LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE AND APPARATUS INCLUDING THE SAME
20220367815 · 2022-11-17
Inventors
Cpc classification
C07F9/65685
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07F9/6561
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
H10K59/123
ELECTRICITY
C07F9/60
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C09K2211/1014
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07F9/65517
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
H10K85/6574
ELECTRICITY
H10K85/626
ELECTRICITY
H10K85/6572
ELECTRICITY
C07F9/5765
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07F9/5325
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07F9/65068
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07B2200/05
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
H10K85/615
ELECTRICITY
International classification
C07F9/53
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07F9/655
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07F9/6561
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07F9/6568
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
Abstract
A light-emitting device includes: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and comprising an emission layer, wherein the interlayer further includes an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, the electron transport region includes a first compound of Formula 1 and a second compound of Formula 2, the first compound and the second compound are different from each other, and the second compound includes at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, where Formulae 1 and 2 are described herein.
Claims
1. A light-emitting device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and comprising an emission layer, wherein the interlayer further comprises an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, the electron transport region comprises a first compound of Formula 1 and a second compound of Formula 2, the first compound and the second compound are different from each other, and the second compound comprises at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group: ##STR00134## wherein, in Formula 1, X.sub.11 is O, S, or Se, L.sub.11 to L.sub.13 are each, independently from one another, a single bond or a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, a11 to a13 are each, independently from one another, an integer from 1 to 3, n11 is an integer from 1 to 3, Ar.sub.11 to Ar.sub.13 are each, independently from one another, a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, R.sub.11 to R.sub.13 are each, independently from one another, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, —Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —C(═O)(Q.sub.1), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), d11 to d13 are each, independently from one another, an integer from 1 to 10, and Ar.sub.11 to Ar.sub.13 are optionally linked to each other via a single bond, a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.5 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, or a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, and wherein, in Formula 2, X.sub.21 is O, S, or Se, L.sub.21 to L.sub.23 are each, independently from one another, a single bond, a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a21 to a23 are each, independently from one another, an integer from 1 to 3, n21 is an integer from 1 to 3, Ar.sub.21 to Ar.sub.23 are each, independently from one another, a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, R.sub.21 to R.sub.23 are each, independently from one another, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, —Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —C(═O)(Q.sub.1), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), d21 to d23 are each, independently from one another, an integer from 1 to 10, Ar.sub.21 to Ar.sub.23 are optionally linked to each other via a single bond, a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.5 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, R.sub.10a is: deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group each, independently from one another, unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, —Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), —N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), —B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), —C(═O)(Q.sub.11), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), —P(═O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, or a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group each, independently from one another, unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, —Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), —N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), —B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), —C(═O)(Q.sub.21), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), —P(═O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or —Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), —N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —C(═O)(Q.sub.31), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), R.sub.20a is: deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group each, independently from one another, unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, —Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), —N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), —B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), —C(═O)(Q.sub.11), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), —P(═O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, or a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, —Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), —N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), —B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), —C(═O)(Q.sub.21), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), —P(═O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or —Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), —N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —C(═O)(Q.sub.31), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 are each, independently from one another: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group; or a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group each, independently from one another, unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.
2. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first electrode comprises an anode, the second electrode comprises a cathode, the interlayer further comprises a hole transport region between the emission layer and the first electrode, the hole transport region comprises a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof, and the electron transport region comprises a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.
3. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the electron transport region comprises a mixture of the first compound and the second compound.
4. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the electron transport region comprises an electron transport layer, and the electron transport layer comprises the first compound and the second compound.
5. The light-emitting device of claim 4, wherein the electron transport layer and the emission layer are in direct contact with each other.
6. The light-emitting device of claim 3, wherein the first compound is included in an amount of about 20 parts by weight to about 50 parts by weight based on a total 100 parts by weight of the first compound and the second compound.
7. The light-emitting device of claim 3, wherein the electron transport region further comprises an electron injection layer, and the electron injection layer comprises a rare earth metal and an alkali metal-containing compound.
8. The light-emitting device of claim 7, wherein the rare earth metal comprises Yb, and the alkali metal-containing compound is an alkali metal halide.
9. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first compound does not comprise a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group.
10. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the second compound meets at least one of Condition B-1 to Condition B-8: Condition B-1 Ar.sub.21 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group; Condition B-2 at least one of Ar.sub.22(s) in a number of n21 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group; Condition B-3 at least one of Ar.sub.23(s) in a number of n21 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group; Condition B-4 at least one of L.sub.21(s) in a multiple of n21 times a21 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a; Condition B-5 at least one of L.sub.22(s) in a multiple of n21 times a22 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a; Condition B-6 at least one of L.sub.23(s) in a multiple of n21 times a23 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a; Condition B-7 at least one pair of pairs of Ar.sub.22 and Ar.sub.23 in a number of n21 are linked to each other via a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group; Condition B-8 at least one of R.sub.21(s) in a number of d21, R.sub.22(s) in a multiple of n21 times d22, and R.sub.23(s) in a multiple of n21 times d23 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a; wherein R.sub.10a has the same meaning as claim 1.
11. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein a moiety of ##STR00135## in Formula 1 is of Formula 1-1 or 1-2, and a moiety of ##STR00136## in Formula 2 is of Formula 2-1 or 2-2: ##STR00137## wherein, in Formulae 1-1, 1-2, 2-1, and 2-2, Z.sub.11 is a non-bond, a single bond, *′—C(R.sub.16)(R.sub.17)—*″, or *′—C(R.sub.18)═C(R.sub.19)—*″, Z.sub.21 is a non-bond, a single bond, *′—C(R.sub.26)(R.sub.27)—*″, or *′—C(R.sub.28)═C(R.sub.29)—*″, ′ and *″ each are a binding site to a neighboring atom, Ar.sub.14 has the same meaning as Ar.sub.11 in claim 1, Ar.sub.24 has the same meaning as Ar.sub.21 in claim 1, R.sub.16 to R.sub.19 have, independently from one another, the same meaning as R.sub.11 in claim 1, R.sub.26 to R.sub.29 have, independently from one another, the same meaning as R.sub.21 in claim 1, R.sub.16 to R.sub.19 are optionally bonded to each other or via a single bond to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, R.sub.26 to R.sub.29 are optionally bonded to each other or via a single bond to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, d14 is an integer from 1 to 10, d24 is an integer from 1 to 10, X.sub.11, X.sub.21 Ar.sub.12, Ar.sub.13, Ar.sub.22, Ar.sub.23, R.sub.12, R.sub.13, R.sub.22, R.sub.23, d12, d13, d22, d23, L.sub.11, L.sub.21, a11, a21, R.sub.10a, and R.sub.20a have, independently from one another, the same meaning as in claim 1, * in Formulae 1-1 and 1-2 is a binding site to Ar.sub.11 in Formula 1, and * in Formulae 2-1 and 2-2 is a binding site to Ar.sub.21 in Formula 1.
12. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first compound of Formula 1 is of one of Formulae 1-11 to 1-14: ##STR00138## wherein, in Formulae 1-11 to 1-14, Ar.sub.14 and Ar.sub.15 are each have, independently from one another, a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, Z.sub.11 is a single bond, *′—C(R.sub.16)(R.sub.17)—*″, or *′—C(R.sub.18)═C(R.sub.19)—*″, X.sub.12 has the same meaning as X.sub.11 in claim 1, L.sub.14 to L.sub.16 each have, independently from one another, the same meaning as L.sub.11 in claim 1, a14 to a16 have, independently from one another, the same meaning as all in claim 1, R.sub.14 to R.sub.19 have, independently from one another, the same meaning as R.sub.11 in claim 1, R.sub.16 to R.sub.19 are optionally bonded to each other or via a single bond to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, d14 and d15 are each, independently from one another, an integer from 1 to 10, and X.sub.11, Ar.sub.11 to Ar.sub.13, R.sub.11 to R.sub.13, d11 to d13, Ln to L.sub.13, a11 to a13, and R.sub.20a have, independently from one another, have the same meaning as in claim 1.
13. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the second compound of Formula 2 is of one of Formulae 2-11 to 2-14 and comprises at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group: ##STR00139## wherein, in Formulae 2-11 to 2-14, Ar.sub.24 and Ar.sub.25 are each, independently from one another, the same meaning as a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, Z.sub.21 is a single bond, *′—C(R.sub.26)(R.sub.27)—*″, or *′—C(R.sub.28)═C(R.sub.29)—*″, X.sub.22 has the same meaning as X.sub.21 in claim 1, L.sub.24 to L.sub.26 have, independently from one another, the same meaning as L.sub.21 in claim 1, a24 to a26 have, independently from one another, the same meaning as a21 in claim 1, R.sub.24 to R.sub.29 have, independently from one another, the same meaning as R.sub.21 in claim 1, R.sub.26 to R.sub.29 are optionally bonded to each other or via a single bond to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, d24 and d25 are each, independently from one another, an integer from 1 to 10, and X.sub.21, Ar.sub.21 to Ar.sub.23, R.sub.21 to R.sub.23, d21 to d23, L.sub.21 to L.sub.23, a21 to a23, and R.sub.10a have, independently from one another, the same meaning as in claim 1.
14. The light-emitting device of claim 13, wherein, in Formula 2-11, at least one of L.sub.21(s) in a number of a21, L.sub.22(s) in a number of a22, and L.sub.23(s) in a number of a23 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a; or at least one of Ar.sub.21 to Ar.sub.23 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, in Formula 2-12, L.sub.21(s) in a number of a21, L.sub.22(s) in a number of a22, L.sub.23(s) in a number of a23, L.sub.24(s) in a number of a24, L.sub.25(s) in a number of a25, and L.sub.26(s) in a number of a26 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a; or at least one of Ar.sub.21 to Ar.sub.25 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, in Formula 2-13, at least one of L.sub.21(s) in a number of a21 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a; or at least one of Ar.sub.21 to Ar.sub.23 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, in Formula 2-14, at least one of L.sub.21(s) in a number of a21 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a; or at least one of Ar.sub.21 to Ar.sub.24 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, and R.sub.10a has the same meaning as in claim 1.
15. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group is i) a group T1 or ii) a fused cyclic group in which two or more groups T1 are fused with each other, the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group is i) a group T2, ii) a fused cyclic group in which two or more groups T2 are fused with each other, or iii) a fused cyclic group in which one or more groups T2 and one or more groups T1 are fused with each other, the π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group is i) a group T1, ii) a fused cyclic group in which two or more groups T1 are fused with each other, iii) a group T3, iv) a fused cyclic group in which two or more groups T3 are fused with each other, or v) a fused cyclic group in which one or more groups T3 and one or more groups T1 are fused with each other, the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group is i) a group T4, ii) a fused cyclic group in which two or more groups T4 are fused with each other, iii) a fused cyclic group in which one or more groups T4 and one or more groups T1 are fused with each other, iv) a fused cyclic group in which one or more groups T4 and one or more groups T3 are fused with each other, or v) a fused cyclic group in which one or more groups T4, one or more groups T1, and one or more groups T3 are fused with each other, the group T1 is a cyclopropane group, a cyclobutane group, a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a cyclooctane group, a cyclobutene group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a cyclohexene group, a cyclohexadiene group, a cycloheptene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane (or a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) group, a norbornene group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, or a benzene group, the group T2 is a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a tetrazine group, a pyrrolidine group, an imidazolidine group, a dihydropyrrole group, a piperidine group, a tetrahydropyridine group, a dihydropyridine group, a hexahydropyrimidine group, a tetrahydropyrimidine group, a dihydropyrimidine group, a piperazine group, a tetrahydropyrazine group, a dihydropyrazine group, a tetrahydropyridazine group, or a dihydropyridazine group, the group T3 is a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, or a borole group, and the group T4 is a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or a tetrazine group.
16. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group is an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an iso-oxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an iso-benzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a benzimidazo phenanthridine group, a benzophenanthridine group, a benzoacridine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an acridine group, or a pyridopyrazine group, and the π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group is a benzene group, a heptalene group, an indene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentacene group, a hexacene group, a pentaphene group, a rubicene group, a coronene group, an ovalene group, a pyrrole group, a furan group, a thiophene group, an iso-indole group, an indole group, an indene group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a benzosilole group, a naphthopyrrole group, a naphthofuran group, a naphthothiophene group, a naphthosilole group, a benzocarbazole group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a triindolobenzene group, a pyrrolo phenanthrene group, a furano phenanthrene group, a thienophenanthrene group, a benzofluoranthene group, a (fluorantheno)benzofuran group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, an (indolo)phenanthrene group, a (benzofurano)phenanthrene group, or a (benzothieno)phenanthrene group.
17. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein L.sub.21 to L.sub.23 are each, independently from one another: a single bond; or a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoborole group, a benzophosphole group, an indene group, a benzosilole group, a benzogermole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzoselenophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzoborole group, a dibenzophosphole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzogermole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzoselenophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, a 9H-fluorene-9-one group, a dibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, an azaindole group, an azabenzoborole group, an azabenzophosphole group, an azaindene group, an azabenzosilole group, an azabenzogermole group, an azabenzothiophene group, an azabenzoselenophene group, an azabenzofuran group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzoborole group, an azadibenzophosphole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzogermole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzoselenophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, an aza-9H-fluorene-9-one group, an azadibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, an indazole group, a purine group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenazine group, a benzoisoxazole group, a tetrazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an acridine group, a pyridopyrazine group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthridine group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a benzimidazo phenanthridine group, a benzophenanthridine group, a benzoacridine group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an iso-oxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, a benzothiadiazole group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline group, or a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, and R.sub.10a has the same meaning as in claim 1.
18. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first compound is one of Compounds 1-1 to 1-34, and the second compound is one of Compounds 2-1 to 2-13: ##STR00140## ##STR00141## ##STR00142## ##STR00143## ##STR00144## ##STR00145## ##STR00146## ##STR00147## ##STR00148## ##STR00149## ##STR00150##
19. An electronic apparatus comprising: the light-emitting device of claim 1; and a thin-film transistor, wherein the thin-film transistor comprises a source electrode and a drain electrode, and the first electrode of the light-emitting device is electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode.
20. The electronic apparatus of claim 19, further comprising a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or any combination thereof.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0031] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate illustrative embodiments of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the inventive concepts.
[0032]
[0033]
[0034]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0035] In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments or implementations of the invention. As used herein “embodiments” and “implementations” are interchangeable words that are non-limiting examples of devices or methods employing one or more of the inventive concepts disclosed herein. It is apparent, however, that various embodiments may be practiced without these specific details or with one or more equivalent arrangements. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring various embodiments. Further, various embodiments may be different, but do not have to be exclusive. For example, specific shapes, configurations, and characteristics of an embodiment may be used or implemented in another embodiment without departing from the inventive concepts.
[0036] Unless otherwise specified, the illustrated embodiments are to be understood as providing illustrative features of varying detail of some ways in which the inventive concepts may be implemented in practice. Therefore, unless otherwise specified, the features, components, modules, layers, films, panels, regions, and/or aspects, etc. (hereinafter individually or collectively referred to as “elements”), of the various embodiments may be otherwise combined, separated, interchanged, and/or rearranged without departing from the inventive concepts.
[0037] The use of cross-hatching and/or shading in the accompanying drawings is generally provided to clarify boundaries between adjacent elements. As such, neither the presence nor the absence of cross-hatching or shading conveys or indicates any preference or requirement for particular materials, material properties, dimensions, proportions, commonalities between illustrated elements, and/or any other characteristic, attribute, property, etc., of the elements, unless specified. Further, in the accompanying drawings, the size and relative sizes of elements may be exaggerated for clarity and/or descriptive purposes. When an embodiment may be implemented differently, a specific process order may be performed differently from the described order. For example, two consecutively described processes may be performed substantially at the same time or performed in an order opposite to the described order. Also, like reference numerals denote like elements, and repetitive explanations are omitted to avoid redundancy.
[0038] When an element, such as a layer, is referred to as being “on,” “connected to,” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may be directly on, connected to, or coupled to the other element or layer or intervening elements or layers may be present. When, however, an element or layer is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers present. To this end, the term “connected” may refer to physical, electrical, and/or fluid connection, with or without intervening elements. Further, the D1-axis, the D2-axis, and the D3-axis are not limited to three axes of a rectangular coordinate system, such as the x, y, and z-axes, and may be interpreted in a broader sense. For example, the D1-axis, the D2-axis, and the D3-axis may be perpendicular to one another, or may represent different directions that are not perpendicular to one another. For the purposes of this disclosure, “at least one of X, Y, and Z” and “at least one selected from the group consisting of X, Y, and Z” may be construed as X only, Y only, Z only, or any combination of two or more of X, Y, and Z, such as, for instance, XYZ, XYY, YZ, and ZZ. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
[0039] Although the terms “first,” “second,” etc. may be used herein to describe various types of elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are used to distinguish one element from another element. Thus, a first element discussed below could be termed a second element without departing from the teachings of the disclosure.
[0040] Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “under,” “lower,” “above,” “upper,” “over,” “higher,” “side” (e.g., as in “sidewall”), and the like, may be used herein for descriptive purposes, and, thereby, to describe one elements relationship to another element(s) as illustrated in the drawings. Spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of an apparatus in use, operation, and/or manufacture in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings. For example, if the apparatus in the drawings is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. Furthermore, the apparatus may be otherwise oriented (e.g., rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations), and, as such, the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
[0041] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms, “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Moreover, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” and/or “including,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. It is also noted that, as used herein, the terms “substantially,” “about,” and other similar terms, are used as terms of approximation and not as terms of degree, and, as such, are utilized to account for inherent deviations in measured, calculated, and/or provided values that would be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art.
[0042] Various embodiments are described herein with reference to sectional and/or exploded illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments and/or intermediate structures. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments disclosed herein should not necessarily be construed as limited to the particular illustrated shapes of regions, but are to include deviations in shapes that result from, for instance, manufacturing. In this manner, regions illustrated in the drawings may be schematic in nature and the shapes of these regions may not reflect actual shapes of regions of a device and, as such, are not necessarily intended to be limiting.
[0043] Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure is a part. Terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense, unless expressly so defined herein.
[0044] According to one aspect of the invention, a light-emitting device may include: a first electrode; a second electrode; and an interlayer located between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, wherein the interlayer may further include an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, the electron transport region may include a first compound represented by Formula 1 and a second compound represented by Formula 2, the first compound and the second compound may be different from each other, and the second compound may include at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group:
##STR00002##
[0045] wherein, in Formula 1,
[0046] X.sub.11 may be O, S, or Se,
[0047] L.sub.11 to L.sub.13 may each independently be a single bond or a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a,
[0048] a11 to a13 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 3,
[0049] n11 may be an integer from 1 to 3,
[0050] Ar.sub.11 to Ar.sub.13 may each independently be a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group,
[0051] R.sub.11 to R.sub.13 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, —Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —C(═O)(Q.sub.1), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2),
[0052] d11 to d13 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 10, and
[0053] Ar.sub.11 to Ar.sub.13 may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.5 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, or a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a.
[0054] In Formula 2,
[0055] X.sub.21 may be O, S, or Se,
[0056] L.sub.21 to L.sub.23 may each independently be a single bond, a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,
[0057] a21 to a23 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 3,
[0058] n21 may be an integer from 1 to 3,
[0059] Ar.sub.21 to Ar.sub.23 may each independently be a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group,
[0060] R.sub.21 to R.sub.23 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, —Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —C(═O)(Q.sub.1), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2),
[0061] d21 to d23 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 10, and
[0062] Ar.sub.21 to Ar.sub.23 may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.5 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.
[0063] The term “R.sub.10a” used herein may be:
[0064] deuterium (-D), —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group;
[0065] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, —Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), —N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), —B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), —C(═O)(Q.sub.11), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), —P(═O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof;
[0066] a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, or a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, —Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), —N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), —B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), —C(═O)(Q.sub.21), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), —P(═O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or
[0067] —Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), —N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —C(═O)(Q.sub.31), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32).
[0068] The term “R.sub.20a” used herein may be:
[0069] deuterium (-D), —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group;
[0070] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, —Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), —N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), —B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), —C(═O)(Q.sub.11), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), —P(═O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof,
[0071] a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, or a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, —Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), —N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), —B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), —C(═O)(Q.sub.21), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), —P(═O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof, or
[0072] —Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), —N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —C(═O)(Q.sub.31), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32).
[0073] The variables Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group; or a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.
[0074] In an embodiment, the first compound represented by Formula 1 may not include a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group. In an embodiment, the first compound may satisfy Condition A-1 to Condition A-7:
Condition A-1
[0075] Ar.sub.11 does not include a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group,
Condition A-2
[0076] Ar.sub.12(s) in the number of n11 do not include a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group,
Condition A-3
[0077] Ar.sub.13(s) in the number of n11 do not include a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group,
Condition A-4
[0078] L.sub.11(s) in the number of n11×a11 do not include a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group,
Condition A-5
[0079] L.sub.12(s) in the number of n11×a12 do not include a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group,
Condition A-6
[0080] L.sub.13(s) in the number of n11×a13 do not include a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, and
Condition A-7
[0081] R.sub.11(s) in the number of d11, R.sub.12(s) in the number of n11×d12, and R.sub.13(s) in the number of n11×d13 do not include a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group.
[0082] In an embodiment, the second compound may include at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group. In an embodiment, the second compound may satisfy at least one of Condition B-1 to Condition B-8:
Condition B-1
[0083] Ar.sub.21 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group,
Condition B-2
[0084] at least one of Ar.sub.22(s) in the number of n21 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group,
Condition B-3
[0085] at least one of Ar.sub.23(s) in the number of n21 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group,
Condition B-4
[0086] at least one of L.sub.21(s) in the number of n21×a21 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,
Condition B-5
[0087] at least one of L.sub.22(s) in the number of n21×a22 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,
Condition B-6
[0088] at least one of L.sub.23(s) in the number of n21×a23 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,
Condition B-7
[0089] at least one pair of pairs of Ar.sub.22 and Ar.sub.23 in the number of n21 are linked to each other via a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, and
Condition B-8
[0090] at least one of R.sub.21(s) in the number of d21, R.sub.22(s) in the number of n21×d22, and R.sub.23(s) in the number of n21×d23 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.
