Cell culture methods and devices utilizing gas permeable materials

Abstract

Gas permeable devices and methods are disclosed for cell culture, including cell culture devices and methods that contain medium at heights, and certain gas permeable surface area to medium volume ratios. These devices and methods allow improvements in cell culture efficiency and scale up efficiency.

Claims

1. A method of culturing animal cells in a cell culture device comprising a single compartment, at least the bottom of said single compartment being comprised at least in part of a non porous gas permeable material, said gas permeable material is in contact with ambient gas; the method comprising adding medium and animal cells into said cell culture device; and placing said cell culture device in a cell culture location that includes ambient gas at a composition for cell culture, wherein said cell culture device is oriented in a position such that the uppermost location of said medium is more than 2.0 cm higher than the lowest location of said medium, and .Iadd.the animal cells within .Iaddend.said device .[.is.]. .Iadd.are .Iaddend.in a state of static cell culture.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said medium is at least 2.5 cm higher than the lowest location of said medium.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein said medium is at least 3.2 cm higher than the lowest location of said medium.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein said medium is at least 4.0 cm higher than the lowest location of said medium.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein said medium is at least 5.09 cm higher than the lowest location of said medium.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein said medium is at least 7.0 cm higher than the lowest location of said medium.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein a portion of said medium resides in an area not directly above the cells being cultured.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein said cell culture device is further comprising at least one gas permeable material support in contact with said non porous gas permeable material.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein said compartment includes a first sidewall comprised at least in part of non porous gas permeable material and wherein, at some point in time after said state of static culture has been initiated, said cell culture device is oriented into a position in which cells gravitate to said first sidewall.

10. A method of culturing animal cells comprising: a. adding medium and animal cells into a cell culture device, the cell culture device comprising a single compartment, at least the bottom of said single compartment being comprised at least in part of non porous gas permeable material that is in contact with ambient gas; and b. placing said cell culture device in a cell culture location that includes ambient gas at a composition for cell culture, wherein said cell culture device is oriented in a position such that the said bottom is horizontal, the uppermost location of said medium is beyond 2.0 cm above the lowest location of said medium, and .Iadd.the animal cells within .Iaddend.said device .[.is.]. .Iadd.are .Iaddend.in a state of static cell culture.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein said medium is at least 2.5 cm above the lowest location of said medium.

12. The method of claim 10 wherein said medium is at least 3.2 cm above the lowest location of said medium.

13. The method of claim 10 wherein said medium is at least 4.0 cm above the lowest location of said medium.

14. The method of claim 10 wherein said medium is at least 5.09 cm above the lowest location of said medium.

15. The method of claim 10 wherein said medium is at least 7.0 cm above the lowest location of said medium.

16. The method of claim 10 wherein said medium is at least 8.0 cm above the lowest location of said medium.

17. The method of claim 10 wherein said medium is at least 9.0 cm above the lowest location of said medium.

18. The method of claim 10 wherein said medium is at least 10.2 cm above the lowest location of said medium.

19. A method of culturing animal cells in a cell culture device comprising a single compartment, at least the bottom of said single compartment being comprised at least in part of non porous gas permeable material that is in contact with ambient gas; the method comprising: adding medium and animal cells into said cell culture device; and placing said cell culture device in a cell culture location that includes ambient gas at a composition for cell culture, wherein said cell culture device is oriented in a position such that the said bottom is horizontal, the uppermost location of said medium is beyond 2.0 cm above the lowest location of said medium, and .Iadd.the animal cells within .Iaddend.said device .[.is and said device is.]. .Iadd.are .Iaddend. not subjected to mixing or perfusion.

20. The method of claim 19 wherein said medium is at least 2.5 cm above the lowest location of said medium.

21. The method of claim 19 wherein said medium is at least 3.2 cm above the lowest location of said medium.

22. The method of claim 19 wherein said medium is at least 4.0 cm above the lowest location of said medium.

23. The method of claim 19 wherein said medium is at least 5.09 cm above the lowest location of said medium.

24. The method of claim 19 wherein said medium is at least 7.0 cm above the lowest location of said medium.

25. The method of claim 19 wherein said medium is at least 8.0 cm above the lowest location of said medium.

26. The method of claim 19 wherein said medium is at least 9.0 cm above the lowest location of said medium.

27. The method of claim 19 wherein said medium is at least 10.2 cm above the lowest location of said medium.

28. A method of culturing animal cells comprising: adding medium and animal cells into a cell culture device comprising a single compartment, at least the bottom of said single compartment being comprised at least in part of non porous gas permeable material that is in contact with ambient gas and performing static cell culture with the device in a cell culture location that includes ambient gas at a composition for animal cell culture, wherein said bottom is horizontal, the uppermost location of said medium is beyond 2.0 cm above the lowest location of said medium, and .Iadd.the animal cells within .Iaddend.said device .[.is.]. .Iadd.are .Iaddend.not subjected to mixing or perfusion.

29. The method of claim 28 wherein said medium is at least 3.2 cm above the lowest location of said medium.

30. The method of claim 28 wherein said medium is at least 5.09 cm above the lowest location of said medium.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B are obtained from Jensen et al., “Diffusion in Tissue Cultures on Gas-permeable and Impermeable Supports”, J. Theor. Biol. 56, 443-458 (1976), FIG. 1A shows FIG. 2, and FIG. 1B shows FIG. 3, of this Jensen et al. paper in which D.sub.cm is the diffusion constant of medium and the model for steady state values of PO.sub.2 and PCO.sub.2 are shown in a gas permeable container.

(2) FIG. 2 is a copy of FIG. 2 from Jensen, “Mass cell culture in a controlled environment”, Cell Culture and its Applications, Academic Press 1977, showing a gas permeable cell culture device configured with a low medium height capacity.

(3) FIG. 3 is a copy of FIG. 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,304, which has been commercialized as the Si-Culture™ bag (Medtronic Inc.), showing a typical cell culture bag cross-section.

(4) FIG. 4A is an embodiment of a cell culture device with a housing comprised of a lower gas permeable material, configured to allow a large volume of medium to reside above its lower gas permeable material. A removable lid protects it from contaminants. FIG. 4B is an embodiment of a cell culture device with a housing comprised of a lower gas permeable material, configured to allow a large volume of medium to reside above its lower gas permeable material. The container is accessible by septum. FIG. 4C is an embodiment of a cell culture device with the walls comprised of gas permeable material such that the device can be laid on its side and operated in the non-rolling or rolling position.

(5) FIG. 5 is an embodiment of a gas permeable cell culture device with a lower gas permeable material configured to allow cells to distribute evenly about its lower surface and provide gas to the underside of the lower gas permeable material.

(6) FIG. 6 is an embodiment of a gas permeable cell culture device configured to maintain medium in areas not directly above the cells being cultured, in order to provide additional nutrient support without a further increase in device profile.

(7) FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B are two views of an embodiment of a gas permeable cell culture device configured so that it can adjust in height as the volume of medium within it changes, thereby occupying as little space as possible at each stage of the culture process and allowing the capability of being sterilized, shipped, stored, and disposed of in a minimum volume condition which reduces the cost of the process.

(8) FIG. 8 is an embodiment of a gas permeable cell culture device configured in a multiple well format, capable of holding an increased volume of medium per well relative to traditional multiple well tissue culture devices, thereby allowing more efficient research scale culture by increasing the amount of cells present per well, reducing feeding frequency, and allowing better clone selection possibilities.

(9) FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B are views of embodiments of a gas permeable cell culture device in a multiple well format, configured with a gas permeable sidewall. The lower surface of each well of the device can be comprised of exactly the same material as traditional tissue culture flasks. Elimination of the gas/liquid interface as a requirement for gas exchange allows for an increased number of cells per well and/or reduced frequency of feeding, better use of incubator space, as well as cost reductions in sterilization, shipping, storage, and disposal.

(10) FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B show an embodiment of a gas permeable cell culture device configured with scaffolds for culturing adherent cells without need of a gas/liquid interface. It is linearly scalable in the horizontal and vertical direction creating superior efficiency relative to traditional adherent culture devices. It is capable of culturing cells on either one or both sides of the scaffolds. It can be operated in either the rolled or in the unrolled state.

(11) FIG. 11 is an embodiment of a gas permeable cell culture device configured with scaffolds, at least one of which is suitable for optimal microscopic cell assessment.

(12) FIG. 12A, FIG. 12B, FIG. 12C, and FIG. 12D show embodiments of scaffolds configured to provide a further increase in surface area, bringing even more efficiency to the gas permeable cell culture device.

(13) FIG. 13 is an embodiment of a gas permeable cell culture device with scaffolds and at least one sidewall comprised of gas permeable material. The need for a gas/liquid interface as a means of gas exchange is eliminated, leading to more efficient use space and the related cost benefits in terms of sterilization, shipping, storage, use of incubator space, and disposal.

(14) FIG. 14A, FIG. 14B, FIG. 14C, and FIG. 14D show views of an embodiment of a gas permeable cell culture device configured with scaffolds, the location of which can be adjusted for benefits that can include minimizing the use of trypsin, altering the ratio of medium to culture area, and minimizing shipping, inventory, and disposal space. FIG. 14E shows a scaffold configured to maintain equal distance between it, and its neighboring scaffolds.

(15) FIG. 15A, FIG. 15B, and FIG. 15C show an embodiment of scaffolds configured such that the distance between each can be altered while the body of the device remains at a fixed height. This embodiment can provide benefits that include minimizing the use of trypsin, or altering the ratio of medium to culture area, without need to make the body of the device change shape.

(16) FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of a tubular test fixture used to assess the effect of medium height on cell growth and antibody production. Biological evaluations using this test fixture demonstrated the benefit of increasing medium height beyond the limits of conventional wisdom, and the ability to reduce the gas permeable surface area to medium volume ratio of prior devices. These surprising results allow device configurations not previously contemplated to exist.

(17) FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of a test fixture used to assess the ability to culture adherent cells in the absence of a gas/liquid interface by allowing gas transfer through a sidewall of the test fixture. Biological evaluations using this test fixture demonstrated the ability to culture cells in the absence of a gas/liquid interface. These surprising results allow device configurations not previously contemplated to exist.

(18) FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of a test fixture used to assess the ability to culture adherent cells in the absence of a gas/liquid interface by allowing gas transfer through a sidewall of the test fixture. Multiple scaffolds were integrated into the test fixture. Biological evaluations using this test fixture demonstrated the ability to culture cells in the absence of a gas/liquid interface. These surprising results allow device configurations not previously contemplated to exist.

