Apparatus and efficiency point tracking method for high efficiency resonant converters

Abstract

A method comprises connecting a first resonant converter and a second resonant converter in parallel, detecting a first signal indicating a first soft switching process of the first resonant converter and a second signal indicating a second soft switching process of the second resonant converter and adjusting a first switching frequency of the first resonant converter by a first control circuit and a second switching frequency of the second resonant converter by a second control circuit until a load current flowing through the first resonant converter is substantially equal to a load current flowing through the second resonant converter.

Claims

1. A system comprising: a first converter comprising: a first input stage coupled to a power source, wherein the first input stage comprises a plurality of power switches; a first resonant tank coupled to the plurality of power switches; a first transformer coupled to the first resonant tank; a first output stage coupled to the first transformer; a first detector configured to receive a first efficiency point tracking indicator obtained from the first converter; and a first control circuit configured to receive a first efficiency point tracking signal from the first detector and adjust a first switching frequency of the first converter based upon the first efficiency point tracking signal; and a second converter having an second input stage connected in parallel with the first input stage of the first converter, wherein the second converter comprises: a second resonant tank coupled between a second input stage and a second transformer; a second detector configured to receive a second efficiency point tracking indicator obtained from the second converter; and a second control circuit configured to receive a second efficiency point tracking signal from the second detector and adjust a second switching frequency of the second converter based upon the second efficiency point tracking signal, wherein the second switching frequency is different from the first switching frequency.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein: the first efficiency point tracking indicator is a voltage across a first resonant inductor of the first resonant tank; and the second efficiency point tracking indicator is a voltage across a second resonant inductor of the second resonant tank.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein: the first efficiency point tracking indicator is a voltage across a first resonant inductor of the first resonant tank; and the second efficiency point tracking indicator is a current flowing through a common mode capacitor coupled to the second transformer.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein: the first efficiency point tracking indicator is a current flowing through a common mode capacitor coupled to the first transformer; and the second efficiency point tracking indicator is a voltage across a second resonant inductor of the second resonant tank.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein: the first efficiency point tracking indicator is a current flowing through a first common mode capacitor coupled to the first transformer; and the second efficiency point tracking indicator is a current flowing through a second common mode capacitor coupled to the second transformer.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein: the first common mode capacitor is coupled to a midpoint of a secondary side of the first transformer; and the second common mode capacitor is coupled to a midpoint of a secondary side of the second transformer.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein: the first common mode capacitor is coupled to ground through a first resistor, wherein the first detector is configured to detect the current flowing through the first common mode capacitor through detecting a voltage across the first resistor; and the second common mode capacitor is coupled to ground through a second resistor, wherein the second detector is configured to detect the current flowing through the second common mode capacitor through detecting a voltage across the second resistor.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the first detector comprises: a dc blocking capacitor; a rectifier coupled to the dc blocking capacitor, wherein the rectifier is configured to convert an ac signal into a dc signal; a load resistor; and a voltage divider coupled to the rectifier.

9. The system of claim 8, wherein the rectifier comprises: a first capacitor and a second capacitor connected in series; and a first diode and a second diode connected in series, wherein the load resistor is coupled between a common node of the first capacitor and the second capacitor, and a common node of the first diode and the second diode.

10. The system of claim 8, wherein the rectifier comprises a diode and a capacitor, and wherein: the diode is coupled between an input node and an output node of the rectifier; the capacitor is coupled between the output node of the rectifier and ground; and the load resistor is coupled between the input node of the rectifier and ground.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein: the first control circuit and the second control circuit are configured to adjust the first switching frequency of the first converter and the second switching frequency of the second converter until a voltage gain of the first converter is substantially equal to a voltage gain of the second converter.

12. A method comprising: connecting an input stage of a first resonant converter and an input stage of a second resonant converter in parallel, wherein each converter comprises: the input stage coupled to a power source, wherein the input stage comprises a plurality of power switches; a resonant tank coupled to the plurality of power switches; a transformer coupled to the resonant tank; and an output stage coupled to the transformer; detecting a first signal indicating a first soft switching process of the first resonant converter and a second signal indicating a second soft switching process of the second resonant converter; and adjusting a first switching frequency of the first resonant converter by a first control circuit and a second switching frequency of the second resonant converter by a second control circuit until a load current flowing through the first resonant converter is substantially equal to a load current flowing through the second resonant converter, wherein the second switching frequency is different from the first switching frequency.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: detecting the first signal indicating the first soft switching process of the first resonant converter, wherein the first signal is proportional to a voltage across a resonant inductor of the first resonant converter; and detecting the second signal indicating the second soft switching process of the second resonant converter, wherein the second signal is proportional to a voltage across a resonant inductor of the second resonant converter.