[0091] In an embodiment, a moiety represented by
##STR00003##
in Formula 1 may be represented by Formula 1-1 or 1-2, and
[0092] a moiety represented by
##STR00004##
in Formula 2 may be represented by Formula 2-1 or 2-2:
##STR00005##
[0093] wherein, in Formulae 1-1, 1-2, 2-1, and 2-2,
[0094] Z.sub.11 may be a non-bond, a single bond, *′—C(R.sub.16)(R.sub.17)—*″, or *′—C(R.sub.16)(R.sub.17)═C(R.sub.18)(R.sub.19)—*″.
[0095] The term “non-bond” refers to that there is no chemical bond between Z.sub.11 and a neighboring atom, and in this case, Z.sub.11 and the neighboring atom may each be substituted with R.sub.12 or R.sub.13. Also, the term “single bond” refers to a case where Z.sub.11 and neighboring atoms are connected to each other via a single bond. The variable Z.sub.21 may be a non-bond, a single bond, *′—C(R.sub.26)(R.sub.27)—*″, or *′—C(R.sub.26)(R.sub.27)═C(R.sub.28)(R.sub.29)—*″
[0096] The term “non-bond” refers to that there is no chemical bond between Z.sub.21 and a neighboring atom, and in this case, Z.sub.21 and the neighboring atom may each be substituted with R.sub.22 or R.sub.23. Also, the term “single bond” refers to a case where Z.sub.21 and neighboring atoms are connected to each other via a single bond. The symbols *′ and *″ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom. The variable Ar.sub.14 is the same as described in connection with Ar.sub.11 herein, Ar.sub.24 is the same as described in connection with Ar.sub.21 herein, R.sub.14 and R.sub.16 to R.sub.18 are each the same as described in connection with R.sub.11 herein, R.sub.24 and R.sub.26 to R.sub.29 are each the same as described in connection with R.sub.21 herein, R.sub.16 to R.sub.19 may optionally be bonded to each other or via a single bond to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a, R.sub.26 to R.sub.29 may optionally be bonded to each other or via a single bond to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, and d14 may be an integer from 1 to 10.
[0097] The variable d24 may be an integer from 1 to 10, X.sub.11, X.sub.21, Ar.sub.12, Ar.sub.13, Ar.sub.22, Ar.sub.23, R.sub.12, R.sub.13, R.sub.22, R.sub.23, d12, d13, d22, d23, L.sub.11, L.sub.21, a11, and a21 are each the same as described herein, * in Formulae 1-1 and 1-2 may be a binding site to Ar.sub.1 in Formula 1, and * in Formulae 2-1 and 2-2 may be a binding site to Ar.sub.21 in Formula 1.
[0098] In an embodiment, the first compound represented by Formula 1 may be represented by one of Formulae 1-11 to 1-14:
##STR00006##
[0099] wherein, in Formulae 1-11 to 1-14,
[0100] Ar.sub.14 and Ar.sub.15 may each independently be a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group,
[0101] Z.sub.11 may be a single bond, *′—C(R.sub.16)(R.sub.17)—*″, or *′—C(R.sub.18)═C(R.sub.19)—*″,
[0102] X.sub.12 is the same as described in connection with X.sub.11 herein,
[0103] L.sub.14 to L.sub.16 are each the same as described in connection with L.sub.11 as described herein,
[0104] a14 to a16 are each the same as described in connection with al l herein,
[0105] R.sub.14 to R.sub.19 are each the same as described in connection with R.sub.11 herein,
[0106] R.sub.16 to R.sub.19 may optionally be bonded to each other or via a single bond to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.20a,
[0107] d14 and d15 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 10, and
[0108] X.sub.11, Ar.sub.11 to Ar.sub.13, R.sub.11 to R.sub.13, d11 to d13, L.sub.11 to L.sub.13, a11 to a13, and R.sub.20a are each the same as described herein.
[0109] In an embodiment, the second compound represented by Formula 2 may be represented by one of Formulae 2-11 to 2-14, and may include at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group:
##STR00007##
[0110] wherein, in Formulae 2-11 to 2-14,
[0111] Ar.sub.24 and Ar.sub.25 may each independently be a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group,
[0112] Z.sub.21 may be a single bond, *′—C(R.sub.26)(R.sub.27)—*″, or *′—C(R.sub.28)═C(R.sub.29)—*″,
[0113] X.sub.22 is the same as described in connection with X.sub.21 herein,
[0114] L.sub.24 to L.sub.26 are each the same as described in connection with L.sub.21 herein,
[0115] a24 to a26 are each the same as described in connection with a21 herein,
[0116] R.sub.24 to R.sub.29 are each the same as described in connection with R.sub.21 herein,
[0117] R.sub.26 to R.sub.29 may optionally be bonded to each other or via a single bond to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,
[0118] d24 and d25 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 10, and
[0119] X.sub.21, Ar.sub.21 to Ar.sub.23, R.sub.21 to R.sub.23, d21 to d23, L.sub.21 to L.sub.23, a21 to a23, and R.sub.10a are each the same as described herein.
[0120] In an embodiment, in Formula 2-11, at least one of L.sub.21(s) in the number of a21, L.sub.22(s) in the number of a22, and L.sub.23(s) in the number of a23 may be a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a; or at least one of Ar.sub.21 to Ar.sub.23 may be a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group.
[0121] In an embodiment, in Formula 2-12, L.sub.21(s) in the number of a21, L.sub.22(s) in the number of a22, L.sub.23(s) in the number of a23, L.sub.24(s) in the number of a24, L.sub.25(s) in the number of a25, and L.sub.26(s) in the number of a26 may be a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a; or at least one of Ar.sub.21 to Ar.sub.25 may be a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group.
[0122] In an embodiment, in Formula 2-13, at least one of L.sub.21(s) in the number of a21 may be a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a; or at least one of Ar.sub.21 to Ar.sub.23 may be a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group. In an embodiment, in Formula 2-14, at least one of L.sub.21(s) in the number of a21 may be a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a; or at least one of Ar.sub.21 to Ar.sub.24 may be a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group.
[0123] In an embodiment, the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group may be i) a group T1 or ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more groups T1 are condensed with each other, the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may be i) a group T2, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more groups T2 are condensed with each other, or iii) a condensed cyclic group in which one or more groups T2 and one or more groups T1 are condensed with each other, the π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be i) a group T1, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more groups T1 are condensed with each other, iii) a group T3, iv) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more groups T3 are condensed with each other, or v) a condensed cyclic group in which one or more groups T3 and one or more groups T1 are condensed with each other, and the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be i) a group T4, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more groups T4 are condensed with each other, iii) a condensed cyclic group in which one or more groups T4 and one or more groups T1 are condensed with each other, iv) a condensed cyclic group in which one or more groups T4 and one or more groups T3 are condensed with each other, or v) a condensed cyclic group in which one or more groups T4, one or more groups T1, and one or more groups T3 are condensed with each other.
[0124] The group T1 may be a cyclopropane group, a cyclobutane group, a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a cyclooctane group, a cyclobutene group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a cyclohexene group, a cyclohexadiene group, a cycloheptene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane (or a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) group, a norbornene group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, or a benzene group, the group T2 may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a tetrazine group, a pyrrolidine group, an imidazolidine group, a dihydropyrrole group, a piperidine group, a tetrahydropyridine group, a dihydropyridine group, a hexahydropyrimidine group, a tetrahydropyrimidine group, a dihydropyrimidine group, a piperazine group, a tetrahydropyrazine group, a dihydropyrazine group, a tetrahydropyridazine group, or a dihydropyridazine group, the group T3 may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, or a borole group, and the group T4 may be a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or a tetrazine group.
[0125] In an embodiment, the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an iso-oxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrimidine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, an iso-benzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a benzimidazophenanthridine group, a benzophenanthridine group, a benzoacridine group, a thiadiazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an acridine group, or a pyridopyrazine group.
[0126] In an embodiment, the π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be a benzene group, a heptalene group, an indene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentacene group, a hexacene group, a pentaphene group, a rubicene group, a coronene group, an ovalene group, a pyrrole group, a furan group, a thiophene group, an iso-indole group, an indole group, an indene group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a benzosilole group, a naphthopyrrole group, a naphthofuran group, a naphthothiophene group, a naphthosilole group, a benzocarbazole group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a triindolobenzene group, a pyrrolo phenanthrene group, a furanophenanthrene group, a thienophenanthrene group, a benzofluoranthene group, a (fluorantheno)benzofuran group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, an (indolo)phenanthrene group, a (benzofurano)phenanthrene group, or a (benzothieno)phenanthrene group.
[0127] In an embodiment, L.sub.21 to L.sub.23 may each independently be: a single bond; or a benzene group, a naphthalene group, an anthracene group, a phenanthrene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoborole group, a benzophosphole group, an indene group, a benzosilole group, a benzogermole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzoselenophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzoborole group, a dibenzophosphole group, a fluorene group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzogermole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzoselenophene group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, a 9H-fluorene-9-one group, a dibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, an azaindole group, an azabenzoborole group, an azabenzophosphole group, an azaindene group, an azabenzosilole group, an azabenzogermole group, an azabenzothiophene group, an azabenzoselenophene group, an azabenzofuran group, an azacarbazole group, an azadibenzoborole group, an azadibenzophosphole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzogermole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzoselenophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, an azadibenzothiophene 5-oxide group, an aza-9H-fluorene-9-one group, an azadibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide group, an indazole group, a purine group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenazine group, a benzoisoxazole group, a tetrazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an acridine group, a pyridopyrazine group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a phenanthridine group, a phenanthroline group, a pyrrole group, a benzimidazo phenanthridine group, a benzophenanthridine group, a benzoacridine group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an iso-oxazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoxadiazole group, a benzothiadiazole group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline group, or a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.
[0128] In an embodiment, R.sub.1 and A.sub.1 may each independently be selected from: hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, and a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group and a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2H, —CDH.sub.2, —CF.sub.3, —CF.sub.2H, —CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, and a naphthyl group; a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a furanyl group, a thiophenyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a naphthopyrrolyl group, a naphthofuranyl group, a naphthothiophenyl group, a naphthosilolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, an indenocarbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofuranocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, a benzosilocarbazolyl group, a triindolophenyl group, a pyrrolo phenanthrenyl group, a furano phenanthrenyl group, a thienophenanthrenyl group, a benzofluoranthenyl group, a (fluorantheno)benzofuranyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, an (indolo)phenanthrenyl group, a (benzofurano)phenanthrenyl group, and a (benzothieno)phenanthrenyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2H, —CDH.sub.2, —CF.sub.3, —CF.sub.2H, —CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a furanyl group, a thiophenyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a naphthopyrrolyl group, a naphthofuranyl group, a naphthothiophenyl group, a naphthosilolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, an indenocarbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofuranocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, a benzosirolocarbazolyl group, a triindolophenyl group, a pyrrolo phenanthrenyl group, a furanophenanthrenyl group, a thienophenanthrenyl group, a benzofluoranthenyl group, a (fluorantheno)benzofuranyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, an (indolo)phenanthrenyl group, a (benzofurano)phenanthrenyl group, a (benzothieno)phenanthrenyl group, —Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), —N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —P(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —C(═O)(Q.sub.31), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), and —P(═O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32); and —Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —C(═O)(Q.sub.1), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), and —P(═O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2).
