Deployable Antenna Reflectors Array Formed of Multiple Connected Gores

Abstract

Antenna reflectors having a diameter of 10 or more meters include dimensionally and thermally stable deformable composite reflective material that enables efficient packaging of solid surface segmented reflectors and a folding scheme and architecture that enables self-deployment to support S-band and above RF (?2 GHz) transmissions.

Claims

1. An antenna reflector array having at least a deployed position and a stowed position, the array comprising: a thin-shell elastic surface including multiple flexible radial gores discretely connected circumferentially to form a surface of revolution reflective surface on a first side thereof in the deployed position, wherein each of the multiple flexible gores is connected to two other of the multiple flexible gores at edges thereof by two or more thin-shell gore-to-gore connectors, further wherein the gore-to-gore connectors are located on a non-reflective side of each flexible gore; a backbone structure comprising multiple rigid arms for supporting the multiple connected, flexible gores, wherein each of the multiple flexible gores is attached to one of the multiple rigid arms on a non-reflective side thereof by discrete flexible connectors; and a deployment mechanism for changing the array between the deployed and stowed positions, the deployment mechanism including multiple rigid arms and a central circular hub, each of the multiple rigid arms including a hinge at one end thereof, the hinge being further connected to the central circular hub; wherein in the stowed position, each of the multiple flexible gores assumes a serpentine shape having at least one or more lobes.

2. The antenna reflector array of claim 1, where each of the multiple flexible gores includes doubly curved circumferential stiffeners as an inner skirt portion and an outer skirt portion formed of a thin composite material with a longitudinal curvature matching an inner and outer perimeter of the surface of revolution in a deployed position and a transverse curvature providing out-of-plane stiffness.

3. The antenna reflector array of claim 2, wherein the thin composite material is a shape memory composite (SMC) substrate and further wherein a shape of the inner skirt portion and outer skirt portion is controllable by an external stimulus between a first shape and a second shape, wherein the external stimulus is selected from the group consisting of mechanical load, heat, electrical field or magnetic field.

4. The antenna reflector array of claim 3, wherein the external stimulus is heat and further wherein each of the inner skirt portion and outer skirt portion include at least one controllable heater.

5. The antenna reflector array of claim 1, wherein each of the two or more gore-to-gore tabs is formed of a thin composite material and further wherein each of the one or more gore-to-gore connectors is controllable by an external stimulus between a first shape and a second shape, wherein the external stimulus is selected from the group consisting of mechanical load, heat, electrical field or magnetic field.

6. The antenna reflector array of claim 5, wherein a first shape of each of the one or more gore-to-gore connectors is selected from the group consisting of: a doubly curved shape wherein a longitudinal curvature matches a perimeter of the surface of revolution at its radial location in a deployed position and a transverse curvature providing out-of-plane stiffness; a single curved shape having either longitudinal or transverse curvature; and a flat shape.

7. The antenna reflector array of claim 5, wherein the thin composite material is a shape memory composite (SMC) substrate and each of the one or more gore-to-gore connectors includes at least one controllable heater to apply heat as the external stimulus.

8. The antenna reflector array of claim 1, wherein the multiple rigid arm hinges connected to the central hub are conFIG.d to be mechanically actuated synchronously.

9. The antenna reflector array of claim 1, wherein multiple rigid arm hinges connected to the central hub are passive and the deployed position is achieved by stored strain energy in the serpentine shape from the stowed position.

10. The antenna reflector array of claim 1, wherein at least one circular band or loop constrains the outer diameter of the reflector array in the stowed position, and further wherein the at least one circular band or loop controls a rate of deployment of the reflector array to the deployed position, wherein for two or more circular bands or loops, the rate of deployment is controlled by progressively increasing the diameter of two or more circular bands or loops.

11. The antenna reflector array of claim 2, wherein the inner skirt portion, the outer skirt portion and the gore-to-gore connectors assist in achieving the deployed position of the reflector array when actuated between a first shape and a second shape.

12. The antenna reflector array of claim 1, wherein each of the multiple flexible gores is comprised of an elastic thin-ply carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate.

