the proliferative disease. In certain embodiments, the desired characteristic is anti-proliferation. In certain embodiments, the desired characteristic is anti-cancer. In certain embodiments, the desired characteristic is inhibition of a kinase. In certain embodiments, the desired characteristic is inhibition of CDK. In certain embodiments, the desired characteristic is inhibition of CDK7. In certain embodiments, the desired characteristic is down-regulation of a kinase such as CDK (e.g., CDK7). In certain embodiments, the desired characteristic is induction of apoptosis of a cell. In certain embodiments, the desired characteristic is inhibition of transcription. The characteristic to be detected may also be an undesired characteristic associated with the proliferative disease, cell growth, apoptosis of a cell, and/or transcription. In certain embodiments, the undesired characteristic is induction of cell growth. In certain embodiments, the undesired characteristic is inhibition of apoptosis of a cell. In certain embodiments, the undesired characteristic is induction of transcription.

(497) The different compounds of Formula (I) may be provided from natural sources (see, e.g., Sternberg et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, (1995) 92:1609-1613) or generated by synthetic methods such as combinatorial chemistry (see, e.g., Ecker et al., Bio/Technology, (1995) 13:351-360 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,902). In certain embodiments, the different compounds are provided by liquid-phase or solution synthesis. In certain embodiments, the different compounds are provided by solid-phase synthesis. In certain embodiments, the different compounds are provided by a high-throughput, parallel, or combinatorial synthesis. In certain embodiments, the different compounds are provided by a low-throughput synthesis. In certain embodiments, the different compounds are provided by a one-pot synthesis. The different compounds may be provided robotically or manually. In certain embodiments, the step of providing at least two different compounds of the present invention include arraying into at least two vessels at least two different compounds of the present invention wherein the compounds are bound to solid supports, cleaving the compounds from the solid supports, and dissolving the cleaved compounds in a solvent. The solid supports include, but do not limit to, beads (e.g., resin beads and magnetic beads), hollow fibers, solid fibers, plates, dishes, flasks, meshes, screens, and membranes. In certain embodiments, the solid supports are beads. In certain embodiments, one solid support is capable of supporting at least 50 nmol of a compound. In certain embodiments, one solid support is capable of supporting at least 100 nmol of a compound. In certain embodiments, one solid support is capable of supporting at least 200 nmol of a compound. Each vessel may contain one or more support-bound compounds of the present invention. In certain embodiments, each vessel contains one support-bound compounds of the present invention. The solid supports and/or the compounds may be labeled with one or more labeling agents for the identification or detection of the compounds. The vessels may be wells of a microtiter plate. The solvent may be an inorganic solvent, organic solvent, or a mixture thereof. The steps of arraying, cleaving, and dissolving may be performed robotically or manually.

(498) Typically, the methods of screening a library of compounds involve at least one assay. In certain embodiments, the assay is performed to detect one or more characteristics associated with the proliferative disease described herein. The assay may be an immunoassay, such as a sandwich-type assay, competitive binding assay, one-step direct test, two-step test, or blot assay. The step of performing at least one assay may be performed robotically or manually. In certain embodiments, the activity of a kinase is inhibited. In certain embodiments, the activity of CDK is inhibited. In certain embodiments, the activity of CDK7 is inhibited. In certain embodiments, the expression of a kinase such as CDK (e.g., CDK7) is down-regulated. In certain embodiments, apoptosis of a cell is induced. In certain embodiments, transcription is inhibited.

(499) In yet another aspect, the present invention provides the compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, hydrates, polymorphs, co-crystals, tautomers, stereoisomers, isotopically labeled derivatives, prodrugs, and compositions thereof, for use in the treatment of a proliferative disease in a subject. In certain embodiments, provided by the invention are the compounds described herein, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and compositions thereof, for use in the treatment of a proliferative disease in a subject. In certain embodiments, provided by the invention are the compounds described herein, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and compositions thereof, for use in inhibiting cell growth. In certain embodiments, provided by the invention are the compounds described herein, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and compositions thereof, for use in inducing apoptosis in a cell. In certain embodiments, provided by the invention are the compounds described herein, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and compositions thereof, for use in inhibiting transcription.

(500) In another aspect, the present invention discloses a method for the design and/or identification of a potential binding compound for cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) comprising the steps of:

(501) (a) generating, on a computer, a three-dimensional representation of CDK7 having the coordinates of the solved X-ray structure, available publically as 1UA2 on PDB.org

(502) (b) identifying amino acid residues forming a binding pocket in the three-dimensional structure of CDK7 from step (a), in proximity to cysteine-312;

(503) (c) generating a three-dimensional model of the active site;

(504) (d) designing and/or selecting a compound that potentially binds to the active site using the three-dimensional model of the active site; and

(505) (e) synthesizing and/or choosing the potential binding compound.

(506) In certain embodiments, the binding pocket comprises the CDK7 active site.

(507) In certain embodiments, the binding pocket comprises the CDK7 amino acids phenylalanine-93, aspartic acid-92, aspartic acid-97, asparagine-142, and leucine-144, methionine-94, lysine-41, and phenylalanine-91.

(508) In another aspect, the present invention discloses a method of identifying a compound that binds cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7), the method comprising computationally identifying a compound that binds to CDK7 using the atomic coordinates of cysteine-312, phenylalanine-93, aspartic acid-92, aspartic acid-97, asparagine-142, and leucine-144, methionine-94, lysine-41, and phenylalanine-91.

(509) In another aspect, the present invention discloses a method of identifying a binding compound of cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7), the method comprising:

(510) (a) providing a set of atomic coordinates for CDK7; and

(511) (b) identifying in silico a binding compound that binds to CDK7 using the coordinates of step (a).

(512) In another aspect, the present invention discloses a method of identifying a drug candidate for the treatment of a disease, the method comprising:

(513) a) using the available atomic coordinates to form a three-dimensional structure of CDK7;

(514) b) selecting a test compound having the best fit with the structure of CDK7; and

(515) c) optionally, assaying the ability of the test compound to modulate CDK7 activity, wherein a test compound that modulates CDK7 activity is considered a drug candidate for treating a disease.

EXAMPLES

(516) In order that the invention described herein may be more fully understood, the following examples are set forth. The synthetic and biological examples described in this application are offered to illustrate the compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods provided herein and are not to be construed in any way as limiting their scope.

Example 1

Synthesis of the Compounds

(517) The compounds provided herein can be prepared from readily available starting materials using the following general methods and procedures. See, e.g., Scheme 1 below. It will be appreciated that where typical or preferred process conditions (i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given, other process conditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvents used, but such conditions can be determined by those skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.

(518) Additionally, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, conventional protecting groups may be necessary to prevent certain functional groups from undergoing undesired reactions. The choice of a suitable protecting group for a particular functional group as well as suitable conditions for protection and deprotection are well known in the art. For example, numerous protecting groups, and their introduction and removal, are described in Greene et al., Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, Second Edition, Wiley, New York, 1991, and references cited therein.

(519) General processes for preparing the compounds of the invention, such as compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compounds I-1, I-3, I-4, I-5, I-6, and I-7), are provided as further embodiments of the invention and are illustrated in Scheme 1. Alternatively, the compounds of the invention may be synthesized according to the methods described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/561,078, filed Nov. 17, 2011, and international PCT Application, PCT/US2012/065618, filed Nov. 16, 2012, published on May 23, 2013 under Publication No. WO 2013/074986, each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

(520) TABLE-US-00001 Scheme 1. Exemplary synthesis of compounds of Formula (I) 07embedded image 08embedded image 09embedded image 0embedded image Reagents and conditions: (a) Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, 1,2-dimethoxylethane, 80 C.; (b) Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3, X-Phos, K.sub.2CO.sub.3; t-BuOH, 90 C. (R.sub.1 = CH.sub.3 or CH.sub.2CH.sub.3), or 2-ethoxyl ethanol, 150 C. (R.sub.1 = Cl) (c) TFA, CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2; (d) pyridine, 90 C.; (e) SnCl.sub.2, ethyl acetate and methanol; (f) 4-bromobut-2-enoyl chloride, NHMe.sub.2; (g) 1 M NaOH, 1,4-dioxane, 40 C.
Suzuki Coupling

(521) To a solution of 5-substituted-2,4-chloropyrimide in 1,2-dimethoxylmethanol was added 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl) boronic acid (1.0 equiv.), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0.1 equiv.), and saturated Na.sub.2CO.sub.3. The reaction mixture was heated for 2 h at 80 C., cooled, and purified using silica gel chromatography.

(522) Buchwald Coupling

(523) To a solution of 5-methyl-4-indol-2-chloropyrimide or 5-ethyl-4-indol-2-chloropyrimide in t-butanol was added t-butyl-3-aminophenylcarbamate (1.0 equiv.), K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (1.0 equiv.), X-Phos (0.1 equiv.), and Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3. After heating at 90 C. for 6 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with a mixture of chloroform and 2-propanol (4:1). The organic layer was separated, washed with water (3), dried over MgSO.sub.4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude product was used in the next step without further purification.

(524) For 5-chloro-4-indol-2-chloropyrimidine, the substitution reaction was utilized instead of a Buchwald coupling. 5-chloro-4-indole-2-chloropyrimidine was dissolved in 2-ethoxylethanol, and t-butyl-3-aminophenylcarbamate (1.0 equiv.) was added. The reaction mixture was heated to 150 C. for 2 h. Volatiles were removed, and the residue was purified using silica gel chromatography.

(525) Deprotection of the BOC Protecting Group

(526) The product obtained from Buchwald coupling was dissolved in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2, and TFA was added at room temperature (rt or r.t.). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting free amine crude product was purified using silica gel flash chromatography eluted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/methanol (10:1).

(527) Preparation of Nitrobenzamide

(528) The free amine crude product was dissolved in pyridine, and nitrobenzoyl chloride (1.2 equiv.) was added. After stirring for 2 h at 80 C., the reaction mixture was concentrated, and the resulting nitrobenzamide crude product was used in the next step without further purification.

(529) Reduction of the Nitrobenzamide

(530) The nitrobenzamide crude product was suspended in ethyl acetate/methanol (5:1) and treated with SnCl.sub.2 (2.5 equiv.). After stirring for 2-5 h at 80 C., the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured into saturated aqueous NaHCO.sub.3. The mixture was stirred for 10 min, and the aqueous phase was extracted a few times with a mixture of chloroform and 2-propanol (4:1). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO.sub.4, filtered through a pad of Celite, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude product was purified using silica gel flash chromatography eluted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/methanol (10:1).

(531) Preparation of Acrylamide

(532) To a DMF solution of the product obtained from reducing the nitrobenzamide was added DIPEA (1.2 equiv.). The reaction mixture was cooled to 60 C. and treated with 4-chlorobut-2-enoyl chloride (5.0 equiv.) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2. The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min at 60 C. and then treated with a solution of dimethylamine in THF. The reaction mixture was then warmed to room temperature, stirred for 1 h, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting acrylamide crude product was purified by preparative HPLC.

(533) Deprotection of the Benzenesulfonyl Group

(534) The acrylamide obtained from the previous step was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane, and a 1 M solution of sodium hydroxide was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 40 C. for 40 min and neutralized with 1 M hydrochloride. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC to give the final product as a salt.

Preparation of Exemplary Compounds

Example 1.1

(E)-N-(4-(N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide (I-52)

(535) ##STR00211##

tert-butyl 3-aminophenylcarbamate

(536) ##STR00212##

(537) To a suspension of m-phenylenediamine (17.8 g, 0.165 mol) in DCM (94 mL) was added dropwise (over an hour) a solution of di-tert-butyldicarbonate (6.0 g, 27.5 mmol) in DCM (250 mL). The solution was stirred 72 h at room temperature before being evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residual oil was dissolved in EtOAc (100 mL), washed with 1M Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (100 mL) and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered, and evaporated under reduce pressure. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (Hex/AcOEt 0 to 50% gradient) to afford the title compound (4.75 g, 0.023 mol, 83%) as a white solid.

tert-butyl 3-(4-nitrophenylsulfonamido)phenylcarbamate

(538) ##STR00213##

(539) To a solution of tert-butyl 3-aminophenylcarbamate (0.500 g, 2.40 mmol) in pyridine (5 mL) under N.sub.2 was added 4-nitrobenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (0.532 g, 2.40 mmol). The mixture was stirred 21 h at ambient temperature, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and azeotroped 3 times with toluene. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (Hex/AcOEt 0 to 30%) affording the title compound (937 mg, 2.38 mmol, 99%) as light yellow foam.

