Co-Axial Glass-To-Metal Seal For A Case-Neutral Electrochemical Cell

Abstract

A case-neutral electrochemical cell has an electrode assembly comprising a separator positioned between an anode and a cathode housed inside a casing. The casing supports a co-axial glass-to-metal seal comprising an inner insulating glass hermetically sealed to a terminal pin and to the inner annular surface of an inner ferrule. An outer insulating glass is hermetically sealed to the outer annular surface of the inner ferrule and the inner annular surface of an outer ferrule, and the outer ferrule is secured to an opening in the casing. Then, one of the anode and the cathode is connected to the terminal pin and the other of the anode and the cathole is connected to the first or inner ferrule. An electrolyte is provided in the casing to activate the electrode assembly.

Claims

1. A case-neutral electrochemical cell, comprising: a) a casing comprising an open-ended container closed by a lid; b) an electrode assembly housed inside the casing, the electrode assembly comprising an anode and a cathode separated from direct physical contact with each other by an intermediate separator; c) a co-axial glass-to-metal seal, comprising: i) a terminal pin; ii) an inner ferrule comprising an inner ferrule sidewall extending to an inner ferrule inside end residing inside the casing spaced from an inner ferrule outside end residing outside of the casing, wherein the inner ferrule inside and outside ends extend to an inner ferrule inner annular surface opposite an inner ferrule outer annular surface; iii) an inner insulating glass hermetically sealed to the terminal pin and to the inner annular surface of the inner ferrule, wherein the inner insulating glass has an inner glass melting temperature; iv) an outer ferrule comprising an outer ferrule sidewall extending to an outer ferrule inside end residing inside the casing spaced from an outer ferrule outside end residing outside of the casing, wherein the outer ferrule inside and outside ends extend to an outer ferrule inner annular surface opposite an outer ferrule outer annular surface; and v) an outer insulating glass hermetically sealed to the outer annular surface of the inner ferrule and to the inner annular surface of the outer ferrule, wherein the outer insulating glass has an outer glass melting temperature; vi) wherein the outer annular surface of the outer ferrule is secured to an opening in the casing, and vii) wherein one of the anode and the cathode is electrically connected to the terminal pin and the other of the anode and the cathole is electrically connected to the inner ferrule; and c) an electrolyte provided in the casing to activate the electrode assembly.

2. The case-neutral electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the inner insulating glass comprises TA-23 having an inner glass melting temperature of about 775? C. that is less than the outer insulating glass comprising Cabal-12 having an outer glass melting temperature of about 925? C., or the inner insulating comprises Cabal-12 having an inner glass melting temperature of about 925? C. that is greater than the outer insulating glass comprising TA-23 having an outer glass melting temperature of about 775? C.

3. The case-neutral electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the inside ends of the inner and outer ferrules residing inside the casing are substantially aligned along a plane.

4. The case-neutral electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the inside end of the inner ferrule extends further into the casing than the inside end of the outer ferrule.

5. The case-neutral electrochemical cell of claim 1 of either a primary or a secondary chemistry.

6. The case-neutral electrochemical cell of claim 1 of a primary chemistry having the anode of an alkali metal and the cathode of a cathode active material selected from a carbonaceous material, a fluorinated carbon, a metal, a metal oxide, a mixed metal oxide, a metal sulfide, and mixtures thereof.

7. The case-neutral electrochemical cell of claim 1 of a secondary chemistry having the anode of carbon or graphite and the cathode of a cathode active material selected from LiNiO.sub.2, LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4, LiCoO.sub.2, LiCO.sub.0.92SnO.sub.0.08O.sub.2 and LiCo.sub.1-xNi.sub.xO.sub.2.

8. The case-neutral electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the casing is selected from titanium, stainless steel, mild steel, nickel-plated mild steel, and aluminum.