13. An antenna reflector array having at least a deployed position and a stowed position, the array comprising: a thin-shell elastic surface including multiple flexible radial gores discretely connected circumferentially to form a surface of revolution reflective surface on a first side thereof in the deployed position, wherein the surface is formed of two separate concentric gore rings comprised of multiple flexible connected gores and further wherein a first gore ring has a first inner circumference and a first outer circumference and a second gore ring has a second inner circumference and second outer circumference and further wherein the first inner circumference is the smallest circumference of the surface of revolution reflective surface and the second outer circumference is the largest circumference of the surface of revolution reflective surface; a deployment mechanism for changing the array between the deployed and stowed positions, the deployment mechanism including multiple first rigid arms, multiple second rigid arms and a central circular hub; and a backbone structure for supporting the multiple connected, flexible gores in each gore ring, wherein each of the multiple flexible gores in the first gore ring is attached to one of the multiple first rigid arms on a non-reflective side thereof by discrete flexible connectors, each of the multiple first rigid arms including a first hinge at a first end thereof, the first hinge being further connected to the central circular hub and a second hinge at a second end thereof, and further wherein each of the multiple flexible gores in the second gore ring is attached to one of the multiple second rigid arms on a non-reflective side thereof by discrete flexible connectors, each of the multiple second rigid arms being further connected to the second hinge of one of the multiple first rigid arms of a flexible gore in the first gore ring; wherein in the stowed position, each of the multiple flexible gores assumes a serpentine shape having at least one or more lobes.

14. The antenna reflector array of claim 13, where each of the multiple flexible gores includes a doubly-curved circumferential stiffener as an inner skirt portion and an outer skirt portion with a longitudinal curvature matching the inner and outer perimeters of the concentric ring surface of revolution in the deployed position and a transverse curvature providing out-of-plane stiffness, wherein the inner skirt portion and outer skirt portions are formed of a thin composite material and further wherein a shape of each of the inner skirt portion and outer skirt portions is controlled by an external stimulus between a first shape and a second shape, wherein the external stimulus is selected from the group consisting of mechanical load, heat, electrical field or magnetic field.

15. The antenna reflector array of claim 14, wherein the external stimulus is heat and further wherein each of the inner skirt portion and outer skirt portion include at least one controllable heater.

16. The antenna reflector array of claim 13, where each of the multiple flexible gores in the first gore ring is connected to two other of the multiple flexible gores in the first gore ring at edges thereof by two or more gore-to-gore connectors located on a non-reflective side of each flexible gore; and each of the multiple flexible gores in the second gore ring is connected to two other of the multiple flexible gores in the second gore ring at edges thereof by two or more gore-to-gore connectors located on a non-reflective side of each flexible gore.

17. The antenna reflector array of claim 13, wherein each of the two or more gore-to-gore connectors is formed of a thin composite material and further wherein each of the one or more gore-to-gore connectors is controllable by an external stimulus between a first shape and a second shape, wherein the external stimulus is selected from the group consisting of mechanical load, heat, electrical field or magnetic field, the first shape of each of the one or more gore-to-gore connectors is selected from the group consisting of: a doubly curved shape wherein a longitudinal curvature matches a perimeter of the surface of revolution at its radial location in a deployed position and a transverse curvature providing out-of-plane stiffness; a single curved shape having either longitudinal or transverse curvature; and a flat shape.

18. The antenna reflector array of claim 17, wherein the thin composite material is a shape memory composite (SMC) substrate and each of the one or more gore-to-gore connectors includes at least one controllable heater to apply heat as the external stimulus.

19. A system for stowing a deployed antenna reflector array comprising: a first circular central hub having multiple first pushrods connected thereto and second circular central hub having multiple second pushrods connected thereto, wherein each of the multiple first pushrods is mechanically connected to one of the multiple second pushrods; further wherein, the first circular central hub, the multiple first push rods and the multiple second push rods are located on a reflective side of a surface of revolution reflective surface of an array of multiple connected flexible radial gores and the second circular hub is located on an opposite side of the surface of the array; and the second circular central hub further being connected to multiple third pushrods at first ends thereof, wherein each of the multiple third pushrods is connected to the multiple second pushrods by links at second ends thereof; the first, second and third pushrods and links being capable of folding the deployed antenna array for stowing into a substantially cylindrical configuration with the multiple flexible connected gores each forming a serpentine shape with one or more lobes.

