Low-dimensional structures of organic and/or inorganic substances and use thereof

Abstract

The object of the present invention is low-dimensional, primarily 2D folded structures of organic and/or inorganic substances and/or their agglomerates, which have folds and faces of irregular shape and exhibit high local electric field strength generated by surface charges on the said folds, faces and edges, and use thereof: as sorbents of organic particles (molecules, bacteria, viruses, proteins, antigens, endotoxins) and inorganic particles (metal ions, colloids); as an agent with wound healing and antibacterial activity; as an agent for tumor cell growth inhibition.

Claims

1. Folded structures and/or their agglomerates, the folded structures and/or their agglomerates comprising folds and faces of an irregular shape, wherein the irregular shape has one of the dimension ranging from 200 to 500 nm and at least one dimension being a thickness of an edge of no more than 10 nm, wherein the agglomerates comprise alternating, overlapping, conjugated, homogeneously or heterogeneously mixed fragments of two-dimensional structures, and the folded structures and/or their agglomerates exhibiting a local strength of an electric field generated by surface charges on the folds, faces and edges, that is no less than 10.sup.6 V/m, wherein the structures and/or the agglomerates are formed by: metal oxyhydroxides or their composites comprising at least two oxyhydroxides of metals selected from the group consisting of Al, Fe, Mg and Ti, or natural or artificial polymers selected from the group consisting of chitin, chitosan and cellulose, or synthetic polymer materials, or a composite comprising at least one oxyhydroxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of Al, Fe, Mg, and Ti; and at least one natural or artificial polymer material selected from the group consisting of chitin, chitosan and cellulose or at least one synthetic polymer material.

2. The folded structures and/or their agglomerates of claim 1, wherein the synthetic polymer materials are nonpolar polymers, wherein the nonpolar polymers have a specific conductivity of no more than 10.sup.10 Ohm.sup.1 cm.sup.1 and are selected from the group consisting of vinylidene fluorides, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene (TFE/HFP) copolymer, polypropylene, polyethylene and polar polymers.

3. The folded structures and/or their agglomerates of claim 2, wherein the nonpolar polymer material is a monoelectret.

4. The folded structures and/or their agglomerates of claim 2, wherein the polar polymer is polyvinyl chloride.

5. The folded structures and/or their agglomerates of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the edge is between 5 and 8 nm.

6. The folded structures and/or their agglomerates of claim 1, wherein the thickness of the edge is no more than 2 nm.

7. Sorbents of particles comprising the structures and/or their agglomerates according to claim 1.

8. The sorbents of claim 7, wherein the pH values range from 6 to 8.

9. The sorbents of particles of claim 7, wherein the organic particles are molecules, bacteria, viruses, proteins, antigens or endotoxins.

10. An agent comprising the folded structures and/or their agglomerates according to claim 1, wherein the agent exhibits wound healing and antibacterial activity.

11. An agent comprising the folded structures and/or their agglomerates according to claim 1, wherein the agent inhibits proliferation of tumor cells.

12. A carrier material comprising folded structures and/or their agglomerates according to claim 1.

13. The carrier material comprising folded structures and/or their agglomerates of claim 12, wherein the carrier material is selected from the group consisting of nonwoven fabrics, fibers, granules, sponges and porous materials.

14. A composition comprising a pharmacologically active substance and the folded structures and/or their agglomerates according to claim 1, wherein the pharmacologically active substance exhibits sorption properties.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a TEM image of aluminum oxyhydroxide agglomerate with the claimed folded structure. Edges (1) and folds (2) are shown.

(2) FIG. 2 is a SEM image of aluminum oxyhydroxide agglomerates with the claimed folded structure.

(3) FIG. 3 is a SEM image of iron oxyhydroxide agglomerates with folded structure.

(4) FIG. 4 is a SEM image of titanium oxyhydroxide agglomerates with folded structure.

(5) FIG. 5 is a TEM image of agglomerates of folded structures with latex spheres on edges and between folds of aluminum oxyhydroxide agglomerate.

(6) FIG. 6 is a TEM image of agglomerates of folded structures with colloidal silver particles on edges and between folds of aluminum oxyhydroxide agglomerate.