9. A method for manufacturing a co-axial glass-to-metal seal, comprising the steps of: a) providing a terminal pin; b) providing an inner ferrule comprising an inner ferrule sidewall extending to an inner ferrule inside end spaced from an inner ferrule outside end, wherein the inner ferrule inside and outside ends extend to an inner ferrule inner annular surface defining an inner ferrule opening opposite an inner ferrule outer annular surface; c) providing a sleeve-shaped inner insulating glass having an inner glass opening, and positioning the terminal pin in the inner glass opening in the inner insulating glass and positioning the inner insulating glass in the inner ferrule opening to a terminal pin/inner insulating glass/inner ferrule subassembly; d) subjecting the terminal pin/inner insulating glass/inner ferrule subassembly to a first heat treatment to hermetically seal the inner insulating glass to the terminal pin and to the inner annular surface of the inner ferrule to provide a first GTMS; e) providing an outer ferrule comprising an outer ferrule sidewall extending to an outer ferrule inside end spaced from an outer ferrule outside end, wherein the outer ferrule inside and outside ends extend to an outer ferrule inner annular surface defining an outer ferrule opening opposite an outer ferrule outer annular surface; and f) providing a sleeve-shaped outer insulating glass having an outer glass opening, and positioning the first GTMS in the outer glass opening in the outer insulating glass and positioning the outer insulating glass in the outer ferrule opening to provide a first GTMS/outer insulating glass/outer ferrule assembly; and g) subjecting the first GTMS/outer insulating glass/outer ferrule assembly to a second heat treatment to hermetically seal the outer insulating glass to the outer annular surface of the inner ferrule and to the inner annular surface of the outer ferrule to provide the co-axial GTMS.

10. The method of claim 9, including providing the inner insulating glass comprises TA-23 having an inner glass melting temperature of about 775? C. and providing the outer insulating glass comprising Cabal-12 having an outer glass melting temperature of about 925? C.

11. The method of claim 9, including providing the inside ends of the inner and outer ferrules residing inside the casing substantially aligned along a plane.

12. The method of claim 9, including providing the inside end of the inner ferrule extending further into the casing than the inside end of the outer ferrule.

13. The method of claim 9, including selecting the inner and outer ferrules from titanium, stainless steel, mild steel, nickel-plated mild steel, and aluminum.

14. A method for manufacturing a co-axial glass-to-metal seal, comprising the steps of: a) providing an outer ferrule comprising an outer ferrule sidewall extending to an outer ferrule inside end spaced from an outer ferrule outside end, wherein the outer ferrule inside and outside ends extend to an outer ferrule inner annular surface defining an outer ferrule opening opposite an outer ferrule outer annular surface; b) providing an inner ferrule comprising an inner ferrule sidewall extending to an inner ferrule inside end spaced from an inner ferrule outside end, wherein the inner ferrule inside and outside ends extend to an inner ferrule inner annular surface defining an inner ferrule opening opposite an inner ferrule outer annular surface; c) providing a sleeve-shaped outer insulating glass having an outer glass opening, and positioning the inner ferrule in the outer glass opening in the outer insulating glass and positioning the outer insulating glass in the outer ferrule opening to provide an outer ferrule/outer insulating glass/inner ferrule subassembly; d) subjecting the outer ferrule/outer insulating glass/inner ferrule subassembly to a first heat treatment to hermetically seal the outer insulating glass to the inner annular surface of the outer ferrule and to the outer annular surface of the inner ferrule to provide a first GTMS; e) providing a terminal pin; f) providing a sleeve-shaped inner insulating glass having an inner glass opening, and positioning the terminal pin in the inner glass opening in the inner insulating glass and positioning the inner insulating glass in the inner ferrule opening to provide a terminal pin/inner insulating glass/first GTMS assembly; g) subjecting the terminal pin/inner insulating glass/first GTMS assembly to a second heat treatment to hermetically seal the inner insulating glass to the terminal pin and to the inner annular surface of the inner ferrule to provide the co-axial GTMS.

15. The method of claim 14, including providing the inner insulating glass comprises Cabal-12 having an outer glass melting temperature of about 925? C. and providing the inner insulating glass comprising TA-32 having an inner glass melting temperature of about 775? C.

16. The method of claim 14, including providing the inside ends of the inner and outer ferrules residing inside the casing substantially aligned along a plane.