20. The system of claim 19, wherein the surface of revolution reflective surface is formed of two separate concentric gore rings comprised of multiple flexible connected gores and further wherein a first gore ring has a first inner circumference and a first outer circumference and a second gore ring has a second inner circumference and second outer circumference and further wherein the first inner circumference is the smallest circumference of the surface of revolution reflective surface and the second outer diameter is the largest diameter of the surface of revolution reflective surface.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] Example embodiments will become more fully understood from the detailed description given herein below and the accompanying drawings, wherein like elements are represented by like reference characters, which are given by way of illustration only and thus are not limitative of the example embodiments herein.

[0013] FIGS. 1a and 1b illustrate a first connected gore antenna reflector array in its fully deployed state wherein FIG. 1a is a top view, reflector side view and FIG. 1b is a bottom view in accordance with one or more embodiments herein;

[0014] FIGS. 2a and 2b show exemplary isometric views of an inner tape spring skirt and an outer tape-spring skirt of an antenna reflector array in accordance with one or more embodiments herein;

[0015] FIGS. 3a and 3b provide isometric views of an exemplary gore which may be used in an antenna reflector array in accordance with one or more embodiments herein;

[0016] FIGS. 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d and 4e illustrate a backbone support structure of a first embodiment of the antenna reflector array;

[0017] FIGS. 5a, 5b and 5c illustrate various views of a second connected gore antenna reflector array 200 in its fully deployed state;

[0018] FIGS. 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d and 6e illustrate various views and features of a 60 degree gore which may be used in an antenna reflector array in accordance with one or more embodiments herein;

[0019] FIGS. 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e, 7f, 7g and 7h illustrate views of connected gore antenna reflector arrays having one or more gore rings in a stowed state in accordance with embodiments herein;

[0020] FIG. 8 illustrates a third antenna reflector array in its fully deployed state in accordance with one or more embodiments herein;

[0021] FIG. 9 illustrates a top view of the deployed third antenna reflector array including pushrods in accordance with one or more embodiments herein;

[0022] FIG. 10 shows the principle of folding operation of each gore in the third antenna reflector array in accordance with one or more embodiments herein;

[0023] FIGS. 11a and 11b illustrate features of the pushrod configuration of the third antenna reflector array in accordance with one or more embodiments herein;

[0024] FIGS. 12a and 12b illustrate antenna reflector array GSE with (FIG. 12a) and without (FIG. 12b) the connected gores at 40-degree Fold angle;

[0025] FIGS. 13a and 13b illustrate antenna reflector array GSE with (FIG. 13a) and without (FIG. 13b) the connected gores at 65-degree Fold angle;

[0026] FIGS. 14a, 14b and 14c illustrate third antenna reflector array GSE in fully folded state; and

[0027] FIGS. 15a, 15b, 15c, 15d, 15e, 15f, 15g, and 15h illustrate views of a connected gore antenna reflector array having one or more outer diameter restraining bands in accordance with one embodiment herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] It is to be understood that the invention may assume various alternative orientations and step sequences, except where expressly specified to the contrary. It is also to be understood that the specific devices and processes illustrated in the attached drawings, and described in the following specification, are simply exemplary embodiments of the inventive concepts defined in the appended claims. Hence, specific dimensions and other physical characteristics relating to the embodiments disclosed herein are not to be considered as limiting, unless the claims expressly state otherwise.

[0029] An exemplary drawing representation of a first antenna reflector array 100 in its fully deployed state is shown in FIGS. 1a (top view; reflector side) and 1b (bottom view; with support structure not shown). The FIGS. show six, 60 degree gores G.sub.1, G.sub.2, G.sub.3, G.sub.4, G.sub.5, G.sub.6, connected to form a generally circular or parabolic reflector. The gore and reflector diameter may vary. In a preferred embodiment, the final reflector diameter is at least 5 m. Each individual gore includes an inner 105 and outer 110 flexible tape-spring skirt. The gores are connected together by multiple flexible tape-spring hinges 115, leaving a central hole 112 in the center of the deployed reflector 100. The tape-spring skirt and tape-spring hinges are formed from a thin flexible composite laminate such as the shape memory composite (SMC) substrate described in co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______(LAR-20532-1) and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/452,712 which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Components formed from SMC can be programmed into a temporary shape through applied force and heating. In the programmed shape, the deformed structure is in a frozen state remaining dormant without external constraints. Upon heating once more, the substrate will return slowly (several to tens of seconds) to the original shape. SMC components used in the present embodiments may also include one or more flexible heaters and one or more layers of heat spreading material to assist with distribution of applied heat, as well as sensors, such as strain and temperature sensors and a microprocessor for implementing a monitoring and feedback control process. The shape of the various components is controllably by an external stimulus, such as mechanical load, heat, electrical field or magnetic field.