14. The method of claim 12, further comprising: detecting the first signal indicating the first soft switching process of the first resonant converter, wherein the first signal is proportional to a current flowing through a first common mode capacitor coupled to a midpoint of a secondary winding of the transformer of the first resonant converter; and detecting the second signal indicating the second soft switching process of the second resonant converter, wherein the second signal is proportional to a current flowing through a second common mode capacitor coupled to a midpoint of a secondary winding of the transformer of the second resonant converter.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein: the first common mode capacitor is coupled between the midpoint of the secondary winding of the transformer of the first resonant converter and a first resistor connected to ground; and the second common mode capacitor is coupled to the midpoint of the secondary winding of the transformer of the second resonant converter and a second resistor connected to ground.

16. The method of claim 15, further comprising: a third common mode capacitor having a first terminal directly connected to the midpoint of the secondary winding of the transformer of the first resonant converter and a second terminal directly connected to ground; and a fourth common mode capacitor having a first terminal directly connected to the midpoint of the secondary winding of the transformer of the second resonant converter and a second terminal directly connected to ground.

17. A method comprising: detecting a first signal indicating a first soft switching process of a first resonant converter; detecting a second signal indicating a second soft switching process of a second resonant converter, wherein the first resonant converter and the second resonant converter are connected in parallel; and based upon the first signal and the second signal, configuring a switching frequency of the first resonant converter and a switching frequency of the second resonant converter such that a voltage gain of the first resonant converter is substantially equal to a voltage gain of the second resonant converter, wherein the switching frequency of the first resonant converter is different from the switching frequency of the second resonant converter.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein: the second resonant converter is of a same structure as the first resonant converter.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: detecting the first signal indicating the first soft switching process of the first resonant converter, wherein the first signal is proportional to a current flowing through a first common mode capacitor coupled to a midpoint of a secondary winding of a transformer of the first resonant converter; and detecting the second signal indicating the second soft switching process of the second resonant converter, wherein the second signal is proportional to a current flowing through a second common mode capacitor coupled to a midpoint of a secondary winding of a transformer of the second resonant converter.

20. The method of claim 17, further comprising: adjusting the switching frequency of the first resonant converter until the switching frequency of the first resonant converter is approximately equal to a resonant frequency of the first resonant converter; and adjusting the switching frequency of the second resonant converter until the switching frequency of the second resonant converter is approximately equal to a resonant frequency of the second resonant converter.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of an LLC resonant converter in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

(3) FIG. 2 illustrates a variety of voltage gain curves of the LLC resonant converter shown in FIG. 1 in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

(4) FIG. 3 illustrates an equivalent circuit of the LLC resonant converter shown in FIG. 1 in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

(5) FIG. 4 illustrates another equivalent circuit of the LLC resonant converter shown in FIG. 1 in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

(6) FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of a power converter in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

(7) FIG. 6 illustrates a first illustrative implementation of the power converter shown in FIG. 5 in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

(8) FIG. 7 illustrates a second illustrative implementation of the power converter shown in FIG. 5 in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

(9) FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic diagram of the power converter shown in FIG. 6 in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

(10) FIG. 9 illustrates a first implementation of the detector shown in FIG. 7 in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

(11) FIG. 10 illustrates a second implementation of the detector shown in FIG. 7 in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

(12) FIG. 11 illustrates a block diagram of two LLC resonant converters in parallel operation in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

(13) FIG. 12 illustrates a load regulation improvement mechanism in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; and

(14) FIG. 13 illustrates five flow charts.

(15) Corresponding numerals and symbols in the different figures generally refer to corresponding parts unless otherwise indicated. The figures are drawn to clearly illustrate the relevant aspects of the various embodiments and are not necessarily drawn to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

(16) The making and using of the presently preferred embodiments are discussed in detail below. It should be appreciated, however, that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specific embodiments discussed are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention, and do not limit the scope of the invention.

(17) The present invention will be described with respect to preferred embodiments in a specific context, namely an efficiency point tracking control mechanism for an inductor-inductor-capacitor (LLC) resonant converter. The invention may also be applied, however, to a variety of resonant converters. Hereinafter, various embodiments will be explained in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

(18) FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of an LLC resonant converter in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. The LLC resonant converter 100 is coupled between an input dc power source VIN and a load. The input dc power source VIN may be telecommunication power supplies converting a utility line voltage to a dc voltage. Alternatively, the input dc power source VIN may be a solar panel array. Furthermore, the input dc power source VIN may be an energy storage device such as rechargeable batteries, fuel cells and/or the like. The load represents the power consumed by a circuit coupled to the LLC resonant converter 100. Alternatively, the load may refer to downstream converters coupled to the output of the LLC resonant converter 100.