(7) FIG. 7 are results of experiments on HOS cells: number of living HOS cells (%) depending on aluminum oxyhydroxide content in 2 ml of cell culture medium: 10.005 g, 20.01 g, 30.03 g

(8) FIG. 8 are results on HELA, MCF-7 and UM-SCC-14C cells: number of living cancer cells (%) in 24 (a) and 48 hours (b).

(9) FIG. 9 are results on HELA, MCF-7 and UM-SCC-14C cells: cancer cell proliferation (%) in 24 (a) and 48 hours (b).

(10) FIG. 10 is a TEM image of polyvinyl chloride low-dimensional folded structures (nanosheets).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Example 1. Synthesis of Agglomerates of Electropositive Aluminum Oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) Low-Dimensional Folded Structures

(11) Agglomerates with the claimed shape and characteristics were synthesized in a reaction of interaction between water and starting material that was Al/AlN powder produced by electrical explosion of aluminum wire in nitrogen atmosphere, with particle size 80-100 nm, specific surface area 21 m.sup.2/g and MN phase content 70 mass %.

(12) The reaction was conducted in the following way. 100 g of powder were mixed with 10 L of water, and aluminum oxide nanoparticles with an average size of 70 nm were added to the mixture in an amount of 0.1 mass % with respect to the powder mass. The nanoparticles acted as seeds to increase the nucleation rate of transformation products on the seed particles and their crystallization rate. The resulting suspension was heated in the range from 25 C. to 60 C. with vigorous agitation at a rate of 200 rpm using a mechanical mixer.

(13) The reaction was conducted at pH=9.4 for 60 min to achieve a constant pH value.

(14) The obtained product was dried to a constant mass at temperature 90 C. for 4 hours.

(15) The mass of the obtained product was 150 g. The specific surface area of the product measured on a Sorbtometr-M analyzer was 330 m.sup.2/g. X-ray diffraction analysis on a DRON-7 diffractometer showed that the obtained product was A100H.

(16) FIG. 1 depicts a micrograph of agglomerates of oxyhydroxide aluminum low-dimensional folded structures obtained using a JEM-2100 transmission electron microscope. The micrograph demonstrates faces and folds.

(17) FIG. 2 illustrates a micrograph of agglomerates of low-dimensional folded structures obtained using a LEO EVO 50 scanning electron microscope.

(18) The agglomerate size was in the range from 0.5 m to 7 m.

(19) The zeta potential of agglomerates determined with a ZetaSizer Nano ZS was 60 mV. Taking into account the average face thickness of 5 nm, the electric field strength on the edge can be estimated. The electric field strength is

(20) $E=\frac{}{R},$

(21) where is the agglomerate potential, and R is the face thickness.

(22) The electric field strength on the edge is E=12 mV/nm or 1.2.Math.10.sup.7 V/m. The electric field strength on the surface of a nonporous spherical oxyhydroxide aluminum particle of size 3 m would be 20 mV/m or 2.Math.10.sup.4 V/m, i.e. by approximately 3 orders of magnitude lower than on the edge.

(23) The force acting on a charged particle near an agglomerate is determined by the expression
F=qE,

(24) where q is the particle charge [Savelyev I. V., Physics, a General Course, Moscow: Mir, 1981.].

(25) Correspondingly, at q=const the force acting on a particle for an agglomerate of low-dimensional structures would be 600 times higher than for a nonporous spherical particle of the same size and chemical composition.

Example 2. Synthesis of Agglomerates of Iron Oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) Low-Dimensional Folded Structures

(26) Bimetal FeAl nanopowder with the particle size of about 100 nm was produced by simultaneous electrical explosion of iron and aluminum wires in nitrogen atmosphere at the ratio of Fe:Al=90:10 mass %. 20 g of powder were mixed with 2000 mL of distilled water, and the mixture was heated up to 60 C. with constant agitation. The pH of the reaction medium was controlled and adjusted to 9.0 using ammonia solution. The reaction was conducted for 60 min. Then, the suspension was filtered, rinsed to neutral pH with distilled water and dried at temperature 90 C. for 4 hours.

(27) The mass of the obtained product was 25.4 g. The specific surface area of the product measured on a Sorbtometr-M analyzer was 220 m.sup.2/g. X-ray diffraction analysis on a DRON-7 diffractometer revealed that the product contained primarily goethite FeOOH and a low content of boehmite AlOOH.