N-(3-aminophenyl)-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide trifluoroacetate

(540) ##STR00214##

(541) Trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL, 65 mmol) was added to a 0 OC stirring solution of tert-butyl 3-(4-nitrophenylsulfonamido)phenylcarbamate (0.937 g, 2.38 mmol) in DCM (5 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at ambient temperature, concentrated under reduced pressure, azeotroped 3 with toluene affording the title compound (887 mg, 2.18 mmol, 92%) as a light yellow solid.

N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide

(542) ##STR00215##

(543) Pd(OAc).sub.2 (15.3 mg, 0.068 mmol), Xanthphos (79 mg, 0.136 mmol) and K.sub.3PO.sub.4 (1.09 g, 5.12 mmol) were added to a stirring solution of N-(3-aminophenyl)-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide trifluoroacetate salt (500 mg, 1.71 mmol) and 3-(2,5-dichloropyrimidin-4-yl)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indole (759 mg, 1.88 mmol) in degassed 5:1 IPA/toluene (17 mL) and the resulting solution was heated overnight at 90 C. The cooled mixture was diluted with EtOAc (40 mL), filtered through Celite with EtOAc then 9:1 DCM/MeOH. The resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the mixture was purified on SiO.sub.2 chromatography (DCM/EtOAc 0 to 40%), affording the title compound (859 mg, 1.30 mmol, 76%) as light yellow foam.

4-amino-N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)benzenesulfonamide

(544) ##STR00216##

(545) Tin (II) chloride dehydrate (734 mg, 3.25 mmol) was added to a stirring solution of N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (859 mg, 1.30 mmol) in EtOAc/EtOH (5/1; 10 mL). The resulting solution was heated 2 h at 90 OC in a seal tube. The cooled reaction mixture was diluted with sat. NaHCO.sub.3 (10 mL) and the mixture was stirred 10 min at ambient temperature. The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CHCl.sub.3/IPA (4:1, 410 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (10 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered through a pad of Celite, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (Hex/EtOAc 0 to 60% gradient), affording the title compound (529 mg, 0.838 mmol, 65%) as bright yellow-orange solid.

(E)-N-(4-(N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide

(546) ##STR00217##

(547) Oxalyl chloride (41 L, 0.475 mmol) was added to a stirring solution of carboxylic acid (29.0 mg, 0.174 mmol) in THF (2 mL) and DMF (2 L). After 3 h at ambient temperature, the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and re-suspended with THF (1 mL). A solution of DIPEA (248 L, 1.43 mmol) and 4-amino-N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)benzenesulfonamide (100 mg, 0.158 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was then added to the previous suspension and the resulting mixture was stirred 2 h at ambient temperature. The mixture was concentrated under pressure affording the title compound (117 mg, 0.158 mmol, 100%) as bright brown foam which was used in the next step without further purification.

(E)-N-(4-(N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide (I-52)

(548) ##STR00218##

(549) A solution of (E)-N-(4-(N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide (117 mg, 0.158 mmol) and NaOH 5M (0.16 mL, 0.793 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) was heated overnight at 50 C. The cooled mixture was diluted with CHCl.sub.3/IPA 5/1 (10 mL), washed with water (5 mL), dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography (C18, water/ACN 20 to 70%, gradient), affording the title compound (7.1 mg, 0.012 mmol, 7%) as white solid after lyophilisation.

(550) .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 11.92 (s, 1H), 10.57 (s, 1H), 10.15 (s, 1H), 9.63 (s, 1H), 8.60 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 8.50 (d, J=3.1 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 7.80-7.76 (m, 3H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (ddd, J=15.0, 6.6, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.37 (d, J=14.7 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (s, 2H), 2.50 (s, 6H); MS (m/z): 604.59 [M+1].sup.+.

Example 1.2

(E)-N-(3-(5-cyano-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamido)benzamide (I-53)

(551) ##STR00219##

tert-butyl 4-(3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylideneamino)phenylcarbamoyl)phenylcarbamate

(552) ##STR00220##

(553) To a solution of 4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoic acid (9.79 g, 41.28 mmol) in DCM (206 mL) and DMF (206 mL) was added EDC (8.7 g, 41.28 mmol), HOBt (6.95 g, 45.4 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (28.76 mL, 165.11 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 30 min at ambient temperature before addition of benzyl 3-aminophenylcarbamate (10 g, 41.28 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at ambient temperature, diluted with EtOAc (500 mL), washed with sat. NaHCO.sub.3 (100 mL), brine (100 mL), dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4), concentrated, affording the title compound (13.15 g, 28.5 mmol, 69%) as colorless glue.

tert-butyl 4-(3-aminophenylcarbamoyl)phenylcarbamate

(554) ##STR00221##

(555) To a degassed solution of tert-butyl 4-(3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylideneamino)phenylcarbamoyl)phenylcarbamate (13.15 g, 28.5 mmol) in MeOH (570 mL) was added 10% Pd/C (1.52 g, 1.42 mmol) and the mixture was stirred 96 h under H.sub.2 (1 Atm.). The mixture was filtrated over Celite (MeOH), concentrated under reduced pressure; the residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (Hex/EtOAc 25 to 40%) to afford the title compound (9.31 g, 28.5 mmol, 100%) as a brownish solid.

4-amino-N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)benzamide

(556) ##STR00222##

(557) A solution of 3-(2,5-dichloropyrimidin-4-yl)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indole (350 mg, 0.87 mmol) and tert-butyl 4-(3-aminophenylcarbamoyl)phenylcarbamate (283 mg, 0.87 mmol) in NMP (2.3 mL, 0.25M) was heated 30 min at 175 C. (W). The cooled mixture was diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed with water (35 mL), brine (5 mL), dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (DCM/EtOAc 0 to 30% gradient), affording the title compound (180 mg, 0.303 mmol, 35%) as white solid.

4-amino-N-(3-(5-cyano-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)benzamide

(558) ##STR00223##

(559) A degassed solution of 4-amino-N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)benzamide (181 mg, 0.3 mmol), zinc dust (2 mg, 0.03 mmol), Pd.sub.2dba.sub.3 (27.9 mg, 0.03 mmol), Xphos (29.0 mg, 0.06 mmol) and zinc cyanide (2.2 mg, 0.18 mmol) in DMA (4.1 mL) was heated 2 h at 95 C. The cooled mixture was diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed with water (5 mL), brine (5 mL), dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (DCM/EtOAc 0 to 30% gradient), affording the title compound (96 mg, 0.164 mmol, 54%) as a yellowish glue.

4-amino-N-(3-(5-cyano-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)benzamide

(560) ##STR00224##

(561) A solution of 4-amino-N-(3-(5-cyano-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)benzamide (15 mg, 0.03 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (0.17 mL) and 5M NaOH (0.05 mL, 0.26 mmol) was heated 2 h at 75 C. The cooled mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography (C18, water/ACN 5 to 100% gradient), affording the title compound (4.4 mg, 0.010 mmol, 39%).

(E)-N-(3-(5-cyano-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamido)benzamide

(562) ##STR00225##

(563) To a cooled (0 C.) solution of (E)-4-(dimethylamino)-2-butenoic acid hydrochloride (22.1 mg, 0.13 mmol) in THF (1.33 mL) and a catalytic amount of DMF was added oxalyl chloride (57 L, 0.67 mmol). The mixture was stirred 2 h at ambient temperature and the resulting suspension was concentrated under reduced pressure and co-evaporated 3 times with THF. The residue was re-dissolved in THF (1.5 mL), cooled to 0 C., and a solution of 4-amino-N-(3-(5-cyano-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)benzamide (39 mg, 0.07 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred 3 h at ambient temperature and diluted with 1:10 CHCl.sub.3/IPA (10 mL) and water (5 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with 1:10 CHCl.sub.3/IPA (3*5 mL), the combined organic layers were washed with brine (5 mL), dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound (61 mg, 0.088 mmol, 67%) as a yellowish oil which was used in the next step without purification.

(E)-N-(3-(5-cyano-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamido)benzamide (I-53)

(564) ##STR00226##

(565) A solution of (E)-N-(3-(5-cyano-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamido)benzamide (61 mg, 0.088 mmol) and 1M NaOH (0.66 mL, 0.66 mmol) in THF (1.32 mL) was heated 3 h at 70 C. The cooled mixture was treated with 1M HCl (0.66 mL, 0.66 mmol) and directly injected on preparative reverse phase LC-MS (0.1% (NH.sub.4).sub.2CO.sub.3 Water/ACN NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3), affording the title compound (1.2 mg, 0.002 mmol, 3.2%) as a white solid after lyophilisation.

(566) .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) 11.99 (s, 1H), 10.27 (s, 1H), 10.18 (s, 1H), 10.10 (s, 1H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 8.49 (s, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.36 (m, 3H), 7.26 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.18-6.97 (m, 3H), 6.72 (dt, J=15.3, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 6.24 (dt, J=15.3, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 3.01 (dd, J=5.9, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H); MS (m/z): 557.65 [M+1].sup.+.

Example 1.3

(E)-N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)phenyl)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamido)benzamide (I-54)

(567) ##STR00227##

3-(2-bromo-5-chloropyridin-4-yl)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indole

(568) ##STR00228##

(569) A degassed solution of 2-bromo-5-chloro-4-iodopyridine (0.5 g, 1.57 mmol), 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-ylboronic acid (0.497 g, 1.65 mmol) Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 (181 mg, 0.16 mmol) and cesium carbonate (1.023 g, 3.14 mmol) in 2:1 dioxane/water (52 mL) was heated 3 h at 100 C. The cooled mixture was diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and sat. NaHCO.sub.3 (20 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (320 mL), the combined organics layers were dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (Hex/EtOAc 5 to 70% gradient), affording the title compound (373 mg, 0.833 mmol, 53%) as white solid.

Benzyl 3-aminophenylcarbamate

(570) ##STR00229##

(571) To a stirred solution of m-phenylenediamine (20.0 g, 0.185 mol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (32.2 mL, 0.185 mol) in DCM (616 mL) at 0 OC was slowly added benzyl chloroformate (26.0 mL, 0.185 mol). The mixture was stirred at 0 OC for 2 h and then warmed to ambient temperature for 2 h. The mixture was washed with sat. NaHCO.sub.3 (100 mL), brine (50 mL), dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (Hex/EtOAc 10 to 50% gradient), affording the title compound (20.96 g, 0.087 mol, 47%) as colorless syrup.

tert-butyl 4-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)phenylcarbamoyl)phenylcarbamate

(572) ##STR00230##

(573) A degassed solution of 2-bromo-5-chloro-pyridine (0.1 g, 0.22 mmol), tert-butyl 4-(3-aminophenylcarbamoyl)phenylcarbamate (0.084 g, 0.2 mmol), K.sub.3PO.sub.4 (95 mg, 0.45 mmol), Pd(OAc).sub.2 (4 mg, 0.02 mmol) and Xantphos (31 mg, 0.05 mmol) in 5:1 IPA/toluene (2.3 mL) was heated 3 h at 90 C. The cooled mixture was filtered through Celite with EtOAc and the filtrate was concentrated under reduce pressure. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (Hex/EtOAc 0 to 55% gradient), affording the title compound (121 mg, 0.174 mmol, 78%) as a white solid.

4-amino-N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)phenyl)benzamide

(574) ##STR00231##

(575) A solution of tert-butyl 4-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)phenylcarbamoyl)phenylcarbamate (121 mg, 0.17 mmol) in DCM (1.2 mL) was treated with TFA (0.13 mL, 1.74 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at ambient temperature, concentrated under reduced pressure, and co-evaporated with 1,4-dioxane (22 mL). The residue was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (3.5 mL), a 5M NaOH solution (0.52 mL, 2.6 mmol) was added, and the mixture was heated for 3 h at 70 C. The cooled mixture was treated with HCl 1M (2.6 mL, 2.6 mmol) and concentrated under reduce pressure. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (DCM/EtOAc 0 to 40% gradient), affording the title compound (52 mg, 0.115 mmol, 66%) as a yellowish solid.

