Welded fencing system with prefabricated connectors

Abstract

A corner fitting includes a sleeve body having a hollow inner space and configured to coaxially fit over a pipe member of a predetermined size. An edge of the sleeve body at a second distal end has a corner cut portion, a protruding tab, and two recesses, the protruding tab being diametrically opposed to the corner cut portion in the radial direction of the sleeve body, and the recesses being diametrically opposed to each other in the radial direction of the sleeve body. The corner cut portion is configured and shaped such that the sleeve body fits together with an identical sleeve body on the pipe member of the predetermined size with the corner cut portions of the two sleeve bodies contacting each other and with the pipe being nested between the protruding tabs of the second distal ends of the two sleeve bodies.

Claims

1. A structure comprising: a first corner fitting having a hollow inner space and configured to coaxially fit over an outer surface of a first pipe of a predetermined size; wherein the first corner fitting has a first distal end and a second distal end spaced apart from the first distal end in a longitudinal direction, wherein an edge of the first corner fitting at the first distal end has two protruding tabs and two recesses, the protruding tabs protruding farther than the recesses in the longitudinal direction, the protruding tabs being diametrically opposed to each other in a radial direction of the first corner fitting and the recesses being diametrically opposed to each other in the radial direction of the first corner fitting such that the protruding tabs and the recesses are arranged alternately around a circumferential direction of the first corner fitting, wherein the two protruding tabs and the two recesses of the first distal end of the first corner fitting are configured and arranged such that the first distal end of the first corner fitting fits over the first pipe of the predetermined size with the first corner fitting contacting an outer periphery of the first pipe at the protruding tabs and at the recesses in a state in which a longitudinal axis of the first pipe is coaxial to a longitudinal axis of the first corner fitting and the first pipe is nested in the recesses and between the two protruding tabs of the first distal end, wherein an edge of the first corner fitting at the second distal end has a corner cut portion, a protruding tab, and two recesses, the protruding tab protruding farther than the recesses in the longitudinal direction, the protruding tab being diametrically opposed to the corner cut portion in the radial direction of the first corner fitting, and the recesses being diametrically opposed to each other in the radial direction of the first corner fitting, such that the recesses are arranged between the protruding tab and the corner cut portion in the circumferential direction of the first corner fitting, and wherein the corner cut portion is configured and shaped such that the first corner fitting fits together with an identical second corner fitting on the first pipe of the predetermined size in an arrangement with the longitudinal axes of the first and second corner fittings being transverse with respect to each other with the corner cut portions of the first and second corner fittings contacting each other and with a vertical pipe being nested between the protruding tabs of the second distal ends of the first and second corner fittings and wherein a second pipe is inserted coaxially into the second corner fitting first distal end and whereby the first corner fitting second distal end and the second corner fitting second distal end are coupled to the outer surface of the vertical pipe.

2. The structure of claim 1, wherein the two recesses, the protruding tab, and the corner cut portion of the second distal end of the first corner fitting are configured and arranged such that the second distal end of the first corner fitting fits over the vertical pipe with the first corner fitting contacting an outer periphery of the vertical pipe at the recesses and the vertical pipe is nested in the recesses of the second distal end, wherein the corner cut portion includes two knobs and an arcuate recess extending inwardly in the longitudinal direction of the first corner fitting between the two knobs, wherein one of the two knobs is contiguous with one of the recesses at the second distal end of the first corner fitting and the other of the two knobs is contiguous with the other of the recesses at the second distal end of the first corner fitting, and wherein the arcuate recess of the corner cut portion is configured such that the first corner fitting fits together with an identical second corner fitting at a predetermined angle with the corner cut portions contacting each other over an entirety of each corner cut portion.

3. The structure of claim 2, wherein the predetermined angle is selected from a group consisting of 90 degrees, 45 degrees, and 22.5 degrees.

4. The structure of claim 1, wherein the inner diameter of the first corner fitting is configured to fit over the first pipe of the predetermined size with a clearance of not more than of an inch, wherein the recesses of the first and second distal ends of the first corner fitting are configured to fit over the first pipe of the predetermined size such that an entirety of the edge of the first corner fitting contacts the outer periphery of the first pipe in a state in which a longitudinal axis of the vertical pipe is perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the corner fitting and the vertical pipe is nested in the recesses of the second distal end, and wherein the predetermined size of the first pipe member is a diameter of the first pipe member.

