Making mineral salts from various sources

Abstract

Hydrometallurgical systems, methods, and compositions are described in which organic amine-based lixiviants are utilized in the selective recovery of alkaline earth elements. The lixiviant can be regenerated and recycled for use in subsequent iterations of the process. Multiple alkaline earth elements can be recovered from a sample in parallel or in serial applications of the disclosed methods.

Claims

1. A mixture utilized in lixiviant extraction of a metal hydroxide forming species from a raw material comprising: a raw material comprising an insoluble metal salt, wherein the insoluble metal salt comprises the metal hydroxide forming species; and a lixiviant solution comprising an organic amine cation and a counterion, wherein the lixiviant solution is formulated to transfer the counterion to the insoluble metal salt to form an uncharged organic amine, and wherein the uncharged organic amine is formulated to react with an acid to regenerate the organic amine cation, and wherein the organic amine cation is present in a substoichiometric amount relative to the insoluble metal salt.

2. The mixture of claim 1, wherein the organic amine has a vapor pressure less than about 1% that of ammonia.

3. The mixture of claim 1, wherein the organic amine has a vapor pressure less than about 0.1% that of ammonia.

4. The lixiviant mixture of claim 1, wherein the organic amine has a pKa between 8 and 14.

5. The mixture of claim 1, wherein the organic amine cation is obtained from a biological source.

6. The mixture of claim 1, wherein the counterion has a pKa between 1 and 6.

7. The mixture of claim 1, wherein the counterion is selected from the group consisting of halides, anions derived from mineral acids, anions derived from organic acids, anions derived from organic molecules, anions derived from biomolecules, zwitterions, and basic synthetic polymers.

8. The mixture of claim 1, wherein the organic amine cation is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen containing organic compounds, low molecular weight biological molecules, biomolecule polymers, dendritic polyamines, and polycationic polymeric or oligomeric materials.

9. The mixture of claim 1, comprising a zwitterionic species that can act as both an organic amine cation and a counterion.

10. The mixture of claim 1, wherein the insoluble metal salt is present in a molar ratio of greater than 2 relative to the organic amine cation.

11. The mixture of claim 1, wherein the insoluble metal salt is present in a molar ratio of greater than 5 relative to the organic amine cation.

12. The mixture of claim 1, wherein the insoluble metal salt is present in a molar ratio of greater than 10 relative to the organic amine cation.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 depicts an example of a multi-step method of the inventive concept in which calcium is recovered from a sample, using an organic amine chloride lixiviant that is regenerated. Individual steps are designated from A to H. Step A depicts contacting monoethylamine (MEA) with a solid raw material containing Ca(OH).sub.2 and contaminants (CONT). Step B depicts generate of MEA+/Cl by addition of an acid. Step C depicts entry of the MEA+/Cl into the raw material. Step D depicts the formation of soluble CaCl.sub.2 and generation of MEA. Step E depicts formation of additional MEA+/Cl by the addition of acid, which can result in additional extraction of remaining Ca(OH).sub.2 by cycling through steps C and D. Step F depicts the reaction when essentially all available Ca has been extracted from the raw material in the form of CaCl.sub.2. Step G depicts recovery of a supernatant that includes MEA and soluble CaCl.sub.2 from the results of Step F. Step H shows recovery of the solubilized Ca as a solid, with recovery of MEA in a form suitable for recycling into the process.

(2) FIG. 2 schematically depicts a method of the inventive concept, in which metal hydroxide forming species are recovered from a sample using a lixiviant, which is regenerated.

(3) FIG. 3 schematically depicts another method of the inventive concept, in which different metal hydroxide forming species are recovered in a stepwise fashion.

(4) FIG. 4 schematically depicts an alternative embodiment of the inventive concept, in which different metal hydroxide forming species are recovered in a stepwise manner.

(5) FIG. 5 schematically depicts processing of a steel slag by a method of the inventive concept.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(6) Throughout the following discussion, numerous references will be made regarding lixiviants. As used herein, the term lixiviant means a chemical entity disposed in an aqueous or other solvent, which has the ability to selectively extract metals or metal ions from inorganic or organic solids. Also as used herein, the term organic amine encompasses ammonia and ammonia derivatives in addition to nitrogen containing organic compounds.