(E)-N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)phenyl)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamido)benzamide (I-54)

(576) ##STR00232##

(577) To a cooled (60 C.) solution of 4-amino-N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)phenyl)benzamide (48 mg, 0.11 mmol) in THF (1.3 mL) and DIPEA (57 L, 0.33 mmol) was added a 55.6 mg/mL solution of (E)-4-bromobut-2-enoyl chloride in THF (545 L, 0.11 mmol). The mixture was stirred 1.5 h at 60 C. before addition of a 2M solution of dimethylamine in THF (159 L, 0.32 mmol). The mixture was stirred 14 h at ambient temperature and diluted with 15:1 CHCl.sub.3/IPA (10 mL) and sat. NaHCO.sub.3 (5 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with 15:1 CHCl.sub.3/IPA (35 mL), washed with brine (10 ml), dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography (C18, water/ACN 5 to 100% gradient), affording the title compound (6.4 mg, 0.011 mmol, 11%) as white solid after lyophilisation.

(578) .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) 11.66 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 10.33 (s, 1H), 10.09 (s, 1H), 9.26 (s, 1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.11 (t, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.85 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.75 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.55-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.16 (m, 4H), 7.13 (ddd, J=8.0, 7.0, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (dt, J=15.4, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 6.31 (dt, J=15.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 3.08 (dd, J=5.8, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 2.19 (s, 6H); MS (m/z): 565.4 [M+1].sup.+.

Example 1.4

(E)-N-(4-(N-(3-(5-cyano-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide (I-55)

(579) ##STR00233##

4-amino-N-(3-(5-cyano-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)benzenesulfonamide

(580) ##STR00234##

(581) A degassed solution of 4-amino-N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)benzenesulfonamide (197 mg, 0.312 mmol), zinc dust (2.0 mg, 0.03 mmol), Pd.sub.2dba.sub.3 (28.6 mg, 0.03 mmol), Xphos (29.8 mg, 0.06 mmol) and zinc cyanide (22.0 mg, 0.19 mmol) in DMA (6 mL) was heated 75 min at 95 C. The cooled mixture was diluted with EtOAc (15 mL), washed with water (35 mL), brine (5 mL), dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered, and concentrated, affording the title compound (194 mg, 0.312 mmol, 100%) as a white solid which was used in the next step without further purification.

(E)-N-(4-(N-(3-(5-cyano-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)-4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamide (I-55)

(582) ##STR00235##

(583) To a 60 C. solution of 4-amino-N-(3-(5-cyano-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)benzenesulfonamide (73 mg, 0.1516 mmol) and DIPEA (79 l, 0.4548 mmol) in THF (5.1 mL) was slowly added a 56 mg/mL solution of (E)-4-bromobut-2-enoyl chloride in THF (0.49 mL, 0.1516 mmol). After 1.25 h at 60 C. a 2M solution of dimethylamine in THF (0.30 mL, 0.5986 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred 2 h at ambient temperature. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography (C18, water/ACN 0 to 100% gradient), affording the title compound (22.1 mg, 0.037 mmol, 25%) as a white solid after lyophilisation.

(584) .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 12.06 (s, 1H), 10.66 (s, 1H), 10.26 (s, 1H), 10.17 (s, 1H), 8.76 (s, 1H), 8.53 (d, J=3.1 Hz, 1H), 7.86-7.73 (m, 3H), 7.53 (br s, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (br s, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (dt, J=14.4, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 6.43 (d, J=15.3 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 2.74 (s, 6H); MS (m/z): 593.64 [M+1].sup.+.

Example 1.5

(E)-N-(5-(5-cyano-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-2-methylphenyl)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamido)benzamide (I-56)

(585) ##STR00236##

4-amino-N-(5-(5-cyano-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-2-methylphenyl)benzamide

(586) ##STR00237##

(587) A degassed solution of 4-amino-N-(5-(5-chloro-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-2-methylphenyl)benzamide (89 mg, 0.196 mmol), zinc dust (2 mg, 0.03 mmol), Pd.sub.2dba.sub.3 (27.9 mg, 0.03 mmol), Xphos (29.0 mg, 0.06 mmol) and zinc cyanide (2.2 mg, 0.18 mmol) in DMA (4.1 mL) was heated 2 h at 95 C. The cooled mixture was diluted with EtOAc (15 mL) was washed with water (35 mL), brine (5 mL), dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (Hex/EtOAc 20 to 100 gradient), affording the title compound (90 mg, 0.150 mmol, 77%) as a white solid.

4-amino-N-(5-(5-cyano-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-2-methylphenyl)benzamide

(588) ##STR00238##

(589) A solution of 4-amino-N-(5-(5-cyano-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-2-methylphenyl)benzamide (75 mg, 0.125 mmol) and 1M NaOH (2 mL, 2 mmol) in dioxane (2 mL) was heated for 3 h at 60 C. The cooled mixture was diluted with DCM (15 mL), washed with water (5 mL), then dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound (57 mg, 0.123 mmol, 99%) as a yellow solid.

(E)-N-(5-(5-cyano-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-2-methylphenyl)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamido)benzamide (I-56)

(590) ##STR00239##

(591) To a 30 C. solution of 4-amino-N-(5-(5-cyano-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-2-methylphenyl)benzamide (57 mg, 0.123 mmol) and DIPEA (66 ul, 0.38 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) and THF (1 mL) was slowly added a 55 mg/mL solution of (E)-4-bromobut-2-enoyl chloride in THF (418 L, 0.123 mmol). After 30 min at 30 C., a 2M solution of dimethylamine (400 L, 0.8 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at ambient temperature. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography (water/ACN+0.1% (NH.sub.4).sub.2CO.sub.3 20 to 70% gradient), affording the title compound (14.1 mg, 0.031 mmol, 25%) as a white solid after lyophilisation.

(592) .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) 12.08 (s, 1H), 10.38 (s, 1H), 10.25 (s, 1H), 9.85 (s, 1H), 8.81 (s, 1H), 8.55 (s, 1H), 8.03-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.80 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.63-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.25-7.09 (m, 1H), 6.81 (dt, J=15.4, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 6.33 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 1H), 3.14-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H); MS (m/z): 571.64 [M+1].sup.+.

Example 1.6

(E)-N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamido)-N-methylbenzamide (I-57)

(593) ##STR00240##

Benzyl 3-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylcarbamate

(594) ##STR00241##

(595) To a stirred solution of benzyl 3-aminophenylcarbamate (1.5 g, 6.19 mmol) and pyridine (1.25 mL, 15.5 mmol) in DCM (31 mL) was added TFAA (990 L, 7.12 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at ambient temperature, diluted with DCM (50 mL), washed with 20% citric acid (30 mL), sat. NaHCO.sub.3 (20 mL), dried (phase cartridge separator) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (Hex/EtOAc 20 to 100% gradient), affording the title compound (1.97 g, 5.83 mmol, 94%) as an orange solid.

Benzyl 3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-N-methylacetamido)phenylcarbamate

(596) ##STR00242##

(597) To a cooled (0 C.) solution of benzyl 3-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)phenylcarbamate (1.97 g, 5.82 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was added 60% NaH in oil (256 mg, 6.41 mmol). The mixture was stirred 15 min at ambient temperature before addition of iodomethane (381 L, 0.868 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred 4 h at ambient temperature, diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed with water (20 mL), brine (220 mL), dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (Hex/EtOAc 5 to 60% gradient), affording the title compound (1.65 g, 4.69 mmol, 80%) as a colorless oil.

Benzyl 3-(methylamino)phenylcarbamate

(598) ##STR00243##

(599) A solution of benzyl 3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-N-methylacetamido)phenylcarbamate (1.65 g, 4.68 mmol) and 5M NaOH solution (2.81 mL, 14.0 mmol) in 2:1 THF/MeOH (30 mL) was stirred 4 h at ambient temperature. The mixture was diluted with DCM (100 mL), washed with sat. NH.sub.4Cl (20 mL), dried (phase cartridge separator), and concentrated under reduce pressure. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (Hex/EtOAc 10 to 100% gradient), affording the title compound (782 mg, 3.05 mmol, 65%) as a colorless oil.

tert-butyl-4-(3-benzyloxycarbonylaminophenylmethylcarbamoyl)phenyl)carbamate

(600) ##STR00244##

(601) A solution of benzyl 3-(methylamino)phenylcarbamate (765 mg, 2.99 mmol), BOPCl (1.45 g, 3.28 mmol), dimethylaminopyridine (401 mg, 3.28 mmol), and 4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoic acid (708 mg, 2.99 mmol) in 2:1 DCM/DMF (45 mL) was stirred overnight at ambient temperature. The mixture was diluted with DCM (50 mL), washed with sat. NaHCO.sub.3 (20 mL), brine (20 mL), dried (MgSO.sub.4), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (Hex/EtOAc 5 to 100% gradient), affording the title compound (910 mg, 1.91 mmol, 64%) as a yellow solid.

tert-butyl 4-((3-aminophenyl)(methyl)carbamoyl)phenylcarbamate

(602) ##STR00245##

(603) To a degassed solution of tert-butyl-4-(3-benzyloxycarbonylaminophenyl methylcarbamoyl)phenyl)carbamate (910 mg, 1.91 mmol) in 5:1 MeOH/EtOAc (24 mL) was added 10% Pd/C (50 mg). The mixture was stirred 4 h under H.sub.2 (1 Atm.), filtered over Celite with MeOH, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (DCM/EtOAc 0 to 60% gradient), to afford the title compound (550 mg, 1.61 mmol, 84%) as a white solid.

tert-butyl 4-((3-(5-chloro-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)(methyl)carbamoyl)phenylcarbamate

(604) ##STR00246##

(605) A degassed solution of tert-butyl 4-((3-aminophenyl)(methyl)carbamoyl)phenylcarbamate (300 mg, 0.879 mmol), 3-(2,5-dichloropyrimidin-4-yl)-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indole (533 mg, 1.318 mmol), Pd(OAc).sub.2 (7.9 mg, 0.035 mmol), Xanthphos (41 mg, 0.070 mmol) and K.sub.3PO.sub.4 (560 mg, 2.64 mmol) in 5:1 IPA/toluene (5 mL) was heated 72 h at 90 C. The cooled mixture was diluted with 5:1 CHCl.sub.3/IPA (10 mL), filtered over a pad of Celite, and concentrated under reduce pressure. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (DCM/EtOAc 0 to 40% gradient), affording the title compound (190 mg, 0.268 mmol, 31%) as a white solid.

4-amino-N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)-N-methylbenzamide

(606) ##STR00247##

(607) A solution of tert-butyl 4-((3-(5-chloro-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)(methyl)carbamoyl)phenylcarbamate (167 mg, 0.237 mmol) in DCM (2.4 mL) was treated with TFA (364 L, 4.7 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 2 h at ambient temperature, diluted with DCM (20 mL), washed with sat. NaHCO.sub.3 (5 mL), dried (phase cartridge separator), and concentrated to afford the title compound (145 mg, 0.237 mmol, 100%) as a white solid which was used in the next step without further purification.

4-amino-N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)-N-methylbenzamide

(608) ##STR00248##

(609) A solution of 4-amino-N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)-N-methylbenzamide (144 mg, 0.236 mmol) and NaOH 1M (2.4 mL, 2.36 mmol) in dioxane (4 mL) was heated for 3 h at 65 C. The cooled mixture was diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), sat. NH.sub.4Cl (5 ml) and water (5 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (310 mL), the combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL), dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered, and concentrated to afford the title compound (111 mg, 0.236 mmol, 100%) as a beige solid.

(E)-N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamido)-N-methylbenzamide (I-57)

(610) ##STR00249##

(611) To a 60 C. solution of 4-amino-N-(3-(5-chloro-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)phenyl)-N-methylbenzamide (100 mg, 0.213 mmol) and DIPEA (112 L, 0.640 mmol) in THF (4 mL) was slowly added a 56 mg/mL solution of (E)-4-bromobut-2-enoyl chloride in THF (0.698 mL, 0.213 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 1.5 h at 60 C. before addition of a 2M solution of dimethylamine in THF (426 L, 0.640 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at ambient temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography (C18, water/ACN 15 to 100% gradient), affording the title compound (47 mg, 0.081 mmol, 38%) as a white solid after lyophilisation.

(612) .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) 11.92 (s, 1H), 10.18 (s, 1H), 9.67 (s, 1H), 8.55 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.50-8.44 (m, 2H), 7.75 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (dd, J=8.3, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (dd, J=15.0, 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (ddd, J=11.2, 6.5, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 7.18-7.08 (m, 2H), 6.73-6.64 (m, 2H), 6.26 (d, J=15.3 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 3.30 (s, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 2.34 (s, 3H); MS (m/z): 580.65 [M+1].sup.+.