5. The structure of claim 1, wherein the first corner fitting and the second corner fitting are made of carbon steel, and an inner diameter of the first corner fitting and the second corner fitting are configured to fit over the first pipe and the second pipe with a clearance of not more than 1/32 nd of an inch.

6. A structure comprising: a first corner fitting having a first longitudinal direction and a first hollow inner space, the first corner fitting including: a first distal end having a pair of opposing recesses, and a pair of opposing protruding tabs; a second distal end having a protruding tab and a corner cut portion having an arcuate recess opposite the protruding tab, the corner cut portion further including knob portions at each side of the corner cut portion, with the region from each knob portion to the protruding tab forming a pair of opposing recesses; a second corner fitting, the second corner fitting including: a first distal end having a second longitudinal direction and a second hollow inner space, a pair of opposing recesses, and a pair of opposing protruding tabs; a second distal end having a protruding tab and a corner cut portion having an arcuate recess opposite the protruding tab, the corner cut portion further including knob portions at each side of the corner cut portion, with the region from each knob portion to the protruding tab forming a pair of opposing recesses; a first horizontal pipe inserted in the first distal end of the first corner fitting; a second horizontal pipe inserted in the first distal end of the second corner fitting; a vertical pipe having a circumference: whereby the first arcuate recess of the first corner fitting is arranged to abut the first arcuate recess of the second corner fitting such that the longitudinal direction of the first corner fitting and the longitudinal direction of the second corner fitting are at substantially right angles to each other in a horizontal plane, and whereby the vertical pipe is positioned so that the circumference of the vertical pipe contacts the pair of opposing recesses in the first corner fitting and the pair of opposing recesses in the second corner fitting.

7. The structure of claim 6, wherein the longitudinal direction of the first corner fitting and the longitudinal direction of the second corner fitting are at an angle from each other, and a measure of the angle is selected from a group consisting of 90 degrees, 45 degrees, and 22.5 degrees.

8. The structure of claim 6, wherein the inner diameter of the first corner fitting is configured to fit over the first horizontal pipe with a clearance of not more than of an inch, and wherein the recesses of the first and second distal ends of the first corner fitting are configured to fit over the first horizontal pipe such that an entirety of the edge of the first corner fitting contacts the outer periphery of the first horizontal pipe in a state in which a longitudinal axis of the vertical pipe is perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the corner fitting and the vertical pipe is nested in the recesses of the second distal end.

9. The structure of claim 6, wherein the first corner fitting and the second corner fitting are made of carbon steel, and an inner diameter of the first corner fitting and the second corner fitting are configured to fit over the first horizontal pipe and the second horizontal pipe with a clearance of not more than 1/32 nd of an inch.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The present description will be better understood from the following detailed description read in light of the accompanying drawings, wherein:

(2) FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a corner fitting in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

(3) FIG. 2 shows a front view of the corner fitting of FIG. 1;

(4) FIG. 3 shows a rear view of the corner fitting of FIG. 1;

(5) FIG. 4 shows a top view of the corner fitting of FIG. 1;

(6) FIG. 5 shows a left side view of the corner fitting of FIG. 1;

(7) FIG. 6 shows a right side view of the corner fitting of FIG. 1;

(8) FIG. 7 shows a bottom side view of the corner fitting of FIG. 1;

(9) FIG. 8 shows a perspective view of a splice fitting in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

(10) FIG. 9 shows a front view of the splice fitting of FIG. 8;

(11) FIG. 10 shows a rear view of the splice fitting of FIG. 8;

(12) FIG. 11 shows a top view of the splice fitting of FIG. 8;

(13) FIG. 12 shows a left side view of the splice fitting of FIG. 8;

(14) FIG. 13 shows a right side view of the splice fitting of FIG. 8;

(15) FIG. 14 shows a bottom side view of the splice fitting of FIG. 8;

(16) FIG. 15 shows two splice fittings disposed on a pipe member in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

(17) FIG. 16 shows a structure that can be formed with two splice fittings disposed on a pipe member and interposed between two vertical pipe members in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

(18) FIG. 17 shows a top view of the structure of FIG. 16;

(19) FIG. 18 shows a front view of a structure formed with two corner fittings disposed on a pipe member and interposed between two vertical pipe members in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