(7) The following discussion provides many exemplary embodiments of the inventive subject matter. Although each embodiment represents a single combination of inventive elements, the inventive subject matter is considered to include all possible combinations of the disclosed elements. Thus if one embodiment comprises elements A, B, and C, and a second embodiment comprises elements B and D, then the inventive subject matter is also considered to include other remaining combinations of A, B, C, or D, even if not explicitly disclosed.

(8) As used herein, and unless the context dictates otherwise, the term coupled to is intended to include both direct coupling (in which two elements that are coupled to each other contact each other) and indirect coupling (in which at least one additional element is located between the two elements). Therefore, the terms coupled to and coupled with are used synonymously.

(9) Inventors have discovered a hydrometallurgical method for the recovery of metal hydroxide forming species (e.g., alkaline earth metals) through the use of organic amine-containing lixiviants. In addition, inventors have determined that such organic amine-containing lixiviants can be regenerated during and/or after processing, permitting the organic amines to act in a pseudocatalytic manner. This pseudocatalytic behavior allows the organic amines to be applied in sub stoichiometric amounts.

(10) As used herein, the term metal hydroxide forming species means a metal from the alkaline earth metals, the rare earth metals, actinides, transition metals and all elements in groups 3-12 of the periodic table, which can be hydrated to form M(OH).sub.x. Embodiments of the inventive process react (a) at least one compound of composition 1 and (b) a source containing a metal hydroxide forming species with a lixiviant to extract the metal hydroxide forming species. Metal hydroxide forming species can be present as oxides (e.g., calcium oxide (CaO)), which can form hydroxides on reaction with water. Such hydrated forms may be present in the material as it is obtained from nature or can be introduced by processing (for example through treatment with a base or by oxidation), and can be stable or transient. Selective extraction of the desired metal hydroxide forming species can be based on the presence of a metal hydroxide that has a stronger basicity than the organic amine-based lixiviants used in the extraction process.

(11) Organic amines of the inventive concept have the general formula in Composition 1, where N is nitrogen, H is hydrogen, and X is a counterion (i.e., counter anion).
Ny,R1,R2,R3,H-Xz

Composition 1

(12) An example of an organic amine that conforms to Composition 1 is ammonium chloride (NH.sub.4Cl), which has R1, R2, R3, H as hydrogen and one counterion (X.sub.z) as a chloride (Cl.sup.). Ammonium chloride, when dissolved in water or another suitable solvent, can effectively extract hydrated calcium hydroxide. Quaternary ammonium compounds are often stronger bases, but are difficult to use because they do not have a clear path for regeneration.

(13) Compounds having the general formula shown in Composition 1 can have a wide range of acidities. An organic amine of the inventive concept can be selected on the basis of its acidity so that it can selectively react with one or more different metal oxides from a sample containing a mixture of metal hydroxide forming species.

(14) Suitable counterions can be any form or combination of atoms or molecules that produce the effect of a negative charge. Counterions can comprise halides (e.g., fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide), anions derived from mineral acids (e.g., nitrate, phosphate, bisulfate, sulfate, silicates), anions derived from organic acids (e.g., carboxylate, citrate, malate, acetate, thioacetate, propionate and, lactate), organic molecules or biomolecules (e.g., acidic proteins or peptides, amino acids, nucleic acids, and fatty acids), and others (e.g., zwitterions and basic synthetic polymers). In addition, it is contemplated that in the case of certain amino acids (e.g., glycine, alanine, threonine), they are themselves the counterion. Therefore, such amino acids may not need to be acid charged.

(15) Suitable organic amines for the production of metal salts from converter steel slag and other materials can have a pKa of about 7 or about 8 to about 14, and can include protonated ammonium salts (i.e. not quaternary). Such organic amines include ammonia, nitrogen containing organic compounds (e.g., monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, morpholine, ethylene diamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, dipropylamines, butylamines, diaminopropane, triethylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine), low molecular weight biological molecules (e.g., glucosamine, amino sugars, tetraethylenepentamine, amino acids, polyethyleneimine, spermidine, spermine, putrecine, cadaverine, hexamethylenediamine, tetraethylmethylene-diamine, polyethyleneamine, cathine, isopropylamine, and a cationic lipid), biomolecule polymers (e.g., chitosan, polylysine, polyornithine, polyarginine, a cationic protein or peptide), and others (e.g., a dendritic polyamine, a polycationic polymeric or oligomeric material, and a cationic lipid-like material), or combinations of these.