Example 1.7

(E)-N-(3-(5-chloro-6-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)phenyl)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamido)benzamide (I-58)

(613) ##STR00250##

tert-butyl 4-(3-bromophenylcarbamoyl)phenylcarbamate

(614) ##STR00251##

(615) A solution of 4-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)benzoic acid (2.07 g, 8.72 mmol), BOPCl (3.86 g, 8.72 mmol), and dimethylaminopyridine (1.07 g, 8.72 mmol) in DCM (70 mL) and DMF (17 mL) was stirred 30 min at ambient temperature before addition of 3-bromoaniline (1500 mg, 8.72 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at ambient temperature, diluted with DCM (70 mL), washed with sat. NaHCO.sub.3 (20 mL), brine (30 mL), dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by filtration over a pad of SiO.sub.2 with EtOAc to afford the title compound (2.319 g, 5.93 mmol, 68%) as a white solid.

6-bromo-5-chloropyridin-2-amine

(616) ##STR00252##

(617) A solution of 2-amino-6-bromopyridine (1000 mg, 5.78 mmol) and N-chlorosuccinimide (771 mg, 5.78 mmol) in ACN (23 mL) was heated for 18 h at 80 C. The cooled mixture was diluted with EtOAc (70 mL) and sat. NaHCO.sub.3 (30 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (330 mL), the combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL), dried (MgSO.sub.4), and concentrated under reduce pressure. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chroamatography (Hex/EtOAc 0 to 50% gradient), affording the title compound (890 mg, 4.29 mmol, 74%) as a white solid.

5-chloro-6-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyridin-2-amine

(618) ##STR00253##

(619) A degassed solution of 2-amino-5-chloro-6-bromopyridine (300 mg, 1.45 mmol) and 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-ylboronic acid (457 mg, 1.52 mmol), Cs.sub.2CO.sub.3 (942 mg, 2.89 mmol), Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 (167 mg, 0.14 mmol) in 2:1 dioxane/water (15 mL) was heated for 3 h at 100 C. The cooled mixture was diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and sat. NaHCO.sub.3 (20 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (330 mL), the combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL), dried (MgSO.sub.4), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (Hex/EtOAc 10 to 60% gradient), affording the title compound (523 mg, 1.36 mmol, 94%) as a white solid.

tert-butyl 4-(3-(5-chloro-6-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)phenylcarbamoyl)phenylcarbamate

(620) ##STR00254##

(621) A degassed solution of 5-chloro-6-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyridin-2-amine (0.150 g, 0.39 mmol), tert-butyl 4-(3-bromophenylcarbamoyl)phenylcarbamate (0.153 g, 0.39 mmol), Pd(OAc).sub.2 (7 mg, 0.03 mmol), Xantphos (54 mg, 0.09 mmol), and K.sub.3PO.sub.4 (166 mg, 0.78 mmol) in 5:1 IPA/Tol (4 mL) was heated for 6 h at 100 C. The cooled mixture was filtrated through Celite with EtOAc and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (Hex/EtOAc 0 to 50% gradient), affording the title compound (102 mg, 0.147 mmol, 56%) as a white solid.

4-amino-N-(3-(5-chloro-6-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)phenyl)benzamide

(622) ##STR00255##

(623) A solution of tert-butyl 4-(3-(5-chloro-6-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)phenylcarbamoyl)phenylcarbamate (102 mg, 0.15 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was treated with TFA (0.11 mL, 1.47 mmol). The mixture was stirred overnight at ambient temperature, concentrated under reduced pressure, diluted with EtOAc (15 mL), washed with sat. NaHCO.sub.3 (5 mL), brine (5 mL), dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (DCM/EtOAc 20 to 60% gradient), affording the title compound (57.4 mg, 0.097 mmol, 66%) as a beige solid.

4-amino-N-(3-(5-chloro-6-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)phenyl)benzamide

(624) ##STR00256##

(625) A solution of 4-amino-N-(3-(5-chloro-6-(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)phenyl)benzamide (57.4 mg, 0.097 mmol) and 5M NaOH (0.10 mL, 0.48 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (1.93 mL) was heated for 24 h at 80 C. The cooled mixture was concentrated under reduce pressure and the residue was purified by SiO.sub.2 chromatography (DCM/EtOAc 0 to 40% gradient) to afford the title compound (32 mg, 0.071 mmol, 73%) as a white solid.

(E)-N-(3-(5-chloro-6-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)phenyl)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)but-2-enamido)benzamide (I-58)

(626) ##STR00257##

(627) To a solution of 4-amino-N-(3-(5-chloro-6-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyridin-2-ylamino)phenyl)benzamide (32 mg, 0.07 mmol) and DIPEA (49 L, 0.28 mmol) in THF (0.88 mL) was added a 55.6 mg/mL solution of (E)-4-bromobut-2-enoyl chloride in THF (245 L, 0.07 mmol) at 60 C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 4.5 h at 60 C. before addition of a 2M solution of dimethylamine in THF (106 L, 0.21 mmol). The mixture was stirred 14 h at ambient temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase preparative LC-MS (water/ACN+0.1% NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3 40 to 65% gradient), affording the title compound (5.8 mg, 0.010 mmol, 15%) as a white solid after lyophilization.

(628) .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO) 11.52 (s, 1H), 10.33 (s, 1H), 9.97 (s, 1H), 9.18 (s, 1H), 8.20 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.69 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (dt, J=15.2, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.31 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.19 (s, 3H); MS (m/z): 565.56 [M+1].sup.+.

(629) Characterization data of additional exemplary compounds of the invention are shown below.

(630) Compound I-17.

(631) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 580; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.98 (s, 1H), 10.67 (s, 1H), 9.85 (s, 1H), 9.69 (s, 1H), 8.67 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.55 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 8.51 (s, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.90 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.65 (dd, J=2.4, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (m, 1H), 6.58 (d, J=16.2 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (s, 2H), 2.75 (s, 6H), 2.25 (s, 3H).

(632) Compound I-18.

(633) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 566; .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.90 (s, 1H), 10.52 (s, 1H), 10.22 (s, 1H), 9.66 (s, 1H), 8.63 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.50 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 8.13 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.91 (dd, J=1.2, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (dd, J=2.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (m, 2H), 7.35 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (m, 1H), 6.45 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (s, 6H).

(634) Compound I-19.

(635) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 546; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.90 (s, 1H), 10.60 (s, 1H), 10.10 (s, 1H), 9.64 (s, 1H), 8.54 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (s, 1H), 8.12 (m, 2H), 7.94 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (m, 1H), 6.49 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (s, 6H), 2.39 (s, 3H).

(636) Compound I-20.

(637) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 560; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.85 (s, 1H), 10.60 (s, 1H), 9.76 (s, 1H), 9.53 (s, 1H), 8.53 (br, 1H), 8.52 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.82 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.56 (dd, J=1.8, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (m, 1H), 6.49 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (s, 6H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 3H).

(638) Compound I-21.

(639) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 560; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.85 (s, 1H), 10.60 (s, 1H), 10.09 (s, 1H), 9.67 (s, 1H), 8.52 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.27 (s, 1H), 8.12 (m, 1H), 8.02 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (dd, J=1.8, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (m, 1H), 6.47 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.83 (q, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (s, 6H), 1.21 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 3H).

(640) Compound I-22.

(641) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 580; .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.89 (s, 1H), 10.60 (s, 1H), 9.77 (s, 1H), 9.61 (s, 1H), 8.59 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 8.47 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.81 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.56 (dd, J=1.6, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (dd, J=3.0, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (m, 1H), 6.47 (d, J=15.2 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (s, 6H), 2.16 (s, 3H).

(642) Compound I-23.

(643) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 566; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.91 (s, 1H), 10.59 (s, 1H), 10.09 (s, 1H), 9.65 (s, 1H), 8.62 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.51 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 8.44 (s, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.94 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (m, 1H), 6.49 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (s, 6H).

(644) Compound I-24.

(645) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 509; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.99 (s, 1H), 10.51 (s, 1H), 10.16 (s, 1H), 9.72 (s, 1H), 8.70 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.59 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.20 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.58 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (m, 1H), 6.38 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 5.88 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H)

(646) Compound I-25.

(647) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 600; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 12.00 (s, 1H), 10.70 (s, 1H), 9.99 (s, 1H), 9.94 (s, 1H), 8.57 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.88 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.80 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (m, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (m, 2H), 6.86 (m, 1H), 6.58 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (s, 6H).

(648) Compound I-26.

(649) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 572; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.95 (s, 1H), 10.59 (s, 1H), 10.12 (s, 1H), 9.77 (br, 1H), 8.57 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 8.50 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 8.16 (s, 1H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (m, 1H), 6.45 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (s, 6H), 2.03 (m, 1H), 1.02 (m, 2H), 0.67 (m, 2H).

(650) Compound I-27.

(651) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 567; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 10.33 (s, 1H), 10.17 (s, 1H), 10.09 (s, 1H), 8.80 (s, 2H), 8.14 (m, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz 1H), 7.77 (m, 3H), 7.42 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.29 (m, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (m, 1H), 6.45 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H), 3.05 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.17 (s, 6H).

(652) Compound I-28.

(653) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 580; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 10.67 (s, 1H), 10.17 (s, 1H), 9.98 (br, 1H), 9.72 (s, 1H), 8.72 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (s, 1H), 8.51 (s, 1H), 8.23 (m, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.59 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (m, 2H), 7.20 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (m, 1H), 6.47 (d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 2.87 (s, 6H).

(654) Compound I-29.

(655) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 567; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.87 (s, 1H), 10.57 (s, 1H), 10.08 (s, 1H), 9.88 (s, 2H), 8.68 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.54 (s, 1H), 8.48 (s, 1H), 8.23 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (d, J=8.4 Hz 2H), 7.50 (t, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (m, 1H), 6.48 (m, 1H), 6.43 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.75 (s, 6H).

(656) Compound I-30.

(657) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 566; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.30 (s, 1H), 10.61 (s, 1H), 10.09 (s, 1H), 9.88 (s, 1H), 8.61 (s, 1H), 8.06 (m, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.59 (m, 1H), 7.53 (m, 3H), 7.38 (t, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (m, 2H), 7.19 (m, 2H), 6.77 (m, 1H), 6.48 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 6.42 (m, 1H), 3.95 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (s, 6H).

(658) Compound I-31.

(659) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 566; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.30 (s, 1H), 10.35 (s, 1H), 10.09 (s, 1H), 9.83 (s, 1H), 8.54 (s, 1H), 8.27 (s, 1H), 8.18 (s, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.79 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (dd, J=1.8, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (t, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (m, 1H), 6.51 (m, 1H), 6.32 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.11 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.22 (s, 6H).

(660) Compound I-32.

(661) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 566; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.38 (s, 1H), 10.61 (s, 1H), 10.12 (s, 1H), 9.88 (s, 1H), 8.54 (s, 1H), 8.16 (m, 1H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.78 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (dd, J=1.2, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (t, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (m, 1H), 6.49 (m, 1H), 6.48 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (s, 6H).

(662) Compound I-33.

(663) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 582; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 12.15 (s, 1H), 10.62 (s, 1H), 10.20 (s, 1H), 9.96 (br, 1H), 8.35 (m, 4H), 7.96 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) 7.84 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.73 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (m, 1H), 6.48 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (s, 6H).

(664) Compound I-34.

(665) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 566; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.29 (s, 1H), 10.71 (s, 1H), 10.38 (s, 1H), 9.91 (s, 1H), 9.01 (s, 1H), 8.59 (m, 1H), 8.05 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.86 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.73 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (m, 2H), 7.15 (m, 1H), 7.06 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (m, 1H), 6.51 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (s, 6H).

(666) Compound I-35.

(667) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 510; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.91 (s, 1H), 10.41 (s, 1H), 10.12 (s, 1H), 9.91 (s, 2H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 8.60 (s, 1H), 8.54 (s, 1H), 8.27 (s, 1H), 7.96 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.80 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (m, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (m, 1H), 6.45 (m, 1H), 6.28 (dd, J=1.8, 15.6 Hz, 1H), 5.78 (dd, J=1.8, 15.6 Hz, 1H).

(668) Compound I-37.