17. The method of claim 14, including providing the inside end of the inner ferrule extending further into the casing than the inside end of the outer ferrule.

18. The method of claim 14, including selecting the inner and outer ferrules from titanium, stainless steel, mild steel, nickel-plated mild steel, and aluminum.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary case-neutral electrochemical cell 10 including a co-axial glass-to-metal seal (GTMS) 12 according to the present invention.

[0016] FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view of another exemplary case-neutral electrochemical cell 10A including an alternate embodiment of a co-axial GTMS 12A according to the present invention.

[0017] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the co-axial GTMS 12 shown in the case-neutral electrochemical cell 10 of FIG. 1.

[0018] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the co-axial GTMS 12 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.

[0019] FIG. 4 is a side elevational view of the co-axial GTMS 12 shown in FIGS. 1 to 3.

[0020] FIG. 5 is a plan view of the co-axial GTMS 12 shown in FIGS. 1 to 4.

[0021] FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating the steps for manufacturing one embodiment of the co-axial GTMS 12 shown in FIGS. 1 to 5.

[0022] FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating the steps for manufacturing another embodiment of the co-axial GTMS 12 shown in FIGS. 1 to 5.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0023] The term glass softening temperature is the minimum temperature at which a glass begins to deform under its own weight. As defined herein, the glass softening temperature is the temperature at which a glass fiber having a diameter ranging from 0.55 mm to 0.75 mm and a length of 23.5 cm elongates under its own weight at a rate of 1 mm/min.

[0024] The term glass working temperature is herein defined as the temperature at which a glass has a viscosity of about 104 poise. (For support, see Fundamentals of Inorganic Glasses, Arun K. Varshneya, 1994 p. 189.)

[0025] The glass softening temperature is generally at a lower temperature than the glass working temperature. The temperature interval between the glass softening point and the glass working point is herein defined as the glass working range.

[0026] The term viscosity is herein defined as the resistance to flow in a fluid or semi-fluid.

[0027] The term heat treatment or heating profile is defined as the application of heat to a material starting at room temperature and increasing in a controlled manner to a maximum heating temperature and then decreasing the application of heat in a controlled manner back to room temperature. The heat treatment or heating profile may comprise a plurality of different heating or cooling rates as well as a plurality of temperature plateaus at which a temperature is held constant for a period of time.

[0028] Turning now to the drawings, FIGS. 1 and 1A illustrate two exemplary case-neutral electrochemical cells 10 and 10A according to the present invention. The exemplary cells 10, 10A are intended to provide context to the respective co-axial GTMS 12 and 12A of the present invention, which will be described in detail hereinafter.

[0029] The exemplary case-neutral electrochemical cells 10, 10A comprise an open-ended container 14 closed by a lid 16. The container 14 has an annular sidewall 18 extending upwardly from a bottom wall 20 to an annular upper edge 22. The lid 16 is a plate-shaped member extending to an annular edge 24. The edge 24 of the lid 16 is welded to the upper edge 22 of the container 14 to close the container and provide a casing 26 for the electrochemical cells 10, 10A.

[0030] In the illustrated exemplary electrochemical cells 10, 10A, the electrode assembly comprises two spaced-apart first electrodes 28 and 30 that are positioned on opposite sides of a second, opposite polarity electrode 32. The first electrodes 28, 30 are housed in respective separator envelopes 34 and 36, and the second electrode 32 is housed in its own separator envelope 38.

[0031] In one embodiment of the electrode assembly, the first electrodes 28, 30 are anodes comprising anode active material supported on respective anode current collectors 40 and 42, and the second electrode 32 is a cathode comprising cathode active material supported on a cathode current collector 44. In another embodiment, the first electrodes 28, 30 are cathodes comprising cathode active material supported on respective cathode current collectors 40, 42, and the second electrode is an anode comprising anode active material supported on an anode current collector 44.