(20) FIG. 19 shows a structure that can be formed with two corner fittings and a pipe member in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

(21) FIG. 20 shows a structure that can be formed with two corner fittings and a pipe member in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

(22) FIG. 21 shows a top view of the structure of FIG. 20;

(23) FIG. 22 shows a top view of a corner fitting at an angle of 45 degrees in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

(24) FIG. 23 shows a top view of a corner fitting at an angle of 22.5 degrees in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

(25) FIG. 24 shows a splice fitting used as an upright connector in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

(26) FIG. 25 shows a side view of a corner fitting used as an upright connector in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

(27) FIG. 26 shows a different side view of a corner fitting used as an upright connector in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

(28) FIG. 27 shows a corner fitting used as an end-to-end connector in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

(29) FIG. 28 shows a splice fitting used as an end-to-end connector in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

(30) FIG. 29 shows a structure formed of multiple splice fittings and multiple corner fittings in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

(31) FIG. 30 shows a fence structure formed of multiple splice fittings and multiple corner fittings in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

(32) FIG. 31 shows a flow chart illustrating a method of building a structure including a splice fitting in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

(33) FIG. 32 shows a flow chart illustrating a method of building a structure including a corner fitting in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and

(34) FIG. 33 shows a strength test of a structural member made from sleeve bodies in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

(35) Like reference numerals are used to designate like parts in the accompanying drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(36) The detailed description provided below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of the present examples and is not intended to represent the only forms in which the present example may be constructed or utilized. The description sets forth the functions of the example and the sequence of steps for constructing and operating the example. However, the same or equivalent functions and sequences may be accomplished by different examples.

(37) Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the invention, one or more examples of which are illustrated in the drawings. Each example is provided by way of explanation of the invention, and not meant as a limitation on the invention. For example, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be used on another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. It is intended that the present application include such modifications and variations as come within the scope and spirit of the invention. Repeat use of reference characters throughout the present specification and appended drawings represents the same or analogous features, elements, or steps of the invention.

(38) FIGS. 1 through 7 show an embodiment of a corner fitting (20). The corner fitting (20) includes a sleeve body (21) having a hollow inner space (22) and configured to coaxially fit over a pipe member of a predetermined size. The sleeve body has a first distal end (24) and a second distal end (25) spaced apart from the first distal end (24) in a longitudinal direction (200).

(39) An edge of the sleeve body (21) at the second distal end (25) has a corner cut portion (29), a protruding tab (27), and two recesses (28), the protruding tab (27) protruding farther than the recesses in the longitudinal direction (200). The protruding tab (27) is diametrically opposed to the corner cut portion (29) in the radial direction of the sleeve body (21), and the recesses (28) are diametrically opposed to each other in the radial direction of the sleeve body, such that the recesses (28) are arranged between the protruding tab (27) and the corner cut portion (29) in the circumferential direction of the sleeve body.

(40) The two recesses (28), the protruding tab (27), and the corner cut portion (29) of the second distal end (25) of the sleeve body are configured and arranged such that the second distal end (25) of the sleeve body can fit over the pipe member of the predetermined size with the sleeve body contacting an outer periphery of the pipe member at the recesses (28) and the protruding tab (27) in a state in which a longitudinal axis of the pipe member is perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the sleeve body (21) and the pipe member is nested in the recesses (28) of the second distal end (25). The corner cut portion (29) is configured and shaped such that the sleeve body fits together with a corner cut portion of an identical sleeve body or substantially identical sleeve body, as shown in FIG. 19. In other words, the two sleeve bodies are identical or very similar in structural configuration, and in particular the depth, angle, and curvature of the corner cut portion. The two corner fittings can be disposed on the pipe member (30) of the predetermined size in an arrangement with the longitudinal axes of the two sleeve bodies being transverse with respect to each other while the corner cut portions (29) of the two sleeve bodies contact each other and the pipe is nested between the protruding tabs (27) of the second distal ends (25) of the two sleeve bodies. This arrangement of two corner fittings forms a corner joint, as shown in FIG.19. The corner cut portions (29) make constant contact with each other around their entire circumferential extent, and the remainder of the edge of each sleeve body makes constant contact around its entire circumferential extent with the pipe member (30).