(669) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 571; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.88 (s, 1H), 9.75 (s, 1H), 9.58 (s, 1H), 8.61 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.50 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 8.07 (m, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H) 7.45 (m, 2H), 7.33 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.37 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.84 (m, 4H), 1.14 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H).

(670) Compound I-38.

(671) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 643; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 10.38 (s, 1H), 10.03 (s, 1H), 9.88 (s, 1H), 8.83 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.55 (s, 1H), 7.99 (m, 2H), 7.91 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.68 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (m, 3H), 7.30 (m, 2H), 7.10 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (m, 1H), 6.43 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.25 (s, 2H), 2.30 (s, 6H).

(672) Compound I-39.

(673) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 560; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.67 (s, 1H), 10.39 (s, 1H), 10.03 (s, 1H), 9.30 (s, 1H), 8.25 (m, 2H), 7.97 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.91 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.66 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.07 t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (m, 1H), 6.39 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.15 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 2.25 (s, 6H).

(674) Compound I-40.

(675) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 546; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.61 (s, 1H), 10.32 (s, 1H), 10.01 (s, 1H), 9.44 (s, 1H), 8.37 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (t, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.80 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (m, 1H), 6.47 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.05 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 2.17 (s, 6H).

(676) Compound I-41.

(677) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 560; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.42 (s, 1H), 10.31 (s, 1H), 10.02 (s, 1H), 9.42 (s, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.05 (m, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (m, 2H), 7.26 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (m, 1H), 6.29 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.05 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 6H), 2.11 (s, 3H).

(678) Compound I-42.

(679) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 600; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.85 (s, 1H), 10.61 (s, 1H), 10.11 (s, 1H), 10.08 (s, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.33 (br, 1H), 8.14 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.88 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (m, 1H), 6.79 (m, 1H), 6.47 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (s, 6H).

(680) Compound I-43.

(681) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 580; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.92 (s, 1H), 10.13 (s, 1H), 9.64 (s, 1H), 8.61 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 8.59 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1 H), 8.51 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.44 (s, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 3H), 7.24 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (m, 1H), 6.10 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.01 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.15 (s, 6H).

(682) Compound I-44.

(683) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 532; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.97 (s, 1H), 10.59 (s, 1H), 10.17 (s, 1H), 9.92 (br, 1H), 9.80 (br, 1H), 8.51 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.48 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.30 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.78 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.43 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (m, 1H), 6.46 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (s, 6H).

(684) Compound I-49.

(685) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 1053, .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.93 (s, 1H), 10.67 (s, 1H), 10.17 (s, 1H), 9.90 (br, 1H), 9.73 (s, 1H), 8.70 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.55 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.21 (m, 1H), 8.02 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.89 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.57 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (m, 1H), 6.58 (d, J=16.2 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (br, 1H), 6.27 (br, 1H), 6.15 (br, 1H), 4.35 (m, 2H), 4.17 (m, 2H), 4.10-2.55 (m, 26H) 2.12 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.82 (m, 2H), 1.65 (m, 1H), 1.56 (m, 3H), 1.34 (m, 2H).

(686) Compound I-50.

(687) LC-MS: m/z (M+H) 562; .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 10.60 (s, 1H), 10.13 (s, 1H), 9.94 (s, 2H), 8.60 (s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.96 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (m, 1H), 6.46 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (s, 6H), 2.64 (s, 3H), 2.41 (s, 3H).

(688) ##STR00258##

(689) LC-MS: (M+H) 580. .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.91 (s, 1H), 10.34 (s, 1H), 10.09 (s, 1H), 9.66 (s, 1H), 8.55 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 8.45 (s, 1H), 7.73 (m, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (m, 3H), 7.27 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (m, 3H), 6.77 (m, 1H), 6.49 (d, J=15.0 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.29 (s, 3H), 2.79 (s, 6H) ppm.

(690) ##STR00259##

(691) LC-MS: (M+H) 566. .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.91 (s, 1H), 10.34 (s, 1H), 10.20 (s, 1H), 9.81 (s, 1H), 8.61 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.52 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 8.48 (s, 1H), 8.23 (m, 1H), 8.00 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (m, 1H), 6.44 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (s, 6H) ppm.

(692) ##STR00260##

(693) LC-MS: (M+H) 566. .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 11.99 (s, 1H), 10.67 (s, 1H), 10.16 (s, 1H), 9.67 (s, 1H), 8.64 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.54 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.05 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.80 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.74 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.57 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (m, 1H), 6.54 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.87 (s, 6H) ppm.

(694) ##STR00261##

(695) LC-MS: (M+H) 569. .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 10.45 (s, 1H), 10.12 (s, 1H), 10.00 (s, 1H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 8.30 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.19 (s, 1H), 7.97 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.80 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (m, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (m, 1H), 6.27 (d, J=18.0 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (d, J=18.0 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (m, 2H), 3.44 (m, 2H), 3.17 (m, 2H), 3.00 (m, 2H), 2.79 (s, 3H) ppm.

(696) ##STR00262##

(697) LC-MS: (M+H) 554. .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) 10.71 (s, 1H), 10.21 (s, 1H), 10.09 (s, 1H), 8.95 (br, 2H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 8.37 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.24 (m, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.88 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (m, 2H), 7.17 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (m, 1H), 6.55 (d, J=18.0 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (m, 2H), 3.44 (m, 2H), 3.17 (m, 2H), 3.00 (m, 2H), 2.79 (s, 3H) ppm.

Example 2. Biological Assays of the Compounds

(698) The present invention relates, in one aspect, to the discovery of compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23) as the first irreversible inhibitors of CDK7, which represent the first covalent inhibitors of any CDK. While all reported covalent kinase inhibitors to-date target a cysteine located near the ATP-binding site in primary sequence, the compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23) have the unprecedented mechanism of targeting a cysteine residue situated completely outside of the canonical kinase fold. Molecular modeling based on the X-ray structure of CDK7, demonstrates that Cys312 is situated on a loop outside of the kinase domain that passes in front of the ATP-binding site thereby providing a fortuitous covalent attachment point for the compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23). Sequence alignments suggest that this cysteine is largely unique amongst the CDKs and other kinases and affords an unanticipated opportunity to generate selective CDK7 inhibitors. Treatment of cells with the compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23) leads to prolonged cessation of CTD phosphorylation; decreased transcription elongation processivity; decreased active transcription at genes critically required for the cancer cell state, including MCL-1 and MYC genes; and induction of apoptosis. Moreover, these effects are observed with short compound administration followed by washout; therefore, this mode of inhibition affords the potential for increased cellular and in vivo specificity by reducing the likelihood that free compound can engage in off-target interactions. The therapeutic potential of the CDK7 inhibitors of the invention was examined, and it was found that the compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23) display strong anti-cancer potential against a broad range of cancer types, in particular against multiple myeloma and leukemia cell lines and against primary patient-derived chronic lymphocytic leukemia isolates. Therefore, it is demonstrated that irreversible inhibition of CDK7 is a viable strategy for gaining intra-CDK selectivity and, as a result, CDK7 inhibitor can be a valuable tool for dissecting CDK7's role in maintenance of gene expression and the cancer cell state.

(699) Materials and Methods

(700) Reagents and Antibodies.

(701) Compounds I-23, I-23R, and I-49 were synthesized using the protocols described herein. The following antibodies were used for immunoblots: RNAP II CTD Ser-2 (04-1571), Ser-5 (04-1572), and Ser-7 (04-1570) phospho-antibodies (Millipore); Total RNAP II (Covance, MMS-126R); CDK7 (Bethyl, A300-405A); CDK1 (Bethyl, A303-664A), CDK2 (Bethyl, A301-812A); CDK4 (Cell Signaling, 2906); CDK6 (Cell Signaling, 3136); cyclin K (Bethyl, A301-939A); MCL-1 (Millipore, MAB4602); BCL-XL (Bethyl, A300-284A); PARP (Cell Signaling, 9542); and -Tubulin DM1A (Sigma, T9026). For chromatin immunoprecipitation studies, total RNAP II (Santa Cruz, sc-899) and CDK7 (Bethyl, A300-405A) antibodies were used.

(702) Cell Culture.

(703) Loucy and Jurkat cells were grown in RPMI-1640 with 1% glutamine. HCT116 cells expressing FLAG-tagged CDK7 proteins were grown in DMEM medium supplemented with 2 g/mL puromycin. All cell lines were supplemented with 10% FBS (Sigma) and 100 U.Math.mL.sup.1 penicillin, 100 g.Math.mL.sup.1 streptomycin (Invitrogen) and cultured at 37 C. in a humidified chamber in the presence of 5% CO.sub.2, unless otherwise noted.

(704) Inhibitor Washout Experiments.

(705) Cells were treated with compound I-23, compound I-23R, or DMSO for 4 hours. Following the treatment, the cells were washed 2-fold with PBS. Fresh medium containing no inhibitors were added back to the cells. The cells were lysed at indicated time points, and the lysates were probed for RNAP II CTD phosphorylation.

(706) Pull Down/Immunoprecipitation Experiments.

(707) Cells were treated with compound I-23, compound I-23R, or DMSO for 4 hours. Following the treatment, the cells were washed 2-fold with cold PBS and then lysed in the following lysis buffer: 50 mM TrisHCl pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40, 5 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, and protease/phosphatase cocktails. Following clearance, the lysates were treated with compound I-49 for pulldown (or CDK7 antibody for IP) overnight at 4 C. The lysates were then incubated with streptavidin agarose for pulldown (or Protein G Agarose for IP) for an additional 2-3 hours at 4 C. Agarose beads were washed 5 times with a lysis buffer and then boiled in 2SDS for 10 minutes at 95 C.

(708) In Vitro Kinase Assays.

(709) In vitro kinase assays with immunoprecipitated proteins (or recombinant CAK complexes) were performed as follows. Kinase reactions were performed in 25 L of final volume of reaction buffer (50 mM Hepes, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl.sub.2, 5% glycerol, 25 M ATP, and 10 Ci of [-32P]ATP). Each reaction contained 1 g of RNAP II. Incubation was at 30 OC for 30-45 min. Reactions were terminated by addition of 5 L of 5SDS-PAGE sample buffer and incubated at 95 C. for 5 min. Reactions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and the dried gel was exposed to film or PhosphorImager plate.

(710) Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Coupled to High Throughput Sequences (ChIP-seq).

(711) ChIP was carried out as described in Rahl et. al., Cell (2010) 141:432-45. In summary, Jurkat cells were treated with DMSO alone or compound I-23 (250 nM for 6 hours or 500 nM for 12 hours), compound I-23R (250 nM for 6 hours) or flavopiridol (250 nM for 6 hours). After the indicated treatment time, cells were crosslinked for 10 minutes at room temperature by the addition of one-tenth of the volume of 11% formaldehyde solution (11% formaldehyde, 50 mM Hepes (pH 7.3), 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA (pH 8.0), 0.5 mM EGTA (pH 8.0)) to the growth media followed by two washes with PBS. Following the final PBS wash, supernatant was aspirated, and the cell pellet was flash frozen in liquid nitrogen. Frozen crosslinked cells were stored at 80 C.

(712) 50 l of Dynal magnetic beads (Sigma) were blocked with 0.5% BSA (w/v) in PBS. Magnetic beads were bound with 5 g of the indicated antibody. Antibodies used are as follows: Total RNAP II (Rpb1 N-terminus): Santa Cruz sc-899; CDK7: Bethyl A300-405A. Crosslinked cells were lysed with lysis buffer 1 (50 mM Hepes (pH 7.3), 140 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 10% glycerol, 0.5% NP-40, and 0.25% Triton X-100) and washed with lysis buffer 2 (10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 200 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA (pH 8.0) and 0.5 mM EGTA (pH 8.0)). The cells were resuspended and sonicated in sonication buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 140 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% Na-deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS) for 9 cycles at 30 seconds each on ice (18-21 watts) with 60 seconds on ice between cycles. Sonicated lysates were cleared and incubated overnight at 4 C. with magnetic beads bound with antibody to enrich for DNA fragments bound by the indicated factor. Beads were washed three times with sonication buffer, one time with sonication buffer with 500 mM NaCl, one time with LiCl wash buffer (20 mM Tris (pH 8.0), 1 mM EDTA, 250 mM LiCl, 0.5% NP-40, 0.5% Na-deoxycholate), and one time with TE. DNA was eluted in elution buffer. Cross-links were reversed overnight. The RNA and protein were digested using RNAse A and Proteinase K, respectively, and the DNA was purified with phenol chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation.