(16) Such organic amines can also range in purity from about 50% to about 100%. For example, an organic amine of the inventive concept can have a purity of about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 97%, about 99%, or about 100%. In a preferred embodiment of the inventive concept the organic amine is supplied at a purity of about 90% to about 100%. It should be appreciated that such organic amines can differ in their ability to interact with different members of metal hydroxide forming species and with contaminating species, and that such selectivity can be utilized in the recovery of multiple alkaline earths as described below.

(17) Inventors further contemplate that zwitterionic species can be suitable lixiviants, and note that such zwitterionic species can form cation/counterion pairs with two members of the same or of different molecular species. Examples include amine containing acids (e.g., amino acids and 3-aminopropanoic acid), chelating agents (e.g., ethylenediaminetatraacetic acid and salts thereof, ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid and salts thereof, diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid and salts thereof, and 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid and salts thereof), and others (for example betaines, ylides, and polyaminocarboxylic acids).

(18) It is notable that the use of biologically derived organic amines is a sustainable practice, and has the beneficial effect of making this process more environmentally sound. In addition, it should be appreciated that some organic amines, such as monoethanolamine, have a reduced tendency to volatilize during processing than other organic amines, such as ammonia. In some embodiments of the inventive concept, an organic amine can be a low volatility organic amine (i.e. having a vapor pressure less than or equal to about 1% that of ammonia under process conditions). In other embodiments of the inventive concept an organic amine can be a non-volatile organic amine (i.e. having a vapor pressure less than or equal to about 0.1% that of ammonia under process conditions). Capture and control of such low volatility and non-volatile organic amines requires relatively little energy and can utilize simple equipment. This reduces the likelihood of such low volatility and non-volatile organic amines escaping into the atmosphere and advantageously reduces the environmental impact of their use.

(19) Equation 1 depicts a primary chemical reaction in extracting a metal hydroxide forming species (M) from a matrix using an organic amine cation (OA-H.sup.+)/counterion (Cl.sup.) complex (OA-H.sup.+/Cl.sup.) as a lixiviant.
M(OH).sub.2(s)+2OA-H.sup.+.sub.(aq)+2Cl.sup..sub.(aq).fwdarw.MCl.sub.2(aq)+2OA.sub.(aq)+2H.sub.2O.sub.(1) Equation 1
The counterion (Cl.sup.) is transferred from the organic amine cation (OA-H.sup.+) to the metal salt to form a soluble metal/counterion complex (MCl.sub.2), an uncharged organic amine (OA), and water. One can use substantially less than stoichiometric amounts of the lixiviant to recover all of the desired extractable active metal species as a soluble salt.

(20) The organic amine cation (OA-H.sup.+) can be regenerated by any suitable means. For example, acid can be added to protonate the organic amine (OA) so that the organic amine cation is regenerated, as shown in Equation 2. It is contemplated that acids used for the regeneration of the organic amine cation include mineral acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, etc.) and organic acids (e.g., acetic acid, formic acid, citric acid, etc.).
OA.sub.(aq)+H.sup.+.sub.(aq).fwdarw.OA-H.sup.+.sub.(aq) Equation 2

(21) The reaction rate is much greater than direct contact of acid with solid metal or metal oxide/hydroxide because the protonation of the amine occurs in the solution phase. The regenerated lixiviant (OA-H.sup.+/Cl.sup.) will then undergo selective reaction with the metal hydroxide forming species according to Equation 1. In this manner, the metal hydroxide forming species can selectively be extracted from waste material via the reactions in Equation 1 and Equation 2 until all the metal hydroxide forming species is consumed or addition of acid is ceased. Extent of reaction can be measured by monitoring pH of the reacting solution.

(22) The soluble metal salt (MCl.sub.2) and the soluble organic amine (OA) from Equation 1 (or soluble organic amine cation if the reaction is metal oxide/hydroxide limited), can easily be separated from the insoluble matrix residue. Once separated, the soluble aqueous fraction can be used as-is if the target process can tolerate the small quantity of organic amine as a contaminant or the solution can be furthered processed as needed.