[0129] In an embodiment, R.sub.21 to R.sub.23 may each independently be selected from: hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, and a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group and a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2H, —CDH.sub.2, —CF.sub.3, —CF.sub.2H, —CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group; a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azafluorenyl group, and an azadibenzosilolyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2H, —CDH.sub.2, —CF.sub.3, —CF.sub.2H, —CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, —Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), —N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —P(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —C(═O)(Q.sub.31), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), and —P(═O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32); and —Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —C(═O)(Q.sub.1), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), and —P(═O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2).
[0130] The variables Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be selected from: —CH.sub.3, —CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2H, —CDH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CD.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CD.sub.2H, —CH.sub.2CDH.sub.2, —CHDCH.sub.3, —CHDCD.sub.2H, —CHDCDH.sub.2, —CHDCD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2CD.sub.2H, and —CD.sub.2CDH.sub.2; and an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, and a naphthyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one of deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a phenyl group, and a biphenyl group.
[0131] In an embodiment, n1 may be 1 or 2, and n2 may be 1 or 2. In an embodiment, the first compound may be, but is not limited to, one of Compounds 1-1 to 1-34, and the second compound may be, but is not limited to, one of Compounds 2-1 to 2-13:
##STR00008## ##STR00009## ##STR00010## ##STR00011## ##STR00012## ##STR00013## ##STR00014## ##STR00015## ##STR00016## ##STR00017## ##STR00018## ##STR00019## ##STR00020## ##STR00021##
[0132] In an embodiment, the first electrode may be an anode, the second electrode may be a cathode, the interlayer may further include a hole transport region between the emission layer and the first electrode, the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof, and the electron transport region may include a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.
[0133] In an embodiment, the electron transport region may include a mixture of the first compound and the second compound. In an embodiment, the electron transport region may include an electron transport layer, and the electron transport layer may include the first compound and the second compound. In an embodiment, the electron transport layer may have a single-layered structure. In an embodiment, the electron transport layer and the emission layer may be in direct contact with each other.
[0134] In an embodiment, the first compound may be included in an amount of about 20 parts by weight to about 50 parts by weight based on a total 100 parts by weight of the first compound and the second compound. In an embodiment, the electron transport region may further include an electron injection layer, and the electron injection layer may include a rare earth metal and an alkali metal-containing compound. In an embodiment, the electron transport layer and the electron injection layer may be in direct contact with each other.
[0135] In an embodiment, the rare earth metal may be included in an amount of about 10 parts by weight to about 30 parts by weight based on a total 100 parts by weight of the electron injection layer. In an embodiment, the rare earth metal may be Yb, and the alkali metal-containing compound may be an alkali metal halide. Because the electron transport region includes the first compound represented by Formula 1 and the second compound represented by Formula 2 and including at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, the light-emitting device may have a high electron transport ability, and thus electron injection balance of the electron injection layer is excellent and luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device may be improved.
[0136] Also, the first compound and the second compound includes a cyclic group, stability of the compound is increased and resistance to deterioration is strong, and thus the light-emitting device including the first compound and the second compound may have improved luminescence efficiency and improved lifespan. Particularly, when the light-emitting device according to an embodiment further includes an electron injection layer including Yb and an alkali metal halide, the light-emitting device may have excellent electron injection balance and high thin-film stability, and thus luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device may be improved. Also, light absorption of metals is minimized, thereby improving efficiency.
[0137] In an embodiment, the interlayer may include only Compound 1-1 as the first compound. In this case, Compound 1-1 may be present in the electron transport layer of the light-emitting device. In an embodiment, the interlayer may include Compound 1-1 and Compound 1-2, as the first compound. In this case, Compound 1-1 and Compound 1-2 may be present in the same layer (for example, both Compound 1-1 and Compound 1-2 may be present in the electron transport layer), or may be present in different layers (for example, Compound 1-1 may be present in the emission layer and Compound 1-2 may be present in the electron transport layer).
[0138] According to another aspect of the invention, an electronic apparatus includes the light-emitting device. The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor. For example, the electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor including a source electrode and a drain electrode, and the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode. In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus may be, but is not limited to, a substantially flat panel display apparatus. More details on the electronic apparatus are the same as described herein.
Description of FIG. 1
[0139]
[0140] Particularly,
First Electrode 110
[0141] In
[0142] The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may be a high work function material that facilitates injection of holes.
[0143] The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may include an indium tin oxide (ITO), an indium zinc oxide (IZO), a tin oxide (SnO.sub.2), a zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), or any combination thereof may be used as a material for forming a first electrode. The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer or a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers. In an embodiment, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layered structure of an ITO/Ag/ITO.
Interlayer 130
[0144] The interlayer 130 is located on the first electrode 110. The interlayer 130 includes an emission layer. The interlayer 130 may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode 150. In an embodiment, the electron transport region may include the first compound represented by Formula 1 and the second compound represented by Formula 2. The interlayer 130 may further include, in addition to various organic materials, metal-containing compounds such as organometallic compounds, inorganic materials such as quantum dots, and the like.
[0145] In an embodiment, the interlayer 130 may include, i) two or more emitting units sequentially stacked between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150 and ii) a charge generation layer located between the two emitting units. When the interlayer 130 includes the emitting unit and the charge generation layer as described above, the light-emitting device 10 may be a tandem light-emitting device.
Hole Transport Region in Interlayer 130
[0146] The hole transport region may have: i) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers including different materials. The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof.
[0147] In an embodiment, the hole transport region may have a multi-layered structure including a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure, wherein, in each structure, layers are sequentially stacked from the first electrode 110.
[0148] The hole transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.
##STR00022##
[0149] wherein, in Formulae 201 and 202,
[0150] L.sub.201 to L.sub.204 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,
[0151] L.sub.205 may be *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—N(Q.sub.201)-*′ a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,
[0152] xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5,
[0153] xa5 may be an integer from 1 to 10,
[0154] R.sub.201 to R.sub.204 and Q.sub.201 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,
[0155] R.sub.201 and R.sub.202 may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.5 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group (for example, a carbazole group or the like) unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a (for example, see Compound HT16),
[0156] R.sub.203 and R.sub.204 may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.5 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, and
[0157] na1 may be an integer from 1 to 4.
[0158] In an embodiment, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217:
##STR00023## ##STR00024## ##STR00025## ##STR00026## ##STR00027## ##STR00028## ##STR00029##
[0159] In Formulae CY201 to CY217, R.sub.10b and R.sub.10c are each the same as described in connection with R.sub.10a herein, ring CY.sub.201 to ring CY.sub.204 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.20 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may be unsubstituted or substituted with R.sub.10a as described herein.
[0160] In an embodiment, ring CY.sub.201 to ring CY.sub.204 in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, or an anthracene group. In an embodiment, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203. In an embodiment, Formula 201 may include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203 and at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217. In an embodiment, in Formula 201, xa1 may be 1, R.sub.201 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY203, xa2 may be 0, and R.sub.202 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY204 to CY207.
[0161] In an embodiment, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include a group represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203. In an embodiment, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203, and may include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217. In an embodiment, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217.
[0162] In an embodiment, the hole transport region may include one of Compounds HT1 to HT45, 4′,4″-tris[phenyl(m-tolyl)amino]triphenylamine (m-MTDATA), 1-N,1-N-bis[4-(diphenylamino)phenyl]-4-N,4-N-diphenylbenzene-1,4-diamine (TDATA), 4,4′,4″-tris[2-naphthyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine (2-TNATA), bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)benzidine (NPB or NPD), N4,N4′-di(naphthalen-2-yl)-N4,N4′-diphenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (P-NPB), N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine (TPD), N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-9,9-spirobifluorene-2,7-diamine (spiro-TPD), N2,N7-di-1-naphthalenyl-N2,N7-diphenyl-9,9′-spirobi[9H-fluorene]-2,7-diamine (spiro-NPB), N,N′-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-2,2′-dimethyl-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (methylated NPB), 4,4′-cyclohexylidenebis[N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)benzenamine] (TAPC), N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(3-methylphenyl)-3,3′-dimethylbenzidine (HMTPD), 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), or any combination thereof:
##STR00030## ##STR00031## ##STR00032## ##STR00033## ##STR00034## ##STR00035## ##STR00036## ##STR00037## ##STR00038## ##STR00039## ##STR00040## ##STR00041## ##STR00042## ##STR00043## ##STR00044## ##STR00045## ##STR00046## ##STR00047## ##STR00048## ##STR00049##
[0163] The thickness of the hole transport region may be about 50 Å to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, or any combination thereof, the thickness of the hole injection layer may be about 100 Å to about 9,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, and the thickness of the hole transport layer may be about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
[0164] The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to a wavelength of light emitted from an emission layer, and the electron blocking layer may block the flow of electrons from an electron transport region. The emission auxiliary layer and the electron blocking layer may include the materials as described above.
p-Dopant
[0165] The hole transport region may further include, in addition to these materials, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in the hole transport region (for example, in the form of a single layer consisting of a charge-generation material).
[0166] The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.
[0167] In an embodiment, a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the p-dopant may be about −3.5 eV or less.
[0168] In an embodiment, the p-dopant may include a quinone derivative, a cyano group-containing compound, a compound containing element EL1 and element, or any combination thereof.
[0169] Examples of the quinone derivative may include tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ), etc. Examples of the cyano group-containing compound may include 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN), and a compound represented by Formula 221 below.
##STR00050##
[0170] In Formula 221,
[0171] R.sub.221 to R.sub.223 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, and
[0172] at least one of R.sub.221 to R.sub.223 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, each substituted with a cyano group; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group substituted with a cyano group, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, or any combination thereof, or any combination thereof.
[0173] In the compound containing element EL1 and element EL2, element EL1 may be a metal, a metalloid, or any combination thereof, and element EL2 may be a non-metal, a metalloid, or any combination thereof.
[0174] Examples of the metal may include: an alkali metal (for example, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), etc.); an alkaline earth metal (for example, beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), etc.); a transition metal (for example, titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), etc.); a post-transition metal (for example, zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn), etc.); a lanthanide metal (for example, lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), etc.); etc.
[0175] Examples of the metalloid may include silicon (Si), antimony (Sb), and tellurium (Te). Examples of the non-metal may include oxygen (O) and a halogen (for example, F, Cl, Br, I, etc.). In an embodiment, examples of the compound containing element EL1 and element EL2 may include a metal oxide, a metal halide (for example, a metal fluoride, a metal chloride, a metal bromide, or a metal iodide), a metalloid halide (for example, a metalloid fluoride, a metalloid chloride, a metalloid bromide, or a metalloid iodide), a metal telluride, or any combination thereof.
[0176] Examples of the metal oxide may include a tungsten oxide (for example, WO, W.sub.2O.sub.3, WO.sub.2, WO.sub.3, W.sub.2O.sub.5, etc.), a vanadium oxide (for example, VO, V.sub.2O.sub.3, VO.sub.2, V.sub.2O.sub.5, etc.), a molybdenum oxide (MoO, Mo.sub.2O.sub.3, MoO.sub.2, MoO.sub.3, Mo.sub.2O.sub.5, etc.), and a rhenium oxide (for example, ReO.sub.3, etc.). Examples of the metal halide may include an alkali metal halide, an alkaline earth metal halide, a transition metal halide, a post-transition metal halide, and a lanthanide metal halide.