(19) The LLC resonant converter 100 may comprise a switch network 102, a resonant tank 104, a transformer 112, a rectifier 114 and an output filter 116. As shown in FIG. 1, the switch network 102, the resonant tank 104, the transformer 112, the rectifier 114 and the output filter 116 are coupled to each other and connected in cascade between the input dc power source VIN and the load.

(20) The switch network 102 includes four switching elements, namely Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4. As shown in FIG. 3, a first pair of switching elements Q1 and Q2 are connected in series. A second pair of switching elements Q3 and Q4 are connected in series. The common node of the switching elements Q1 and Q2 is coupled to a first input terminal of the resonant tank 104. Likewise, the common node of the switching elements Q3 and Q4 is coupled to a second input terminal of the resonant tank 104.

(21) As shown in FIG. 1, the switching elements Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 may form a primary side switching network of a full bridge converter. According to some embodiments, switching elements Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 are implemented as MOSFET or MOSFETs connected in parallel.

(22) According to alternative embodiments, the primary switches (e.g., switch Q1) may be an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) device. Alternatively, the primary switches can be any controllable switches such as integrated gate commutated thyristor (IGCT) devices, gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) devices, silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) devices, junction gate field-effect transistor (JFET) devices, MOS controlled thyristor (MCT) devices, gallium nitride (GaN) based power devices and/or the like.

(23) It should be noted that while the switch network 102 shown in FIG. 1 includes the primary side switches of a full bridge resonant converter according to some embodiments. Alternatively, the switch network 102 may be of the primary side switches of other bridge converters such as a half-bridge resonant converter, a push-pull resonant converter, any combinations thereof and the like.

(24) It should further be noted that while FIG. 1 illustrates four switches Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4, various embodiments of the present disclosure may include other variations, modifications and alternatives. For example, a separate capacitor (not shown) may be connected in parallel with each switch (e.g., switch Q1) of the primary side switching network 102. Such a separate capacitor helps to better control the timing of the resonant process of the LLC resonant converter 100.

(25) FIG. 1 shows that the resonant tank 104 is formed by a resonant inductor Lr, a resonant capacitor Cr and the magnetizing inductance Lm of the transformer 112. As shown in FIG. 1, the resonant inductor Lr and the resonant capacitor Cr are connected in series and further coupled between a first terminal of the primary side of the transformer 112 and a common node of the switches Q1 and Q2.

(26) As shown in FIG. 1, the inductor connected in parallel with the transformer 112 may be implemented as a magnetizing inductance of the transformer 112. Alternatively, the resonant inductor Lr may be implemented as external inductors.

(27) The configuration of the resonant tank 104 described above is merely an example. There may be many variation, alternatives and modifications. For example, the resonant inductor Lr may be implemented as a leakage inductance of the transformer 112. In addition, the inductor connected in parallel with the transformer 112 may be implemented as a separate inductor connected in parallel with the primary side of the transformer 112.

(28) The transformer 112 may be of a primary winding NP, a first secondary winding NS1 and a second secondary winding NS2. The primary winding NP is coupled to the resonant tank 104 as shown in FIG. 1. The secondary windings are coupled to the load through the rectifier 114.

(29) It should be noted that the transformers illustrated herein and throughout the description are merely examples, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. For example, the transformer 112 may further comprise a variety of bias windings and gate drive auxiliary windings.

(30) It should further be noted the transformer structure shown in FIG. 1 is merely an example. One person skilled in the art will recognize many alternatives, variations and modification. For example, the transformer 112 may be a non-center tapped transformer coupled between the primary side switching network and the rectifier 114. The secondary side employs a full-wave rectifier formed by four switching elements. The operation principle of a rectifier coupled to a center tapped transformer secondary side is well known, and hence is not discussed in further detail herein.

(31) It should be noted that the power topology of the LLC resonant converter 100 may be not only applied to a rectifier as shown in FIG. 1, but also applied to other secondary configurations, such as voltage doubler rectifiers, current doubler rectifiers, any combinations thereof and/or the like.

(32) The rectifier 114 converts an alternating polarity waveform received from the output of the transformer 112 to a single polarity waveform. When the transformer 112 is of a center tapped secondary, the rectifier 114 may be formed of a pair of switching elements such as n-type metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) transistors. Alternatively, the rectifier 114 may be formed of a pair of diodes. On the other hand, when the transformer is of a single secondary winding, the rectifier 114 may be a full-wave rectifier coupled to the single secondary winding of the transformer 112.

(33) Furthermore, the rectifier 114 may be formed by other types of controllable devices such as metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) devices, bipolar junction transistor (BJT) devices, super junction transistor (SJT) devices, insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) devices, gallium nitride (GaN) based power devices and/or the like. The detailed operation and structure of the rectifier 114 are well known in the art, and hence are not discussed herein.