[0032] With respect to the first embodiment of the electrode assembly, the right anode 28 is comprised of opposed plates 28A and 28B of anode active material that are contacted to the major sides of an intermediate anode current collector 40. A tab 40A extends upwardly from the right anode current collector 40. Similarly, the left anode 30 is comprised of opposed plates 30A and 30B of anode active material that are contacted to the major sides of an intermediate anode current collector 42. A tab 42A extends upwardly from the left anode current collector 42. The cathode 32 positioned between the right and left anodes 28, 30 is comprised of opposed plates 32A and 32B of cathode active material that are contacted to the major sides of an intermediate cathode current collector 44. A tab 44A extends upwardly from the cathode current collector 44.

[0033] In the second embodiment of the electrode assembly, the right cathode 28 is comprised of opposed plates 28A and 28B of cathode active material that are contacted to the major sides of an intermediate cathode current collector 40. A tab 40A extends upwardly from the right cathode current collector 40. Similarly, the left cathode 30 is comprised of opposed plates 30A and 30B of cathode active material that are contacted to the major sides of an intermediate cathode current collector 42. A tab 42A extends upwardly from the left cathode current collector 42. The anode 32 positioned between the right and left cathodes 28, 30 is comprised of opposed plates 32A and 32B of anode active material that are contacted to the major sides of an intermediate anode current collector 44. A tab 44A extends upwardly from the anode current collector 44.

[0034] FIGS. 2 to 5 show an exemplary embodiment of a co-axial glass-to-metal seal 12 according to the present invention that is suitable for incorporated into the case-neutral electrochemical cell 10 shown in FIG. 1. As particularly shown in FIG. 2, the exemplary co-axial GTMS 12 comprises a terminal pin 46, preferably made of molybdenum, which is supported by an inner sleeve-shaped insulating glass 48 which is supported by an inner ferrule 50. The inner ferrule 50 including the terminal pin 46 and inner insulating glass 48 is supported by an outer sleeve-shaped insulating glass 52 which is supported by an outer ferrule 54. The outer ferrule 54 is welded into an opening in the cell casing, such as an opening in the lid 16 or an opening in the casing container 18.

[0035] The inner sleeve-shaped insulating glass 48 extends from an inside meniscus end 48A residing inside the casing 26 to an outside meniscus end 48B. The inside and outside meniscus ends 48A, 48B in turn extend to an outer annular surface 48C spaced from an inner annular surface 48D of the inner sleeve-shaped insulating glass 48. The inner annular surface 48D defines a cylindrically-shaped opening 56.

[0036] The terminal pin 46 is hermetically sealed in the cylindrically-shaped opening 56 of the inner insulating glass 48. The terminal pin 46 is a rod-shaped member having an annular sidewall 46A that extends from a proximal end 46B to a distal end 46D. When the co-axial GTMS 12 of the present invention is built into the case-neutral electrochemical cell 10 (FIG. 1), the proximal pin end 46B extends into the interior of the casing 26 and the distal pin end 46C resides outside the casing to provide for connection to a load which the cell 10 is intended to power.

[0037] The inner ferrule 50 is a sleeve-shaped member having an annular sidewall that defines an inner ferrule opening and extends from an inside end 50A residing inside the casing 26 to an outside end 50B. The inside and outside ends 50A, 50B in turn extend to an outer annular surface 50C spaced from an inner annular surface 50D. In the exemplary co-axial GTMS 12, the outer annular surface 48C of the inner sleeve-shaped insulating glass 48 is hermetically sealed to the inner annular surface 50D of the inner ferrule 50.

[0038] The outer sleeve-shaped insulating glass 52 resides outwardly from the inner insulating glass 48 and is a sleeve-shaped member having an annular sidewall that extends from an inside meniscus end 52A residing inside the casing 26 to an outside meniscus end 52B. The inside and outside meniscus ends 52A, 52B in turn extend to an inner annular surface 52C spaced from an outer annular surface 52D. The inner annular surface 52C defines a cylindrically-shaped opening 58. In the exemplary co-axial GTMS 12, the inner annular surface 52C of the outer sleeve-shaped insulating glass 52 is hermetically sealed to the outer annular surface 50C of the inner ferrule 50.