[0030] FIGS. 2a, 2b and 2c show exemplary isometric views of an inner tape-spring skirt 105 (FIG. 2a) and an outer tape-spring skirt 110 (FIG. 2a) which are post-bonded to the inner and outer edges of the gores, which are used to maintain reflector surface accuracy in the deployed state, and an exemplary tape-spring gore-to-gore connector 115 (FIG. 2b), which is used to connect adjacent gores along their radial edges. As shown in FIG. 2a, tape-spring skirts 105 and 110 are doubly-curved: longitudinally curved to match the inner and outer perimeter of the reflector; and transversely curved to provide out-of-plane stiffness to the deployed thin-shell reflector to maintain necessary surface accuracy. In addition, the doubly-curved skirts generate strain energy during the folding process that will be frozen via the SMC effect and used to help contain the serpentine folded reflector in the stowed state. The tape-spring gore-to-gore connector can be doubly-curved (FIG. 2a), single curve (FIG. 2b) or flat in decreasing order of deployed stiffness. The tape-spring connector 115 is post-bonded to the paraboloid shell connecting adjacent gores as shown in FIG. 1b. As shown in FIGS. 2a, 2b and 2c, the skirts and gore-to-gore connectors are in their original shapes. When the reflector array is fully deployed, the tape-spring connectors generally lay close to flat (original shape) and provide added stiffness and support to the deployed shape. The inner and outer tape-spring skirts supporting the inner and outer rim of the reflector may be in a transversely convex or concave configuration with respect to the gore outer and inner perimeters. In their programmed state, both the skirts 105, 110 and the gore-to-gore connectors 115 will adopt the local serpentine shape of the folded gore they are bonded to (see FIG. 6e). A separate restraint mechanism will be used to keep the reflector stowed with the help of the SMC skirts and gore-to-gore connectors reducing the natural tendency of the highly strained reflector surface to self-deploy back to the extended state. During controlled deployment of the reflector, the SMC elements will slowly change back to their original shapes after heat is applied. Further, while the inner and outer tape-spring skirts are shown as running the entire circumference of the deployed reflector, the skirts will be segmented, either by gore, e.g., running from edge to edge of each gore, or from a first gore centerline to a second gore centerline. One skilled in the art will appreciate that this may not be required, but it helps manage the fabrication of the tape-spring skirts as their required size grows. The length and width of the tape-spring gore-to-gore connectors may also vary in accordance with gore and reflector size. In an exemplary embodiment, the tape-spring connectors are approximately 10-20 cm in length.

[0031] FIGS. 3a and 3b provide an isometric and side view of an exemplary gore G.sub.x including inner 105 and outer 110 skirts. Each gore has a thin-shell construction using High Strain Composite (HSC) materials. For example, an elastic material such as a thin-ply carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) having up to 8 plies may be used. Also shown are rigid support arm 120 and gore-to-backbone connectors 124a and 124b.

[0032] In a first embodiment of the second antenna reflector array 100, the backbone support structure includes 6 single rigid arms 120, one for each gore as shown in FIGS. 4a and 4b. In a preferred embodiment, the rigid arms are hollow, thin-walled tubes formed of high modulus composite square or rectangular tubing made from a similar composite material to the gores, e.g., carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). Each rigid arm 120 includes a connection bracket 125 facilitating hinging of the arm from the root to enable gore rotation from the stowed to the deployed configuration of the reflector. Each rigid arm 120 is attached to its respective gore at at least two connection points 122a and 122b. FIGS. 4c and 4d provide a more detailed view of the connectors 124a and 124b on the rigid arm 120 for connecting the arm to the back of the gore. While connector 124a is stationary, connector 124b is compliant, designed to have a range of motion to allow for a small degree of movement and flex of the gore with respect to the fixation location to the arm necessary for effectively folding the gore. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the number of connection points and connectors may increase in accordance with gore size and overall reflector size.

[0033] As shown in more detail in FIG. 4e, the connection bracket 125 includes hinge joint 127 which facilitates movement of the rigid arm 120 between stowed and deployed positions and includes a hard stop 128 for limiting angular movement and a storage/deployment latch 129.