(19) FIG. 19A is a cross-sectional view of a test fixture used to assess the ability to seed cells onto the upper and lower surfaces of a scaffold. FIG. 19B shows one scaffold of the test fixture of FIG. 19A. Biological evaluations using this test fixture demonstrated the ability to culture cells in the absence of a gas/liquid interface when gas exchange occurred through the sidewall of the device, that a low gas permeable material surface area to attachment surface area is functional, that that a low gas permeable material surface area to medium volume is functional, and that cells can be cultured when the device is in the unrolled position or in the rolled position.

(20) FIG. 20 is a cell distribution pattern, as described in Example 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(21) By configuring gas permeable devices to be capable of holding medium at a height not contemplated in prior cell culture devices or methods, advantages can accrue including reduced handling frequency, labor, sterilization cost, shipping cost, storage cost, use of incubator space, disposal cost, and contamination risk. Reducing the ratio of gas permeable surface area to medium volume to a ratio not contemplated in prior cell culture devices or methods can also increase culture efficiency. It allows an increase in medium height without a corresponding increase in device length or width. In the preferred embodiments, provisions are made that allow either medium height to increase or the ratio of gas permeable surface area to medium volume to decrease. Provisions can also be made that allow both the medium height to increase and the ratio of gas permeable surface area to medium volume to decrease.

(22) A wide variety of embodiments for gas permeable devices and methods that allow medium to reside at heights beyond conventional wisdom are possible. They can take the form of prior devices, or entirely new forms. If the form is a gas permeable petri dish up to 50 mm in diameter, medium height should preferably exceed 0.36 cm. A preferred wall height is in excess of 6 mm. If the form is a gas permeable petri dish greater than 50 mm in diameter, medium height should preferably exceed 0.51 cm. A preferred wall height is in excess of 12 mm. If the form is a multiple well tissue culture plate with 384 wells or more, medium height should preferably exceed 0.91 cm and preferred well depth is in excess of 11.5 mm; greater than 24 wells to less than 384 wells, medium height should preferably exceed 0.97 cm and preferred well depth is in excess of 10.9 mm; 24 wells or less, medium height should preferably exceed 1.03 cm and preferred well depth is in excess of 16.5 mm. If the form is a gas permeable cartridge, medium height and wall height should preferably be greater than 1.27 cm. If in the form of a cell culture bag, medium height should preferably reside beyond 2.0 cm in height at the highest point. If the form is a compartmentalized device, and all medium in the device resides entirely above the semi-permeable membrane, medium height in the nutrient compartment should preferably reside beyond 1.0 cm in height above the semi-permeable membrane. If the form is a compartmentalized gas permeable device, medium height in the nutrient compartment should preferably reside beyond 5.2 cm in height above the semi-permeable membrane.

(23) If it is the design objective to reduce the gas permeable surface area to medium volume ratio relative to conventional wisdom, a wide variety of embodiments for gas permeable devices and methods are possible. They can take the form of prior devices, or entirely new forms. If the form is a gas permeable petri dish below 50 mm in diameter, the gas permeable surface area to medium volume ratio should preferably be below 2.74 cm.sup.2/ml. If the form is a gas permeable petri dish 50 mm or greater in diameter, the gas permeable surface area to medium volume ratio should preferably be below 1.96 cm.sup.2/ml. If the form is a multiple well tissue culture plate with 384 wells or more, the gas permeable surface area to medium volume ratio should preferably be below 1.10 cm.sup.2/ml; less than 24 wells to less than 384 wells, the gas permeable surface area to medium volume ratio should preferably be below 1.03 cm.sup.2/ml; 24 wells or less, the gas permeable surface area to medium volume ratio should preferably be below 0.97 cm.sup.2/ml. If the form is a gas permeable cartridge in which two sides of the cartridge are gas permeable, the surface area to medium volume ratio should preferably be below 0.79 cm.sup.2/ml. If in the form of a cell culture bag, the gas permeable surface area to medium volume ratio should preferably be below 1.0 cm.sup.2/ml. If the form is a compartmentalized device, and all medium in the device resides entirely above the semi-permeable membrane, the gas permeable surface area to medium volume ratio should preferably be below 1.74 cm.sup.2/ml. If the form is a compartmentalized device, and all medium in the device does not reside entirely above the semi-permeable membrane, the gas permeable surface area to medium volume ratio should preferably be below 0.31 cm.sup.2/ml.

(24) FIG. 4A shows a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the invention. Gas permeable cell culture device 10 is configured to allow cells 20 to reside upon lower gas permeable material 30. Although FIG. 4A shows gas permeable cell culture device 10 structured in the style of a petri dish, any number of shapes and sizes are possible that allow medium to reside at a height beyond that of conventional wisdom.

(25) Top cover 55 can be removed to allow medium 50 to be conveniently added and removed, by either pouring or pipetting, to and from gas permeable cell culture device 10. However, access for medium 50 can also be made in any number of ways common to cell culture devices, including by way of caps, septums, and tubes. In the event that a closed system is desired, gas permeable cell culture device 10 can be configured with inlet and outlet tubes that can be connected to medium source and waste bags by way of a sterile tubing connection, using equipment such as that made by Terumo Medical Corp. (Somerset, N.J.). Septum configurations, or any other techniques known to those skilled in the art, can also be used to create a closed container. For example, as shown in FIG. 4B, gas permeable cell culture device 10 can be alternatively configured as a closed container with septums 65.

(26) In the event that gas permeable cell culture device 10 is to be completely filled with medium 50, and cells are intended to settle out of medium 50 by gravity, the profile of the top of gas permeable cell culture device 10 preferably allows medium 50 to reside at a uniform height above gas permeable material 30. This will allow uniform deposit of cells onto lower gas permeable material 30, when cells gravitationally settle from suspension within medium 50. The configuration of FIG. 4B achieves this purpose.

(27) The lower gas permeable material, e.g., material 30, can be any membrane, film, or material used for gas permeable cell culture devices, such as silicone, flouroethylenepolypropylene, polyolefin, and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer. A wide range of sources for learning about gas permeable materials and their use in cell culture can be used for additional guidance, including co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/460,850 incorporated herein in its entirety. The use of the words film and membrane imply a very thin distance across the gas permeable material, and the inventors have found that the embodiments of this invention function when the gas permeable material of the described devices and methods is beyond the thickness associated with films and membranes. Therefore, the portion of the device that contributes to gas exchange of the culture is called a gas permeable material herein.

(28) Those skilled in the art will recognize that the gas permeable material should be selected based on a variety of characteristics including gas permeability, moisture vapor transmission, capacity to be altered for desired cell interaction with cells, optical clarity, physical strength, and the like. A wide variety of information exists that describe the types of gas permeable materials that have been successfully used for cell culture. Silicone is often a good choice. It has excellent oxygen permeability, can allow optical observation, is not easily punctured, typically does not bind the cells to it, and can be easily fabricated into a wide variety of shapes. If silicone is used, it may be less than about 0.2 inches, about 0.1 inches, about 0.05 inches, or about 0.030 inches in the areas where gas transfer is desired. The best selection of material depends on the application. For example, Teflon® may be preferred in applications that will be exposed to cryopreservation. For adherent culture, in which cells are to attach to the gas permeable material, WO 01/92462, U.S. Pat. No. 4,939,151, U.S. Pat. No. 6,297,046, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/183,132 are among the many sources of information that provide guidance.

(29) If silicone is used as a gas permeable material, increasing thickness beyond conventional wisdom may expand the options for design, cost reduce the manufacturing process, and minimize the possibility of puncture. For example, molding a part with a large surface area when the part must be very thin can be difficult because material may not flow into the very small gap between the core and the body of the mold. Thickening the part, which widens that gap, can make the molding process easier. In additional to possible molding advantages, thicker gas permeable materials also are less likely to puncture or exhibit pinholes.

(30) The height of walls, e.g., walls 40, plays an important role in device scale up efficiency. Prior static gas permeable devices limit medium height. For example, bags provide no walls and instructions limit medium height, while cartridge style devices only provide a very low wall height (e.g. Opticell® cartridges, CLINIcell® Culture Cassettes, and Petaka™ cartridges). An object of this invention is to provide for increased medium height, thereby increasing device efficiency. The height of the walls can dictate how much medium is allowed to reside in the device. Adding medium provides a larger source of substrates, and a larger sink for waste products. By increasing wall height when more medium is needed during scale up, the geometry of the device is more compatible with the shape of incubators, flow hoods, and biohazard disposal bags. Furthermore, the increase in volume relative to the surface area upon which cells reside can allow more medium per cell to be present. That can have the effect of reducing feeding frequency, thereby reducing labor and contamination risk. It can also have the effect of increasing the number of cells residing per square centimeter of device footprint.

(31) Structuring walls to allow an increase in medium volume can also have the beneficial effect of diminishing the effects of medium evaporation. Medium evaporation is a problem in cell culture because it alters the concentration of solutes residing in the medium. Existing gas permeable devices are prone to such an event because they have a high gas permeable surface area to medium volume ratio. Attempts to prevent such an event are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/216,554 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,537 for example. However, simply allowing an increase in the volume of medium in the device can reduce the impact of evaporation. If prior static gas permeable devices allowed an increase in medium volume to gas permeable surface area ratio, the rate of solute concentration change when evaporation is present would be reduced proportionally.

(32) In a preferred embodiment, walls should be capable of allowing medium to reside at a height that exceeds that of devices that rely upon a gas/liquid interface and more preferably exceeds that of typical static gas permeable devices. For example, the height of wall 40 is beyond 3 mm, and more preferably beyond 2.0 cm, and will thus provide advantages. By providing users of the device the option of adding more medium to the device than prior gas permeable devices, many advantages accrue including the ability to house more cells per device, feed the device less frequently, and scale the device up without increasing the footprint. Walls can be comprised of any biocompatible material and should mate to lower gas permeable material in a manner that forms a liquid tight seal. The methods of mating a lower gas permeable material to walls include adhesive bonding, heat sealing, compression squeeze, and any other method commonly used for generating seals between parts. As an option, walls and lower gas permeable material can be formed of the same material and fabricated as a single entity. For example, if silicone is used, walls and the lower gas permeable material could be liquid injection molded, or dip molded, into a single gas permeable piece. That has the advantage of creating a gas permeable surface for cells to reside upon when a gas permeable cell culture device is stood vertically as shown in FIG. 4B, or laid on its side as shown in FIG. 4C, which shows gas permeable wall 41 with cells 20 resting thereupon.