[0039] The outer ferrule 54 is a sleeve-shaped member having an annular sidewall that resides outwardly from the inner ferrule 50. The outer ferrule 54 has an annular sidewall that defines an outer ferrule opening and extends from an inside end 54A located inside the casing 26 to an outside end 54B. The inside and outside ends 54A, 54B in turn extend to an outer annular surface 54C spaced from an inner annular surface 54D. An annular protrusion 54E extends outwardly from the outer annular surface 54C and is spaced from the inside and outside ends 54A, 54B. In the exemplary co-axial GTMS 12, the outer annular surface 52D of the outer sleeve-shaped insulating glass 52 resides in the outer ferrule opening where it is hermetically sealed to the inner annular surface 54D of the outer ferrule 54.

[0040] In the exemplary electrochemical cell 10A shown in FIG. 1A, the inside end 54A of the inner ferrule 50 extends a greater distance into the interior of the casing 26 than the inside end 54A of the outer ferrule. This is a significant distinction with respect to the GTMS 12 incorporated into the electrochemical cell 10 shown in FIGS. 2 to 5 because the extending inner ferrule 50 makes it easier to connect the current collector tabs 40A and 42A to the inner ferrule 50 than in the GTMS 12 shown in FIG. 1.

[0041] In one exemplary embodiment of a process for manufacturing the co-axial GTMS 12, 12A according to the present invention, a preferred material for the inner insulating glass 48 is TA-23, which is an alkaline earth aluminosilicate type glass developed by Sandia National Labs. TA-23 has a melting temperature of about 775? C. A preferred outer insulating glass 52 is Cabal-12, which is a calcium-boro-aluminate type glass that was also developed by Sandia National Labs. Cabal-12 has a melting temperature of about 925? C.

[0042] In this embodiment, which is illustrated in the flow diagram shown in FIG. 6, the outer sleeve-shaped Cabal-12 sealing glass 52 is positioned in the outer ferrule opening and between the inner and outer ferrules 50 and 52 (Step 1). This assembly is then subjected to a heating protocol (Step 2) to melt the Cabal-12 outer insulating glass 52 (melting temperature of about 925? C.) and cause that glass to flow into intimate sealing contact with the inner and outer ferrules 50, 52. When the molten outer insulating glass 52 cools, that glass hermetically seals to the outer annular surface 50C of the inner ferrule 50 and to the inner annular surface 54D of the outer ferrule 54 to form an outer GTMS. In this embodiment, the maximum heating temperature of the first heat treatment for Cabal-12 ranges from about 900? C. to about 950? C.

[0043] Next, in Step 3, the terminal pin 46 is positioned in the cylindrically-shaped opening 56 of the inner sleeve-shaped TA-23 insulating glass 48 so that the inner annular surface 48D of the inner insulating glass 48 contacts the annular sidewall 46A of the terminal pin 46. In Step 4, the terminal pin 46/inner TA-23 insulating glass 48 subassembly is then positioned in the opening in the inner ferrule 50 so that the inner annular surface 50D of the inner ferrule 50 contacts the outer annular surface 48C of the inner insulating glass 48. This assembly is then subjected to a second heating protocol or second heat treatment (Step 5) to melt the inner TA-23 insulating glass 48 (melting temperature of about 775? C.) and cause that glass to flow into intimate sealing contact with the terminal pin 46 and the inner ferrule 50. When the molten inner insulating glass 48 cools, that glass hermetically seals to the annular sidewall 46A of the terminal pin 46 and to the inner annular surface 50D of the inner ferrule 50. This forms the co-axial GTMS 12, 12A according to the present invention. Preferably, the maximum heating temperature for the second heat treatment in the flow process depicted in FIG. 6 ranges from about 750? C. to about 800? C.

[0044] The sequential heating protocol described above and shown in FIG. 6 is important because Cabal-12 as the preferred outer insulating glass 52 has a melting temperature of about 925? C., which is significantly higher than the melting temperature of about 775? C. for TA-23 as the preferred inner insulating glass. The significantly lower melting temperature of the TA-23 insulating glass will not affect the hermeticity of the Cabal-12 insulating glass sealed to the inner annular surface 52D of the outer ferrule 52 and to the outer annular surface of the inner ferrule 50. It is contemplated that there could be a plurality of heat treatment protocols such that the maximum heating temperature of the second heat treatment does not exceed the softening temperature of the Cabal-12 outer insulating glass 52.