(34) The output filter 116 is used to attenuate the switching ripple of the LLC resonant converter 100. According to the operation principles of isolated dc/dc converters, the output filter 116 may be an L-C filter formed by an inductor and a plurality of capacitors. One person skilled in the art will recognize that some isolated dc/dc converter topologies such as forward converters may require an L-C filter.

(35) On the other hand, some isolated dc/dc converter topologies such as LLC resonant converters may include an output filter formed by a capacitor. One person skilled in the art will further recognize that different output filter configurations apply to different power converter topologies as appropriate. The configuration variations of the output filter 116 are within various embodiments of the present disclosure.

(36) FIG. 2 illustrates a variety of voltage gain curves of the LLC resonant converter shown in FIG. 1 in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. The horizontal axis of FIG. 2 represents the switching frequency (angular frequency) of the LLC resonant converter 100. The switching frequency is in a range from 0 Hz to 2.5 MHz. The vertical axis of FIG. 2 represents the voltage gain of the LLC resonant converter 100. The voltage gain is in a range from 0 to about 3.5 as shown in FIG. 2.

(37) FIG. 2 shows the LLC resonant converter 100 shown in FIG. 1 may be of different voltage gain characteristics depending on different switching frequencies. As shown in FIG. 2, when the LLC resonant converter 100 operates at a resonant frequency 202 of the resonant tank of the LLC resonant converter 100, the corresponding input/output voltage gain at the resonant frequency 202 is approximately equal to 1 at the vertical axis. In addition, according to the operating principle of the LLC converters, the LLC resonant converter 100 may achieve higher efficiency at the resonant frequency 202 through zero voltage switching and/or zero current switching. Zero voltage switching and zero current switching are commonly known as soft switching.

(38) FIG. 3 illustrates an equivalent circuit of the LLC resonant converter shown in FIG. 1 in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. The equivalent circuit of the LLC resonant converter 100 includes a magnetizing inductor Lm, a resonant inductor Lr, a resonant capacitor Cr and a load resistor RL. The magnetizing inductor Lm represents the magnetizing inductance of the transformer T1 shown in FIG. 1. The definition and the operation principle of the magnetizing inductance are well known in the art, and hence are not discussed herein to avoid repetition.

(39) The load resistor RL represents the resistance of the load referred to the primary side of the transformer T1. As shown in FIG. 3, the resonant capacitor Cr and the resonant inductor Lr are connected in series. The magnetizing inductance Lm and the load resistor RL are connected in parallel.

(40) In some embodiments, when the magnetizing inductance Lm is relatively large and the load resistor RL is relatively small, the effects of Lm and RL may be ignored in calculating the resonant frequency of the LLC resonant converter 100. Such a resonant frequency without considering the effects of Lm and RL is alternatively referred to as a short circuit resonant frequency.

(41) Based upon the equivalent circuit shown in FIG. 3, in some embodiments, the short circuit resonant frequency of the LLC resonant converter 100 may be given by the following equation:

(42) $\begin{array}{cc}{f}_r=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{L_r.Math.C_r}}& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

(43) FIG. 4 illustrates another equivalent circuit of the LLC resonant converter shown in FIG. 1 in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Depending on different operating conditions and design needs, the magnetizing inductance Lm and the load resistor RL may not be ignored. In other words, in order to accurately calculate the resonant frequency, the impacts from the magnetizing inductance Lm and the load resistor RL should be considered in calculating the resonant frequency of the LLC resonant converter 100.

(44) In some embodiments, the equivalent circuit shown in FIG. 3 can be replaced by the equivalent circuit show in FIG. 4. In comparison with the equivalent circuit shown in FIG. 3, an equivalent magnetizing inductance Lm_eq and an equivalent load resistor RL_eq have been introduced so that the Lm_eq and RL_eq are connected in series with Lr and Cr. The equivalent magnetizing inductance may be given by the following equation:

(45) $\begin{array}{cc}{L}_{\mathrm{m\_eq}}=\frac{R_L^2.Math.L_m}{R_L^2+4.Math.{}^2.Math.f^2.Math.L_m^2}& \left(2\right)\end{array}$

(46) In some embodiments, the equivalent load RL_eq may be given by the following equation:

(47) $\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{L\_eq}}=R_L.Math.\frac{4.Math.{}^2.Math.f^2.Math.L_m^2}{R_L^2+4.Math.{}^2.Math.f^2.Math.L_m^2}& \left(3\right)\end{array}$

(48) The resonant frequency of the equivalent circuit shown in FIG. 4 is referred to as a natural resonant frequency of the LLC resonant converter 100. The natural resonant frequency may be given by the following equation:

(49) $\begin{array}{cc}{f}_{\mathrm{r\_n}}=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\left(L_r+L_{\mathrm{m\_eq}}\right).Math.C_r}}& \left(4\right)\end{array}$

(50) FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of a power converter in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. The power converter 500 may include a power input stage 502, a resonant stage 504 and a power output stage 506, a detector 508 and a control circuit 510. As shown in FIG. 5, the power input stage 502, the resonant stage 504 and the power output stage 506 are connected in cascade. The detector 508 may be coupled to the resonant stage 504. The control circuit 510 is coupled between the detector 508 and the power input stage 502.