[0177] Examples of the alkali metal halide may include LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, LiI, NaI, KI, RbI, and CsI. Examples of the alkaline earth metal halide may include BeF.sub.2, MgF.sub.2, CaF.sub.2, SrF.sub.2, BaF.sub.2, BeCl.sub.2, MgCl.sub.2, CaCl.sub.2), SrCl.sub.2, BaCl.sub.2, BeBr.sub.2, MgBr.sub.2, CaBr.sub.2, SrBr.sub.2, BaBr.sub.2, BeI.sub.2, MgI.sub.2, CaI.sub.2, SrI.sub.2, and BaI.sub.2.
[0178] Examples of the transition metal halide may include a titanium halide (for example, TiF.sub.4, TiCl.sub.4, TiBr.sub.4, TiI.sub.4, etc.), a zirconium halide (for example, ZrF.sub.4, ZrCl.sub.4, ZrBr.sub.4, ZrI.sub.4, etc.), a hafnium halide (for example, HfF.sub.4, HfCl.sub.4, HfBr.sub.4, HfI.sub.4, etc.), a vanadium halide (for example, VF.sub.3, VCl.sub.3, VBr.sub.3, VI.sub.3, etc.), a niobium halide (for example, NbF.sub.3, NbCl.sub.3, NbBr.sub.3, NbI.sub.3, etc.), a tantalum halide (for example, TaF.sub.3, TaCl.sub.3, TaBr.sub.3, TaI.sub.3, etc.), a chromium halide (for example, CrF.sub.3, CrCl.sub.3, CrBr.sub.3, CrI.sub.3, etc.), a molybdenum halide (for example, MoF.sub.3, MoCl.sub.3, MoBr.sub.3, MoI.sub.3, etc.), a tungsten halide (for example, WF.sub.3, WCl.sub.3, WBr.sub.3, WI.sub.3, etc.), a manganese halide (for example, MnF.sub.2, MnCl.sub.2, MnBr.sub.2, MnI.sub.2, etc.), a technetium halide (for example, TcF.sub.2, TcCl.sub.2, TcBr.sub.2, TcI.sub.2, etc.), a rhenium halide (for example, ReF.sub.2, ReCl.sub.2, ReBr.sub.2, ReI.sub.2, etc.), an iron halide (for example, FeF.sub.2, FeCl.sub.2, FeBr.sub.2, FeI.sub.2, etc.), a ruthenium halide (for example, RuF.sub.2, RuCl.sub.2, RuBr.sub.2, RuI.sub.2, etc.), an osmium halide (for example, OsF.sub.2, OsCl.sub.2, OsBr.sub.2, OsI.sub.2, etc.), a cobalt halide (for example, CoF.sub.2, CoCl.sub.2, CoBr.sub.2, CoI.sub.2, etc.), a rhodium halide (for example, RhF.sub.2, RhCl.sub.2, RhBr.sub.2, RhJ.sub.2, etc.), an iridium halide (for example, IrF.sub.2, IrCl.sub.2, IrBr.sub.2, IrI.sub.2, etc.), a nickel halide (for example, NiF.sub.2, NiCl.sub.2, NiBr.sub.2, NiI.sub.2, etc.), a palladium halide (for example, PdF.sub.2, PdCl.sub.2, PdBr.sub.2, PdI.sub.2, etc.), a platinum halide (for example, PtF.sub.2, PtCl.sub.2, PtBr.sub.2, PtI.sub.2, etc.), a copper halide (for example, CuF, CuCl, CuBr, CuI, etc.), a silver halide (for example, AgF, AgCl, AgBr, AgI, etc.), and a gold halide (for example, AuF, AuCl, AuBr, AuI, etc.).
[0179] Examples of the post-transition metal halide may include a zinc halide (for example, ZnF.sub.2, ZnCl.sub.2, ZnBr.sub.2, ZnI.sub.2, etc.), an indium halide (for example, InI.sub.3, etc.), and a tin halide (for example, SnI.sub.2, etc.). Examples of the lanthanide metal halide may include YbF, YbF.sub.2, YbF.sub.3, SmF.sub.3, YbCl, YbCl.sub.2, YbCl.sub.3, SmCl.sub.3, YbBr, YbBr.sub.2, YbBr.sub.3, SmBr.sub.3, YbI, YbI.sub.2, YbI.sub.3, and SmI.sub.3.
[0180] Examples of the metalloid halide may include an antimony halide (for example, SbCl.sub.5, etc.). Examples of the metal telluride may include an alkali metal telluride (for example, L.sub.12Te, Na.sub.2Te, K.sub.2Te, Rb.sub.2Te, Cs.sub.2Te, etc.), an alkaline earth metal telluride (for example, BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe, BaTe, etc.), a transition metal telluride (for example, TiTe.sub.2, ZrTe.sub.2, HfTe.sub.2, V.sub.2Te.sub.3, Nb.sub.2Te.sub.3, Ta.sub.2Te.sub.3, Cr.sub.2Te.sub.3, Mo.sub.2Te.sub.3, W.sub.2Te.sub.3, MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, FeTe, RuTe, OsTe, CoTe, RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, Cu.sub.2Te, CuTe, Ag.sub.2Te, AgTe, Au.sub.2Te, etc.), a post-transition metal telluride (for example, ZnTe, etc.), and a lanthanide metal telluride (for example, LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, etc.).
Emission Layer in Interlayer 130
[0181] When the light-emitting device 10 is a full-color light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, according to a sub-pixel. In an embodiment, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers of the red emission layer, the green emission layer, and the blue emission layer, in which the two or more layers contact each other or are separated from each other. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials of a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, in which the two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light.
[0182] The emission layer may include a host and a dopant. The dopant may include a phosphorescent dopant, a fluorescent dopant, or any combination thereof Δn amount of the dopant in the emission layer may be from about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the host. In an embodiment, the emission layer may include a quantum dot. In an embodiment, the emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material. The delayed fluorescence material may act as a host or a dopant in the emission layer.
[0183] The thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within the range, excellent light-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
Host
[0184] The host may include a compound represented by Formula 301 below:
[Ar.sub.301].sub.xb11-[(L.sub.301).sub.xb1-R.sub.301].sub.xb21 Formula 301
[0185] wherein, in Formula 301,
[0186] Ar.sub.301 and L.sub.301 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,
[0187] xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3,
[0188] xb1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,
[0189] R.sub.301 may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, —Si(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302)(Q.sub.303), —N(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302), —B(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302), —C(═O)(Q.sub.301), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.301), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302),
[0190] xb21 may be an integer from 1 to 5, and
[0191] Q.sub.301 to Q.sub.303 are each the same as described in connection with Q.sub.1 herein.
[0192] In an embodiment, when xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar.sub.301(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.
[0193] In an embodiment, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combination thereof.
##STR00051##
[0194] wherein, in Formulae 301-1 and 301-2,
[0195] ring A.sub.301 to ring A.sub.304 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,
[0196] X.sub.301 may be O, S, N-[(L.sub.304).sub.xb4-R.sub.304], C(R.sub.304)(R.sub.305), or Si(R.sub.304)(R.sub.305),
[0197] xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2,
[0198] L.sub.301, xb1, and R.sub.301 are each the same as described herein,
[0199] L.sub.302 to L.sub.304 are each independently the same as described in connection with L.sub.301,
[0200] xb2 to xb4 are each independently the same as described in connection with xb1, and
[0201] R.sub.302 to R.sub.305 and R.sub.311 to R.sub.314 are each the same as described in connection with R.sub.301.
[0202] In an embodiment, the host may include an alkaline earth metal complex. In an embodiment, the host may include a Be complex (for example, Compound H55), an Mg complex, a Zn complex, or any combination thereof.
[0203] In an embodiment, the host may include one of Compounds H1 to H125, 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN), 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), or any combination thereof:
##STR00052## ##STR00053## ##STR00054## ##STR00055## ##STR00056## ##STR00057## ##STR00058## ##STR00059## ##STR00060## ##STR00061## ##STR00062## ##STR00063## ##STR00064## ##STR00065## ##STR00066## ##STR00067## ##STR00068## ##STR00069## ##STR00070## ##STR00071## ##STR00072## ##STR00073## ##STR00074## ##STR00075## ##STR00076## ##STR00077## ##STR00078## ##STR00079## ##STR00080## ##STR00081## ##STR00082## ##STR00083## ##STR00084## ##STR00085## ##STR00086## ##STR00087##
Phosphorescent Dopant
[0204] The phosphorescent dopant may include at least one transition metal as a central metal. The phosphorescent dopant may include a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, a tridentate ligand, a tetradentate ligand, a pentadentate ligand, a hexadentate ligand, or any combination thereof. The phosphorescent dopant may be electrically neutral.
[0205] In an embodiment, the phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401:
##STR00088##
[0206] wherein, in Formulae 401 and 402,
[0207] M may be a transition metal (for example, iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), rhenium (Re), or thulium (Tm)),
[0208] L.sub.401 may be a ligand represented by Formula 402, and xc1 may be 1, 2, or 3, wherein, when xc1 is two or more, two or more of L.sub.401(s) may be identical to or different from each other,
[0209] L.sub.402 may be an organic ligand, and xc2 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein, when xc2 is 2 or more, two or more of L.sub.402(s) may be identical to or different from each other,
[0210] X.sub.401 and X.sub.402 may each independently be nitrogen or carbon,
[0211] ring A.sub.401 and ring A.sub.402 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group,
[0212] T.sub.401 may be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q.sub.411)-*′, *—C(Q.sub.411)(Q.sub.412)-*′, *—C(Q.sub.411)=C(Q.sub.412)-*′, *—C(Q.sub.411)=*′ or *═C═*′,
[0213] X.sub.403 and X.sub.404 may each independently be a chemical bond (for example, a covalent bond or a coordinate bond), O, S, N(Q.sub.413), B(Q.sub.413), P(Q.sub.413), C(Q.sub.413)(Q.sub.414), or Si(Q.sub.413)(Q.sub.414),
[0214] Q.sub.411 to Q.sub.414 are the same as described in connection with Q.sub.1 herein,
[0215] R.sub.401 and R.sub.402 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, —Si(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402)(Q.sub.403), —N(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402), —B(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402), —C(═O)(Q.sub.401), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.401), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402),
[0216] Q.sub.401 to Q.sub.403 are each the same as described in connection with Q.sub.1,
[0217] xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10, and
[0218] * and *′ in Formula 402 each indicate a binding site to M in Formula 401.
[0219] In an embodiment, in Formula 402, i) X.sub.401 may be nitrogen, and X.sub.402 may be carbon, or ii) each of X.sub.401 and X.sub.402 may be nitrogen. In an embodiment, when xc1 in Formula 402 is 2 or more, two ring A.sub.401 in two or more of L.sub.401(s) may be optionally linked to each other via T.sub.402, which is a linking group, and two ring A.sub.402 may be optionally linked to each other via T403, which is a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). The variables T402 and T403 are each the same as described in connection with T401.
[0220] The group L.sub.402 in Formula 401 may be an organic ligand. In an embodiment, L.sub.402 may include a halogen group, a diketone group (for example, an acetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (for example, a picolinate group), a —C(═O) group, an isonitrile group, a —CN group, a phosphorus group (for example, a phosphine group, a phosphite group, etc.), or any combination thereof.