[0045] In another preferred exemplary embodiment of a process for manufacturing the co-axial GTMS 12, 12A according to the present invention, the inner and outer insulating glasses 48, 52 are reversed from the embodiment described above. In this second exemplary embodiment, the inner insulating glass 48 is Cabal-12 (melting temperature of about 925? C.) and the outer insulating glass 52 is TA-23 (melting temperature of about 755? C.).

[0046] In this embodiment, which is illustrated in the flow diagram shown in FIG. 7, the terminal pin 46 is positioned in the cylindrically-shaped opening 56 of the Cabal-12 inner sleeve-shaped insulating glass 48 (Step 1) so that the inner annular surface 48D of the inner insulating glass 48 contacts the annular sidewall 46A of the terminal pin 46. The terminal pin 46/inner insulating glass 48 is then positioned in the opening in the inner ferrule (Step 2) so that the inner annular surface 50D of the inner ferrule 50 contacts the outer annular surface 48C of the inner insulating glass 48. This subassembly is then subjected to a first heating protocol (Step 3) to melt the Cabal-12 inner insulating glass 48 (melting temperature of about 925? C.) and cause that glass to flow into intimate sealing contact with the terminal pin 46 and the inner ferrule 50. When the molten Cabal-12 inner insulating glass 48 cools, that glass hermetically seals to the annular sidewall 46A of the terminal pin 46 and to the inner annular surface 50D of the inner ferrule 50. In this embodiment, the maximum heating temperature of the first heat treatment for Cabal-12 ranges from about 900? C. to about 950? C.

[0047] Next, the outer TA-23 sleeve-shaped sealing glass 52 is positioned in the opening of the outer ferrule and between the inner and outer ferrules 50 and 52 (Step 4). This assembly is then subjected to a second heating protocol (Step 5) to melt the outer TA-23 insulating glass 52 (melting temperature of about 775? C.) and cause that glass to flow into intimate sealing contact with the inner and outer ferrules 50, 52. When the molten outer insulating glass 52 cools, that glass hermetically seals to the outer annular surface 50C of the inner ferrule 50 and to the inner annular surface 54D of the outer ferrule 54. This forms the co-axial GTMS 12, 12A according to the second exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

[0048] Again, the sequential heating protocol described above for the second exemplary embodiment is important because Cabal-12 as the preferred inner insulating glass 48 has a melting temperature of about 925? C., which is significantly higher than the melting temperature of about 775? C. for TA-23 as the preferred outer insulating glass. The significantly lower melting temperature of the TA-23 insulating glass will not affect the hermeticity of the Cabal-12 insulating glass sealed to the terminal pin 46 and the inner annular surface 48D of the inner ferrule 48. Preferably, the maximum heating temperature for the second heat treatment in the flow process depicted in FIG. 7 ranges from about 750? C. to about 800? C.

[0049] The sequential heating protocol described above and shown in FIG. 7 is important because Cabal-12 as the preferred inner insulating glass 48 has a melting temperature of about 925? C., which is significantly higher than the melting temperature of about 775? C. for TA-23 as the preferred outer insulating glass 42. The significantly lower melting temperature of the TA-23 insulating glass will not affect the hermeticity of the Cabal-12 insulating glass sealed to the terminal pin 46 and to the inner annular surface 50D of the inner ferrule 50. It is contemplated that there could be a plurality of heat treatment protocols such that the maximum heating temperature of the second heat treatment does not exceed the softening temperature of the Cabal-12 inner insulating glass 48.

[0050] The terminal pin 46 is preferably composed of an electrically conductive material, for example, MP35N, stainless steel, titanium alloy, platinum, platinum alloys, palladium, palladium alloys or a refractory metal such as molybdenum. A preferred material for the casing including the lid 16 closing the open-ended container 18 is titanium although stainless steel, such as 304L SS, mild steel, nickel-plated mild steel and aluminum are also suitable. Preferred materials for the inner and outer ferrules 50 and 54 include titanium, stainless steel, such as 304 SS, mild steel, nickel-plated mild steel, and aluminum.