(33) Laying certain gas permeable cell culture devices on a side can help make optimal use of incubator space as the profile of the device can be reduced when it is too tall for narrowly spaced incubator shelves. In the case where it is desirable to have the gas permeable cell culture device reside on its side, making the device square or rectangular, instead of circular, will create a flat surface for cells to reside on when on its side. That is advantageous as it prevents localized areas for cells to pile upon each other, potentially causing harmful gradients. In the case where the device depth and width differ in dimension, three alternate surface areas are available for cells to reside upon, and three alternative maximum medium heights exist, depending on the position gas permeable cell culture device is placed in. When the device is structured for operation in these alternate positions, the surface upon which the device resides is preferably comprised of gas permeable material. That allows cells that settle by gravity onto this surface to be at optimal proximity for gas exchange.

(34) Walls are preferably configured with enough structural strength that medium is retained in a relatively symmetrical shape above gas permeable material in order to make most efficient use of lab space, minimize gradient formation within a medium, and allow a uniform deposit of cells upon a lower gas permeable material during inoculation. It is also advantageous if walls allow visual assessment of color changes in medium in order to determine pH or contamination status. Walls may be configured in a manner that allows a gas permeable cell culture device to be easily lifted by hand. When it is desirable for walls to be gas permeable, and if a separate entity is placed around walls to retain them in a rigid position, it preferably should not block gas contact with the majority of walls.

(35) Gas permeable cell culture devices can be configured to function either in the static or rolled mode. To do so, gas permeable cell culture devices should preferably be cylindrical. A cylindrically shaped body provides more volume than a square or rectangular body when the device is to be placed in a standard roller rack. However, a non-cylindrical body shape can still function on a roller rack by attaching a circular housing around the body. If it is desired to provide users with the option of device functioning in the vertical, horizontal, or rolling position, both the bottom and the sidewalls of the gas permeable cell culture device should be comprised of gas permeable material. If the device is only to be operated in the horizontal, rolled or unrolled, position, it may be more cost effective and minimize surface area for evaporation if the ends of the device are not comprised of gas permeable material.

(36) If a gas permeable cell culture device is configured in a cylindrical shape with a lower gas permeable material, and the walls are comprised of gas permeable material, it can be stood vertically or rolled depending on user preference. It can be advantageous to roll gas permeable cell culture device when maximum mixing will benefit an application, such as can be the case when seeking to decrease antibody production time. If this option is desired, the walls of gas permeable cell culture device should be made gas permeable in the same manner described for lower gas permeable material. Although there are no restrictions on bottle length or diameter, it can be advantageous if the walls conform to the diameter of standard roller bottles so that gas permeable cell culture device can function on a standard roller rack.

(37) If it is desirable to reduce cell shear, filling the device entirely with medium will eliminate gas from the device so that it cannot contribute to cell shear. The ports can be designed in any number of ways that reduce the risk of contamination as medium fills the device entirely. Also, when the device is to be rolled or function on its side, only side surfaces need be comprised of gas permeable material.

(38) The scale up advantages provided by a device that allows medium to reside at a height that exceeds conventional wisdom will become apparent to those skilled in the art, in light of the Examples demonstrating biological outcomes herein. As an example of scale up efficiency, when a gas permeable cell culture device is cylindrical, operated in the vertical position, and the bottom provides for gas exchange, doubling the diameter increases the volume by a factor of four when the height is held constant. For example, a device of approximately 4.5 inches in diameter and about 7.7 inches tall, will house about 2 L of medium. By making the device 9.0 inches in diameter, it will house 8 L of medium. By making the device 18.0 inches in diameter, it will house 32 L of medium. Thus, culture volume can easily be scaled up while holding key parameters constant, such as the medium height and gas permeable surface area to medium volume ratio. By holding these parameters constant, protocols that are developed in a small volume device are likely to remain unchanged as device volume increases.

(39) When a gas permeable cell culture device is operated in the vertical position, and suspension cells are being cultured, it is beneficial if ambient gas can make relatively unobstructed contact with the underside of the lower gas permeable material. For example, in incubators in which the shelves are non perforated, gas transfer in and out of the culture can be limited if the lower gas permeable material makes contact with the incubator shelf. In the embodiment shown in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 5, lower gas permeable material support 80 acts to ensure that lower gas permeable material 30 is in contact with ambient gas by maintaining a gas compartment 90. In the preferred embodiment, gas compartment 90 is maintained by allowing lower gas permeable material support 80 to make partial contact with lower gas permeable material 30 in a manner that does not diminish the amount of gas exchange required to support the culture. In addition to allowing exposure to ambient gas, lower gas permeable material support 80 maintains lower gas permeable material 30 in a substantially horizontal state such that cells 20 do not pile up in any low points. That would cause diffusional gradients and limit cell growth relative to a condition in which cells 20 could distribute evenly across lower gas permeable material 30. Therefore, a design objective for lower gas permeable material support 80 may be to contact lower gas permeable material 30 in as many locations as needed to keep it substantially horizontal while still allowing adequate gas contact with the lower surface of lower gas permeable material 30. Those skilled in the art will recognize there are many ways to achieve this objective. As shown in FIG. 5, projections 110 achieve this objective.

(40) A “bed of nails” configuration is one way to maintain lower gas permeable material 30 in a substantially horizontal position while allowing adequate gas exchange. For example, 1 mm×1 mm squares, distributed evenly and projecting 1 mm from the lower gas permeable material support can retain the lower gas permeable material in a substantially horizontal position. When the projections 110 occupied 50% of the surface of lower gas permeable material support 80 as shown in FIG. 5, this configuration allowed adequate gas exchange to culture about 10 to 15 million murine hybridoma cells per square centimeter on a silicone membrane of about 0.004 inches thick. As also shown in FIG. 5, lower gas access openings 100 allow gas to enter and exit gas compartment 90 of lower gas permeable material support 80 by passive diffusion. This allows gas permeable cell culture device 10B to function in ambient conditions without need of ancillary pumping mechanisms. Feet 95 elevate lower gas permeable material support 80, allowing ambient gas to be available to lower gas access openings 100. This information also is applicable to maintaining a gas compartment around sidewalls when the device functions as described on its side in either the rolling or non-rolling mode. Other possibilities of allowing adequate gas access to a gas permeable material can be utilized. For example, the CELLine™ products from Integra Biosciences AG utilize open mesh elevated from a lower plastic support by feet to allow gas access to the gas permeable membrane. U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,537 also provides additional guidance for this feature.

(41) In the configuration shown in FIG. 5, cap 70 covers medium access port 60 to prevent contamination. O-ring 75 ensures that medium 50 will not leak from gas permeable cell culture device 10B, such as when it is in the horizontal position, completely filled, or accidentally dropped.

(42) In certain embodiments, the medium does not need to reside entirely above the lower gas permeable material. A portion of the medium can reside in areas not directly above a lower gas permeable material in order to reduce the profile of a vertical cell culture device, which may be desirable for use in incubators with limited distance between shelves. The cross-sectional view of FIG. 6 shows an embodiment configured for suspension cell culture in which walls 40C are offset from lower gas permeable material 30 in order to decrease the profile of gas permeable cell culture device 10C when operated in the vertical position. In this configuration, the ratio of medium volume to surface area upon which cells reside can be held constant while the profile of the device is reduced in size by simply increasing the width, or diameter, of gas permeable cell culture device 10C. Care should be taken to ensure that cells 20 continue to reside above lower gas permeable material 30 during inoculation, feeding, and handling. Interior walls 42 achieve this by allowing gravity to keep cells 20 in the area above lower gas permeable material 30. In a preferred embodiment, the walls should be capable of allowing medium to reside at a height above lower gas permeable material 30 that exceeds 3 mm.

(43) FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B show cross-sectional views of a preferred embodiment for a gas permeable cell culture device that can raise or lower its height in response to the volume of medium residing within it. In FIG. 7A, medium 50 is added to gas permeable cell culture device 10D and makes contact with buoyant shoulder 25. In FIG. 7B, medium 50 exerts an upward force on buoyant shoulder 25, causing gas permeable cell culture device 10D to rise in height in response to the increasing volume of medium 50. In the configuration shown, walls 40D are bellows shaped to allow extension and contraction of the height of gas permeable cell culture device 10D. Buoyant shoulder 25 can be any biocompatible material that is less dense than medium 50. It can also be an integral part of walls 40. It should be sized to displace the appropriate volume of medium 50 in order to exert enough force to extend gas permeable cell culture device 10D upward. In this configuration, gas permeable cell culture device 10D only occupies as much space as needed to perform the culture and one product can be the optimal size for a variety of applications. For example, the volume of medium suitable for culturing hybridomas may differ from the amount of medium suitable for maintaining pancreatic islets. In that case, gas permeable cell culture device 10D only need occupy as much space as needed for each application. Also, it allows sterilizing, shipping, storage, incubation, and disposal in the minimum volume condition, thereby reducing the cost of the culture process. Those skilled in the art will recognize that there are many other ways of altering the device profile other than buoyancy, including a wide variety of mechanical mechanisms such as those described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/460,850.

(44) FIG. 8 shows an embodiment for a gas permeable multiple well plate 15, in which the bottom of each well is gas permeable. The properties of lower gas permeable material 30A are the same as those described in the embodiment of FIG. 4A. Although a six well plate is shown, any number of individual wells 45 can be present, including the traditional formats of six, twenty-four, forty-eight, and ninety-six wells. Walls 40E are structured to allow medium to reside at a height above lower gas permeable material 30A that exceeds the wall height of traditional multiple well plates, thereby increasing the number of cells that can reside in each well while reducing the footprint relative to traditional multiple well plates. For example, murine hybridoma cells typically can reside at a density of 1×10.sup.6 cells per ml of medium. When the well has a diameter of 8.6 mm, and 2 mm of medium height, 0.12 ml of medium is present and about 0.12×10.sup.6 cells can reside per well. However, if 1 ml of medium could reside in the well by making the wall taller, enough medium to support nearly five times as many cells (i.e. 1×10.sup.6 cells per ml) could be present per well, provided that number of cells could reside upon a gas permeable material with a surface area of 0.58 cm.sup.2 (i.e. 8.6 mm diameter). Example 1 demonstrates that many more than 1×10.sup.6 murine hybridoma cells can reside on a surface area this size depending on medium volume. Not only can more medium support more cells, it can allow feeding frequency to be reduced, and reduce the rate at which evaporation alters medium composition.