[0221] The phosphorescent dopant may include, for example, one of Compounds PD1 to PD39, or any combination thereof:
##STR00089## ##STR00090## ##STR00091## ##STR00092## ##STR00093## ##STR00094## ##STR00095## ##STR00096## ##STR00097##
Fluorescent Dopant
[0222] The fluorescent dopant may include an amine group-containing compound, a styryl group-containing compound, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501:
##STR00098##
[0223] wherein, in Formula 501,
[0224] Ar.sub.501, L.sub.501 to L.sub.503, R.sub.501, and R.sub.502 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,
[0225] xd1 to xd3 may each independently be 0, 1, 2, or 3, and
[0226] xd4 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
[0227] In an embodiment, Ar.sub.501 in Formula 501 may be a condensed cyclic group (for example, an anthracene group, a chrysene group, or a pyrene group) in which three or more monocyclic groups are condensed together. In an embodiment, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2.
[0228] In an embodiment, the fluorescent dopant may include: one of Compounds FD1 to FD37; DPVBi; DPAVBi; or any combination thereof:
##STR00099## ##STR00100## ##STR00101## ##STR00102## ##STR00103## ##STR00104##
Delayed Fluorescence Material
[0229] The emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material. Herein, the delayed fluorescence material may be selected from compounds capable of emitting delayed fluorescence based on a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism. The delayed fluorescence material included in the emission layer may act as a host or a dopant depending on the type of other materials included in the emission layer.
[0230] In an embodiment, the difference between the triplet energy level in electron volt (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material may be greater than or equal to about 0 eV and less than or equal to about 0.5 eV. When the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material satisfies the above-described range, up-conversion from the triplet state to the singlet state of the delayed fluorescence materials may effectively occur, and thus, the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved.
[0231] In an embodiment, the delayed fluorescence material may include i) a material including at least one electron donor (for example, a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, such as a carbazole group) and at least one electron acceptor (for example, a sulfoxide group, a cyano group, or a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group), and ii) a material including a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group in which two or more cyclic groups are condensed while sharing boron (B).
[0232] Examples of the delayed fluorescence material may include at least one of the following Compounds DF1 to DF9:
##STR00105## ##STR00106## ##STR00107##
Quantum dot
[0233] The emission layer may include one or more quantum dots. The diameter of the quantum dot may be, for example, in a range of about 1 nm to about 10 nm. The quantum dot may be synthesized by a wet chemical process, a metal organic chemical vapor deposition process, a molecular beam epitaxy process, or any process similar thereto.
[0234] According to the wet chemical process, a precursor material is mixed with an organic solvent to grow a quantum dot particle crystal. When the crystal grows, the organic solvent naturally acts as a dispersant coordinated on the surface of the quantum dot crystal and controls the growth of the crystal so that the growth of quantum dot particles can be controlled through a process which is more easily performed than vapor deposition methods, such as metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and which requires low costs.
[0235] The quantum dot may include: a semiconductor compound of Groups II-VI; a semiconductor compound of Groups III-V; a semiconductor compound of Groups III-VI; a semiconductor compound of Groups I, III, and VI; a semiconductor compound of Groups IV-VI; an element or a compound of Group IV; or any combination thereof.
[0236] Examples of the semiconductor compound of Groups II-VI may include: a binary compound, such as CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe, or MgS; a ternary compound, such as CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, or MgZnS; a quaternary compound, such as CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, or HgZnSTe; or any combination thereof.
[0237] Examples of the semiconductor compound of Groups III-V may include: a binary compound, such as GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, or InSb; a ternary compound, such as GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP, InNP, InAlP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, or InPSb; a quaternary compound, such as GaAlNP, GaAlNAs, GaAlNSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb, GaInPAs, GaInPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, or InAlPSb; or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the semiconductor compound of Groups III-V may further include Group II elements. Examples of the semiconductor compound of Groups III-V further including Group II elements may include InZnP, InGaZnP, InAlZnP, and the like.
[0238] Examples of the semiconductor compound of Groups III-VI may include: a binary compound, such as GaS, GaSe, Ga.sub.2Se.sub.3, GaTe, InS, InSe, In.sub.2Se.sub.3, or InTe; a ternary compound, such as InGaS.sub.3, or InGaSe.sub.3; or any combination thereof. Examples semiconductor compound of the Groups I, III, and VI may include: a ternary compound, such as AgInS, AgInS.sub.2, CuInS, CuInS.sub.2, CuGaO.sub.2, AgGaO.sub.2, or AgAlO.sub.2; or any combination thereof.
[0239] Examples of the semiconductor compound of Groups IV-VI may include: a binary compound, such as SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, or the like; a ternary compound, such as SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe, SnPbTe, or the like; a quaternary compound, such as SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe, SnPbSTe, or the like; or any combination thereof. The element or compound of Group IV may include: a single element compound, such as Si or Ge; a binary compound, such as SiC or SiGe; or any combination thereof.
[0240] Each element included in a multi-element compound such as the binary compound, ternary compound and quaternary compound, may exist in a particle with a uniform concentration or non-uniform concentration. In an embodiment, the quantum dot may have a single structure or a dual core-shell structure. In the case of the quantum dot having a single structure, the concentration of each element included in the corresponding quantum dot is uniform. In an embodiment, the material contained in the core and the material contained in the shell may be different from each other.
[0241] The shell of the quantum dot may act as a protective layer to prevent chemical degeneration of the core to maintain semiconductor characteristics and/or as a charging layer to impart electrophoretic characteristics to the quantum dot. The shell may be a single layer or a multi-layer. The element presented in the interface between the core and the shell of the quantum dot may have a concentration gradient that decreases toward the center of the quantum dot.
[0242] Examples of the shell of the quantum dot may include an oxide of a metal or a non-metal, a semiconductor compound, or any combination thereof. Examples of the oxide of the metal or the non-metal may include: a binary compound, such as SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, ZnO, MnO, Mn.sub.2O.sub.3, Mn.sub.3O.sub.4, CuO, FeO, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, Fe.sub.3O.sub.4, CoO, CO.sub.3O.sub.4, or NiO; a ternary compound, such as MgAl.sub.2O.sub.4, CoFe.sub.2O.sub.4, NiFe.sub.2O.sub.4, or CoMn.sub.2O.sub.4; or any combination thereof. Examples of the semiconductor compound may include, as described herein: a semiconductor compound of Groups III-VI; a semiconductor compound of Groups II-VI; a semiconductor compound of Groups III-V; a semiconductor compound of Groups III-VI; a semiconductor compound of Groups I, III, and VI; a semiconductor compound of Groups IV-VI; or any combination thereof. In addition, the semiconductor compound may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb, or any combination thereof.
[0243] The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of an emission wavelength spectrum of the quantum dot may be about 45 nm or less, for example, about 40 nm or less, for example, about 30 nm or less, and within these ranges, color purity or color reproducibility may be increased. In addition, since the light emitted through the quantum dot is emitted in all directions, the wide viewing angle can be improved. In addition, the quantum dot may be a generally spherical particle, a generally pyramidal particle, a generally multi-armed particle, a generally cubic nanoparticle, a generally nanotube-shaped particle, a generally nanowire-shaped particle, a generally nanofiber-shaped particle, or a generally nanoplate-shaped particle.
[0244] Because the energy band gap can be adjusted by controlling the size of the quantum dot, light having various wavelength bands can be obtained from the quantum dot emission layer. Therefore, by using quantum dots of different sizes, a light-emitting device 10 that emits light of various wavelengths may be implemented. In an embodiment, the size of the quantum dot may be selected to emit red, green, and/or blue light. In addition, the size of the quantum dot may be configured to emit white light by combining light of various colors.
Electron Transport Region in Interlayer 130
[0245] The electron transport region may have: i) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers including different materials. The electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.
[0246] In an embodiment, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, wherein, for each structure, constituting layers are sequentially stacked from the emission layer. In an embodiment, the electron transport region (for example, the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, or the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound including at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group.
[0247] In an embodiment, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601 below:
[Ar.sub.601].sub.xe11-[(L.sub.601).sub.xe1-R.sub.601].sub.xe21 Formula 601
[0248] wherein, in Formula 601,
[0249] Ar.sub.601 and L.sub.601 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,
[0250] xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3,
[0251] xe1 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,
[0252] R.sub.601 may be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, —Si(Q.sub.601)(Q.sub.602)(Q.sub.603), —C(═O)(Q.sub.601), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.601), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.601)(Q.sub.602),
[0253] Q.sub.601 to Q.sub.603 are each the same as described in connection with Q.sub.1,
[0254] xe21 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and
[0255] at least one of Ar.sub.601, L.sub.601, and R.sub.601 may each independently be a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.
[0256] In an embodiment, when xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar.sub.601(s) may be linked via a single bond. In an embodiment, Ar.sub.601 in Formula 601 may be a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene group. In an embodiment, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601-1:
##STR00108##
[0257] wherein, in Formula 601-1,
[0258] X.sub.614 may be N or C(R.sub.614), X.sub.615 may be N or C(R.sub.615), X.sub.616 may be N or C(R.sub.616), at least one of X.sub.614 to X.sub.616 may be N,
[0259] L.sub.611 to L.sub.613 are each the same as described in connection with L.sub.601,
[0260] xe611 to xe613 are each the same as described in connection with xe1,
[0261] R.sub.611 to R.sub.613 are each the same as described in connection with R.sub.601 and
[0262] R.sub.614 to R.sub.616 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.
[0263] In an embodiment, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2. The electron transport region may include one of Compounds ET1 to ET45, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq.sub.3), bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato-N1,O8)-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-olato)aluminum (BAlq), 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), 4-(naphthalen-1-yl)-3,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (NTAZ), or any combination thereof:
##STR00109## ##STR00110## ##STR00111## ##STR00112## ##STR00113## ##STR00114## ##STR00115## ##STR00116## ##STR00117## ##STR00118## ##STR00119## ##STR00120##
[0264] The thickness of the electron transport region may be from about 100 Å to about 5,000 Å, for example, about 160 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the electron transport region includes the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, the electron transport layer, or any combination thereof, the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be from about 20× to about 1,000×, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å, and the thickness of the electron transport layer may be from about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, the electron transport layer, and/or electron transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory electron transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage. The electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.
[0265] The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof Δ metal ion of the alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion, and the metal ion of the alkaline earth metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the alkaline earth-metal complex may include a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxydiphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxydiphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.
[0266] In an embodiment, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (lithium quinolate, LiQ) or ET-D2:
##STR00121##
[0267] The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may be in direct contact with the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may have: i) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of a single material, ii) a single-layered structure consisting of a single layer consisting of a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers including different materials.
[0268] The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof.
[0269] The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may include oxides, halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides), or tellurides of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, or any combination thereof.