(28) FIG. 3 illustrates a micrograph of a FeOOH/AlOOH composite agglomerate obtained using a LEO EVO 50 scanning electron microscope. The micrograph demonstrates that the agglomerates consist of a great number of low-dimensional folded structures. The properties of the aforesaid composite mainly depend on the morphology and properties of goethite.

(29) The agglomerate size was in the range from 1.0 m to 12.0 m. The zeta potential of agglomerates determined with a ZetaSizer Nano ZS was about 50 mV.

(30) The subsequent calculations were similar to those carried out in Example 1. The electric field strength on the edge was E=2.5.Math.10.sup.7 V/m. For comparison, the electric field strength on the surface of a nonporous spherical particle of size 1 m with the same chemical composition was E=5.Math.10.sup.4 V/m.

Example 3. Synthesis of Agglomerates of Ti Oxide Low-Dimensional Folded Structures

(31) Agglomerates of Ti oxide low-dimensional folded structures were produced by hydrothermal synthesis at temperature 130 C. for 12 hours in the following way. 100 g of titanium butylate were mixed with 30 mL of acetylacetone and 10 mL of distilled water with constant agitation. Then, 10 mL of concentrated ammonia solution was added to the mixture. The mixture was heated up to 130 C. and hydrothermally treated for 12 hours with constant agitation. The obtained suspension was filtered and rinsed with isopropyl alcohol and distilled water. The washed powder was air dried at temperature 105 C. for 10 hours.

(32) The resulting product was 18 g of titanium oxide low-dimensional folded structures. The specific surface area measured similarly to Examples 1 and 2 was equal to 380 m.sup.2/g.

(33) FIG. 4 gives a micrograph of titanium oxide agglomerates obtained on a LEO EVO 50 scanning electron microscope. The micrograph demonstrates that the agglomerates consist of a great number of low-dimensional folded structures.

(34) The agglomerate size was in the range from 0.3 m to 5.0 m.

(35) The zeta potential of agglomerates determined with a ZetaSizer Nano ZS was about 40 mV.

(36) The subsequent calculations were similar to those conducted in Example 1. The electric field strength on the edge was E=1.3.Math.10.sup.7 V/m. For comparison, the electric field strength on the surface of a nonporous spherical particle of size 0.3 m E=1.3.Math.10.sup.5 V/m.

Example 4. Synthesis of Polyvinyl Chloride Low-Dimensional Structures

(37) Polyvinyl chloride granules of size no more than 1 mm were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran in a wt % ratio of 10:90, respectively. The suspension was kept for 8 days with periodic agitation. The dissolution of polyvinyl chloride in tetrahydrofuran gave a viscous colorless liquid. 10 mL of polyvinyl chloride/tetrahydrofuran solution were mixed with 5 mg of porous AlOOH synthesized according to Example 1. The prepared mixture was kept for 72 hours with periodic agitation. The supernatant was removed, and the precipitate was mixed with 30 mL of methanol and left for 1 hour for complete sedimentation. The mixture was filtered through filter paper and the sediment was dried in an oven at 30 C. for 24 hours. The resulting dry powder was mixed with 50% NaOOH solution and kept for 5 days under visual control to complete dissolution of AlOOH and sedimentation of polyvinyl chloride low-dimensional structures. The sediment was rinsed with a large volume of ethyl alcohol and dried at 30 C. for 24 hours.

(38) FIG. 10 illustrates a micrograph of polyvinyl chloride low-dimensional structures obtained using a JEM 2100 transmission electron microscope. The micrograph shows that the examined sample consists of overlapping polymer plates.

Example 5. Microorganism Adsorption on Metal Oxyhydroxides

(39) E. coli 7935, St. aureus 209 and P. aeruginosa 27583 strains were cultivated on meat peptone agar for 24 hours in a thermostat at temperature 371 C. and then a microorganism suspension of 1.010.sup.3 CFU/mL was prepared. E. coli 7935 are short (1-3 m long and 0.5-0.8 m wide) polymorphic motile and nonmotile gram-negative rods. St. aureus 209 are gram-positive spherical cells of diameter 0.5-1.5 m. P. aeruginosa 27583 are gram-negative straight rods of length 1-3 m and width 0.5-0.7 m.