(45) Walls can be comprised of any biocompatible material and should mate to the lower gas permeable material in a manner that forms a liquid tight seal. The methods of mating lower gas permeable material 30A to walls 40E are the same as those described for the embodiment of FIG. 4A. Also, as described in the embodiment of FIG. 4A, walls 40E and lower gas permeable material 30A can be formed of the same material and fabricated as a single entity. Lower gas permeable material 30A can be supported in a substantially horizontal position as shown in FIG. 5, where lower gas permeable material support 80 is configured with lower gas access openings 100 in communication with gas compartment 90. In the event that the span of the bottom of well 45 is small, support may be unnecessary because the physical strength of lower gas permeable material 30A can retain it in an adequate horizontal position, depending on the thickness and physical properties of the gas permeable material. In this case, feet 95A can be used to elevate gas permeable multiple well plate 15 so that gas transfer is not a problem in an incubator with non-perforated shelves. Top cover 55A prevents contamination and minimizes evaporation.

(46) FIG. 9A shows a cutaway of a perspective view, and well 45A of FIG. 9B shows cross-section A-A, of a preferred embodiment for a gas permeable multiple well plate 16. In this embodiment, the walls of the wells are gas permeable. Although a six well plate is shown, any number of individual wells 45A can be present, including the traditional formats of six, twenty-four, forty-eight, and ninety-six wells. This configuration may be useful when it is desirable to retain either the microscopic, attachment surface, or light visibility properties of the traditional multiple well tissue culture plate. Yet, by making each well 45A deeper than the maximum depth of traditional multiple well plates used for cell culture, more medium can be made available for culture and the gas permeable nature of the walls will allow proper gas exchange of the culture, rendering the location of the gas/liquid interface inconsequential. Non-gas permeable bottom 31 mates to gas permeable wall 41 in a liquid tight manner. There are a number of ways to achieve this objective. For example, the diameter of non gas permeable bottom 31 can slightly exceed the diameter of gas permeable wall 41, causing gas permeable wall 41 to apply a force against non gas permeable bottom 31, thereby creating a liquid tight seal. Gas permeable wall 41 can have any of the properties as described for the gas permeable material of FIG. 4A. However, in a preferred embodiment gas permeable wall 41 is comprised of silicone because of its ability to be easily fabricated by liquid injection molding, and its capacity to stretch and provide a liquid tight seal against non-gas permeable bottom 31. Non-gas permeable bottom 31 can be any plastic commonly used in traditional multiple well tissue culture plates, or any other cell attachment material known to those skilled in the art.

(47) It may be less expensive to fabricate each well of gas permeable multiple well plate 16 out of gas permeable material, including the well bottom, thereby eliminating the seal joint. Then, if adherent culture is desired, a suitable scaffold can be placed at the bottom of the well. Care should be taken to ensure optical clarity if microscopic evaluation is desired. Any cell attachment surface known to those skilled in the art of cell culture can be placed in the wells. If the cell attachment surface is buoyant, making it a press fit into the well can keep it in the desired position. Many other methods of retaining it in position are also possible.

(48) FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B show cross-sectional views of one embodiment of a gas permeable cell culture device that utilizes space more efficiently when culturing adherent cells. Scaffolds 120 reside within gas permeable cell culture device 10E. Sidewalls 40F are comprised of a gas permeable material, thereby allowing gas exchange through the sides of the device. In this manner, gas permeable cell culture device 10E is not limited in height, as scaffolds 120 can be scaled uniformly as height increases. Allowing more cells to be cultured is simply a matter of making the device taller, adding more scaffolds 120. In the preferred embodiment, the distance between each scaffold 120 is kept constant during scale up. For example, by configuring scaffolds 120 to have spacers 135, they can be kept an equal distance apart and retained parallel to the bottom of gas permeable cell culture device 10E, making scale up in the vertical direction linear. Pipette access opening 125 allows pipette access throughout gas permeable cell culture device 10E and provides an opening to vent gas as medium is added. Although shown in the center, pipette access can be in any location, or can be eliminated entirely in favor of any other form of liquid handling such as needles and septum. In FIG. 10A, cells 20A are well suspended in inoculum 130 and will distribute evenly about the upper surface of each scaffold 120, since the volume of inoculum 130 above each scaffold 120 is equal. If both sides of scaffold 120 are intended to culture adherent cells, inoculation can occur in two steps by inoculating one side of scaffolds 120 first, as shown in FIG. 10A. After cells have gravitationally deposited and attached onto the surface of scaffolds 120, gas permeable cell culture device 10E is then re-inoculated, rotated one hundred eighty degrees to expose the opposite side of scaffolds 120, and cells 20A are allowed to settle and attach to the exposed surface of scaffolds 120 as shown in FIG. 10B.

(49) Post cell attachment, typically less than 24 hours to seed one side of the scaffolds, the device can be operating in any static position that is convenient, such as vertical, inverted, or on its side. If desired, it can be rolled if a user desires a format more similar to a roller bottle. Unlike traditional devices, the device can be filled completely with medium, as gas exchange occurs by way of the gas permeable walls and the need for a gas/liquid interface is not present. In this manner, the device is more efficient in its use of space than traditional devices since gas does not need to be present in the device for gas exchange of the culture. The limiting factors to the number of cells that can be cultured in the device include the amount of scaffold surface area, the volume of medium present, the gas permeability and thickness of the material used for the device walls, the distance the cells reside from the gas permeable walls of the device, and the type of cells being cultured.

(50) Understanding the importance of the medium volume to scaffold area ratio when designing the gas permeable cell culture device can help predict the output of the device. For instance, if the culture has been historically conducted in a roller bottle, the medium volume to surface area of the roller bottle culture can be replicated in the gas permeable cell culture device. For example, if the existing culture had been performed in a traditional 850 cm.sup.2 roller bottle using 150 ml of medium, and the gas permeable cell culture device was to have the same outside shape as the traditional bottle, the medium volume to surface area ratio could be held constant. A gas permeable cell culture device constructed in the shape of the traditional 850 cm.sup.2 roller bottle can hold about 2200 ml of medium. That is a 14.67 fold increase in medium volume relative to the 150 ml medium volume of the traditional roller bottle. Therefore, a 14.67 fold increase in surface area, which is 12,470 cm.sup.2, is needed to keep an equivalent medium to surface area ratio. Thus, when a gas permeable cell culture device contains 2200 ml of medium and has a scaffold surface area of 12,470 cm.sup.2, it can be expected to culture the same number of cells as about fifteen traditional 850 cm.sup.2 roller bottles that normally operate with 150 ml per bottle, and the feeding frequency should be about the same.

(51) The ability to microscopically assess cell confluence is useful for many applications. If the lowest scaffold comprises the bottom of gas permeable cell culture device, it can be used to assess cell confluence. When the volume of medium residing above each scaffold is equal during inoculation, the amount of cells residing upon any of the scaffolds will be relatively equal throughout the culture. Thus, one scaffold can be representative of the others. For some microscopes, the ability to physically move the lowest scaffold into a position that allows microscopic observation by inverted scopes can allow a better assessment of confluence and morphology. The configuration shown in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 11 shows how this can be achieved. If wall 4GH is flexible, as will be the case when it is fabricated out of many gas permeable materials such as silicone, it can be pleated to allow movement of the lowest scaffold 120 relative to gas permeable cell culture device 10F. Microscopic evaluation can also be made possible by manufacturing gas permeable cell culture device 10F in the fixed position shown in FIG. 11, thereby eliminating the need to move the lowest scaffold 120 relative to gas permeable cell culture device 10F.

(52) Although the scaffolds shown in FIG. 10A, FIG. 10B, and FIG. 11 are flat, they can be any geometric shape that allows cells to attach. For example, corrugating the surface can increase surface area relative to a planar surface, thereby increasing the amount of adherent cells that can reside upon a given scaffold. FIG. 12A shows a perspective view of a round corrugated scaffold 120A, which is corrugated in a linear direction. FIG. 12B shows cross-sectional view A-A. FIG. 12C shows a perspective view of round corrugated scaffold 120B, which is corrugated in the circular direction, and FIG. 12D shows cross-sectional view B-B. For some applications in which a high rate of gas transfer is needed to support highly active cells, the configuration of FIG. 12A may be superior because the channels for gas transfer are unobstructed by the edge of the scaffold, as is the case for the configuration of FIG. 12C. For other applications in which the gas permeable cell culture device is rolled, the configuration of FIG. 12C may be superior because the shape will minimize turbulence, which could cause cell shear.

(53) The configurations, methods of microscopically viewing, and methods of increasing scaffold area such as those described in FIG. 10A, FIG. 11, and FIG. 12, can be integrated into a multiple well format. These configurations are completely scalable in size. FIG. 9B shows high surface area well 46, configured with multiple scaffolds 120 maintained a predetermined distance apart by spacers 135. Making them the size of the wells of a typical traditional multiple well tissue culture plate will allow a substantial increase in the number of adherent cells present per well. The walls 41A are preferably gas permeable.

(54) FIG. 13 shows a cutaway view of configuration for a gas permeable cell culture device that is useful for culturing cells in a format similar to that of a tissue culture flask. In this embodiment, at least one wall of the device provides gas transfer. This device is beneficial because it allows the gas permeable cell culture device to retain the same attributes as the traditional tissue culture flask while achieving a more compact use of space. The desirable attributes include easy medium delivery and removal by way of pouring or pipetting, microscopic observation capability, the ability to easily see color changes in the medium that may indicate contamination or pH changes, and capability for device stacking to make the most efficient use of shipping, storage, and incubator space. However, it is superior to the tissue culture flask because the gas/liquid interface required for tissue culture flask operation is eliminated and one or more scaffolds can be present. In the embodiment shown, gas permeable cell culture device 12 is comprised of a liquid tight enclosure with at least one gas permeable wall 200. Medium access port 60A is covered by cap 70A. Scaffolds 120D are oriented parallel to each other, with a gap between them to allow inoculum and medium to reside in between each scaffold 120D. Preferably, scaffolds 120D are positioned an equal distance apart to allow an equivalent volume of inoculum or medium to reside above each of them. The gas permeable material of gas permeable wall 200 has the same attributes as those described for lower gas permeable material 30 of the embodiment shown in FIG. 4A. In the preferred embodiment, scaffolds 120D have identical material characteristics as those present in traditional tissue culture flasks. Top wall 201 and bottommost scaffold 120D are clear, allowing visual assessment of medium color as well as microscopic evaluation of the bottom scaffold 120D. Making the rear or other walls gas permeable can create more gas transfer capacity. That will have the effect of making it possible to further increase the footprint of gas permeable cell culture device 12. For example, if the gas transfer capacity of gas permeable wall 200 supports cells residing upon scaffolds 120D of a five inch width, making the opposing side wall gas permeable will allow enough gas transfer capacity when scaffolds 120D that are ten inches wide. Gas permeable cell culture device 12 is unlimited in scale up capacity in the vertical direction.