[0270] The alkali metal-containing compound may include alkali metal oxides, such as Li.sub.2O, Cs.sub.2O, or K.sub.2O, alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, or KI, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal-containing compound may include an alkaline earth metal compound, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, BaxSr.sub.1-xO (x is a real number satisfying the condition of 0<x<1), Ba.sub.xCa.sub.1-xO (x is a real number satisfying the condition of 0<x<1), or the like. The rare earth metal-containing compound may include YbF.sub.3, ScF.sub.3, Sc.sub.2O.sub.3, Y.sub.2O.sub.3, Ce.sub.2O.sub.3, GdF.sub.3, TbF.sub.3, YbI.sub.3, ScI.sub.3, TbI.sub.3, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the rare earth metal-containing compound may include a lanthanide metal telluride. Examples of the lanthanide metal telluride may include LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La.sub.2Te.sub.3, Ce.sub.2Te.sub.3, Pr.sub.2Te.sub.3, Nd.sub.2Te.sub.3, Pm.sub.2Te.sub.3, Sm.sub.2Te.sub.3, Eu.sub.2Te.sub.3, Gd.sub.2Te.sub.3, Tb.sub.2Te.sub.3, Dy.sub.2Te.sub.3, Ho.sub.2Te.sub.3, Er.sub.2Te.sub.3, Tm.sub.2Te.sub.3, Yb.sub.2Te.sub.3, and Lu.sub.2Te.sub.3.
[0271] The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include i) one of ions of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal and ii), as a ligand bonded to the metal ion, for example, a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxydiphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxydiphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.
[0272] The electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof, as described above. In an embodiment, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (for example, a compound represented by Formula 601).
[0273] In an embodiment, the electron injection layer may consist of i) an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, an alkali metal halide), ii) a) an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, an alkali metal halide); and b) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the electron injection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposited layer, an RbI:Yb co-deposited layer, or the like.
[0274] When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.
[0275] The thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å, and, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the range described above, satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.
Second Electrode 150
[0276] The second electrode 150 may be located on the interlayer 130 having such a structure. The second electrode 150 may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode, and as the material for the second electrode 150, a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or any combination thereof, each having a low work function, may be used.
[0277] In an embodiment, the second electrode 150 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), ytterbium (Yb), silver-ytterbium (Ag—Yb), an ITO, an IZO, or a combination thereof. The second electrode 150 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode. The second electrode 150 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers.
Capping Layer
[0278] A first capping layer may be located outside the first electrode 110, and/or a second capping layer may be located outside the second electrode 150. In detail, the light-emitting device 10 may have a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, and the second electrode 150 are sequentially stacked in this stated order, a structure in which the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in this stated order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in this stated order.
[0279] Light generated in the emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the first electrode 110, which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the first capping layer or light generated in the emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the second electrode 150, which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and the second capping layer.
[0280] Although not wanting to be bound by theory, the first capping layer and the second capping layer may increase external emission efficiency according to the principle of constructive interference. Accordingly, the light extraction efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 is increased, so that the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved. Each of the first capping layer and second capping layer may include a material having a refractive index (at 589 nm) of about 1.6 or more. The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or a composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.
[0281] At least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include carbocyclic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, amine group-containing compounds, porphyrin derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, naphthalocyanine derivatives, alkali metal complexes, alkaline earth metal complexes, or any combination thereof. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine group-containing compound may be optionally substituted with a substituent containing O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include an amine group-containing compound.
[0282] In an embodiment, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.
[0283] In an embodiment, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include one of Compounds HT28 to HT33, one of Compounds CP1 to CP6, N4,N4′-di(naphthalen-2-yl)-N4,N4′-diphenyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (P-NPB), or any combination thereof:
##STR00122## ##STR00123##
Electronic Apparatus
[0284] The light-emitting device 10 may be included in various electronic apparatuses. In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device 10 may be a light-emitting apparatus, an authentication apparatus, or the like.
[0285] The electronic apparatus (for example, light-emitting apparatus) may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device 10, i) a color filter, ii) a color conversion layer, or iii) a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and/or the color conversion layer may be located in at least one traveling direction of light emitted from the light-emitting device 10. In an embodiment, the light emitted from the light-emitting device 10 may be blue light or white light. The light-emitting device 10 may be the same as described above. In an embodiment, the color conversion layer may include quantum dots. The quantum dot may be, for example, a quantum dot as described herein.
[0286] The electronic apparatus may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include a plurality of subpixel areas, the color filter may include a plurality of color filter areas respectively overlapping the subpixel areas, and the color conversion layer may include a plurality of color conversion areas respectively overlapping the subpixel areas.
[0287] A pixel-defining film may be located among the subpixel areas to define each of the subpixel areas. The color filter may further include a plurality of color filter areas and light-shielding patterns located among the color filter areas, and the color conversion layer may include a plurality of color conversion areas and light-shielding patterns located among the color conversion areas.
[0288] The color filter areas (or the color conversion areas) may include a first area emitting first color light, a second area emitting second color light, and/or a third area emitting third color light, and the first color light, the second color light, and/or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from one another. In an embodiment, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. In an embodiment, the color filter areas (or the color conversion areas) may include quantum dots. In detail, the first area may include a red quantum dot, the second area may include a green quantum dot, and the third area may not include a quantum dot. The quantum dot is the same as described herein. The first area, the second area, and/or the third area may each further include a scatterer.
[0289] In an embodiment, the light-emitting device 10 may emit first light, the first area may absorb the first light to emit first first-color light, the second area may absorb the first light to emit second first-color light, and the third area may absorb the first light to emit third first-color light. In this regard, the first first-color light, the second first-color light, and the third first-color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. In detail, the first light may be blue light, the first first-color light may be red light, the second first-color light may be green light, and the third first-color light may be blue light.
[0290] The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor in addition to the light-emitting device 10 as described above. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an activation layer, wherein any one of the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to any one of the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device 10. The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, etc.
[0291] The activation layer may include a crystalline silicon, an amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, an oxide semiconductor, or the like. The electronic apparatus may further include a sealing portion for sealing the light-emitting device 10. The sealing portion and/or the color conversion layer may be located between the color filter and the light-emitting device 10. The sealing portion allows light from the light-emitting device 10 to be extracted to the outside, while simultaneously preventing ambient air and moisture from penetrating into the light-emitting device 10. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin-film encapsulation layer including at least one layer of an organic layer and/or an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin film encapsulation layer, the electronic apparatus may be flexible.
[0292] Various functional layers may be additionally located on the sealing portion, in addition to the color filter and/or the color conversion layer, according to the use of the electronic apparatus. Examples of the functional layers may include a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, and the like. The touch screen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared touch screen layer. The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometric authentication apparatus that authenticates an individual by using biometric information of a living body (for example, fingertips, pupils, etc.). The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device 10, a biometric information collector.
[0293] The electronic apparatus may take the form of or be applied to various displays, light sources, lighting, personal computers (for example, a mobile personal computer), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic diaries, electronic dictionaries, electronic game machines, medical instruments (for example, electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram displays, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope displays), fish finders, various measuring instruments, meters (for example, meters for a vehicle, an aircraft, and a vessel), projectors, and the like.
Description of FIGS. 2 and 3
[0294]
[0295] The light-emitting apparatus 180 of
[0296] The substrate 100 may be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer 210 may be formed on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 210 may prevent penetration of impurities through the substrate 100 and may provide a substantially flat surface on the substrate 100. The TFT 200 may be located on the buffer layer 210. The TFT 200 may include an activation layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and a drain electrode 270.
[0297] The activation layer 220 may include an inorganic semiconductor such as silicon or a polysilicon, an organic semiconductor, or an oxide semiconductor, and may include a source region, a drain region and a channel region. A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the activation layer 220 from the gate electrode 240 may be located on the activation layer 220, and the gate electrode 240 may be located on the gate insulating film 230.
[0298] An interlayer insulating film 250 may be located on the gate electrode 240. The interlayer insulating film 250 may be located between the gate electrode 240 and the source electrode 260 to insulate the gate electrode 240 from the source electrode 260 and between the gate electrode 240 and the drain electrode 270 to insulate the gate electrode 240 from the drain electrode 270. The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be located on the interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250 and the gate insulating film 230 may be formed to expose the source region and the drain region of the activation layer 220, and the source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be in contact with the exposed portions of the source region and the drain region of the activation layer 220.
[0299] The TFT 200 is electrically connected to a light-emitting device 10 to drive the light-emitting device 10, and is covered by a passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or a combination thereof.
[0300] The light-emitting device 10 is provided on the passivation layer 280. The light-emitting device may include a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150. The first electrode 110 may be formed on the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 does not completely cover the drain electrode 270 and exposes a portion of the drain electrode 270, and the first electrode 110 is connected to the exposed portion of the drain electrode 270.
[0301] A pixel-defining layer 290 containing an insulating material may be located on the first electrode 110. The pixel-defining layer 290 exposes a region of the first electrode 110, and an interlayer 130 may be formed in the exposed region of the first electrode 110. The pixel-defining layer 290 may be a polyimide or polyacrylic organic film. At least some layers of the interlayer 130 may extend beyond the upper portion of the pixel-defining layer 290 to be located in the form of a common layer.
[0302] The second electrode 150 may be located on the interlayer 130, and a capping layer 170 may be additionally formed on the second electrode 150. The capping layer 170 may be formed to cover the second electrode 150.
[0303] The encapsulation portion 300 may be located on the capping layer 170. The encapsulation portion 300 may be located on a light-emitting device 10 to protect from moisture or oxygen. The encapsulation portion 300 may include: an inorganic film including a silicon nitride (SiN.sub.x), a silicon oxide (SiO.sub.x), an indium tin oxide, an indium zinc oxide, or any combination thereof, an organic film including a polyethylene terephthalate, a polyethylene naphthalate, a polycarbonate, a polyimide, a polyethylene sulfonate, a polyoxymethylene, a polyarylate, a hexamethyldisiloxane, an acrylic resin (for example, a polymethyl methacrylate, a polyacrylic acid, or the like), an epoxy-based resin (for example, an aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE), or the like), or a combination thereof, or a combination of the inorganic film and the organic film.
[0304]
[0305] The light-emitting apparatus 190 of
Manufacture Method
[0306] Respective layers included in the hole transport region, the emission layer, and respective layers included in the electron transport region may be formed in a certain region by using one or more suitable methods selected from vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, and laser-induced thermal imaging (LITI).
[0307] When layers constituting the hole transport region, an emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C., a vacuum degree of about 10.sup.−8 torr to about 10.sup.−3 torr, and a deposition speed of about 0.01 Å/sec to about 100 Å/sec, depending on a material to be included in a layer to be formed and the structure of a layer to be formed.
Definition of Terms
[0308] The term “interlayer” as used herein refers to a single layer and/or a plurality of layers located between a first electrode and a second electrode of a light-emitting device.
[0309] As used herein, the expression “(electron transport layer) includes a first compound” may include a case where “(interlayer) may include a first compound represented by Formula 1 or two or more different first compounds represented by Formula 1”.
[0310] As used herein, a quantum dot refers to a crystal of a semiconductor compound, and may include any material capable of emitting light of various emission wavelengths according to the size of the crystal.
[0311] As used herein, the term “energy level” may be expressed in “electron volts” and “energy level” and “electron volt” may be abbreviated, independently, as “eV”.
[0312] As used herein, the term “fused” may refer to a ring having one or more sides in common with another ring, and includes a condensed ring.
[0313] As used herein, the term “atom” may mean an element or its corresponding radical bonded to one or more other atoms.