[0034] FIGS. 5a, 5b and 5c are exemplary drawing representations of a second antenna reflector array 200 in its fully deployed state is shown in FIG. 5a (top view; reflector side) and 5b (bottom view; with support structure not shown) which include multiple concentric rings of gores, e.g., R.sub.1 and R.sub.2. R.sub.1 includes six 60 degree gores G.sub.1, G.sub.2, G.sub.3, G.sub.4, G.sub.5, G.sub.6 and R.sub.2 includes six 60 degree gores G.sub.7, G.sub.8, G.sub.9, G.sub.10, G.sub.11, G.sub.12. FIG. 5c is a side view of FIGS. 5a, 5b intended to illustrate how rigid arms 120a and 120b of adjacent gores between concentric gore rings R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are connected by a locking hinge 202.

[0035] FIG. 6a shows a top view of an exemplary deployed 60 degree gore G.sub.x and FIG. 6b shows a top view of the same gore G.sub.x in an exemplary stowed position. In the exemplary stowed position, the gore's flexible composite material is in a serpentine shape having 2 full external 321E and 3 full internal lobes 3211. Other lobe configurations are contemplated and within the skill in this art. In an alternative embodiment shown in FIGS. 6c and 6d, thin strip rigid stiffeners 323 may be integrated to the backside of the gore at the locations of the gore which will define the center of certain individual inner lobes of the folded gore. Although shown in FIG. 6c to run the full length of the gore from outer diameter (OD) to inner diameter (ID), this may not be required. In this alternative embodiment, the gore's flexible composite material is in a serpentine shape in the stowed configuration having 4 full external 321E and 3 full internal lobes 3211. Other variations in gore design are also contemplated. FIG. 6e provides an isometric view of a nearly fully folded gore G.sub.x FIG. 6b, which also shows the inner 105 and outer 110 tape-spring skirts in their programmed state which adopts the local serpentine shape of the folded gore.

[0036] FIGS. 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e, 7f, 7g and 7h provide exemplary conceptual views of single and multiple reflector ring array configurations in their folded states. FIGS. 7a and 7b provide exemplary top (FIG. 7a) and isometric side (FIG. 7b) views of the antenna reflector array 100 in its fully stored state without backbone structure having six 60 degree gores in a different, 3 full outer lobe serpentine-folded configuration, than FIG. 6b. The dotted lines delineate the individual gores. FIGS. 7c and 7d provide exemplary top (FIG. 7c) and side (FIG. 7d) views of the second antenna reflector array 100 in its fully stored state with backbone structure details including connecting rods 120 with brackets 125 having 60 degree gores in the serpentine-folded configuration of FIG. 6d. In an exemplary embodiment, the inner diameter (ID) of a stowed 3 m antenna reflector array 100 is approximately 0.34 m, the outer diameter (OD) is approximately 0.76 m and total height (with backbone structure) is 1.60 m. These values are merely exemplary. For the outside diameter (OD) and inside diameter (ID) of the stowed state, these values can be reduced by increasing the number of waves (lobes) in the reflector. The more waves the lower the OD will be. The ID is related to both the central cutout hole and the number of waves that dictate the maximum stress/strain field of the gore material in the folded state. The stowed height is approximately equal to the outside radius of the deployed state. For multiple reflector concentric ring configurations, the same design principle is used for the stowed height for each individual concentric ring, so the total height of the reflector is equal to that of the difference between outside and inside radius of each reflector ring, plus the central hole radius of the innermost ring.

[0037] FIGS. 7e and 7f are views of the double reflector ring array configuration of 200 in its folded state. Rigid arms 120a and 120b of adjacent gores between gore rings R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are connected by a locking hinge 202. Although not shown in the FIGS., rigid arm 120a includes a connection bracket with second hinge such as that shown and described with respect to FIG. 4e.

[0038] FIGS. 7g and 7h are views of triple reflector ring array configuration of in its folded state. Rigid arms 120a, 120c and 120b of adjacent gores between gore rings R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are connected by a locking hinges 202a and 202b. Although not shown in the FIGS., rigid arm 120a includes a connection bracket with second hinge such as that shown and described with respect to FIG. 4e.