(41) An edge of the sleeve body at the first distal end has two protruding tabs (27) and two recesses (28), the protruding tabs (27) protruding farther than the recesses (28) in the longitudinal direction (200). The protruding tabs (27) are diametrically opposed to each other in a radial direction of the sleeve body, and the recesses (28) are diametrically opposed to each other in the radial direction of the sleeve body, such that the protruding tabs and the recesses are arranged alternately around a circumferential direction of the sleeve body.

(42) The two protruding tabs (27) and the two recesses (28) of the first distal end (24) of the sleeve body are configured and arranged such that the first distal end (24) of the sleeve body (21) can fit over the pipe member of the predetermined size with the sleeve body contacting an outer periphery of the pipe member at the protruding tabs (27) and at the recesses (28). The longitudinal axis of the pipe member is perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the sleeve body (21) and the pipe member is nested in the recesses (28) and between the two protruding tabs (27), and constant contact is maintained around the entire edge of the sleeve body (21). Such a configuration allows for an H-joint to be formed such as that shown in FIG. 18, and also allows for a T-joint (i.e. upright connector) to be formed such as that shown in FIG. 25.

(43) The corner cut portion includes two knobs (29a, 29b) and an arcuate recess (29c) extending inwardly in the longitudinal direction of the sleeve body (21) between the two knobs (29a, 29b). A first one of the two knobs (29a) is contiguous with one of the recesses at the second distal end of the sleeve body and the other of the two knobs (29b) is contiguous with the other of the recesses at the second distal end of the sleeve body. The arcuate recess (29c) of the corner cut portion (29) is configured such that the sleeve body fits together with an identical sleeve body at a predetermined angle with the corner cut portions contacting each other over an entirety of each corner cut portion. In other words, the corner cut portion has a depth and curvature so as to form a predetermined angle when paired with another such sleeve body in a mirror image arrangement such as that shown in FIGS. 19 and 20.

(44) The angle formed by the corner fitting can be 90 degrees, 45 degrees, 22.5 degrees or the like. Specifically, a corner fitting can be made which will result in a desired angle ranging from 5 degrees to 90 degrees. Each corner fitting forms one predetermined angle, and is usually to be used with a corner fitting corresponding to the same predetermined angle. Accordingly, a user will select corner fittings based on the desired angle to be formed and/or according to the specifications of the structure being built. The corner fitting is an out-of-the-box fitting, which is to say that it is pre-fabricated and distributed in standardized sizes corresponding to the diameters of pipes which are most often used. This allows the end user to avoid the delay and imprecision of forming connections by shaping the ends of the pipe members themselves.

(45) The above-described configuration of a corner fitting advantageously facilitates the creation of several different types of joints with the same member, thereby eliminating the need for hand-crafting the ends of pipe members to fit together. In particular, the corner fitting can be used to create a corner joint, an H-joint, a T-joint, and can also be used to connect pipe members end-to-end. Accordingly, a person who wishes to construct a fence, storage shed, dwelling, or other structure using pipe as a structural load bearing member can obtain several corner fittings or several dozen corner fittings, depending on need, and select and use each individual corner fitting based on the type of joint desired. It is thus appreciated that a corner fitting can be used as a universal fitting.

(46) When the corner fitting is disposed to coaxially fit over a pipe member, a clearance between the fitting and the pipe member is not more than of an inch, and is preferably not more than 1/32 of an inch. As such, the fitting is in close contact with the pipe member, and a strong structural unit can be formed by the overlap and close contact of the fitting and pipe member when these two pieces are connected.

(47) The sleeve body of the present invention is made of ASTM or ASTM A283C steel in one embodiment. In other embodiments the sleeve body can be made of any carbon steel or other suitable material. The present invention can be used with pipe of any type of steel or metal, including standard steel pipes, line steel pipes, aluminum pipes, and copper pipes. Aluminum or copper pipes could be brazed instead of welded, or alternatively could be fixed with self-tapping screws or the like.