(51) In some embodiments, the power converter 500 is an LLC resonant converter as shown in FIG. 1. Alternatively, the power converter 500 may be a three-element resonant converter topology such as an inductor-capacitor-inductor (LCL) resonant converter and/or the like. Furthermore, the power converter 500 may be a two-element resonant converter topology such as an inductor-capacitor (LC) resonant converter and/or the like. Furthermore, the power converter 500 may be a higher order resonant converter topology such as an LCLC resonant converter, an LCLCL resonant converter and/or the like.

(52) The detector 508, as shown in FIG. 5, detects a signal from the resonant stage 504. The detected signal may include a variable indicating whether the power converter 500 operates at its resonant frequency. In some embodiments, when the power converter 500 operates at its resonant frequency, the magnitudes of some operating variables such as the voltage across the resonant inductor Lr (not shown but illustrated in FIG. 6), the current flowing through a common mode capacitor Ccm (not shown but illustrated in FIG. 7) and/or the like are reduced. On the other hand, when the switching frequency of the power converter 500 is away from its resonant frequency, the magnitudes of the voltage across the resonant inductor Lr, the current flowing through the common mode capacitor Ccm and/or the like are increased.

(53) In some embodiments, the detector 508 detects the variation of the magnitude of the voltage across the resonant inductor and sends the detected signal to the control circuit 510. The control circuit 510 compares the detected signal with a predetermined threshold. If the magnitude of the detected signal is greater than the threshold, the control circuit 510 adjusts the switching frequency of the power converter 500 until the magnitude of the detected signal is less than the predetermined threshold. As a result, the power converter 500 is forced to operate at a frequency close to its resonant frequency. Such a frequency helps the power converter 500 achieve higher efficiency through zero voltage switching and/or zero current switching.

(54) One advantageous feature of having the detector 508 shown in FIG. 5 is that the detector 508 and the control circuit 510 may form an adaptive control loop. Such an adaptive control loop helps the power converter 500 operate at its resonant frequency. In other words, a variety of factors such as noise, parasitic parameters and/or the like may cause the actual resonant frequency not equal to the natural resonant frequency calculated based upon equation (4) above. The control circuit 510 may force the power converter 500 to operate at a frequency close to its actual resonant frequency based upon the real-time detected signal from the detector 508. As such, the power converter 500 is capable of dynamically adjust its switching frequency so that the power converter 500 can achieve higher efficiency through zero voltage switching and/or zero current switching. Throughout the description, the adaptive control mechanism shown in FIG. 5 is alternatively referred to as a maximum efficiency point tracking (MEPT) control mechanism.

(55) It should be noted that dynamically adjusting the switching frequency through an adaptive control loop shown in FIG. 5 is simply one embodiment. Other schemes for improving efficiency, including duty cycle control, adjustable gate drive voltage control and adjustable bias voltage control, can be employed. For example, the power converter 500 is configured such that the gate drive voltage or the supply bias of the gate driver of the power converter 500 is increased when the load current is greater than a predetermined load level. On the other hand, the gate drive voltage or the supply bias voltage of the power converter 500 is reduced when the load current is less than the predetermined load level.

(56) It should further be noted that the gate driver of the power converter 500 may be a lossless gate driver such as a resonant lossless gate driver and the like. The supply voltage modulation of the lossless gate driver may have an impact on the duty cycle of the power converter 500. In other words, such an adjustable bias voltage forms an effective duty cycle control mechanism of the power converter 500.

(57) Furthermore, in a pulse width modulation (PWM) type gate driver, a duty cycle control mechanism may be employed to further improve the efficiency of the power converter 500. In some embodiments, the control circuit 510 of the power converter 500 is configured such that the duty cycle of the power converter 500 is increased when the load current is greater than a predetermined load level. On the other hand, the duty cycle of the power converter 500 is reduced when the load current is less than the predetermined load level.

(58) FIG. 6 illustrates a first illustrative implementation of the power converter shown in FIG. 5 in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 6, the detector 508 is coupled to the resonant tank 504 through a transformer. In some embodiments, the power converter 600 is an LLC resonant converter. The resonant tank 504 is formed by an inductor Lr, a capacitor Cr and a magnetizing inductance Lm (not shown) of the isolation transformer T1.