(23) The soluble metal salt (MCl.sub.2) and the soluble organic amine (OA) solution could also be concentrated or diluted to a desired strength as required by the end user. Alternatively, the solution could be boiled down completely, leaving the metal salt and/or various hydrates thereof, depending on how vigorously the mixture is dried. The residual organic amine could also be removed by this process and optionally captured for reuse. The dried metal salt would be suitable for use as a desiccant.

(24) If higher purity product is desired, the metal salt can be concentrated and/or cooled to crystalize out specific hydrates of the metal salt. After separation of the supernatant, the crystalline material can be used as intended and the solution could be further concentrated to yield more hydrated calcium chloride, or recycled back to the extraction process.

(25) An example of an application of the inventive concept is in the extraction of calcium from an insoluble calcium hydroxide in steel slag by using an ammonium chloride lixiviant. Equation 3 represents a reaction that takes place on contacting calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH).sub.2) containing steel slag with an ammonium chloride lixiviant where calcium is extracted from the slag as soluble calcium chloride (CaCl.sub.2), with the generation of uncharged ammonia and water.
Ca(OH).sub.2(s)+2NH.sub.4.sup.+.sub.(aq)+2Cl.sup..sub.(aq).fwdarw.CaCl.sub.2(aq)+2NH.sub.3(aq)+2H.sub.2O(1) Equation 3

(26) When first starting the process, either the ammonium salt or unprotonated ammonia may be used. Subsequently, once the lixiviant has transferred its anion, fresh acid should be added to satisfy the protonation of the amine so that further metal salt can be produced, as shown in Equation 4.
NH.sub.3(aq)+H.sup.+.sub.(aq).fwdarw.NH.sub.4.sup.+.sub.(aq) Equation 4
The regenerated lixiviant will undergo selective reaction with calcium hydroxide according to Equation 3. In this manner, calcium can selectively be extracted from waste material via the reactions in Equation 3 and Equation 4 until all the calcium hydroxide is consumed or addition of acid is ceased.

(27) It should be appreciated that the lixiviant allows for the selective extraction of calcium in this example because it does not react with other metals or metal oxides/hydroxides in the steel slag (e.g., iron does not react with the lixiviant, Equation 5). Whereas, in the absence of lixiviant, the acid will react non-selectively with iron (Equation 6) and calcium hydroxide (Equation 7) as well as other potential metal oxides/hydroxides. The lixiviant, when used in this pseudo-catalytic manner, acts as a proton shuttle allowing for the selective reaction with, in this example but not limited to, calcium hydroxide. The end result is that the net reaction, when Equation 3 and Equation 4 are combined, is Equation 7, whereas in the absence of the lixiviant, Equation 7 cannot proceed without Equation 6 also occurring.
Fe.sup.0.sub.(s)+NH4.sup.+.sub.(aq).fwdarw.NO REACTION Equation 5
2Fe.sup.0.sub.(s)+6H.sup.+.sub.(aq).fwdarw.2Fe.sup.3+.sub.(aq)+3H.sub.2(g) Equation 6
Ca(OH).sub.2(s)+2H.sup.+.sub.(aq).fwdarw.Ca.sup.2+.sub.(aq)+2H.sub.2O.sub.(1) Equation 7

(28) As noted above, in some instances the use of a low volatility and/or non-volatile lixiviant is desirable. An example of such a process of the inventive concept is the extraction of calcium in converter slag from steel production using a non-volatile organic amine, such as monoethanolamine hydrochloride, as shown in FIG. 1.

(29) FIG. 1 shows a process where individual steps are designated A to H. Step A of FIG. 1 shows a tank 100 or other suitable arrangement that includes an aqueous solution of an organic amine 101 (in this instance monoethanolamine) and a mud or slurry 103 containing calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH).sub.2) and unwanted contaminants (CONT). In this example, water is used to dissolve the lixiviant, but other solvents can be used. Examples of suitable solvents include glycerol, glycols, water glycerol mixtures, alcohols, polymers, and surfactants. The amount of organic amine utilized can be optimized for efficient alkaline earth extraction and minimal use of organic amine. For example, in some embodiments, the amount of a monovalent organic amine can be selected to be at least about twice that of the available alkaline earth element. In other embodiments of the inventive concept, the amount of a monovalent organic amine can be selected to be at least about 0.05 times or about 1.1 times that of the available alkaline earth element. Amounts of organic amines with greater charges can be adjusted accordingly (for example, an organic amine that forms a divalent cation can be used in at least a 1:1 ratio with the available alkaline earth element).