[0314] The terms “hydrogen” and “deuterium” refer to their respective atoms and corresponding radicals with the deuterium radical abbreviated “-D”, and the terms “—F, —Cl, —Br, and —I” are radicals of, respectively, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
[0315] As used herein, a substituent for a monovalent group, e.g., alkyl, may also be, independently, a substituent for a corresponding divalent group, e.g., alkylene.
[0316] The term “C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group” as used herein refers to a cyclic group consisting of carbon only and having three to sixty carbon atoms, and the term “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group” as used herein refers to a cyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and further has, in addition to carbon, a heteroatom. The C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may each be a monocyclic group consisting of one ring or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are fused with each other. For example, the number of ring-forming atoms of the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may be from 3 to 61.
[0317] The “cyclic group” as used herein may include the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group.
[0318] The term “π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group” as used herein refers to a cyclic group that has three to sixty carbon atoms and does not include *—N=*′ as a ring-forming moiety, and the term “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group” as used herein refers to a heterocyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and includes *—N=*′ as a ring-forming moiety.
[0319] In an embodiment, the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group may be i) a group T1 or ii) a fused cyclic group in which two or more groups T1 are fused with each other, for example, a cyclopentadiene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane group, a benzene group, a pentalene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, a heptalene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a hexacene group, a pentacene group, a rubicene group, a coronene group, an ovalene group, an indene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, an indenophenanthrene group, or an indenoanthracene group.
[0320] The C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may be i) a group T2, ii) a fused cyclic group in which two or more groups T2 are fused with each other, or iii) a fused cyclic group in which at least one group T2 and at least one group T1 are fused with each other, for example, a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, etc.
[0321] The π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be i) a group T1, ii) a fused cyclic group in which two or more groups T1 are fused with each other, iii) a group T3, iv) a fused cyclic group in which two or more groups T3 are fused with each other, or v) a fused cyclic group in which at least one group T3 and at least one group T1 are fused with each other, for example, the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, etc.
[0322] The π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be i) a group T4, ii) a fused cyclic group in which two or more group T4 are fused with each other, iii) a fused cyclic group in which at least one group T4 and at least one group T1 are fused with each other, iv) a fused cyclic group in which at least one group T4 and at least one group T3 are fused with each other, or v) a fused cyclic group in which at least one group T4, at least one group T1, and at least one group T3 are fused with one another, for example, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, etc.
[0323] The group T1 may be a cyclopropane group, a cyclobutane group, a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a cyclooctane group, a cyclobutene group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a cyclohexene group, a cyclohexadiene group, a cycloheptene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane (or a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) group, a norbornene group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, or a benzene group.
[0324] The group T2 may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or a tetrazine group.
[0325] The group T3 may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, or a borole group.
[0326] The group T4 may be a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or a tetrazine group.
[0327] The term “cyclic group”, “C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group”, “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group”, “π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group”, or “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group” as used herein refers to a group fused to any cyclic group or a polyvalent group (for example, a divalent group, a trivalent group, a tetravalent group, etc.), depending on the structure of a formula in connection with which the terms are used. In an embodiment, a “benzene group” may be a benzo group, a phenyl group, a phenylene group, or the like, which may be easily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art according to the structure of a formula including the “benzene group.”
[0328] Examples of the monovalent C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the monovalent C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may include a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group, and examples of the divalent C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the monovalent C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may include a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkylene group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkylene group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenylene group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenylene group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group.
[0329] The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group” as used herein refers to a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group that has one to sixty carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an isooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, and a tert-decyl group. The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structure corresponding to the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group.
[0330] The term “C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkyl group, and examples thereof include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structure corresponding to the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group.
[0331] The term “C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the terminus of the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkyl group, and examples thereof include an ethynyl group and a propynyl group. The term “C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structure corresponding to the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group.
[0332] The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA.sub.101 (wherein A.sub.101 is the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group), and examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropyloxy group.
[0333] The term “C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group (or a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl group), a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, and a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group. The term “C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structure corresponding to the C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group.
[0334] The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that further includes, in addition to a carbon atom, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom and has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structure corresponding to the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group.
[0335] The term “C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group” used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that has three to ten carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity, and examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structure corresponding to the C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group.
[0336] The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that has, in addition to a carbon atom, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one double bond in the cyclic structure thereof. Examples of the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structure corresponding to the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group.
[0337] The term “C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having six to sixty carbon atoms, and the term “C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having six to sixty carbon atoms. Examples of the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group include a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, and an ovalenyl group. When the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group and the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused with each other.
[0338] The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has, in addition to a carbon atom, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom, and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has, in addition to a carbon atom, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom, and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a benzoquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, and a naphthyridinyl group. When the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be fused with each other.
[0339] The term “monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings fused to each other, only carbon atoms (for example, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) as ring-forming atoms, and non-aromaticity in its molecular structure when considered as a whole. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group include an indenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, an indenophenanthrenyl group, and an indenoanthracenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structure corresponding to a monovalent non-aromatic fused polycyclic group.
[0340] The term “monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a monovalent group having two or more rings fused to each other, at least one heteroatom other than carbon atoms (for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms), as a ring-forming atom, and non-aromaticity in its molecular structure when considered as a whole.
[0341] Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group include a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an indolyl group, a benzoindolyl group, a naphthoindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzoisoindolyl group, a naphthoisoindolyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a benzopyrazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoxadiazolyl group, a benzothiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an imidazotriazinyl group, an imidazopyrazinyl group, an imidazopyridazinyl group, an indeno carbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, a benzosilolocarbazolyl group, a benzoindolocarbazolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a benzonaphthosilolyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, and a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group” as used herein refers to a divalent group having a structure corresponding to a monovalent non-aromatic fused heteropolycyclic group.
[0342] The term “C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group” as used herein indicates —OA.sub.102 (wherein A.sub.102 is the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group), and the term “C-Coo arylthio group” as used herein indicates —SA.sub.103 (wherein A.sub.103 is the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group).
[0343] The term “R.sub.10a” as used herein refers to:
[0344] deuterium (-D), —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group;
[0345] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, —Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), —N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), —B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), —C(═O)(Q.sub.11), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), —P(═O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof;
[0346] a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, or a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, —Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), —N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), —B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), —C(═O)(Q.sub.21), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), —P(═O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof, or
[0347] —Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), —N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —C(═O)(Q.sub.31), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32).
[0348] The variables Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 used herein may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group; or a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.
[0349] The term “heteroatom” as used herein refers to any atom other than a carbon atom. Examples of the heteroatom include O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, or any combination thereof.
[0350] As used herein, the term “Ph” refers to a phenyl group, the term “Me” refers to a methyl group, the term “Et” refers to an ethyl group, the term “ter-Bu” or “Bu.sup.t” refers to a tert-butyl group, and the term “OMe” refers to a methoxy group.
[0351] The term “biphenyl group” as used herein refers to “a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group.” In other words, the “biphenyl group” is a substituted phenyl group having a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group as a substituent.
[0352] The term “terphenyl group” as used herein refers to “a phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group”. The “terphenyl group” is a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group substituted with a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group.
[0353] The symbols * and *′ as used herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula.
[0354] Hereinafter, a compound made according to embodiments and a light-emitting device constructed according to the principles and embodiments of the invention will be described in detail with reference to Examples.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0355] As an anode, a 15 Ohms per square centimeter (Ω/cm.sup.2) (1,200 Å) ITO glass substrate available from Corning Inc., of Corning, N.Y. was cut to a size of 50 millimeter (mm)×50 mm×0.5 mm, sonicated using isopropyl alcohol and pure water for 15 minutes each, and then cleaned by irradiation of ultraviolet rays and exposure of ozone thereto for 30 minutes. Then, the resultant glass substrate was loaded onto a vacuum deposition apparatus.
[0356] Compound HT3 was vacuum-deposited on the ITO anode formed on the glass substrate to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 120 nm, and Compound HT45 was vacuum-deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of nanometer (nm).
[0357] Compound H125 as a host and Compound FD37 as a dopant were co-deposited on the hole transport layer at a weight ratio of 98:2 to form an emission layer having a thickness of 20 nm.
[0358] Compound 1-5 and Compound 2-8 were co-deposited on the emission layer at a weight ratio of 5:5 to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 40 nm. Subsequently, the compound potassium iodide (KI) and element ytterbium (Yb) were co-deposited on the electron transport layer at a weight ratio of 8:2 to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 1 nm, and the elements Ag and Mg were co-deposited on the electron injection layer at a weight ratio of 95:5 to form a cathode having a thickness of 10 nm, thereby completing manufacture of a light-emitting device.
##STR00124## ##STR00125##
Examples 2 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5
[0359] Light-emitting devices were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that, in forming an electron transport layer, instead of co-depositing Compound 1-5 and Compound 2-8 at a weight ratio of 5:5, compounds and weight ratios described in Table 1 were used for deposition.
Evaluation Example 1
[0360] In order to evaluate characteristics of the light-emitting devices manufactured in Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5, luminescence efficiency in percent (%) at a current density of 10 milliamperes per centimeter squared (mA/cm.sup.2) was measured. Quantum efficiency was measured using a quantum efficiency measuring apparatus C9920-2-12 of Hamamatsu Photonics Inc. of Hamamatsu-city, Japan. In the evaluation of the quantum efficiency, the luminance/current density was measured using a luminance meter with wavelength sensitivity corrected. Lifespans of the light-emitting devices were measured as the time to reach 90% of the initial luminance at a luminance of 1,000 nits. Results of the evaluation of the characteristics of the light-emitting devices are shown in Table 1 below and are based on luminescence efficiency and lifespan of Comparative Example 4 taken as 100%.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Electron injection Lumi- Electron layer nescence transport layer (weight effi- Life- (weight ratio) ratio) ciency span Example 1 Compound 1-5: KI:Yb(8:2) 108% 110% Compound 2-8 (5:5) Example 2 Compound 1-5: KI:Yb(8:2) 108% 120% Compound 2-8 (3:7) Example 3 Compound 1-5: KI:Yb(8:2) 112% 115% Compound 2-8 (2:8) Example 4 Compound 1-7: KI:Yb(8:2) 105% 125% Compound 2-8 (2:8) Example 5 Compound 1-28: KI:Yb(8:2) 110% 120% Compound 2-13 (2:8) Example 6 Compound 1-5: LiF:Yb(8:2) 108% 115% Compound 2-8 (5:5) Example 7 Compound 1-5: LiF:Yb(7:3) 107% 120% Compound 2-8 (5:5) Comparative Compound 1-5 KI:Yb(8:2) 103% 65% Example 1 Comparative Compound 1-33 KI:Yb(8:2) 95% 70% Example 2 Comparative Compound 2-8 KI:Yb(8:2) 100% 85% Example 3 Comparative Compound 1-5: Yb 100% 100% Example 4 Compound 2-8 (5:5) Comparative PPO21:SPPO KI:Yb(8:2) 90% 75% Example 5 (5:5)
[0361] The results summarized in Table 1 show that the light-emitting devices of Examples 1 to 7 had significant and unexpectedly excellent characteristics in terms of luminescence efficiency and lifespan compared to the light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 1 to 5.
[0362] Although certain embodiments and implementations have been described herein, other embodiments and modifications will be apparent from this description. Accordingly, the inventive concepts are not limited to such embodiments, but rather to the broader scope of the appended claims and various obvious modifications and equivalent arrangements as would be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art.