(48) FIGS. 8 through 14 show an embodiment of a splice fitting (10). The splice fitting (10) includes a sleeve body (11) having a hollow inner space (12) and configured to coaxially fit over a pipe member of a predetermined size. The sleeve body of the splice fitting has a first distal end (14) and a second distal end (15) spaced apart from the first distal end (14) in a longitudinal direction (100). An edge of the sleeve body of the splice fitting at the first distal end has two protruding tabs (17) and two recesses (18). The protruding tabs (17) protrude farther than the recesses (18) in the longitudinal direction. The protruding tabs (17) are diametrically opposed to each other in a radial direction of the sleeve body, and the recesses (18) are diametrically opposed to each other in the radial direction of the sleeve body, such that the protruding tabs (17) and the recesses (18) are arranged alternately around a circumferential direction of the sleeve body. The second distal end (15) of the sleeve body (11) has the same or substantially the same shape as the first end (14). The protruding tabs (17) of the first distal end (14) may be offset by 90 degrees from the protruding tabs (17) of the second distal end (15)

(49) As shown in FIGS. 16 and 17, the two protruding tabs (17) and the two recesses (18) are configured and arranged such that either end of the sleeve body (11) can fit over the pipe member of the predetermined size with the sleeve body (11) contacting an outer periphery of the pipe member at the protruding tabs (17) and at the recesses (18). The longitudinal axis of the pipe member is perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the sleeve body and the pipe member is nested in the recesses and between the two protruding tabs, and constant contact with the pipe member is maintained around the entire edge of the sleeve body (11). Such a configuration allows for an H-joint to be formed such as that shown in FIG. 16, and also allows for a T-joint to be formed such as that shown in FIG. 24.

(50) FIGS. 15 through 28 show different joints that can be formed by the above-described corner fitting and splice fitting in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 15 shows two splice fittings (10) disposed on a horizontal pipe member (30). FIG. 16 shows a structure that can be formed with two splice fittings (10) disposed on a pipe member (30) and interposed between two vertical pipe members (40). FIG. 17 shows a top view of the structure of FIG. 16. FIG. 18 shows a front view of a structure formed with two corner fittings (20) disposed on a pipe member (30) and interposed between two vertical pipe members (40). The vertical pipe members (40) of FIGS. 16 and 18 may be, for instance, fence posts for a fence structure or load bearing members of a dwelling structure or shed.

(51) FIG. 19 shows a corner joint that can be formed with two corner fittings (20) and a pipe member (40). FIG. 20 shows another corner joint that can be formed with two corner fittings (20) and a pipe member (40). FIG. 21 shows a top view of the structure of FIG. 20. FIG. 22 shows a top view of a corner fitting at an angle other than 90 degrees. The angle shown in FIG. 22 is 45 degrees, but in other embodiments the angle may be any desired angle. FIG. 23 shows a top view of a corner fitting at an angle of 22.5 degrees. A corner joint can be used at a corner of a fence, a corner of a dwelling structure, a corner of a shed, or the like.

(52) FIG. 24 shows a splice fitting used (10) as an upright connector between a vertical pipe member (40) and a horizontal pipe member (30). FIG. 25 shows a side view of a corner fitting (20) used as an upright connector. The upright connector can be used to form a top rail of a fence, a hand railing, or a topmost horizontal load bearing member of a shed or the like. FIG. 26 shows a different side view of a corner fitting used as an upright connector.

(53) FIG. 27 shows a corner fitting (20) used as an end-to-end connector of pipe member (30) and pipe member (50) with longitudinal axes that are parallel or substantially parallel. FIG. 28 shows a splice fitting used as an end-to-end connector of pipe member (30) and pipe member (50) with longitudinal axes that are parallel or substantially parallel. An end-to-end connection can be desirable to connect two pipe members which form the top rail of a fence, for example.

(54) FIG. 29 shows a structure formed of multiple splice fittings (10) and multiple corner fittings (20). FIG. 30 shows a fence structure formed of multiple splice fittings (10) and multiple corner fittings (20). As can be appreciated from the examples of FIGS. 29 and 30, the variety of structures which can be constructed using the present invention is virtually limitless.

(55) FIG. 31 shows a flow chart illustrating a method of building a structure including a splice fitting. A splice fitting is provided or obtained in step 1 of the method, and in step 2 the splice fitting is disposed coaxially on a first pipe member. One end of the splice fitting is welded to the first pipe member in step 3, resulting in the arrangement shown in FIG. 24 between pipe member (40) and splice fitting (10). In step 4, a second pipe member is arranged perpendicular relative to the first pipe member and between the protruding tabs of the other end of the splice fitting, resulting in the arrangement shown in FIG. 24 between pipe member (30) and splice fitting (10). In step 5, the other end of the splice fitting is welded to the second pipe. In such a manner, a T-joint or upright connector is fabricated. Such a joint is disposed within a larger structure in accordance with the specifications of the structure being built.