(30) Reaction conditions can also be optimized by adjusting the available surface area available for the reaction. Particle size of the calcium containing raw material can be reduced prior to exposure to lixiviant, for example by grinding, milling, or sifting. In some embodiments of the inventive concept, the particle size can range from about 0.05 mm to about 1 mm. In other embodiments of the inventive concept, the particle size can range from about 0.05 to about 0.25 mm. In a preferred embodiment, the particle size can range from about 0.05 mm to about 0.125 mm. The calcium content of the solution can be adjusted to provide efficient extraction. In some embodiments of the inventive concept, the Ca content is controlled such that the mass ratio of Ca (in terms of CaO to water) can range from about 0.02 to about 0.5. In other embodiments, the mass ratio of Ca can range from about 0.05 to about 0.25. In a preferred embodiment of the inventive process, the mass ratio of Ca can range from about 0.1 to about 0.15.

(31) The extraction process can be initiated as shown in step B of FIG. 1 by the addition of an acid form of a counterion 105, in this instance hydrochloric acid (HCl), which generates an organic acid cation/counterion pair 107 (monoethanolamine hydrochloride (MEA.sup.+/Cl.sup.)). Monoethanolamine hydrochloride (MEA.HCl, HOC.sub.2H.sub.4NH.sub.3Cl) conforms to Composition 1 as follows: one nitrogen atom (N.sub.1) is bound to one carbon atom (R.sub.1C.sub.2H.sub.SO) and 3 hydrogen atoms (R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and H), and there is one chloride counteranion (X.sub.1Cl.sup.). The extraction process can be performed at any suitable temperature. In some embodiments of the inventive concept, the extraction can be performed in a temperature range of about 0 C. to about 120 C. In other embodiments of the inventive concept, the extraction can be performed within a temperature range of about 20 C. to about 100 C.

(32) When dissolved in water or another suitable solvent, monoethanolamine hydrochloride can enter or mix with the mud/slurry (as shown in step C of FIG. 1) and effectively extract (as shown in step D of FIG. 1) an alkaline earth hydroxide (e.g., calcium hydroxide) by the formation of a soluble alkaline earth cation/counterion pair 109 (in this instance, calcium chloride (CaCl.sub.2)). Equation 8 depicts the reaction in such an extraction (calcium from steel slag that contains contaminants). Note that MEA.HCl dissociates in water into monoethanolammonium cation (HOC.sub.2H.sub.4NH.sub.3.sup.+(MEAH.sup.+)) and chloride anion (Cl.sup.).
Ca(OH).sub.2(s)+2HOC.sub.2H.sub.4NH.sub.3.sup.+.sub.(aq)+2Cl.sup..sub.(aq).fwdarw.CaCl.sub.2(aq)+2HOC.sub.2H.sub.4NH.sub.2(aq)+2H.sub.2O.sub.(1) Equation 8
The reaction can be stirred during the extraction process in order to improve reaction kinetics. In some embodiments, stirrer speeds can range from about 100 rpm to about 2000 rpm; in other embodiments of the inventive concept, stirrer speeds can range from about 200 rpm to about 500 rpm.

(33) As illustrated in step D of FIG. 1, this process also generates an uncharged organic amine 111 (MEA). The soluble fraction or supernatant, which contains soluble alkaline earth cation/counterion pair 109, can be separated from the unreacted contaminants. However, more lixiviant can also be regenerated (as shown in step E of FIG. 1) by a second addition of an acid form of a counterion 113, in this instance hydrochloric acid (HCl), which regenerates the organic acid cation/counterion pair 107 (MEAH.sup.+/Cl.sup.) by protonating the uncharged organic amine 111. Equation 9 depicts the regeneration of MEAH.sup.+lixiviant by protonation of MEA.
HOC.sub.2H.sub.4NH.sub.2(aq)+H.sup.+.sub.(aq).fwdarw.HOC.sub.2H.sub.4NH.sub.3.sup.+.sub.(aq) Equation 9
The regenerated organic acid cation/counterion pair 107 enters or mixes with the mud/slurry (as shown in step C of FIG. 1) and extracts (as shown in step D of FIG. 1) additional alkaline earth hydroxide (e.g., calcium hydroxide) by the formation of a soluble alkaline earth cation/counterion pair 109.