(713) Illumina sequencing libraries were generated, and data were processed according to Lin et al., Cell (2012) 151:56-67. In brief, libraries were generated for ChIP samples following the Illumina TruSeq DNA Sample Preparation v2 kit protocol with minor changes. All ChIP-Seq datasets were aligned using Bowtie (version 0.12.2) (Langmead et al., Genome Biology (2009), 10:R25) to build version NCBI36/HG18 of the human genome. Alignments were performed using the following criteria: -n2, -e70, -m1, -k1, -best. These criteria preserved only reads that mapped uniquely to the genome with 1 or fewer mismatches. ChIP binding density was visualized on the UCSC genome browser (genome.ucsc.edu). Replicate experiments were performed for RNAP II ChIPs in cells treated with 250 nM of compound I-23 for 6 hours. The phenotype observed on RNAP II occupancy as a result of 250 nM of compound I-23 was consistent for both replicates, and therefore, the reads from the two replicate samples were merged for the figure displays for simplicity.

(714) Proliferation Assays.

(715) Proliferation assays were conducted over a 48-72 hour time period (as noted). Cell titer glo was used to assess the anti-proliferative effects of the compounds as described in the product manual. Cancer cell line profiling was performed over a 72 time period using Alamar Blue reagent.

(716) Apoptosis Assays.

(717) PBMCs freshly isolated from peripheral blood are seeded in 24 well plates at a volume of 0.5 ml and a concentration of 210.sup.6 cells/ml. Compounds and controls are added to respective wells in a total volume of 2.5 l. Plates are mixed gently and incubated approximately 24 hours at 37 C., 5% CO.sub.2. Apoptosis was measured in all cells from each well using the Annexin V: FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit I (BD Biosciences). Normalized % death was calculated as follows:
[(% Dead Drug% Dead DMSO)/(100%% Dead DMSO)]100

(718) NanoLC/MS.

(719) Recombinant CAK complex was incubated with CDK7-IN-1 or DMSO for 4 hours at 37 C., and the reactions were resolved by SDS-PAGE. Bands corresponding to CDK7 were excised, and digested in gel with trypsin according to standard protocols. Extracted peptides were loaded via autosampler injection (NanoAcquity Sample Manager, Waters, Milford, Mass.) onto a precolumn (4 cm POROS 10R2, Applied Biosystems, Framingham, Mass.) and eluted with an HPLC gradient (NanoAcquity Binary Sample Manager, Waters; 0-35% B in 60 minutes; A=0.1 M acetic acid in water, B=0.1 M acetic acid in acetonitrile). Peptides were resolved on a self-packed analytical column (12 cm Monitor C.sub.18, Column Engineering, Ontario, Calif.) and introduced to the mass spectrometer (LTQ Orbitrap XL or LTQ Orbitrap Velos) at a flow rate of about 30 nL/min (ESI spray voltage=2.2 kV). The Orbitrap XL was operated in data dependent mode such that the 15 most abundant precursors were subjected to MS/MS (CAD with electron multiplier detection, NCE=35%). To facilitate detection of peptides labeled with the inhibitor, acetonitrile was added to the peptides (final concentration 25%) prior to injection. In addition, the peptides were eluted using a modified HPLC gradient (10-70% B in 24 minutes) and analyzed on the Orbitrap Velos. Here, the mass spectrometer performed alternating CAD (EM detection, NCE=35%) and HCD MS/MS (NCE=35%, image current detection, resolution 7500 at m/z 400) scans on the top seven most abundant precursors and included additional targeted scans for various charge states predicted for the inhibitor labeled C312 peptide.

(720) MS Data Analysis.

(721) Files were searched using Mascot version 2.2.1 against a database of CDK7. Precursor and product ion tolerances were 10 ppm and 0.6 Da, respectively. Search parameters included trypsin specificity, up to 2 missed cleavages, fixed carbamidomethylation (C, +57 Da), variable deamidation (NQ, 1 Da), oxidation (M, +16 Da), and inhibitor modification (CK, +565 Da). The doubly carbamidomethylated C312 containing peptide was quantified from MS scans using peak heights corresponding to triply and quadruply charged peptide precursors using 2 unlabeled CDK7 peptides for normalization.

(722) Kinome Profiling and Compound-Based Affinity Chromatography Identified Phenylamino-Pyrimidine Scaffold as a Potential CDK7 Scaffold

(723) The phenylamino-pyrimidine (PAP) core scaffold is a privileged ATP-site directed pharmacophore with the most famous example being imatinib, a Bcr-Abl inhibitor approved to treat several cancers including Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia. Numerous PAP derivatives have been reported as potent inhibitors of various CDKs; however, efforts to achieve greater selectivity amongst the CDK family members have been hindered by the high sequence and structural similarity of CDKs. All CDK inhibitors reported to date are non-covalent but sequence and structural analysis reveals that a number of CDKs possess cysteine residues that might form the basis for the development of potent and selective covalent inhibitors. In an effort to explore broadly which CDKs might be targetable by a covalent inhibitor, a library of acrylamide-modified PAPs was built, and the library was subject to cell proliferation as well broad kinase selectivity profiling using the Kinativ chemical proteomics approach. A compound to emerge from the screen was compound I-23 (FIG. 1A), which had lost its ability to inhibit JNK but gained potent antiproliferative activity against a number of cell lines. Comparison of compound I-23 to an analog lacking the electrophilic acrylamide (,-unsaturated carbonyl) moiety (compound I-23R, FIG. 1A), which is required to form covalent bonds with cysteine residues, revealed compound I-23 to be roughly 10-fold more potent as an anti-proliferative agent, suggesting that compound I-23 was likely acting through a putatively irreversible binding mechanism (FIG. 1B). A combination of unbiased kinase profiling, candidate-based screening of kinases with appropriately positioned nucleophilic amino acids, and compound-based affinity chromatography, leveraging the perceived covalent nature of compound I-23, were used to find possible targets of compound I-23. To corroborate this finding using an independent approach, a biotinylated derivative of compound I-23 was synthesized (compound I-49, FIG. 1A) which was capable of specifically binding to CDK7 as monitored by western-blot (FIG. 1C).

(724) Consistent with the PAP scaffold being capable of targeting a variety of kinases, the KiNativ profiling identified several other kinases as potential targets of compound I-23. However, with the exception of CDK7 and PIP4K2C both compounds I-23 and I-23R engaged all other targets with comparable potency suggesting that most of these kinases are reversible targets of compound I-23. In order to discriminate between reversible and irreversible kinase binding, in vitro binding and enzymatic assays were performed which demonstrated that compound I-23 displayed covalent binding to CDK7.

(725) Compound I-23 Irreversibly Inhibits RNAP II CTD Phosphorylation

(726) CDK7 exerts its regulatory control of transcription largely by phosphorylating RNAP II CTD, which promotes active transcription. To investigate whether compound I-23 treatment recapitulates cellular phenotypes consistent with those previously reported for disruption of CDK7, Loucy cells were treated with compound I-23 or I-23R, in a dose-response format and immunoblotted for RNAP II CTD Ser-2, Ser-5, and Ser-7 phosphoepitopes (FIG. 2A). Compound I-23 caused a dose-dependent decrease in the phosphorylation of all RNAP II CTD sites, with Ser-7 and Ser-2 being the most dramatically affected. Reduction of Ser-5 phosphorylation was seen only at higher concentrations. The cellular IC.sub.50s of compound I-23 for Ser-7 and Ser-2 were approximately 4 nM and 20 nM, respectively. Conversely, compound I-23R showed significantly higher IC.sub.50 values for phosphorylation of these phosphoepitopes.

(727) Covalent kinase inhibitors have several characteristics that functionally differentiate themselves from their reversible counterparts. Generally, (1) covalent kinase inhibitors have electrophilic substituents that react covalently with nucleophilic centers on their target kinase; (2) covalent kinase inhibitors exhibit two-step inhibitory kinetics marked by a fast reversible binding event, followed by a slow covalent (irreversible) binding event, which causes the overall kinetics of target inactivation to be slow relative to noncovalent inhibitors; and (3) once covalently bound, covalent kinase inhibitors are impervious to washout of the inhibitors and are no longer ATP-competitive. To determine if compound I-23 displays slow kinetics of target inactivation, Loucy cells were treated with compound I-23 or I-23R for varying times, and lysates were harvested to probe for RNAP II CTD phosphorylation. Compound I-23 exhibited slow inactivation of CDK7, with complete inhibition of target coming only after 3-4 hours (FIG. 2B). In comparison, compound I-23R exhibited rapid inactivation of the target, indicative of a reversible inhibitor. To assess if compound I-23 shows irreversible inhibition of CDK7 kinase activity, it was investigated whether CDK7 kinase activity returns following removal of compound I-23. Washout of compound I-23R, following a 4-hour administration led to the recovery of RNAP II CTD phosphorylation within 1 hour (FIG. 2C). Conversely, washout of compound I-23 did not restore normal CTD phosphorylation levels over the time course of this experiment. This phenomenon was also visible using in vitro kinase reactions comparing pre-incubation of compound I-23 with compound I-23 introduced concurrently with ATP. Here, when compound I-23 was pre-incubated with recombinant CAK complex (prior to the addition of ATP), I-23 led to a dramatic increase in CDK7 inhibitory activity (FIG. 2D). These results further suggest that compound I-23 is working through a covalent mechanism to inhibit CDK7.

(728) Affinity Chromatography Demonstrates Compound I-23 Binds Irreversibly to CDK7

(729) While the previous results suggest that compound I-23 operates by an irreversible inhibitory mechanism, direct evidence of covalent modification was sought. A recombinantly-expressed CAK complex was incubated with compound I-49 for 4 hours at 37 C., and the proteins were resolved on a SDS-page gel. Immunoblot with streptavidin-HRP indicated that CDK7 was labeled with compound I-49 (FIG. 3A). Because this labeling is detected after denaturation of the protein, it was established that this interaction is likely covalent in nature. Likewise, it was made possible to detect direct labeling of endogenous CDK7 with compound I-49, further suggesting that compound I-23 was operating via covalent modification of CDK7 (FIG. 3B). A reciprocal affinity chromatography experiment corroborated this covalent CDK7 engagement. Here, a competition-based experiment was employed, whereby intact cells were pre-treated with compound I-23 or I-23R, lysed, and probed with compound I-49 (FIG. 3C). If pre-treated cells undergo a covalent interaction, the covalent interaction would have the effect of protecting CDK7 from binding to compound I-49. Indeed, cells pre-treated with compound I-23, but not with compound I-23R, successfully blocked compound I-49 from binding CDK7 in a dose-dependent manner (FIG. 3D). These results again support the notion that compound I-23 interacts with CDK7 in a covalent and irreversible manner.

(730) CDK7 Covalently Binds a Unique Cysteine in a Distal C-Terminal Region Located Outside the Kinase Domain

(731) The data described above establish that compound I-23 operates via an irreversible inhibitory mechanism. Next, the site of covalent modification on CDK7 was identified. Initial comparison of the binding mode of this compound class (see, U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/561,078, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference) with the X-ray structure of CDK7 (Endicott) suggested that there was no cysteine (typical nucleophile) in position to react with the electrophilic center of compound I-23. Closer inspection of the X-ray structure of CDK7, which terminates at the C-terminus with residue N311, showed that the next residue is a cysteine (C312). Insertion of this residue into a model of compound I-23 in the ATP-binding pocket of CDK7 revealed that this cysteine approaches the -carbon of the electrophilic center and could form a covalent bond with compound I-23 (FIG. 4A). Alignment of CDK7 with other CDK family members indicated that this cysteine was highly unique among CDKs (FIG. 4B). To determine if compound I-23 indeed binds C312 of CDK7, a recombinant CAK complex was incubated with DMSO or compound I-23 for 4 hours at 37 C., and the reactions were resolved by SDS-PAGE. Bands corresponding to CDK7 were excised, and tryptic peptides were analyzed by nanoLC/MS. CDK7 treated with compound I-23 showed a significant decrease in signal (85%) for the doubly carbamidomethylated C312 containing a tryptic peptide relative to the untreated control, indicating this peptide was modified by the inhibitor (see the Materials and Methods subsection and FIGS. 4C-4D), while peptides spanning C241 were detected at similar levels in both samples (not shown; C201 and C281 were not observed presumably due to the large size of the corresponding tryptic peptides). Unfortunately, the inhibitor-labeled peptide was not detected in the treated sample, possibly due to the precipitation under the aqueous conditions used to inject and analyze standard tryptic peptides. To facilitate detection of the modified analog, CDK7 peptides were injected in a solution containing 10% acetonitrile and eluted using a modified LC gradient. In this experiment, the C312-labeled peptide was identified in MS scans, and FT-MS2 spectra allowed localization of the modification site to C312 (FIG. 4E). Importantly, no other peptides that were modified with compound I-23 were detected, suggesting that this is a specific interaction.