[0039] An exemplary drawing representation of antenna reflector array 100 in its fully deployed state with connected Ground Support Equipment (GSE) is shown in FIG. 8. This embodiment includes a packaging scheme comprising a series of connected pushrods 605a connected to a first central top hub 615 at a first end thereof and to a counterpart pushrod 605b at a second end thereof by mechanical hinges 610. The counterpart pushrods 605b are connected to a second central hub 620 at a first end thereof and to pushrods 605c by synchronization links 607. Pushrods 605c are also connected to second stationary bottom central hub 620 and to counterpart pushrods 605b. The combination of connected pushrods operates to fold and unfold the connected gores like an umbrella. The antenna reflector array 100 includes a connected gore configuration such as that shown in FIGS. 1a and 1b. FIG. 9 is a top view of the antenna reflector array 100 in a fully deployed state with GSE shown with respect to a single gore. The dotted lines delineate each gore. FIG. 10 shows the principle of folding operation for each gore in the array. Each gore is folded into a 3-lobe 621 configuration using seven pushrods. Accordingly, the GSE has two sets of pushrods in contact with the reflector surface, which work in tandem to create opposing forces on the thin-shell reflector to create the folds

[0040] FIGS. 11a and 11b illustrate features of the pushrod configuration, including rod connectors 610 for connecting pushrods 605a with 605b and synchronization links 607 for connecting 605b with 605c having ball rod ends to allow for angular misalignment as the links z-fold during reflector stowage.

[0041] FIGS. 12a and 12b illustrate the second antenna reflector array GSE with (FIG. 12a) and without (FIG. 12b) the connected gores at a 40 degree Fold angle. FIGS. 13a and 13b illustrate the second antenna reflector array GSE with (FIG. 13a) and without (FIG. 13b) the connected gores at a 65 degree Fold angle. FIGS. 14a, 14b and 14c illustrate various views of the GSE in fully folded (stowed) configuration (without the connected gores). These FIGS. show the various positions of pushrods 605a, 605b and 605c.

[0042] FIGS. 15a, 15b, 15c, 15d, 15e, 15f, 15g, and 15h illustrate the first antenna reflector array 100 at various stages of deployment using two exemplary circular bands or loops, 701a and 701b, restraining the outer lobes of the serpentine folded stowed reflector. The 701a restraining element is placed near the inner diameter of the reflector and the 701b element is placed near the outer diameter of the reflector. A different number and location of the restraining bands/loops is possible depending on the reflector size. FIGS. 15a, 15c, 15e and 15g show the top view of the reflector at the start (completely folded), 65-degree Fold angle, 40-degree Fold angle, and 0-degree Fold angle (i.e., completely deployed). FIGS. 15b, 15d, 15f and 15h show the side view of the reflector at the start (completely folded), 65-degree Fold angle, 40-degree Fold angle, and 0-degree Fold angle (i.e., completely deployed). The diameter of the 701a and 701b bands/loops is progressively increased by a secondary reeling mechanism, which in return allows the folded reflector surface to extend towards the deployed position by the rotation of the multiple rigid radial arm elements 120 hinged on brackets 125 to which the multiple connected gores are attached.

[0043] The deployment process of the reflector can occur via the following methods or combination thereof: 1) by the radial arm hinge connectors 125 affixed to the central hub being mechanically actuated synchronously, by for example a deployment motor; 2) by the radial arm hinge connectors 125 affixed to the central hub being passively rotated by moments created about their hinge joints 127 by the multiple connected gore surface folded in a serpentine pattern, releasing the strain energy stored in the elastic thin-shell material during the stowed process; 3) by at least one or more circular bands or loops constraining the outer diameter of the stowed reflector being panned out by a reeling mechanism that controls the rate of reflector deployment by progressively increasing the diameter of the bands or loops; 4) by the SMC substrate components post-bonded to the elastic reflective surface (skirts and gore-to-gore connectors) actuating between a second programmed shape and a first original shape.

[0044] Additional details supporting features of one or more embodiments herein may be found in the conference manuscript to Juan M. Fernandez et al., SEGMENTED, PLEAT-FOLDED AND RIB-SUPPORTED THIN-SHELL COMPOSITE ANTENNA REFLECTOR, 41.sup.st ESA Antenna Workshop on Large Deployable Antennas, 25-28 Sep. 2023 at ESA-ESTEC in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, the contents of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0045] All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.

[0046] The use of the terms a and an and the and similar referents in the context of describing the embodiments (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms comprising, having, including, and containing are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning including, but not limited to,) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., such as) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the features of the embodiments and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the embodiments unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the embodiments.

[0047] Preferred embodiments are described herein. Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, these embodiments includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the embodiments unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.