(34) As with the previous example (ammonium chloride lixiviant), the lixiviant allows for the selective extraction of calcium because it does not react with other metals or metal oxides/hydroxides in the steel slag (e.g., iron does not react with the lixiviant, Equation 10). Whereas, in the absence of lixiviant, the acid will react non-selectively with iron (Equation 6) and calcium hydroxide (Equation 7) as well as other potential metal oxides/hydroxides.
Fe.sup.0.sub.(s)+HOC.sub.2H.sub.4NH.sub.3.sup.+.sub.(aq).fwdarw.NO REACTION Equation 10

(35) Once all the calcium hydroxide is consumed or addition of acid is ceased, the soluble fraction or supernatant, which contains soluble alkaline earth cation/counterion pair 109, can be separated from the unreacted contaminants 115 (as shown in step F of FIG. 1). Separation can be accomplished by any suitable method (e.g., decanting, pumping, or siphoning, filtration, centrifugation, or a combination of these) to remove the supernatant from the unreacted contaminants 115.

(36) Once separated, the soluble aqueous fraction (as shown in step G of FIG. 1) can be used as-is if the target process can tolerate the small quantity of organic amine as a contaminant. The soluble metal salt (CaCl.sub.2) and the soluble organic amine (MEA) solution could also be concentrated or diluted to a desired strength as required by the end user. Alternatively, the solution could be boiled down completely (as shown in step H of FIG. 1), leaving the metal salt 117 and/or various hydrates thereof. The residual organic amine 119 could be recycled in an earlier step in the process (e.g., recycled into the tank shown in step B of FIG. 1).

(37) There are of course many possible lixiviants of the form of Composition 1, and there are likewise many alkaline earth element sources. While the examples provided have described the reaction of two organic amine lixiviants (ammonium chloride and monoethanolamine hydrochloride) with one particular calcium source (steel converter slag), other embodiments of the inventive concept can utilize different organic amine cation/counterion pairs (e.g., ammonium acetate, monoethanolammonium acetate, ammonium nitrate, or monoethanolammonium nitrate). Alternatively, biologically derived lixiviants such as the amino acid glycine (or a salt of itself) or the hydrobromide salt of poly-L-lysine can be used.

(38) Similarly, while examples note the use of steel slag, other sources (such as lime, cement kiln dust, fly ash, municipal waste ash, other types of steel slag, or fluid bed ash) are suitable. Alternatively, systems, methods, and compositions of the inventive concept can be utilized to recover metal hydroxide forming species from agricultural waste, consumer waste, industrial waste, scrap or other excess materials from manufacturing processes, or other post-utilization sources.

(39) It should also be noted that systems, methods, and compositions of the inventive concept are not limited to one metal hydroxide forming species being extracted with one particular lixiviant or set of anions. Multiple metal hydroxide forming species with various organic amine based lixiviants and various anions (or acids) can be used in sequence or in parallel to extract a particular mixture of metals or to produce a particular mixture of metal salts.

(40) As described above, lixiviants of the inventive concept can be applied in a variety of methods. Examples of some of these methods are depicted schematically in FIG. 2, FIG. 3, and FIG. 4.

(41) FIG. 2 depicts a method of the inventive process 200 in which a sample 201, such as an ore, mineral, or other source of metal hydroxide forming species, is mixed with a lixiviant 203. The lixiviant can include one or more organic amine species as described above (Composition 1) in the form of a cation coupled with a suitable counterion. Suitable counterions can include halides. In a preferred embodiment of the inventive concept the counterion is chloride (Cl.sup.). Sample 201 can be a calcium-containing ore (e.g., dolomite or gypsum), a byproduct of a manufacturing process (for example, steel slag), or any suitable calcium source, including the lime form of dolomite (dolomitic lime).

(42) Sample 201 can be treated prior to mixing with lixiviant 203. For example, the components of the sample 201 can be reduced in size through milling, grinding, pulverizing, or sifting. Such processes improve the surface area to volume ratio of elements of the sample and can serve to increase reaction rates. In some embodiments, a sample can be chemically treated, for example, through exposure to strong bases (such as sodium hydroxide) or oxidized through exposure to air at elevated temperatures. Such chemical treatments can serve to generate metal salts (for example, hydroxides or oxides) and to alter the physical structure of the sample or components of the sample.