(40) The sorption efficiency was measured for E. coli, St. aureus and P. aeruginosa bacteria according to the recommendations by Voroshilova et al. [Voroshilova A. A. and Dianova E. D., Oil-Oxidizing Bacteria as Markers of Biological Oil Oxidation Intensity under Natural Conditions, Microbiologiya, 1952, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 408-415.]. To determine the sorption efficiency, autoclaved samples of mass 100 mg were introduced into sterile flasks and mixed with 30 mL of bacterial suspension with concentration 1.010.sup.3 CFU/mL. Microorganism adsorption on the samples occurred with constant agitation of suspension for 30 min using a magnet mixer at a rate of 500 rpm. The samples were then centrifuged for 3 min at 1300 rpm, and 1 mL of supernatant was inoculated onto meat peptone agar plates that were incubated in a thermostat at 371 C. for 24 h. Colonies were counted after 24 hours of incubation.

(41) The sorption efficiency values are given in Table 1.

(42) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Microorganism sorption efficiency Sorption efficiency Product E. coli St. aureus P. aeruginosa Al oxyhydroxide 99.8 0.24 (n = 11) 93.7 0.22 (n = 6) 96.5 0.39 (n = 14) Fe oxyhydroxide 92.1 0.20 (n = 10) 95.5 0.25 (n = 10) 87.3 0.40 (n = 10) Ti oxide 89.0 0.25 (n = 11) 96.3 0.20 (n = 8) 87.3 0.30 (n = 10)

(43) Experiments on microorganism sorption depending on pH were conducted in a similar way (Table 2).

(44) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Microorganism sorption efficiency of Al oxyhydroxide depending on pH E. coli Initial E. coli Suspension pH supernatant concentration, before concentration, Adsorbed CFU/mL decontamination CFU/mL cells, % 3.00 .Math. 10.sup.3 5.0 <1 .Math. 10.sup.2 >99.99 2.80 .Math. 10.sup.3 7.0 1.6 .Math. 10.sup.3 >99.94 2.50 .Math. 10.sup.3 9.0 <1 .Math. 10.sup.2 >99.99

Example 6. Adsorption of Inorganic Ions on Iron Oxyhydroxide with the Claimed Shape and Characteristics

(45) A model solution of metals was prepared which contained 0.25 mg/L arsenic in the form of arsenate ions, 0.4 mg/L manganese, 0.5 mg/L lead and 3 mg/L copper. 100 mL of the model solution were mixed with 1 g of agglomerates of iron oxyhydroxide folded structures, and the obtained mixture was agitated for 1 hour at room temperature. The concentration of metal ions was determined after sorption. The results are given in Table 3.

(46) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Residual concentration of inorganic impurities in water Element content, mg/L MPC for Before After drinking water, Element cleaning cleaning mg/L Arsenic 0.25 0.02 0.037 0.004 0.05 Manganese 0.40 0.05 0.06 0.01 0.1 Lead 0.50 0.03 0.18 0.03 0.3 Copper 3.0 0.2 0.55 0.04 1.0

(47) The residual concentration of inorganic impurities after inorganic ion adsorption on iron oxyhydroxide folded structures in water under static conditions was lower than the MPC for drinking water [SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 Drinking Water. Hygienic Requirements on Water Quality in Drinking Water Supply Systems. Quality Control.].

Example 7. Application of Metal Oxides/Oxyhydroxides with the Claimed Shape and Characteristics for Wound Healing

(48) Experiments were performed on white outbred male rats weighing 140-210 g, 100 animals in total: 20 animals in each trial (4 hydroxide types) and 20 untreated control group animals. The animals were shaved in the dorsal region, and a skin region of 2 cm.sup.2 was marked. A piece of skin and subcutaneous tissue were excised in the marked region to an underneath fascia. A Kocher clamp on the wound edges and bottom was used to create tissue injury.