(56) FIG. 32 shows a flow chart illustrating a method of building a structure including two corner fittings arranged to create a corner joint. Two corner fittings are provided or obtained in step 1 of the method. The two corner fittings will usually be corner fittings which are identical in the depth, angle, and curvature of the corner cut portion, and thereby constitute two corner fittings configured to create the same predetermined angle. In step 2 the two corner fittings are then arranged with the corner cut portions contacting each other and with a pipe member nested between the protruding tabs, resulting in the arrangement shown in any of FIGS. 19-23. In step 3, the corner fittings are welded to each other and to the pipe member, thereby creating a corner joint. Such a joint is disposed within a larger structure in accordance with the specifications of the structure being built.

(57) As can be appreciated from FIGS. 31 and 32, the variety of structures which can be constructed using the present invention is virtually limitless.

(58) The present invention is particularly advantageous with respect to drill pipe because there are millions of feet of used or discarded drill pipe. This material can be reclaimed and recycled by constructing a structure therefrom. Such recycling is particularly advantageous in view of the fact that oil drilling is often undertaken in remote regions where materials and resources are limited. The term drill pipe as used herein refers to oilfield drill pipe of the general type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,244,631 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,505,502, the contents of both of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

(59) However, the present invention is not strictly limited to used or reclaimed drill pipe. The present invention can be used with pipe of any type of steel or metal, including standard steel pipes, line steel pipes, aluminum pipes, and copper pipes. Aluminum or copper pipes could be brazed instead of welded, or alternatively could be fixed with self-tapping screws or the like. The sleeve body of the corner fitting or splice fitting is made of ASTM or ASTM A283C steel in one embodiment. In other embodiments the sleeve body can be made of any carbon steel or other suitable material.

(60) An embodiment of the present invention also enhances weld strength by creating a capillary action which causes the weld to be sucked into the fitting between the sleeve body and the pipe member. This is possible with the use of magnetically complimentary steel materials for the sleeve body and the pipe member. FIG. 33 shows a strength test of a structural member made from sleeve bodies of the present invention.

(61) Sleeve bodies are welded to pipe members in one embodiment, and the welding can be wire feed welding, stick welding, or brazing. Self-tapping screws, drill and bolt connections, epoxy, other types of adhesives, and/or the like can be used in other embodiments.

(62) Particular embodiments that are used with reclaimed drill pipe are sized specifically for use with designated sizes of drill pipe. For instance, an end user who has many linear feet of 2.875 inch drill pipe (2 and ths inch outside diameter) would obtain corner fittings and/or splice fittings which are sized for use with 2.875 inch drill pipe. An end user can obtain corner fittings and splice fittings based on the diameter of pipe which is expected to be used, the type of structures expected to be built, and the angles which need to be formed. Sizes for drill pipe vary, and can go up to a diameter of approximately 7.5 inches; other applications may use even bigger pipe.

(63) Because an individual corner fitting fits coaxially over a pipe of a predetermined size in an arrangement such as that shown in FIG. 27, and also has a first distal end which fits over a pipe of the same predetermined size with the longitudinal axis of the pipe being perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fitting in an arrangement such as that shown in FIG. 18, and also fits together with a similar corner fitting to create a corner joint on a pipe of the same predetermined size in an arrangement such as that shown in FIG. 19, each individual corner fitting is capable of creating several different types of joints with a given size of pipe. For instance, when the fitting is sized to be used with 2.875 inch drill pipe, the fitting can create the coaxial joint or end-to-end joint shown in FIG. 27, the T-joint shown in FIG. 18, and the corner joint shown in FIG. 19 all with pipe having an outer diameter of 2.875 inches. In the same manner, a splice fitting sized to be used with 2.875 inch drill pipe can create a coaxial or end-to-end joint shown in FIG. 28 and the T-joint shown in FIG. 24 both with pipe having an outer diameter of 2.875 inches.

(64) Those skilled in the art will realize that the process sequences described above may be equivalently performed in any order to achieve a desired result. Also, sub-processes may typically be omitted as desired without taking away from the overall functionality of the processes described above.