(59) As shown in FIG. 6, the inductor Lr is a primary side of a transformer T2. The secondary side of the transformer T2 is coupled to the detector 508. In operation, when the switching frequency of the power converter 600 is away from the actual resonant frequency of the power converter 600, the voltage across the resonant inductor Lr increases as a result. The detector 508 may detect the increased voltage through the transformer T2 and send the detected signal to the control circuit 510. The control circuit 510 may compare the detected signal with a predetermined threshold and adjust the switching frequency of the power converter 600 accordingly. The detailed implementation of the detector 508 will be described below with respect to FIG. 8.

(60) FIG. 7 illustrates a second illustrative implementation of the power converter shown in FIG. 5 in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. The schematic diagram of FIG. 7 is similar to that of FIG. 6 except that the detector 508 detects the current flowing through a common mode capacitor Ccm rather than a voltage across the resonant inductor Lr. In some embodiments, the power converter 700 is an LLC resonant converter. There may be a common mode capacitor Ccm coupled to a midpoint of the secondary winding of the transformer T1. In addition, a resistor Rcm is connected in series with the common mode capacitor Ccm.

(61) As shown in FIG. 7, the voltage across the resistor Rcm is proportional to the current flowing through the common mode capacitor Ccm. In operation, when the switching frequency of the power converter 700 is away from the resonant frequency of the power converter 700, the current flowing through the common mode capacitor Ccm increases as a result. The detector 508 may detect the increased current through the resistor Rcm. The control circuit 510 may adjust the switching frequency based upon the detected voltage so as to minimize the current flowing through the common mode capacitor Ccm. The detailed implementation of the detector 508 will be described below with respect to FIG. 9 and FIG. 10.

(62) It should be noted that the diagrams shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 are merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. For example, the common mode capacitor Ccm may be coupled to a midpoint of the primary side of the transformer T1. Furthermore, the common mode capacitor Ccm may be coupled between the primary side winding and the secondary side winding of the transformer T1.

(63) FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic diagram of the power converter shown in FIG. 6 in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. The LLC resonant converter 800 includes a power input stage 502, a resonant tank 504 and a power output stage 506. The structure and operation principle of the power input stage 502, the resonant tank 504 and the power output stage 506 are similar to those shown in FIG. 1, and hence are not discussed again to avoid repetition.

(64) The detector 808 is a first implementation of the detector 508 shown in FIG. 6. The detector 808 includes a rectifier, a dc blocking capacitor C4, a load resistor R1 and a divider/filter circuit. The rectifier, as shown in FIG. 8, includes C1, C2, D1 and D2. The rectifier is employed to convert the ac voltage across the secondary of the transformer T2 into a dc voltage.

(65) The dc blocking capacitor C4 is selected to prevent the secondary of the transformer T2 from being saturated. The divider/filter circuit includes R2, R3 and C3. R2 and R3 form a voltage divider. An appropriate dc voltage signal is fed into the control circuit 510 through adjusting the ratio of R2 to R3. In addition, C3, R2 and R3 may form a filter to attenuate noise so that the control circuit 510 may receive a noise free dc signal.

(66) In some embodiments, the inductance of the resonant inductor Lr is equal to 66 nH. The capacitance of the resonant capacitor Cr is equal to 220 nF. The resistance of R1 is equal to 500 ohm. The capacitance of C1 is equal to 2 nF. The capacitance of C2 is equal to 2 nF. The capacitance of C3 is equal to 3300 pF. The capacitance of C4 is equal to 22 pF. The resistance of R2 and R2 is equal to 2 Kohm.

(67) It should be noted that the values given above are selected purely for demonstration purposes and are not intended to limit the various embodiments of the present invention to any particular values. A person skilled in the art will recognize that, depending on different application and design needs, the resistance and capacitance recited above may be changed to different values.

(68) It should further be noted that the LLC resonant converter 800 may be of a high internal Q. In some embodiments, the internal Q of the LLC resonant converter 800 may be given by the following equation:

(69) $\begin{array}{cc}Q=\frac{\sqrt{L_r/C_r}}{\mathrm{RL}}& \left(5\right)\end{array}$

(70) RL represents the internal resistance including the on resistance of the switches (e.g., Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, S1 and S2), the winding resistance of the transformer T1, the resistance of the connecting traces and the like.

(71) In some embodiments, RL is equal to 30 mohm. Lr is equal to 70 nH. Cr is equal to 306 nF. According to equation (5), Q is equal to 14.7. In other words, the efficiency point tracking control mechanism shown above is applicable to an LLC resonant converter having an internal Q value greater than 13.

(72) FIG. 9 illustrates a first implementation of the detector shown in FIG. 7 in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. The structure and operation principle of the detector 908 are similar to the detector 808 shown in FIG. 8, and hence are not discussed again to avoid repetition.

(73) In some embodiments, the capacitance of the common mode capacitor Ccm is equal to 20 nF. The resistance of Rcm is equal to 1 ohm. The resistance of R1 is equal to 1 Kohm. The capacitance of C1 and C2 is equal to 2.2 nF. The capacitance of C3 is equal to 680 pF. The capacitance of C4 is equal to 68 pF. The resistance of R2 is equal to 10 Kohm and the resistance of R3 is equal to 2 Kohm.