(55) FIG. 14A through FIG. 14E show another method of utilizing space more efficiently when culturing cells. In this configuration, scaffolds 120F reside within gas permeable cell culture device 10G, which is capable of expanding in volume as medium 50 is added. In FIG. 14A, gas permeable cell culture device 10G is in a collapsed position under its own weight. That allows efficient use of space for shipping, sterilization, and storage prior to use. Scaffolds 120F are as close to each other as possible. Each scaffold 120F is molded with spring arms 145 that exert force on the lower, neighboring scaffold 120F. Spring arms 145, in compression, want to distend, but cannot because the weight of the upper portion of gas permeable cell culture device 10G exceeds the spring force. In FIG. 14B, gas permeable cell culture device 10G has risen in height in response to the force exerted by the addition of inoculum 130A against buoyant shoulder 25A. The displacement of inoculum 130A by buoyant shoulder 25A exerts an upward force that, when combined with the spring force of spring arms 145K, exceeds the weight of the upper portion of gas permeable cell culture device 10G. Scaffolds 120F separate and maintain an equal distance from each other due to the force exerted by spring arms 145 against their lower, neighboring scaffold 120F. Maintaining an equal distance from each other is particularly beneficial during inoculation, when the volume of inoculum 130A residing directly above each of scaffolds 120F dictates the amount of cells that will be deposited onto each of scaffolds 120F. By allowing an equal volume of inoculum 130A to reside above each scaffold 120F, and equal number of cells can reside upon each scaffold 120F. In FIG. 14C, gas permeable cell culture device 10G has risen in height again relative to FIG. 14B in response to the addition of medium 50 as the cell population expands and nutrient demand increases. Scaffolds 120F further separate and maintain an equal distance from each other due to the force exerted by spring arms 145 against their lower, neighboring scaffold 120F. The constant distance between each of scaffolds 120F ensures a constant medium 50 volume to surface area ratio at all cell locations, reducing the potential for gradient formation. In FIG. 14D, gas permeable cell culture device 10G has collapsed due to the removal of medium 50 and loss of upward force of buoyant shoulder 25A. It is now at an efficient size for disposal. In the event that adherent cell recovery is needed, allowing gas permeable cell culture device 10G to collapse is beneficial when removing medium 50 and adding trypsin. In this manner, only a small volume of trypsin is needed to recover cells. Those skilled in the art will recognize that many other methods of altering the height of gas permeable cell culture device 10G can be applied.

(56) Spring arms 145 can be molded directly into scaffold 120F, as shown in the perspective view of FIG. 14E. A spring arm 145, preferably located in at least three places, ensures that scaffold 120F remains in plane and parallel to its neighboring scaffold 120F. Although any material conducive to cell attachment is acceptable, a preferred material for scaffold 120F is polystyrene, which is quite brittle. Therefore, care should be taken to ensure that spring arms 145 are configured in accordance with good molded part design to prevent cracking under stress. Techniques for low stress part design are well known to those skilled in the art of plastic part design.

(57) Moving the position of the scaffolds independent of the height of the gas permeable cell culture device may be desired. For example, this may be practical when it is more economical to configure the gas permeable cell culture device with non-extending walls, but the application can still benefit by altering the medium volume to surface area ratio above each of the scaffolds during culture. FIG. 15A through FIG. 15C show one embodiment for achieving that objective. For clarity, only a portion of the gas permeable cell culture device is shown. In the top view of a portion of a gas permeable cell culture device shown in FIG. 15A, three elevation posts 160 are positioned to travel up each of three ramps 150 in order to change the distance between the scaffolds.

(58) The method of varying the distance between scaffolds can best be understood by reviewing FIG. 15B and FIG. 15C. FIG. 15B shows cross-section A-A of FIG. 15A. As shown in FIG. 15B, two scaffolds 120G are shown the position in which the distance between them is at a minimum. Ramp 150 emanates from the top of scaffold 120G and elevation post 160 emanates from scaffold locator screw 170. Elevation post 160 has not begun travel up ramp 150. It can be seen that the minimum distance between scaffolds is dictated by the height of ramp 150, which makes contact with the underside of the scaffold 120G that resides above it. Referring to FIG. 15C, scaffolds 120G are in the position of maximum distance between them. Scaffold locator screw 170 has been rotated in the direction of rotation arrow 180, causing elevation post 160 to rise up ramp 150 and elevate the scaffold 120G residing above it. When elevation post 160 resides at the highest point of ramp 150L, the maximum distance between scaffolds 120L is attained as is equal to the height of ramp 150 plus the height of elevation post 160. Scaffolds 120G should be prevented from rotating when scaffold locator screw 170 is turned, thereby allowing ramp 150 to remain in a fixed position while elevation post 160 travels up it. This can be achieved by mating scaffolds 120G to the interior of the gas permeable cell culture device wall by way of a tongue and groove arrangement. As best shown in the top view of a scaffold of FIG. 15A, tongue 212 emanates from gas permeable wall 40H and mates to groove 215 in each scaffold 120G. Not only does this prevent rotation of scaffold 120G during rotation of locator screw 170, it also prevents gas permeable wall 40H from pulling away from scaffold 120G. In this manner, the shape of the gas permeable cell culture device is retained. Locator screw 170 can be configured to allow a sterile pipette tip to rotate it, thereby preventing contamination of the device and allowing the use of standard laboratory tools to rearrange the distance between scaffolds.

(59) The invention will be further described with reference to the following non-limiting Examples.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

The Effect of Medium Height Upon Cell Growth and Antibody Production

(60) Evaluations were conducted in order to assess the impact of altering medium height upon cell growth and antibody production in a device comprised of a lower gas permeable material. The effect of altering the gas permeable material surface area to medium volume ratio was also assessed. Single compartment test fixtures configured with a lower gas permeable materials and the capacity to hold medium at heights beyond conventional wisdom were compared to single compartment control test fixtures that held medium at a height within the bounds of conventional wisdom. Comparisons were made relative to the 1.6 cm medium height limits specified for the Si-Culture bag (U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,304). Control test fixtures were configured to house medium at a height of 1.6 cm, and the gas permeable material used for of all test fixtures consisted of gas permeable material obtained from actual Si-Culture™ bags.

(61) Tubular test fixtures 105 were constructed as shown in FIG. 16. Walls 401 were machined out of Ultem 1000 (high temperature polycarbonate) cylindrical stock, resulting in a tube with an inner diameter of 1.00 inch and an outer diameter of 1.50 inch. The thick walls ensured that gas transfer through the walls would not assist the cultures. Lower gas permeable material 30A was fabricated from 0.0045 inches thick sheets of silicone removed from Si-Culture™ bags and secured in a liquid tight manner to the bottom of the machined tube yielding a 5.07 cm.sup.2 growth area for cells 20B to reside upon. Lower gas permeable material support 80M was also machined out of Ultem 1000. Lower gas permeable material 30A was held in the horizontal position by mesh 115 which maintained gas compartment 90A. Mesh 115 was comprised of 0.020 inch diameter strands at 16 strands per inch. Lower gas access openings 100A allowed gaseous communication with the 5% CO.sub.2, 95% R.H., and 37C ambient environment. Comparisons were made for the capacity of the devices to grow cells 20B when differing amounts of medium 50A resided within the test fixture. Cap 70B, secured tightly to walls 401, protected tubular test fixture 105 from contamination. Tests compared the results when medium 50A resided at a height of about 1.6 cm, 3.2 cm, 5.6 cm, 10.2 cm, 15.3 cm, and 20.4 cm above the cells. Medium 50A consisted of Hyclone HyQSFM4MAb-Utility supplemented with 10% Hyclone FBS. Cells 20B were murine hybridoma cells secreting IgG, inoculated at a seeding density of 0.76×10.sup.6 per cm.sup.2 of lower gas permeable material 30A. Ambient conditions were 5% CO.sub.2, 95% R.H., and 37 C. Periodic cell counts and monoclonal antibody production measurements by ELISA were taken. TABLE 1 shows the results.

(62) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Medium Height Affect Upon Cell Growth and Antibody Production Height Gas of permeable Maximum medium surface live cells Time to above area to Maximum per cm.sup.2 of Mab maximum Mab per Volume gas medium live gas produced amount ml of of permeable volume cells per permeable per test of mab medium medium material ratio device material fixture produced consumed (ml) (cm) (cm.sup.2/ml) (×10.sup.6) (×10.sup.6) (ug) (days) (ug/ml) 8.1 1.60 0.63 29.7 5.85 2742 9 339 16.2 3.20 0.31 51.0 10.05 7395 12 457 25.8 5.09 0.20 59.1 11.65 10673 18 374 51.7 10.20 0.10 61.1 12.05 15252 15 295 77.6 15.31 0.07 67.2 13.25 23044 22 299 103.4 20.39 0.05 86.4 17.04 32881 25 318

(63) Dividing each parameter measured in any given test fixture by the corresponding parameter of the test fixture representing conventional wisdom (i.e. 1.6 cm) clearly shows the advantages of allowing medium to reside at heights beyond conventional wisdom. Gas permeable surface area to medium volume ratio is determined by dividing the ratio of the test fixture by the ratio of the Si-Culture™ bag when it contains medium at a height of 1.6 cm (i.e. 1.25 cm.sup.2/ml). TABLE 2 presents the data of TABLE 1 in this manner.