(43) On interacting with lixiviant 203, metal hydroxide forming species in the sample form a soluble metal element cation/counterion complex that is solubilized in the supernatant 205, along with an uncharged organic amine. The pH of this portion of the reaction process can be alkaline, i.e. ranging from about 7.5 to about 14. In some embodiments of the inventive concept the pH can range from about 10 to about 12. Unwanted contaminants are not solvated, and remain behind as insoluble material as a treated sample 207 that can be further processed if desired.

(44) The supernatant 209 can be separated from the insoluble materials of the treated sample 207 by a variety of processes, including settling, filtration, or centrifugation, either alone or in combination. Thereafter, the metal hydroxide forming species 211 can be recovered as a metal salt from the supernatant 209 by any suitable means, including filtration, centrifugation, magnetic separation, electrodeposition, evaporation of the solvent, precipitation, and ion exchange.

(45) The uncharged organic amine remaining in the supernatant 209 can, in turn, be regenerated 213 (via addition of acid) in this process to form an organic amine cation that can form part of lixiviant 203 that can be used in the next iteration of the reaction. In a preferred embodiment of the inventive concept, an acidic form of the counterion can be added to the mixed supernatant and sample 205 to regenerate the charged organic amine/counterion pair in situ 215. This recycling of the lixiviant greatly reduces consumption through multiple cycles of the process and advantageously reduces environmental impact and expense.

(46) Other embodiments of the inventive concept can advantageously utilize the selective complex formation and solubility of components of methods of the inventive concept to recover different metal hydroxide forming species from the same sample. One example of such a method is shown in FIG. 3. As shown, such a method can be a chain of reactions that are, essentially, one or more repetitions of the method shown in FIG. 2 applied to a progressively depleted sample. In an example of such a method 300, a sample 301 and a first lixiviant 303 are brought into contact with each other to produce a first supernatant and a first depleted sample 305. The first lixiviant 303 includes a first organic amine cation and a counterion, and reaction 305 and the first supernatant 309 includes a first metal hydroxide forming species cation, a counterion, and an uncharged organic amine.

(47) The first depleted sample 307 includes materials that were not reactive with the first lixiviant, which can include additional metal hydroxide forming species, other valuable materials, and unwanted contaminants. It can be separated from the first supernatant 309 by any suitable method, including settling, filtration, and centrifugation, either alone or in combination. The first metal hydroxide forming species 311 can be recovered from the first supernatant 309 as a metal salt by any suitable means, including electrodeposition, evaporation of the solvent, precipitation, and ion exchange. In a preferred embodiment of the inventive concept, an acidic form of the counterion can be added to the mixed first supernatant and first depleted sample 305 to regenerate the charged first organic amine/counterion pair in situ 315. The regenerated first organic amine/counterion pair can in turn be recycled 313 for use in the next iteration of the process.

(48) The first depleted sample 307 can be contacted with a second lixiviant 317, which includes a second organic amine cation/counterion pair. Reaction with the first depleted sample 307 produces a second depleted sample and a second supernatant 319 that includes a soluble second metal hydroxide forming species cation/counterion complex and uncharged second organic amine. The second metal hydroxide forming species can be recovered from the second supernatant 321 as a metal salt by any suitable means, including precipitation, electrodeposition, and/or ion exchange. Similar to that of the above, an acidic form of the counterion can be added to the mixed second supernatant and second depleted sample 319 to regenerate the charged second organic amine/counterion pair in situ 329.

(49) In other embodiments of the inventive concept the first acid and the second acid for regeneration of the lixiviant are different species. Additionally, the second depleted sample 323 can be subjected to further rounds of treatment with lixiviants in order to recover additional valuable materials. Finally, it is contemplated that the lixiviants can advantageously be recycled to reduce the overall amount of organic amines used as the process is repeated to limit the environmental impact of such operations and permit considerable savings in materials.