(74) FIG. 10 illustrates a second implementation of the detector shown in FIG. 7 in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. The structure and operation principle of the power input stage 502, the resonant tank 504 and the power output stage 506 are similar to those shown in FIG. 9 except that there may be one more common mode capacitor Ccm2. As shown in FIG. 10, a first common mode capacitor Ccm1 and Rcm are connected in series between a midpoint of the secondary of the transformer Ti and ground. The second common mode capacitor Ccm2 is connected between the midpoint of the secondary of the transformer T1 and ground. In some embodiments, Ccm1 is equal to 10 nF. Ccm2 is equal to 10 nF. Rcm is equal to 1 ohm.

(75) The structure of the detector 1008 is similar to that of the detector 908 shown in FIG. 9 except that the rectifier includes a diode D1 and a capacitor C2. The operation principle of the detector 1008 is similar to that of the detector 908, and hence is not discussed again herein to avoid repetition.

(76) FIG. 11 illustrates a block diagram of two LLC resonant converters in parallel operation in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 11, the first LLC resonant converter 1102 and the second LLC resonant converter 1104 are connected in parallel between VIN and VOUT. In some embodiments, both the first LLC resonant converter 1102 and the second LLC resonant converter 1104 are of the structure shown in FIG. 5. More particularly, the detectors of these two LLC resonant converters are capable of detecting a variable (e.g., voltage across the resonant inductor or current flowing through the common mode capacitor) and sending the detected signal to the respective control circuits. The control circuits are able to adjust the switching frequency of each LLC resonant converter. As a result, both LLC resonant converters may operate a switching frequency close to or equal to the actual resonant frequency of each LLC resonant converter.

(77) According to the operating principle of the LLC resonant converters, an LLC resonant converter has a voltage gain equal to 1 when the LLC resonant converter operates at its actual resonant frequency. As described above, since both LLC resonant converters operate at their actual resonant frequencies, these two LLC resonant converters may be of a same voltage gain, which helps to balance the load current sharing between these two LLC resonant converters.

(78) In some embodiments, the load current Io is about 20 A. The first LLC resonant converter 1102 operates at 950 KHz by using the MEPT control mechanism. Likewise, the second LLC resonant converter 1104 operates at 1050 KHz under the same control mechanism. The current flowing through the first LLC resonant converter 1102 is about 9.63 A. The current flowing through the second LLC resonant converter 1104 is about 10.37 A.

(79) In alternative embodiments, the load current Io is about 10 A. The first LLC resonant converter 1102 operates at 950 KHz by using the MEPT control mechanism. Likewise, the second LLC resonant converter 1104 operates at 1050 KHz. The current flowing through the first LLC resonant converter 1102 is about 5.36 A. The current flowing through the second LLC resonant converter 1104 is about 4.64 A.

(80) FIG. 12 illustrates a load regulation improvement mechanism in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. The horizontal axis of FIG. 12 represents a switching frequency (angular frequency) of an LLC resonant converter (e.g., LLC resonant converter 100 shown in FIG. 1). The vertical axis of FIG. 12 represents the voltage gain of the LLC resonant converter 100 (shown in FIG. 1).

(81) In some embodiments, when the switching frequency is equal to the resonant frequency of the resonant tank, the voltage gain of the LLC resonant converter 100 is approximately equal to 1. As shown in FIG. 12, when the LLC resonant converter 100 operates at the resonant frequency 1202, the output voltage of the LLC resonant converter 100 is approximately equal to the input voltage of the LLC resonant converter 100.

(82) FIG. 12 includes a plurality of curves, which illustrate the voltage gain variations depending different loads. For example, at a light load (10% and 20% of a full load), the voltage gain (e.g., curve 1205 and curve 1203 respectively) of the LLC resonant converter 100 may be greater than that of the full load (e.g., curve 1201 shown in FIG. 12).

(83) Due to a well-known voltage droop theory, the output voltage of the LLC resonant converter 100 may increase when the load current is reduced. On the other hand, the output voltage of the LLC resonant converter 100 may drop when the load current is increased. The voltage gain curves shown in FIG. 12 may be employed to improve the regulation of the LLC resonant converter 100. More particularly, in response to a load drop, when the load current is less than a predetermined load level, the LLC resonant converter 100 is configured to increase the switching frequency until the output voltage of the LLC resonant converter 100 is within a predetermined regulation range. On the other hand, when the load current is greater than the predetermined load level, the LLC resonant converter 100 is configured to reduce the switching frequency until the output voltage of the LLC resonant converter 100 is within the predetermined regulation range.