(49) The wound was contaminated with a St. aureus suspension of 5.Math.10.sup.5 CFU/mL (An Infected Soft Tissue Wound Model/Sukhovey Yu. G., Tsiryatyeva S. B., Minin A. S., Samusev R. S., Sych A. S., Kostolomova E. G.//RF Patent No. 2321898, 10 Apr. 2008, publ. in Bullet. No. 1). The infecting dose was 2 mL per 200 g of rat weight. The infected wound was secured with Teflon rings with covers to prevent disturbance of the wound by grooming

(50) The animals were operated under ether narcosis in nonsterile conditions. Wound treatment began 48 hours after operation when the wound demonstrated acute suppurative inflammation. Metal oxyhydroxides produced by Examples 1-3 were applied to the wound as dry powder of mass 2 g once a day. The treatment was continued depending on the wound healing rate.

(51) The development of the purulent process in the wound was assessed by daily observations of the animal for 25 days.

(52) The following parameters were evaluated: purulent or serous wound exudate; local inflammatory reaction (hyperemia and edema in the wound region); rate of wound cleaning (removal of necrotic tissue and elimination of wound discharge); rate of secondary scar formation.

(53) The wound healing criteria were the time of removal of purulent and necrotic tissue from the wound, granulation tissue formation, beginning and completion of wound epithelization. Wound healing outcomes were also assessed. The data are given in Table 4.

(54) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Results of skin wound decontamination and healing in animal groups* Initiation of Visible wound Visible visible (edge) 50% visible Completion of cleaning, granulation, epithelization, epithelization, epithelization, Group No. days days days days days Control 14.5 1.7 12.5 1.3 11.5 1.0 18.0 2.5 21.0 2.6 Al oxy- 3.0 0.3 2.5 0.3 2.0 0.2 4.4 0.4 8.5 0.9 hydroxide Fe oxy- 3.5 0.3 2.0 0.2 2.0 0.2 5.0 0.5 8.0 0.5 hydroxide Ti oxide 4.5 0.4 5.5 0.5 3.5 0.5 4.0 0.4 9.5 1.0 *p < 0.05

(55) The given data indicate that the application of metal oxyhydroxides accelerated significantly wound healing with respect to the control group animals. The complete epithelization time reduced by 40-62% with respect to the control untreated group. This effect is evidently related both to wound decontamination and to tissue cell proliferation (epithelization). It is noticeable that wound healing occurred without formation of rough scars.

(56) The animals were treated according to Order No. 267 of Jun. 19, 2003 on Good Laboratory Practice Guidelines and according to the rules adopted by the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes (Strasbourg, 1986). Experimental animals were kept in standard vivarium plastic animal cages, one per cage, on wood shavings bedding, with free access to food and water (standard mouse diet), under a natural light regime.

Example 8. Application of Aluminum Oxyhydroxide with the Claimed Shape and Characteristics for the Inhibition of Cancer Cell Growth

(57) Experiments were conducted on the established HOS (TE85, clone F5) cell line from human osteosarcoma. The cells were plated in 50 mL culture flasks at a cell density of 1.1 mln per flask. A monolayer was formed during 2-3 days. The formed monolayer was rinsed with a cell culture medium without serum. 0.005, 0.01 and 0.03 g of aluminum oxyhydroxide powder was suspended in 2 mL of the cell culture medium and applied to the cell monolayer. Then, 5 mL of cell culture medium containing 2% fetal bovine serum was added. The cells were incubated in a thermostat at 371 C. according to the recommendations for this cell line. To determine the proliferation index (PI, ratio of the number of newly proliferated cells to the number of parent cells) the cell monolayer was detached by trypsin and versene after 24, 48 and 72 hours of contact with aluminum oxyhydroxide powder. Cells were counted on a hemocytometer (Goryaev chamber) by using trypan blue vital staining to determine the number of living and dead cells. In trypan blue staining living cells remain colorless, while dead cells are colored blue. All experiments were performed with control in 2 replicates, and cells were counted in 3 replicates.

(58) The proliferation index was determined taking into account the inoculated dose per 1 culture flask. It was equal to 1.1 mln in all experiments, and the volume of the medium for cell detachment and resuspension was 3.0 mL.

(59) According to the purpose of the experiment, HOS cells were grown as a monolayer that was treated with increasing aluminum oxyhydroxide fractions of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.03 g.