(64) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Normalized data Normalized Normalized by gas by permeable Normalized height of Normalized surface area to Normalized Normalized by time to Normalized medium by medium by Mab by Mab attain by above gas maximum volume ratio produced per ml of maximum footprint of permeable live cells relative to Si- per test medium Mab space membrane per device Culture ™ bag fixture consumed amount occupied 1.00 1.00 50% 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 1.72 25% 2.70 1.35 1.50 0.50 3.18 1.99 16% 3.89 1.11 2.00 0.28 6.38 2.06  8% 5.56 0.87 1.67 0.16 9.57 2.26  6% 8.40 0.88 2.50 0.10 12.75 2.91  4% 11.99 0.94 2.83 0.08

(65) The data of TABLE 2 clearly shows the advantages of altering the geometry of gas permeable cell culture devices to allow more medium to reside above the cells. For example, the last row shows that when the device is allowed to hold medium at a height that is 12.75 times greater than the traditional cell culture bag, it is capable of culturing 2.91 fold more cells per cm.sup.2 of floor space occupied, producing 11.99 times more monoclonal antibody (Mab) with only a 2.83 fold increase in the time to complete production. Also, when the gas permeable material surface area to medium volume ratio is compared to that of the Si-Culture™ bag, dramatically reduced ratios are possible. Cultures were effectively grown even when the ratio was only 4% of that used by the Si-Culture™ bag. That allows a wider variety of device configurations to exist, including allowing the device footprint to remain fixed as medium height is increased. It also minimizes the effects of evaporation, as more medium is present per cm.sup.2 of gas permeable surface area.

(66) Importantly, this data demonstrates that device footprint can remain small as the culture is increased. TABLE 3 shows the surface area of the device footprint needed to house the volume of medium residing in the test fixtures. The first row shows the medium volume in the test fixture. The second row shows the footprint area of the test fixture, which remained fixed as more and more medium was added. The third row shows the footprint surface area that would be required in a typical bag to hold the volume of medium residing in the test fixture. In this case, the footprint is shown for a Si-Culture™ bag when it contains the volume of row one at the manufacturers recommended medium height of 1.6 cm. The fourth row shows the difference in footprint area. For example, when the test fixture contains 103.4 ml of medium, the Si-Culture™ bag when operated according to manufacturers recommendation would have a footprint of 64.6 cm.sup.2, but the test fixture only has a footprint of 5.1 cm.sup.2. Thus, the test fixture that allowed medium to reside at a height of 20.39 cm only needed a footprint of 8% of that needed for a Si-Culture™ bag to produce roughly the same amount of Mab.

(67) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Much more efficient use of floor space. Volume of medium in 8.1 16.2 25.8 51.7 77.6 103.4 device (ml) Test fixture footprint (cm.sup.2) 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 Bag footprint with medium 5.1 10.1 16.1 32.3 48.5 64.6 at 1.6 cm high (cm.sup.2) Ratio of test fixture 100% 50% 32% 16% 11% 8% footprint to bag footprint (%)

(68) Benefits relative to all of the conventional configurations are numerous. The unwieldy shape of traditional cell culture bags can be avoided allowing a wide variety of benefits to accrue related to more efficient use of incubator space, easier medium delivery and removal, and reduced contamination risk. The small volume of medium present in gas permeable cartridges can be increased substantially by making them taller, and reducing the ratio of gas permeable membrane to medium volume capacity. That has the effect of allowing fewer units to be needed during scale up. For traditional gas permeable formats of the petri dish and multiple well plate, more cells can reside per unit without increasing the footprint of the devices, or the number of devices needed, and the frequency of feeding can be reduced. Minimized evaporative effects can be achieved in all configurations because the gas permeable surface area to medium volume ratio can be significantly reduced.

Example 2

Effect of Thickness of Gas Permeable Silicone on Cell Growth

(69) Conventional wisdom, as dictated by U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,304 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/183,132, and the design of commercially available gas permeable products that use silicone, dictates that silicone thickness of greater than 0.005 inches should not be used. However, increasing the thickness is advantageous from a manufacturing and product reliability standpoint. Therefore, evaluations were conducted to assess the impact of the thickness of a lower silicone gas permeable material on cell growth. The material thickness of conventional wisdom was compared to the same material at increasing thickness.

(70) Tubular test fixtures were constructed as shown in FIG. 16. Walls were machined out of Ultem 1000 (high temperature polycarbonate) cylindrical stock, resulting in a tube with an inner diameter of 1.00 inch and an outer diameter of 1.50 inch. Four distinct thickness configurations of lower gas permeable material were created from sheets of silicone removed from Si-Culture™ bags. Lower gas permeable material 30A was made into double, triple, and quadruple layers, formed by adhering the silicone sheets together using UV curing silicone glue distributed evenly about the face and sheets were laminated together leaving no air gaps between them. Post curing, the laminated sheets and a single sheet control were secured in a liquid tight manner to the bottom of the machined tube yielding a 5.07 cm.sup.2 growth area for cells to reside upon. Tests were conducted in triplicate. Lower gas permeable material 30A was held in the horizontal position by lower gas permeable material support 80, configured as described in Example 1. Tests compared the results when medium resided at heights of 20.4 cm above the cells. Medium consisted of Hyclone HyQSFM4MAb-Utility supplemented with 10% Hyclone FBS. Murine hybridoma cells were inoculated at a seeding density of 4.3×10.sup.6 live cells per square cm of lower gas permeable material. Ambient conditions were 5% CO.sub.2, 95% R.H., and 37 C. Periodic cell counts and glucose measurements were taken. TABLE 4 shows the results.

(71) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Effect of Thickness of Gas Permeable Silicone on Cell Growth Normalized: Normalized: Membrane Maximum viable Membrane Maximum viable Thickness (in) cells per cm.sup.2 (×10.sup.6) Thickness cells per cm.sup.2 0.0045 15.2 1.00 1.00 0.016 15.5 3.56 1.02 0.024 13.49 5.33 0.89 0.033 12.0 7.33 0.79

(72) The data was normalized by referencing it against the data collected for the single 0.0045 inch thick sheet that represents conventional wisdom. It can clearly be seen that the effect of dramatically increasing thickness does not have a significantly negative impact on the capacity to support cell growth. When the material thickness was increased about four-fold, from 0.0045 inch to 0.016 inch, there was no affect upon cell growth. When the silicone membrane thickness was increased 5.33 fold, from 0.0045 inch to 0.024 inch, the growth capacity was diminished by only 11%. Likewise, a 7.33 fold increase in thickness beyond conventional wisdom resulted in growth capacity being diminished by only 21%. In many cell culture applications, such as hybridoma culture for monoclonal antibody production, 79% viability is routinely accepted. For example, in the CELLine™ products, hybridoma viability is commonly at 50%, as described in the operating instructions. Thus, device design can accommodate thicker silicone walls without a dramatic reduction in performance. Fabrication and functional improvements may result from increasing the thickness, such as simplified liquid injection molding or less pinhole potential. In summary, it is possible to design a highly functional cell culture device with thicker walls than previously believed possible.

Example 3

The Ability to Culture Cells at a High Liquid Height in a Rolled and Unrolled Device

(73) Evaluations were conducted to assess the advantages that could be obtained by configuring gas permeable cell culture devices in ways that differ from conventional wisdom. Two general formats were evaluated, 1) unrolled gas permeable devices and 2) rolled gas permeable devices. In the unrolled gas permeable device configuration, medium height was well beyond the limits imposed by conventional wisdom. The ratio of gas permeable surface area to medium volume was reduced far below that of conventional wisdom. In the rolled gas permeable device configuration, medium was allowed to reside farther away from the gas permeable wall, and more medium was allowed to reside per device, than that of the state of the art gas permeable rolled bottles.

(74) The production of monoclonal antibody is a common application in cell culture bags and roller bottles. A traditional 850 cm.sup.2 roller bottle functioned as a control. Test fixtures were constructed in accordance with the embodiments shown in FIG. 4, and dimensionally configured to have the same dimensions as a traditional 850 cm.sup.2 Corning® roller bottle. The gas permeable material was the same as that of the Si-Culture™ bag, as further defined in U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,304. The gas permeable surface area of non-rolled test fixture was limited to that of the bottom surface of the fixture, and was 98 cm.sup.2. The sidewalls were not gas permeable. The gas permeable surface area of the rolled test fixture was limited to that of the entire cylindrical sidewall surface of the fixture, and was 850 cm.sup.2, and the ends were not gas permeable. Medium consisted of Hyclone SFM4MAb, supplemented with 2.5% Hyclone FBS. Each test fixture was inoculated with a cell density of 0.04×10.sup.6 murine hybridoma cells per ml of medium used. The test fixtures each received 2050 ml of medium. Ambient conditions were 5% CO.sub.2, 95% R.H., and 37 C.

(75) The traditional roller bottle received 255 ml of medium, the maximum amount of medium recommended for use in roller bottles. The presence of antibody was determined by ELISA. TABLE 5 shows the results.

(76) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Effect of rolling versus standing on antibody production time Maximum amount Time to of antibody reach maximum Test Fixture Style produced (mg) production (days) Unrolled Novel Device 289 16 Rolled Novel Device 302 13 Traditional Roller Bottle 33 13

(77) TABLE 5 shows how the rolled and the non-rolled gas permeable test fixtures, which occupied the same amount of space as the traditional roller bottle control, were able to produce about nine times as much antibody. TABLE 5 also demonstrates how the rolled gas permeable format can be used to decrease the amount of time needed to generate antibody relative to its standing gas permeable counterpart. A 20% reduction in time, three days, was attained. Importantly, both the roller and unrolled formats can create a at least a nine fold improvement in efficient geometry in terms of space, leading to reduced cost of sterilization, shipping, storage, labor, incubator space, and disposal when compared to the traditional roller bottle.

(78) The results also clearly demonstrate the advantage obtained by configuring gas permeable devices in ways that depart from conventional wisdom. The height of medium in the unrolled test fixture was about 20.9 cm, over ten times the highest recommended height of traditional cell culture bags. Had the device been structured with 2.0 cm of medium height, it would have needed a footprint of 1025 cm.sup.2 to house an equivalent volume of medium, which is over ten times the footprint of the unrolled test fixture.