(84) According to FIG. 12, when the LLC resonant converter 100 is at 100% load, the LLC resonant converter 100 operates at its resonant frequency 1202. When the load drops to 20% of the full load, the switching frequency of the LLC resonant converter 100 is increased to a higher switching frequency 1204 as shown in FIG. 12. Such a higher switching frequency helps to offset the effect from voltage droop.

(85) In addition, when the load further drops to 10% of the full load, the switching frequency of the LLC resonant converter 100 is increased to a higher switching frequency 1206 as shown in FIG. 12. The regulation improvement control mechanism shown in FIG. 12 is alternatively referred to as a maximum output voltage accuracy tracking (MOVA) control mechanism.

(86) It should be noted that the MOVA control mechanism may be applied to an LLC resonant converter independently to improve the output regulation. Alternatively, the MOVA control mechanism may be combined with the MEPT control mechanism described above with respect to FIG. 5. Such a combined control scheme helps to improve the efficiency as well as the regulation of the LLC resonant converter. Furthermore, the combined control scheme may be further combined with the adjustable gate drive voltage control, the adjustable bias voltage control and/or the duty cycle control described above with respect to FIG. 5.

(87) In some embodiments, according to the combined control scheme above, under a full load condition, the MEPT control mechanism is dominant. The control circuit forces the LLC resonant converter to operate at 990 MHz at which the voltage across the resonant inductor Lr or the current flowing through the common capacitor Ccm is minimized. In addition, the gate drive voltage or the bias voltage of the gate driver is set to about 13 V.

(88) Furthermore, at 50% of the full load, the MOVA control mechanism is activated. As a result, the switching frequency may be increased to 1 MHz in response to the load drop. Moreover, the gate drive voltage may be reduced to 11 V.

(89) Furthermore, when the load drops to 20% of the full load, the switching frequency may be increased to 1.1 MHz according to the MOVA control mechanism. The gate drive voltage is reduced to 9 V. Likewise, the switching frequency may be increased to 1.2 MHz and the gate drive voltage is reduced to 6 V when the load drops to 10% of the full load.

(90) It should further be noted that the MOVA control mechanism may include varying the switching frequency of the LLC resonant converter based upon the input voltage of the LLC resonant converter. More particularly, FIG. 2 illustrates the relationship between the gain of the LLC resonant converter and the switching frequency. According to the curves shown in FIG. 2, the regulation of the LLC resonant converter may be improved by varying the switching frequency of the LLC resonant converter.

(91) Referring back to FIG. 2, a switching frequency higher than the resonant frequency may lead to a gain drop. Such a gain drop may help to improve the regulation of the LLC resonant converter. For example, at a normal input voltage such as 48 V, the LLC resonant converter may operate at a switching frequency approximately equal to the resonant frequency of the LLC resonant converter. In response to an input voltage increase, the switching frequency may be increased until an output voltage of the LLC resonant converter is within a predetermined regulation range.

(92) FIG. 13 illustrates five flow charts. A first flow chart includes step 1301 and 1303. At step 1301, a converter detects a load change. At step 1303, in response to a load increase, applying a higher gate drive voltage to the plurality of power switches. In response to a load drop, applying a lower gate drive voltage to the plurality of power switches. A second flow chart includes step 1311 and 1313. At step 1311, a load of a first resonant converter is detected and an output voltage of the first resonant converter is monitored. At step 1313, increasing the switching frequency until the output voltage of the first resonant converter is within a predetermined regulation range when the load current is less than the predetermined level. A third flow chart includes step 1321 and 1323. At step 1321, a load of a first resonant converter is detected. The detected load is compared with a predetermined level. At step 1323, increasing a gate bias voltage of the first resonant converter when the load is greater than a predetermined level and reducing the gate bias voltage when the load is less than the predetermined level. A fourth flow chart includes step 1331 and 1333. At step 1331, a load of a first resonant converter is detected. The detected load of the first resonant converter is compared with a predetermined level. At step 1333, increasing a duty cycle of the first resonant converter when the load is greater than a predetermined level and reducing the duty cycle when the load is less than the predetermined level. A fifth flow chart includes step 1341 and 1343. At step 1341, an output voltage is monitored. At step 1343, in response to an input voltage change, adjusting the switching frequency until the output voltage of the first resonant converter is within a predetermined regulation range.

(93) It some embodiments, depending on different applications and topology variations, the curves shown in FIG. 2 may be different. However, for a particular application and an LLC resonant converter, a predetermined function can be created based upon the gain curves of this LLC resonant converter. Such a predetermined function may be implemented in the control circuit 510 shown in FIG. 5.

(94) In sum, the MOVA control mechanism may comprise varying the switching frequency of an LLC resonant converter based upon the load of the LLC resonant converter, the input voltage of the LLC resonant converter and/or any combinations thereof.

(95) Although embodiments of the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

(96) Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed, that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.