(60) The proliferation of HELA (human cervical carcinoma), MCF-7 (human breast cancer) and UM-SCC-14C (human squamous cell carcinoma of skin) cell lines was determined by inoculating the cells in a 96 well plate (Saphire) at a density of 110.sup.5 cells/well in the DMEM or MEM cell culture medium containing 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 units penicillin, 100 g/mL streptomycin and 10% fetal bovine serum. Aluminum oxyhydroxide powder was suspended in a phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at a concentration of 0.005 g/mL and applied to the cell monolayer. The control group was not treated by aluminum oxyhydroxide. The cells were incubated for 24 and 48 hours in a thermostat at 371 C. in a 5% humid CO.sub.2 atmosphere. The cell proliferation was detected by incorporating 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) into the newly synthesized DNA of replicating cells (synthetic phase of the cell cycle) with the replacement of thymidine during DNA replication. The fluorescent detection of BrdU was carried out using a Tecan microplate reader (Austria) with excitation wave length at 370 nm and emission wavelength at 470 nm.

(61) The influence of aluminum oxyhydroxide on tumor cell vitality for HELA (human cervical carcinoma), MCF-7 (human breast cancer) and UM-SCC-14C (human squamous cell carcinoma of skin) cell lines was studied by inoculating the cells in 15-cm cell culture dishes and cultivating them in the DMEM or MEM cell culture medium containing 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 units penicillin, 100 g/mL streptomycin and 10% fetal bovine serum until a confluent monolayer was formed. Aluminum oxyhydroxide powder was suspended in a phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at a concentration of 0.005 g/mL and transferred applied to cell monolayer. The cells were incubated for 24 and 48 hours in a thermostat at 371 C. in a 5% humid CO.sub.2 atmosphere. To determine the number of living cells, the monolayer was detached with a TrypLE Select solution (Gibco) and cells in the obtained suspension were counted using a hemocytometer (Goryaev chamber). The number of living and dead cells was determined by using 0.1% trypan blue vital staining.

(62) Before experiments aluminum oxyhydroxide powder samples were steam sterilized three times in 24 hour intervals at 121 C. for 20 min

(63) The results of experiments on HOS cells are displayed in FIG. 7. It shows the dependence of the number of living HOS cells (%) on the aluminum oxyhydroxide content in 2 ml of cell culture medium: 10.005 g, 20.01 g, 30.03 g, and in Table 5 (W is the percentage of cells). The experimental results for HELA, MCF-7 and UM-SCC-14C cell lines are given in FIGS. 8 and 9. FIG. 8 demonstrates the number of living cancer cells (%) in 24 (a) and 48 hours (b). FIG. 9 demonstrates the results of cancer cell proliferation (%) in 24 (a) and 48 hours (b).

(64) It follows from the given data that aluminum oxyhydroxide applied to tumor cell cultures significantly inhibits cell proliferation. Aluminum oxyhydroxide can be used as powder or if applied onto a fibrous or porous carrier.

Example 9. Microorganism Adsorption on Polyvinyl Chloride Low-Dimensional Structures

(65) E. coli 7935 cultures were cultivated on meat peptone agar for 24 hours in a thermostat at 371 C. and then a microorganism suspension 1.010.sup.3 CFU/mL was prepared.

(66) The sorption efficiency was assessed using E. coli bacteria following the recommendations by Voroshilova et al. [Voroshilova A. A. and Dianova E. D., Oil-Oxidizing Bacteria as Markers of Biological Oil Oxidation Intensity under Natural Conditions, Microbiologiya, 1952, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 408-415.]. To determine the sorption efficiency, autoclaved samples of mass 10 mg were introduced into sterile flasks and mixed with 3 mL of bacterial suspension with concentration 1.010.sup.3 CFU/mL. Microorganism adsorption on the samples occurred with constant agitation of suspension for 30 min using a magnet mixer at a rate of 500 rpm. The samples were then centrifuged for 3 min at 1300 rpm, and 1 mL of supernatant was inoculated onto meat peptone agar plates that were incubated in a thermostat at 371 C. for 24 h. Colonies were counted after 24 hours of incubation.

(67) The sorption efficiency values are given in Table 5.

(68) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Microorganism sorption efficiency of polyvinyl chloride low dimensional structures Sorption efficiency Product E. coli Polyvinyl chloride 94.0 0.35 (n = 14)

References

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