(732) Mutation of C312 Restores Wild-Type (WT) Kinase Function

(733) To determine if covalent attachment at C312 is critical to the activity of compound I-23, C312 was mutated to a serine (C312S), which will not react with the acrylamide of the inhibitor. HCT116 cells were generated stably expressing FLAG-CDK7 WT and C312S. Each HCT116 population was treated with compound I-23 or I-23R in a dose-response format. CDK7 was then immunoprecipitated (IP) from each combination treatment using a FLAG antibody, and washed IPs were subjected to in vitro kinase assays (FIG. 4F). Compound I-23, but not compound I-23R, inhibited FLAG-CDK7 WT in a dose-dependent fashion. In contrast, FLAG-CDK7 C312S was impervious to both compounds. Using this experimental format, whereby inhibitors are added directly to cells, the site of covalent modification was proven by demonstrating that the C312S mutation protects CDK7 from irreversible inhibition by compound I-23. Additionally, pre-treatment with compound I-23 allows target engagement of CDK7 directly in cells; therefore, despite the fact that the reaction occurs in a test tube, it acts as surrogate readout for intracellular inhibition. The inhibition of CDK7 in the kinase reaction at 2-digit nanomolar concentrations of compound I-23 is consistent with those seen to affect intracellular RNAP II CTD phosphorylation (FIG. 2A).

(734) Compound I-23 Decreases RNAP II Processivity by Disruption of CDK7 Kinase Activity

(735) CDK7 inhibition results in decreased RNAP II CTD phosphorylation, which suggests altered transcriptional control. To investigate how decreased CDK7 kinase activity alters global transcription, RNAP II genome-wide occupancy was investigated in Jurkat cells following compound I-23 treatment using chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq). These studies revealed a striking defect in RNAP II occupancy across the genome following compound I-23 treatment.

(736) Two major regulated steps in transcription occur at the level of RNAP II initiation and pause release where RNAP II occupancy is indicative of these regulatory mechanisms (Fuda et al., Nature (2009) 461:186-92). RNAP II displayed the typical distribution in Jurkat cells treated with DMSO or compound I-23R (250 nM) for 6 hours where a large fraction is detected at the promoter proximal pause site, elongating RNAP II is detected in the gene body of actively transcribed genes, and a fraction is detected downstream of the 3-end of genes (FIGS. 5A and 8-10). Treatment with 250 nM of compound I-23 for 6 hours dramatically altered the RNAP II occupancy where the RNAP II at the promoter proximal pause site is drastically diminished (FIGS. 5A-B). Interestingly, RNAP II is largely depleted from the 3-end of genes but detected with increased density downstream of the promoter proximal pause site (FIGS. 5A-B and 8-9). The RNAP II occupancy defect following the treatment with compound I-23 is strikingly different than flavopiridol treatment, where paused RNAP II occupancy is unaffected by the CDK inhibitor flavopiridol, but the transition into elongation is inhibited (FIGS. 8-9). These results provide insights into how CDK7 kinase inhibition leads to changes in CTD phosphorylation patterns where there is a global decrease in RNAP II detected at pause sites with defects in elongating RNAP II.

(737) CDK7 covalent inhibition is required to alter RNAP II occupancy and transcriptional control across the genome (FIGS. 5A-B). Kinetic analysis described above indicated that complete enzymatic activity is achieved following 3-4 hours of treatment (FIG. 2B). To investigate if prolonged treatment with compound I-23 leads to greater defects in RNAP II occupancy, Jurkat cells were treated for 6 hours (roughly at IC.sub.95, 250 nM) or 12 hours (greater than IC.sub.95, 500 nM), and RNAP II ChIP-seq analysis was performed. Consistent with the kinetic analysis, the RNAP II occupancy defect is vastly similar following 6- and 12-hour treatments, suggesting that RNAP II occupancy is altered rapidly across the genome (FIG. 10).

(738) It was next asked whether the changes in RNAP II occupancy resulted strictly from loss of catalytic activity or whether compound I-23 compromised the targeting of TFIIH to promoters. CDK7 ChIP-seq analysis was used to investigate if CDK7 inhibition affects its association with chromatin. It was indicated that compound I-23 treatment did not disrupt CDK7 occupancy (FIGS. 5C-D).

(739) Compound I-23 Induces Apoptosis and Downregulates Anti-Apoptotic BCL-2 Family Members

(740) Previous studies have indicated that chemical inhibition of CDK7 leads to reduced expression of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family members. To investigate if compound I-23 causes a similar downregulation of BCL-2 family members, Loucy cells were treated with increasing amounts of compound I-23 over a time course of 12 to 48 hours (FIG. 6A). Treatment with as little as 100 nM of compound I-23 was sufficient to elicit a reduction in MCL-1 protein levels after 12 hours. Reductions in other BCL-2 family members, such as BCL-XL, were not reduced even at higher concentrations. Consistent with its covalent inhibitory mechanism, similar results were seen over the same time span following washout (FIGS. 6A-6B). These data indicate that inhibition of CDK7 is an effective method for tipping the balance between cell death and survival signals in favor of cell death by apoptosis.

(741) Compound I-23 Exhibits Strong Antiproliferative Activity Against a Wide-Range of Cancer Cell Lines.

(742) CDK7 inhibitors display strong antiproflierative effects in leukemia and lymphoma cancer cells. However, a better definition of the breadth of their therapeutic potential in other cell types has not been reported. To address this deficiency, compound I-23 was screened in a dose-response format against a panel of >300 diverse cancer cell lines to identify new cancer cell lines that are uniquely sensitive or uniquely resistant to CDK7 inhibition. The rationale for examining such a large panel of human cancer cell lines is based on the fact that there is substantial genetic heterogeneity among human tumor cells, even with the same histological origins. In general, the data reveal a bimodal distribution with cell lines displaying exquisite sensitivity or apparent complete insensitivity to the compound. Of the cancer cell types tested, compound I-23 showed IC.sub.50 values less than 200 nM in 70% of cell lines and showed IC.sub.50 values greater than 2.5 M in 24% of cell lines (FIGS. 6C-6D). Consistent with previous results, all (48/48) lymphoma cell lines and 94% (132/140) of leukemia cell lines tested were sensitive to compound I-23 exhibiting IC.sub.50s below 150 nM and 200 nM, respectively. In contrast, untransformed retinal pigment epithelial (RPE1) cells were largely resistant to I-23 (FIG. 6E).

(743) Compound I-23 Strongly Reduces Cell Viability of Multiple Myeloma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells

(744) To better evaluate the utility of compound I-23 in the treatment of blood cancers, the effects of compound I-23 on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and multiple myeloma (MM) cells were investigated. To determine if compound I-23 shows efficacy in primary leukemia cancer cells, patient-derived CLL isolates were treated with compound I-23, compound I-23R, or flavopiridol (a pan-CDK inhibitor). Compound I-23 and flavopiridol displayed strong pro-death signaling with average EC.sub.50 values less than 200 nM (FIG. 11A). Consistent with our previous results, compound I-23R was largely inactive in these assays. Similarly, in MM cell lines compound I-23 displayed highly effective anti-proliferative activity. Compound I-23's mode of action was largely impervious to the presence of underlying stroma with the compound exhibiting similar IC.sub.50 in the absence or presence of stromal cells (FIGS. 11B-11D). Crosstalk between stromal and cancer cells provides a protective effect for the tumor and has been shown to lead to resistance to therapies. Therefore, studying compound I-23's antiproliferative effects in this context provides a more accurate depiction of the compound's therapeutic utility in these tumor cell types. Again, compound I-23R was largely inactive in these assays (FIGS. 11A and 11C-11H).

(745) Here, the discovery and characterization of compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23) as the first covalent inhibitors of CDK7 are reported. A comprehensive strategy was employed utilizing protein- and lysate-based kinase profiling to identify CDK7 as a primary target of the compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23). The in vitro IC.sub.50 values of exemplary compounds of Formula (I) in inhibiting CDK7 are shown in Table 1. Additionally, leveraging the covalent nature of the compounds, compound I-49 was developed as an affinity reagent that allowed capturing CDK7 from cellular lysates. Thus, using orthogonal approaches, CDK7 was independently corroborated as a primary target of the compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23). Consistent with an irreversible mechanism of action, compound I-23R, an analog lacking a reactive electrophilic center, showed markedly decreased activity against intracellular CDK7 and a 10-fold decrease in antiproliferative activity. Characteristic of covalent inhibitors, the inhibitory activity of the compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23) against CDK7 was both time-dependent and resistant to inhibitor washout. The compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23) were shown to recapitulate previous findings obtained with other small molecule inhibitors of CDK7. Cells treated with the compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23) displayed significant impairment in RNAP II CTD phosphorylation at residues Ser-7 and Ser-2 and, to a lesser extent, Ser-5. These results agree with previous accounts suggesting that CDK7 is the major Ser-7 kinase and possibly coordinates with other kinases to phosphorylate Ser-5. The strong reduction in Ser-2 CTD phospho-epitope suggests that this phosphorylation event likely requires upstream Ser-5/7 phosphorylation. These results are consistent with the ChIP-seq data, which indicates that a treatment with the compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23) reduces RNAP II occupancy at the 3 ends of genes where the majority of Ser-2 phosphorylation occurs.

(746) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 In vitro inhibitory activities of exemplary compounds of Formula (I) against CDK7 Compound IC.sub.50 (nM) I-17 11.3 I-18 13.9 I-19 15.7 I-20 20.9 I-21 22.7 I-22 32.6 I-23 33.5 I-24 40 I-25 87.8 I-26 184 I-27 201 I-28 238 I-29 288 I-30 347 I-31 416 I-32 1,180 I-33 1,420 I-34 4,750 I-37 557 I-38 3,010 I-39 1,350 I-40 3,470 I-41 809 I-42 35.7 I-43 36.2 I-44 391 I-50 92.3

(747) The compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23) show the unprecedented ability to target C312 of CDK7, which is located outside of the canonical kinase fold. Though distantly separated from the kinase domain in primary sequence, the C-terminus of CDK7 containing C312 traverses closely to the ATP-binding site affording the opportunity to be targeted by an ATP-competitive ligand. Molecular modeling of compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23) with the X-ray structure of CDK7 demonstrates that the inhibitor can bridge the ATP-binding site with the C-terminus of CDK7 containing C312 (FIG. 4A). Mass spectrometry was used to unequivocally verify that C312 is the site of covalent modification. Furthermore, a conserved C312S mutation demonstrated that this nucleophilic cysteine C312 was essential for the irreversible inhibitory activity of compound I-23.

(748) Inhibitory Activity of Exemplary Compounds Against Exemplary Kinases

(749) Compounds of the invention were assayed for activity against a variety of different kinases at Life Technologies (Grand Island, N.Y.) using their commercially available Adapta (for CDK7, CDK9/cyclin T1, and IRAK1 kinases), Z-Lyte (for CDK1, CDK2, CDK5/p25, CDK5/p35, JNK1 and JNK2 kinases), and LanthaScreen Eu (for CDK8, CDK9/cyclin K and MLK3) kinase assay services. Test compounds were tested at 100 nM and 1 M final concentrations in 1% DMSO against all kinases except CDK7. For CDK7, test compounds were tested at concentrations ranging from 10 M down to 0.514 nM in a series of 3-fold serial dilutions. Detailed protocols of these assays, including substrates used for each kinase, are known in the art, such as on the Life Technologies web site (www.lifetechnologies.com/us/en/home/life-science/drug-discovery/target-and-lead-identification-and-validation/kinasebiology/kinase-activity-assays.html). Exemplary results are presented as calculated IC.sub.50 values (Tables 2A to 2C) or as percent inhibitions of activity (Tables 3A to 3C). In Tables 2A to 2C, A represents a calculated IC.sub.50 value of less than 100 nM; B represents a calculated IC.sub.50 value of greater than or equal to 100 nM and less than 1 M; and C represents a calculated IC.sub.50 value of 1 M or greater. In Tables 3A to 3C, A represents greater than 70% inhibition of a kinase by the test compound, B represents between 50% and 70% inhibition, inclusive; and C represents less than 50% inhibition. The co-factors used for each kinase in the assays were as follows: CDK1: cyclin B; CDK2: cyclin A; CDK5: p25 or p35 as indicated; CDK7: cyclin H and MNAT1; CDK8: cyclin C; CDK9: cyclin K or cyclin T1 as indicated; IRAK1: Histone H3 (I-20) peptide; JNK1: none required; JNK2: none required; MLK3: none required.