(79) Benefits of geometry of the rolled gas permeable device were numerous. The rolled test fixture contained a volume of medium nearly eight times the maximum volume of medium recommended for traditional roller bottles (255 ml), over four times the medium volume of Rotary Cell Culture System™ from Synthecon Inc., nearly five times the medium volume of the MiniPERM, and well beyond that allowed in the patent proposals of Spaudling, Schwarz, Wolf et al., and Falkenberg et al. Also, medium resided up to 5.6 cm from any portion of the gas permeable wall of the test fixture, over double the limit specified in the patent proposals of Spaudling, Schwarz, and Wolf et al. The rolled test fixture was able to function on a standard roller rack, as opposed to the commercially available Rotary Cell Culture System™ from Synthecon™ Inc., and the MiniPERM™ from Vivascience Sartorius Group, which all require custom equipment to roll. Thus, the scale up efficiency of the rolled gas permeable device is much superior to other devices and approaches.

Example 4

Ability to Culture Adherent Cells in the Absence of a Gas/Liquid Interface

(80) Evaluations were conducted to assess the ability to culture adherent cells without the presence of a gas/liquid interface by allowing gas exchange to occur via gas permeable walls. A test fixture was constructed in a manner, as shown in FIG. 17, that eliminated the possibility of gas transfer by way of a gas/liquid interface. Gas permeable wall test fixture 12 consisted of a rectangular liquid tight enclosure 241, configured with one gas permeable wall 200A and five non-gas permeable walls 210. Gas permeable wall 200A was composed silicone membrane, approximately 0.0045 inches thick, purchased from Medtronic Inc. (Minneapolis). This membrane is used by Medtronic to fabricate the Si-Culture™ bag. Fluid delivery port 220 and fluid removal port 230 allow inoculation and feeding. Bottom attachment scaffold 240 consisted of a section of plastic removed from a Falcon tissue culture flask in order to provide an equivalent attachment surface as the control Falcon™ T-175 tissue culture flask. The inner dimensions of enclosure 241 were 6 cm deep, 10 cm wide, and 0.635 cm high. Thus, gas permeable wall 200A was 10 cm wide and 0.635 cm high creating a surface area of 6.35 cm.sup.2. Bottom attachment scaffold 240 was 10 cm wide and 6 cm deep, allowing an attachment surface of 60 cm.sup.2. Gas permeable wall test fixture 12 was filled entirely medium during inoculation, thereby eliminating any gas/liquid interface. Thus, gas exchange could only occur by way of diffusion in the direction perpendicular to gas permeable wall 200A. Inoculum consisted of 60,000 live BHK cells (98% viability) suspended in 38.1 ml of EMEM medium supplemented with 10% Hyclone FBS and 1% L-glutamine. Thus, the seeding density was 10,000 live cells per cm.sup.2 of available attachment scaffold 240 area. The surface area of gas permeable membrane to volume of medium was 0.167 cm.sup.2/ml. The surface are of gas permeable membrane to surface area of attachment scaffold was 0.106 cm.sup.2/cm.sup.2. The control T-175 tissue culture flask was inoculated with the same cells, at equivalent seeding density and viability. Gas permeable wall test fixture 12 and the T-175 control were placed in a standard cell culture incubator at 5% CO.sub.2, 95% R.H., and 37° C.

(81) Cells settled gravitationally onto bottom attachment scaffold 240 and the control T-175 flask, and the cultures were maintained until confluence was reached. Both the test fixture and the control exhibited a confluent monolayer over the entire attachment scaffold. By visual microscopic comparison, the cell density of both gas permeable test fixture 12 and the T-175 control flask appeared nearly identical. The T-175 flask was trypsinized, cells were counted, and it was determined that cells had reached a density of approximately 190,000 cells per cm.sup.2. The test fixture was subjected to Wright Giemsa staining to determine the distribution of cells over bottom attachment scaffold 240. FIG. 20 shows the distribution pattern, where “Front” is in proximity of gas permeable wall 200, “Middle” is about midway between gas permeable wall 200 and opposing non-gas permeable wall 210, and “Back” is in proximity of opposing non-gas permeable wall 210.

(82) FIG. 20 clearly indicates that cells will grow to confluence upon a scaffold in the absence of a gas/liquid interface, mechanical mixing, or perfusion, when a wall of the device is gas permeable. Thus, gas transfer by way of walls is adequate for cell culture devices of the types described herein including those shown in FIG. 9A, FIG. 9B, FIG. 10A, FIG. 10B, FIG. 11, and FIG. 14A through FIG. 14E to fully function. Example 4 also indicates that only one of the walls of a gas permeable cell culture device needs to be comprised of gas permeable material, thereby opening up a wide array of device design options. For example, a gas permeable device could be configured in a traditional T-Flask format by making a sidewall gas permeable. In this manner, more medium could be made available for the culture or the device profile could be reduced since no gas/liquid interface is needed.

Example 5

The Ability to Culture Cells on Multiple Attachment Scaffolds in the Absence of a Gas/Liquid Interface

(83) Evaluations were conducted to assess the ability to culture adherent cells on multiple scaffolds without the presence of a gas/liquid interface. Gas exchange occurred via a gas permeable device wall. Gas permeable test fixtures were constructed in a manner, as shown in FIG. 18, that eliminated the possibility of gas transfer by way of a gas/liquid interface. Multiple scaffold test fixture 14 consisted of a rectangular liquid tight enclosure configured with one gas permeable wall 200B and five non-gas permeable walls 210A. Gas permeable wall 200B was composed of molded silicone material, 0.015 thick. Fluid delivery port 220A and fluid removal port 230A allow inoculation and feeding. Attachment scaffolds 240A consisted of plastic removed from NUNC™ Cell Factory cell culture devices. The inner dimensions of multiple scaffold test fixture 14 were 15.24 cm long, 7.62 cm wide, and 2.54 cm high. Thus, gas permeable wall 200B was 7.62 cm wide and 2.54 cm high creating a gas permeable material surface area of 19.35 cm.sup.2. Each attachment scaffold 240A was 6.6 cm wide and 15.03 cm long, creating an attachment surface area of 99 cm.sup.2 per attachment scaffold 240A.

(84) In one test group of multiple scaffold test fixtures 14, four attachment scaffolds 240A were arranged vertically, one above the other, with a 5.08 mm gap between each of them, resulting in a total attachment surface area of 396 cm.sup.2 per device. The volume of medium within this version of multiple scaffold test fixture 14 was 195 ml. The surface area of gas permeable membrane to volume of medium was 0.099 cm.sup.2/ml. The surface area of gas permeable membrane to total surface area of attachment scaffolds 240A was 0.049 cm.sup.2/cm.sup.2.

(85) In another test group of multiple scaffold test fixtures 14, five attachment scaffolds were arranged vertically, one above the other, with a 2.54 mm gap between each of them, resulting in a total attachment surface area of 495 cm.sup.2 per device. The volume of medium within each multiple scaffold test fixture was 170 ml. The surface area of gas permeable membrane to volume of medium was 0.114 cm.sup.2/ml. The surface area of gas permeable membrane to total surface area of attachment scaffolds 240A was 0.039 cm.sup.2/cm.sup.2.

(86) Multiple scaffold gas permeable test fixtures 14 were filled entirely with medium during inoculation, thereby eliminating any gas/liquid interface. Thus, gas exchange could only occur by way of diffusion in the direction perpendicular to the gas permeable wall. The seeding density was 15,000 live BHK cells per cm.sup.2 of available attachment scaffold area. Medium consisted of Gibco GMEM supplemented with 10% Hyclone FBS and 1% Gibco Penicillin Streptomycin. The control T-175 tissue culture flask was also inoculated with BHK cells, at equivalent seeding density and viability, in 30 ml of the same medium composition. Multiple scaffold gas permeable test fixtures 14 and the T-175 control were placed in a standard cell culture incubator at 5% CO.sub.2, 95% R.H., and 37° C.

(87) Cells settled gravitationally onto each attachment scaffold 240A and the control T-175 flask, and the cultures were maintained until confluence was reached. Within four days, cultures were terminated. All attachment scaffolds 240A were removed from multiple scaffold gas permeable test fixture 14. By visual microscopic comparison, the cell density of both test groups of multiple scaffold gas permeable test fixtures 14 and the T-175 control flask appeared nearly identical, at approximately 95% confluence.

(88) This demonstrates the ability to make much more efficient use of space by eliminating the need to maintain a gas headspace in a culture device. Since the device only holds the medium needed to support the culture, it can be significantly reduced in profile. The novel device is much more compact than the traditional T-flask, NUNC™ Cell Factory, and Corning CellStack™. This results in savings in sterilization, shipping, storage, and disposal cost. Furthermore, incubator space and flow hood space are used more efficiently.

Example 6

Gas Permeable Unrolled Cell Culture Device for Adherent Cell Culture Inoculated in the Vertical Position

(89) A test fixture was constructed to evaluate the capacity of a non-rolled, gas permeable cell culture device configured with more than one scaffold to culture cells relative to traditional flasks. FIG. 19A shows a cross-section of gas permeable test fixture 260. Scaffolds 120H were arranged vertically and a consistent gap was maintained between each scaffold 120H by spacers 135B. Wall 40J was gas permeable, comprised of silicone purchased from Medtronic Inc. (Minneapolis), approximately 0.0045 inches thick. Suture 270 applied force to gas permeable wall 40J, squeezing it against bulkhead gasket 280 to create a liquid tight seal between gas permeable wall 40J and upper bulkhead 290 and lower bulkhead 300. Medium access port 60B allowed fluid delivery to, and removal from, gas permeable test fixture 260. Cap 70 prevented contamination and was tightly closed during operation. FIG. 19B shows a perspective view of scaffold 120H. It was made of tissue culture treated polystyrene, 0.040 inches thick. Pipette access opening 125A, with a diameter of 0.75 inches, allowed pipette access and prevented gas from becoming trapped between scaffolds 120H. Four vent slots 190 allowed additional area for trapped gas to exit, ensuring that all gas/liquid interfaces were removed. The surface area per side of each scaffold 120H was about 86 cm.sup.2. The inner diameter of gas permeable test fixture 260 was 4.4 inches and the internal height as measured from the inner surface of lower bulkhead 300 to the inner surface of upper bulkhead 290 was 2.25 inches. Thus, the gas permeable material surface area was 561 cm.sup.2. Eight scaffolds 120H were stacked vertically with spacers 135B maintaining a gap of about 0.25 inch between each. The combined surface area of the tops of the eight scaffolds 120H was 695 cm.sup.2. The internal volume of gas permeable test fixture 260 was approximately 500 ml. Therefore, the gas permeable material to medium volume ratio was 561 cm.sup.2/500 ml, or 1.12 cm.sup.2/ml.