(50) Another embodiment of the inventive concept that permits recovery of two or more metal hydroxide forming species from a sample is shown in FIG. 4. In such a method 400, a sample 401 is contacted with a lixiviant 403 that includes a first organic amine cation/counterion pair and a second organic amine cation/counterion pair. This mixture 405 results in a treated sample 407 and a first supernatant 409. This first supernatant typically includes a first metal hydroxide forming species cation/counterion pair, a second metal hydroxide forming species cation/counterion pair, a first uncharged organic amine, and a second uncharged organic amine. The first metal hydroxide forming species 411 can be recovered from the first supernatant 409 by any suitably selective means, including precipitation, evaporation of the solvent, electroplating, or ion exchange.

(51) Recovery of the first metal hydroxide forming species 411 from the first supernatant 409 yields a second supernatant 413, which includes a second metal hydroxide forming species cation/counterion pair, an uncharged first organic amine, and an uncharged second organic amine. The second metal hydroxide forming species cation 415 can be recovered from the second supernatant 413 by any suitable means, such as precipitation (for example, through treatment with additional amounts of a base that forms a salt), evaporation of the solvent, electrodeposition, or ion exchange. Following extraction of the second metal hydroxide forming species, the second supernatant 413 can be treated (for example, by the addition of an acid form of the counterion) to regenerate the lixiviant 417

(52) It should be appreciated that, as described in the processes illustrated in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, that an acid form of the counterion can be added to the mixtures of lixiviant and sample to regenerate the first organic amine cation, the second organic amine cation, or both the first and second organic amine cations in situ 419. This permits the first organic amine cation, the second organic amine cation, or both to act as pseudocatalysts and function in substochiometric quantities. In addition, the use of the organic amine in substochiometric amounts relative to the metal hydroxide forming species of the sample limits both the environmental impact of such operations and permits considerable savings in materials.

(53) A specific example of the recovery of calcium from steel slag is shown in FIG. 5. Initially, steel slag (or an alternative calcium source) is ground 501 to less than around 125 m. This greatly increases the surface area available for reaction. Water (used as a solvent) and lixiviant are mixed 503 in a suitable ratio, which can range from 0.1% to about 50%. The ground slag and aqueous lixiviant are mixed 505 and stirred or agitated for a time sufficient to form the calcium cation/counterion pair, in this instance approximately 10 minutes.

(54) The lixiviant is regenerated 507 by the addition of acid, in this instance hydrochloric acid. The newly regenerated lixiviant reacts with more extractable calcium in the source material. The pH can be monitored 509 to judge the progress of the extraction reactions, since the regenerated lixiviant will typically drop the pH of the solution and the extraction will consume the acid causing the pH to rise. More acid can be added 509A based on this observation. If the pH fails to rise completely to an approximate end-point (pH=12) then it can be assumed that all the extractable calcium has been removed from the source material and the process can proceed to the next step.

(55) The solid residue, which is depleted of calcium, is removed by filtration 511 using a variety of industrial filtration techniques, including but not limited to filter press techniques, centrifugation, magnetic separation, settling, and combinations thereof. Based on the end-product, the process can proceed via 511A, 511B, or 511C. If a small amount of lixiviant left in solution would be acceptable, then the solution can be left as-is 513 (via 511A). Alternatively, solid calcium chloride hydrate (mixture of hydrates possible) can be produced by removing the solvent from the calcium chloride solution 515 (via 511B), which leaves behind solid calcium chloride hydrates (CaCl.sub.2.xH.sub.2O, where x can be 0, 1, 2, 4 or 6 depending on how vigorously the solids are dried). Finally, purified, crystalline calcium chloride hydrate (mixture of hydrates possible) can be produced evaporating some of the solvent and/or cooling the solution below the saturation point 517 (via 511C), isolating the crystalline calcium chloride product by filtering off the supernatant 519, and dehydrating the calcium chloride hydrate(s) by heating them to drive off the associated water 521. It is contemplated that the supernatant in 515 and 519 can be recycled back to collect additional crops of crystalline product or it can be recycled back to the extraction step 519A.

(56) It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those already described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The inventive subject matter, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims. Moreover, in interpreting both the specification and the claims, all terms should be interpreted in the broadest possible manner consistent with the context. In particular, the terms comprises and comprising should be interpreted as referring to elements, components, or steps in a non-exclusive manner, indicating that the referenced elements, components, or steps may be present, or utilized, or combined with other elements, components, or steps that are not expressly referenced. Where the specification claims refers to at least one of something selected from the group consisting of A, B, C . . . and N, the text should be interpreted as requiring only one element from the group, not A plus N, or B plus N, etc.