(750) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2A Calculated IC.sub.50 values of exemplary compounds of the invention against CDK7 Compound CDK7 I-17 A I-18 A I-19 A I-20 A I-21 A I-22 A I-23 A I-24 A I-25 A I-27 B I-28 B I-31 C I-37 B I-38 C I-39 C I-42 A I-43 A I-44 B I-49 A I-50 A I-52 A I-53 A I-55 A I-56 A I-57 A I-59 B I-60 B I-61 B I-62 C I-63 C I-64 B I-64 B I-65 A I-68 A I-69 B I-70 A I-71 B

(751) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 2B Calculated IC.sub.50 values of exemplary compounds of the invention against exemplary kinases CDK1/ CDK2/ CDK5/ CDK8/ Compound Jurkat cyclin B cyclin A p25 cyclin C I-17 B C C I-23 A B B B C I-52 B I-53 A B I-55 B I-56 A I-57 C I-65 B

(752) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 2C Calculated IC.sub.50 values of exemplary compounds of the invention against exemplary kinases CDK9/ JNK1 JNK2 Compound cyclin T1 IRAK1 (MAPK8) (MAPK9) MLK3 I-17 B B I-20 A I-23 C A B B A I-53 A I-65 B

(753) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 3A Percent inhibition of various kinases by exemplary compounds of the invention Compound CDK1.sup.a, g CDK1.sup.b, g CDK2.sup.a, h CDK2.sup.b, h CDK5.sup.a, c CDK5.sup.b, c I-20 A A A A A A I-23 A B A A A B I-56 A A A A A A I-57 A A A A A A

(754) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 3B Percent inhibition of various kinases by exemplary compounds of the invention Compound CDK5.sup.a, d CDK5.sup.b, d CDK8.sup.a, i CDK8.sup.b, i CDK9.sup.a, e CDK9.sup.b, e I-20 A A A A A A I-23 A B I-56 A A A A A A I-57 A A A A A B

(755) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 3C Percent inhibition of various kinases by exemplary compounds of the invention Compound IRAK1.sup.a IRAK1.sup.b JNK1.sup.a JNK1.sup.b JNK2.sup.a JNK2.sup.b MLK3.sup.a MLK3.sup.b I-20 B C A A A A B C I-23 A A A C I-56 A C A A A A B C I-57 A C A A A A A C
Inhibitory Activity of Exemplary Compounds Against the Proliferation of Exemplary Cell Lines .sup.a Compound tested at 100 nM..sup.b Compound tested at 1 M..sup.c CDK5 tested using p25 co-factor..sup.d CDK5 tested using p35 co-factor..sup.e CDK9 tested using cyclin T1 co-factor..sup.g CDK1 tested using cyclin B co-factor..sup.h CDK2 tested using cyclin A co-factor..sup.i CDK8 tested using cyclin C co-factor.

(756) The representative compounds of the invention were tested at different concentrations (from 10 M to 316 pM; 0.5 log serial dilutions) for their ability to inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cell lines. Known CDK inhibitors flavopiridol and triptolide were used as positive controls. Cells were grown in the indicated media below. All cell lines were supplemented with FBS (Life Technologies) and 100 U.Math.mL-1 penicillin, 100 g.Math.mL-1 streptomycin (Invitrogen) and cultured at 37 C. in a humidified chamber in the presence of 5% CO.sub.2. Proliferation assays were conducted over a 72 hour time period. CellTiter-Glo (Promega Corporation, Madison, Wis. USA) was used to assess the anti-proliferative effects of the compounds following manufacturer's directions and utilizing the reagents supplied with the CellTiter-Glo kit.

(757) The following cancer cell lines were tested with the media conditions indicated:

(758) Blood Cancer Cell Lines

(759) JurkatRPMI 1640+10% FBS+1% Glutamax HL60: RPMI 1640+10% FBS+1% Glutamax THP-1: RPMI 1640+10% FBS+1% Glutamax+0.05 mM 2-Mercaptoethanol MV4-11: RPMI 1640+10% FBS+1% Glutamax RS4-11: RPMI 1640+10% FBS+1% Glutamax;
Breast Cancer Cell Lines hTERT-HME1: Mammary Epithelial Cell Basal Medium (500 mL; Lonza CC-3151)+2 mL BPE+0.5 mL hEGF+0.5 mL Hydrocortisone+0.5 mL GA-1000+0.5 mL insulin (Lonza CC-4136)+100 ng/mL cholera toxin MDA-MB231: Leibovitz's L-15 Medium+10% FBS+1% Glutamax MCF7: RPMI 1640+10% FBS+1% Glutamax MCF10A: Mammary Epithelial Cell Basal Medium (500 mL; Lonza CC-3151)+2 mL BPE+0.5 mL hEGF+0.5 mL Hydrocortisone+0.5 mL GA-1000+0.5 mL insulin (Lonza CC-4136)+100 ng/mL cholera toxin T47D: RPMI 1640+10% FBS+1% Glutamax+0.2 Units/ml bovine insulin; SKBR3: McCoy's 5a Medium Modified+10% FBS
Ewing's Sarcoma Cell Lines A673: DMEM (4 mM L-Glut, 4.5 g/L Glucose, 1 mM pyruvate, 1.5 g/l bicarb)+10% FBS Hs822T: DMEM (4 mM L-Glut, 4.5 g/L Glucose, 1 mM pyruvate, 1.5 g/l bicarb)+10% FBS Hs863T: DMEM (4 mM L-Glut, 4.5 g/L Glucose, 1 mM pyruvate, 1.5 g/l bicarb)+10% FBS RD-ES: RPMI 1640+15% FBS SK-ES: McCoy's 5a Medium Modified (modified1.5 mM L-glut, 2.2 g/L bicarb)+15% FBS
Osteosarcoma Cell Lines SAOS: McCoy's 5a Medium Modified+10% FBS+2 mM L-Glut MNNG-HOS Cl#5: EMEM+10% FBS 143B: EMEM+10% FBS+15 ug/ml Bromo-deoxy Uridine (BUdR)+2 mM Glutamine+1% Non Essential Amino Acids (NEAA) MG-63: EMEM+10% FBS.

(760) Exemplary results of these assays are set forth in Tables 4A to 4D, where A represents an IC.sub.50 value of less than 500 nM; B represents an IC.sub.50 value of between 500 nM and 5 M, inclusive; and C represents an IC.sub.50 value of greater than 5 M.

(761) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 4A Inhibition of proliferation of various blood cancer cell lines by exemplary compounds of the invention Compound HL60 THP-1 MV4-11 RS4-11 I-17 A A A A I-20 A A A A I-23 A A A A Flavopiridol A A A A Triptolide A A A A

(762) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 4B Inhibition of proliferation of various breast cancer cell lines by exemplary compounds of the invention hTERT- MDA- Compound HME1 MB231 MCF7 MCF10A T47D SKBR3 I-17 A A A A B B I-20 A A A A B B I-23 A A A A C B Flavopiridol A A B A C A Triptolide A A A A C A

(763) TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 4C Inhibition of proliferation of various Ewing's sarcoma cell lines by exemplary compounds of the invention Compound A673 Hs822T Hs863T RD-ES SK-ES I-17 A A B A A I-20 A A A A A I-23 A A B A A Flavopiridol A C C A A Triptolide A B C A A

(764) TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 4D Inhibition of proliferation of various osteosarcoma cell lines by exemplary compounds of the invention Compound SAOS MNNG-HOS Cl#5 143B I-17 A B B I-20 A B C I-23 A B C Flavopiridol A B B Triptolide A A A

(765) Multiple sequence alignment demonstrates that this cysteine C312 is unique, and therefore provides an unanticipated way to achieve selectivity within the CDK family, where high sequence and shape homology has posed a formidable challenge to achieving selectivity with ATP-competitive inhibitors. Therefore, employing an inhibitor washout strategy, which leverages the irreversible inhibitory activity of the compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23) against a non-conserved cysteine, one can further mitigate off-target effects. Thus, the compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23) offer a unique mechanism, which combines ATP-site and allosteric covalent binding, to deliver potent and selective inhibition of CDK7.

(766) Characteristics of the compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23) were exploited to investigate the effects of acute pharmacological inhibition of CDK7 on control of the global gene expression program and its involvement in maintenance of the cancer state. ChIP-seq in Jurkat cells demonstrated a genome-wide decrease in RNAP II gene occupancy, reflecting a large downregulation of active transcription. Untreated Jurkat cells displayed prominent RNAP II occupancy at both MYC and MCL-1; however treatment with the compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23) led to a disproportionate decrease in RNAP II occupancy at these promoters. It is known that many cancer cell lines, particularly those of white blood cell origin, exhibit high levels of transcription at these promoters; thus, it is expected that decrease of RNAP II occupancy at these sites may contribute to these compounds' anti-proliferative capacity. Illustrative of this point, leukemia and lymphoma cell lines demonstrate high dependence on the constant expression of MCL-1 to maintain cell viability. It was found that the growth in the vast majority of leukemias and lymphomas screened was potently suppressed by the compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23). Likewise, the viability of clinical CLL isolates as well as the proliferation of clinically relevant MM variants were also potently suppressed by the compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23). These results further support the notion that targeting the BCL-2 family and MYC proteins either through direct or, in this case, indirect means, can be an effective therapeutic strategy.

(767) Therapeutically, irreversible inhibition of CDK7 comprises both advantages and disadvantages. First, targeting site-specific cysteine residues, specifically in CDK7, offers the possibility of making CDK7-specific inhibitors. This approach could then be applied to other tCDKs by leveraging unique cysteines in their kinase domains. Second, treatment with the compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23) is resistant to washout of inhibitor in solution. As a consequence, a short compound administration, which is sufficient to give elicit an apoptotic response, may limit reversible off-target interactions and circumvent sub-optimal pharmacokinetic properties. Third, covalent modification results in termination of CDK7 activity until CDK7 protein turnover may occur, resulting in long-lasting inhibition. However, idiosyncratic toxicities have been described for irreversible inhibitors, and it is currently unknown whether the compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., compound I-23) would suffer from this problem. Furthermore, it is currently unclear to what extent that irreversible inhibition of CDK7 can be tolerated within the normal cell population.

EQUIVALENTS AND SCOPE

(768) In the claims articles such as a, an, and the may mean one or more than one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. Claims or descriptions that include or between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. The invention includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. The invention includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.

(769) Furthermore, the invention encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, and descriptive terms from one or more of the listed claims is introduced into another claim. For example, any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim. Where elements are presented as lists, e.g., in Markush group format, each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group. It should it be understood that, in general, where the invention, or aspects of the invention, is/are referred to as comprising particular elements and/or features, certain embodiments of the invention or aspects of the invention consist, or consist essentially of, such elements and/or features. For purposes of simplicity, those embodiments have not been specifically set forth in haec verba herein. It is also noted that the terms comprising and containing are intended to be open and permits the inclusion of additional elements or steps. Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore, unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values that are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value or sub-range within the stated ranges in different embodiments of the invention, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

(770) This application refers to various issued patents, published patent applications, journal articles, and other publications, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. If there is a conflict between any of the incorporated references and the instant specification, the specification shall control. In addition, any particular embodiment of the present invention that falls within the prior art may be explicitly excluded from any one or more of the claims. Because such embodiments are deemed to be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, they may be excluded even if the exclusion is not set forth explicitly herein. Any particular embodiment of the invention can be excluded from any claim, for any reason, whether or not related to the existence of prior art.

(771) Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation many equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein. The scope of the present embodiments described herein is not intended to be limited to the above Description, but rather is as set forth in the appended claims. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various changes and modifications to this description may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention, as defined in the following claims.