(90) 10.425×10.sup.6 BHK cells, suspended in 500 ml Gibco GMEM medium supplemented with 1% Gibco Amino Acids Solution and 10% Hyclone FBS were inoculated into gas permeable test fixture 260P, creating a seeding density of 15,000 cells per cm.sup.2 of attachment surface area. A control T-175 flask was also seeded with 15,000 cells per cm.sup.2 of attachment surface area in 30 ml of the equivalent medium.

(91) After approximately 96 hours, the cultures were terminated. Gas permeable test fixture 260 was disassembled and each of scaffolds 120H was microscopically examined, indicating a confluent pattern of cells was present on the upper surface of each of the eight scaffolds 120H. The control T-175 flask was also confluent as determined by microscopic evaluation. The T-175 flask and gas permeable test fixture 260 were trypsinized and standard cell counting techniques were used to determine the quantity of cells present. TABLE 6 summarizes the findings.

(92) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Gas permeable cell culture device vs. T-flask Total Height of Cells Viability Medium Medium Above Device (×10.sup.6) (%) Present (ml) Cells (cm.sup.2) Gas permeable cell 220.8 98 500 0.72 test fixture 260 Control T-flask 26.3 95 30 0.17

(93) TABLE 6 demonstrates that cells were able to proliferate and remain healthy in the novel gas permeable test fixture 260, despite the absence of a gas/liquid interface.

(94) The volume of space occupied by each device is noteworthy. Gas permeable test fixture 260 had a footprint of 100 cm.sup.2 and a height, including the neck, of 7.6 cm. Thus, the space occupied was about 760 cm.sup.3. The T-175 flask, including the neck, had a footprint approximately 23 cm long by 11 cm wide, and the body was about 3.7 cm tall. Thus, the space occupied was about 936 cm.sup.3. Since gas permeable test fixture 260 cultured about 8.4 times more cells than the T-175 flask, it would take 8.4 T-175 flasks to yield an equivalent amount of cells over the same time period. TABLE 7 shows the difference in space that would be occupied if T-175 flasks were used to produce the same number of cells cultured by gas permeable test fixture 260, based on the experimental results of TABLE 6.

(95) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Volume of space Devices to Volume of occupied per produce 221 × 10.sup.6 space needed Device device (cm.sup.3) cells in 3 days (cm.sup.3) One novel gas 760 1 760 permeable cell culture device 260 Control T-flasks 936 8.4 7862

(96) The advantage of eliminating the gas/liquid interface is clear. Over a ten-fold reduction of space is obtained by gas permeable test fixture 260. This leads to cost savings in sterilization, shipping, storage, use of incubator space, and waste disposal. Furthermore, the number of devices that need to be handled is significantly reduced, leading to a dramatic labor and contamination risk reduction.

Example 7

Gas Permeable Unrolled Cell Culture Device for Adherent Cell Culture Inoculated in the Vertical and Inverted Position

(97) Using the test fixture shown in FIG. 19A, as previously defined in Example 6, an experiment was conducted to determine if cells would attach to both the top and bottom surfaces of the scaffolds. This could be accomplished by a two-step inoculation. In step one, a first inoculum was placed into the gas permeable test fixture while oriented in the vertical position. Cells were allowed to gravitate onto, and attach to the top surface of, the scaffolds over a 24-hour period. In step two, a second inoculum was placed into the gas permeable test fixture. Gas permeable test fixture was inverted to allow the cells of the second inoculum to gravitate onto, and attach to the bottom surface of, the scaffolds.

(98) This process was undertaken, with each inoculation consisting of enough BHK cells to seed the exposed surfaces of the scaffolds at a density of 15,000 cells per cm.sup.2. Medium composition was the same as that described in EXAMPLE 6. The time interval between the first inoculation and the second inoculation was twenty-four hours. The culture was terminated seventy-two hours after the second inoculation. The device was disassembled and each scaffold was microscopically assessed. Cells were uniformly distributed on both the top and bottom surfaces of each scaffold. Subsequently, the cells were removed using trypsin and a count was performed. The average quantity of live cells per cm.sup.2 of surface area was 144×10.sup.5, with viability greater than 99%.

(99) Cells were thus able to attach and proliferate on the top and bottom of scaffold 120. Therefore, it is possible for the novel gas permeable cell culture device to be further reduced in size relative to conventional devices. For adherent cell culture, a wide variety of scaffold geometry can exist that have cell attachment area in any plane.

Example 8

Gas Permeable Unrolled Cell Culture Device for Adherent Cell Culture Inoculated in the Vertical and Inverted Position with Limited Distance Between Scaffolds

(100) A test was conducted to determine if inserting more scaffold area into the device could further reduce device size. For additional space savings, the upper and lower surface of each scaffold was used to culture cells. The gas permeable test of Example 7 was fabricated with additional scaffolds. The number of scaffolds and distance between the scaffolds was chosen to create a volume to surface area ratio roughly equivalent to a traditional tissue culture flask. Recommended medium volume for a traditional T-175 flask varies from about 16-32 ml (Invitrogen Life Technologies). This dictates that medium reside about 0.09-0.18 cm from the attachment surface. The test device of this example was to be inoculated in two steps, allowing cells to reside on the upper and lower surfaces of each scaffold. Therefore, in order to get a conservative assessment of the value the gas permeable cell culture device can bring in terms of space and labor savings, 0.34 cm medium height was allowed to reside between each of the scaffolds. In this manner, the medium to surface area ratio was held constant relative to the T-175 flask. In effect, each scaffold surface had access to one half the medium between it, and the scaffold adjacent to it had access to the other half. Thus, the medium available to each side of a scaffold was consistent with the traditional tissue culture flask height of 0.17 cm per square centimeter of growth surface.

(101) Fourteen scaffolds were inserted into the test device and evenly spaced approximately 0.34 cm apart. A T-175 flask, with 30 ml of medium residing at a height of 0.17 cm acted as a control. Inoculation using BHK cells was performed in two steps, as detailed in Example 7. Medium composition was the same as that described in Example 6. Seventy-two hours after the second inoculation, the culture was terminated and the device was disassembled and each scaffold was microscopically assessed for cell distribution upon the upper and lower surface. Each scaffold exhibited a distribution pattern on the upper and lower surface that was approximately equivalent to that of the T-175 flask. TABLE 7 shows an example of how increasing the surface area of the novel gas permeable cell culture device reduces the space needed to culture a given amount of cells when compared to the traditional T-175 flask. For example, when then novel gas permeable cell culture device contains 2432 cm.sup.2 of scaffold surface area, fourteen T-175 flasks would be needed to provide equal surface area. If 1.7 mm of medium is intended to be available for each cm.sup.2 of scaffold surface area, the volume of space occupied by the novel gas permeable cell culture device can be determined. TABLE 8 shows that in this case, the dramatically difference in the volume of space occupied by each type of device.

(102) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Gas permeable device output with increased surface area Available Volume of Surface area Number space for cell of Volume of occupied attachment devices medium per Device (cm.sup.2) needed needed (cm.sup.3) device (cm.sup.3) One novel gas 2432 1 420 760 permeable cell culture device T-175 flask 2432 14 420 12,292

(103) It can be seen that when the gas permeable cell culture device is designed to have the same medium to surface area ratio as the traditional flask, a much more efficient use of space results. The volume of space occupied by the gas permeable cell culture device is only one-sixteenth of that occupied by T-175 flasks when an equivalent amount of cells are desired. This translates directly into cost reductions for sterilization, shipping, storage, and disposal.

(104) It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the above embodiments, which are shown for purposes of illustration and described above, but is intended to include any modification or variation thereof falling within the scope of the appended claims.

Example 9

Gas Permeable Rolled Cell Culture Device for Adherent Cell Culture Inoculated in the Vertical Position

(105) Gas permeable test fixture 260 was constructed, as shown in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 19A and further defined in Example 5, to evaluate the capability of rolling a gas permeable cell culture device configured with more than one scaffold.

(106) With gas permeable test fixture 260 in the vertical, unrolled position, 10.425×10.sup.6 BHK cells, suspended in 500 ml Gibco GMEM medium supplemented with 1% Gibco Amino Acids Solution and 10% Hyclone FBS were inoculated into gas permeable test fixture 260, creating a seeding density of 15,000 cells per cm.sup.2 of attachment surface area. A control T-175 flask was also seeded with 15,000 cells per cm.sup.2 of attachment surface area in 30 ml of the equivalent medium.

(107) After approximately 24 hours, the gas permeable test fixture was places upon a standard roller rack at rotated at 1 RPM. Three days after the commencement of rolling, gas permeable test fixture was disassembled and each of the scaffolds was microscopically examined, indicating a confluent pattern of cells was present on the upper surface of each of the eight scaffolds. The control T-175 flask was also confluent as determined by microscopic evaluation.

(108) This demonstrates that proliferation of cells is uninhibited by rolling the novel gas permeable cell culture device. Thus, creating a device that can be rolled or unrolled allows users greater options for protocol development.

GUIDE TO REFERENCE CHARACTERS IN DRAWINGS

(109) 10 gas permeable cell culture device 12 gas permeable wall test fixture 14 multiple scaffold test fixture 15 gas permeable multiple well plate 16 gas permeable wall multiple well plate 20 cells 25 buoyant shoulder 30 lower gas permeable material 31 non-gas permeable bottom 40 walls 41 gas permeable wall 42 interior walls 45 individual wells 46 high surface area well 50 medium 55 top cover 60 medium access port 65 septum 70 cap 75 o-ring 80 lower gas permeable material support 90 gas compartment 95 feet 100 lower gas access openings 105 tubular test fixtures 110 projections 115 mesh 120 scaffolds 125 pipette access opening 130 inoculum 135 spacer 145 spring arm 150 ramps 160 elevation posts 170 scaffold locator screw 180 rotation arrow 190 vent slots 200 gas permeable wall 201 top wall 210 non-gas permeable wall 212 tongue 215 groove 220 fluid delivery port 230 fluid removal port 240 attachment scaffold 241 enclosure 260 gas permeable test fixture 270 suture 280 bulkhead gasket 290 upper bulkhead 300 lower bulkhead

(110) Those skilled in the art will recognize that numerous modifications can be made to this disclosure without departing from the spirit on the inventions described herein. Therefore, it is not intended to limit the breadth of the invention to the embodiments illustrated and described. Rather, the scope of the invention is to be interpreted by the appended claims and their equivalents. Each publication, patent, patent application, and reference cited herein is hereby incorporated herein by reference.