[0051] The co-axial GTMS 12 shown in FIG. 2 is then hermetically secured to the casing 26. This is done by welding the outer ferrule 54 in a suitably sized opening in the lid 16. The annular protrusion 54E extending outwardly from the outer annular surface 54C of the outer ferrule 54 helps ensure that the outside ends 50B and 54B of the respective inner and outer ferrules 50 and 54 are flush with the upper surface of the lid 16 (FIG. 1). The exemplary electrochemical cell 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 further shows that the inside ends 50A and 54A of the respective inner and outer ferrule 50, 54 extending into the interior of the casing are aligned along a common plane.

[0052] Once the co-axial GTMS 12 is created and the outer ferrule 54 is welded into an opening 16A in the lid 16, the proximal end 46B of the terminal pin 46 is electrically connected to either the anode or the cathode housed inside the cell casing 26 and the other of the anode and the cathode is electrically connected to the inner ferrule 50 (FIGS. 1 and 1A).

[0053] The exemplary case-neutral electrochemical cell 10A shown in FIG. 1A is constructed in a similar manner as the just described electrochemical cell 10 shown in FIG. 1 with the exception of the GTMS 12A. In the exemplary electrochemical cell 10A shown in FIG. 1A, the inside end 54A of the inner ferrule 50 extends a greater distance into the interior of the casing 26 than the inside end 54A of the outer ferrule. This is a significant distinction because the extending inner ferrule 50 makes it easier to connect the current collector tabs 40A and 42A to the inner ferrule 50 than in the GTMS 12 shown in FIG. 1. After the terminal pin 46 and the inner ferrule 50 are electrically connected to their respective electrode, the lid 16 is hermetically secured to the annular edge 22 at the open end of the container 18. The lid 16 may be hermetically sealed to the casing container 18 through such joining means as laser welding, resistance welding, ultrasonic welding, magnetic force welding, arc welding, soldering, and the like. An activating electrolyte (not shown) is then filled into the casing 26 through an electrolyte fill port or fill opening (not shown) in the lid 16. The fill port is then hermetically closed, such as by laser welding a plug into the port or by melting the lid material to close the opening.

[0054] The electrochemical cells 10 and 10A can also have a spirally-wound configuration.

[0055] In one embodiment, the electrochemical cells 10 and 10A are secondary or rechargeable cells. In a secondary system, the anode comprises a material capable of intercalating and de-intercalating the alkali metal, and preferably lithium. A carbonaceous anode comprising any of the various forms of carbon (e.g., coke, graphite, acetylene black, carbon black, glassy carbon, etc.), which are capable of reversibly retaining the lithium species, is preferred. Graphite is particularly preferred due to its relatively high lithium-retention capacity. Regardless the form of the carbon, fibers of the carbonaceous material are particularly advantageous because they have excellent mechanical properties that permit them to be fabricated into rigid electrodes capable of withstanding degradation during repeated charge/discharge cycling.

[0056] The cathode of a secondary cell preferably comprises a lithiated material that is stable in air and readily handable. Examples of such air-stable lithiated cathode materials include oxides, sulfides, selenides, and tellurides of such metals as vanadium, titanium, chromium, copper, molybdenum, niobium, iron, nickel, cobalt, and manganese. The more preferred oxides include LiNiO.sub.2, LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4, LiCoO.sub.2, LiCO.sub.0.92SnO.sub.0.08O.sub.2 and LiCo.sub.1-xNi.sub.xO.sub.2.

[0057] The lithiated active material is preferably mixed with a conductive additive selected from acetylene black, carbon black, graphite, and powdered metals of nickel, aluminum, titanium, and stainless steel. The cathode further comprises a fluoro-resin binder, preferably in a powder form, such as PTFE, PVDF, ETFE, polyamides and polyimides, and mixtures thereof. The current collector is selected from stainless steel, titanium, tantalum, platinum, gold, aluminum, cobalt nickel alloys, highly alloyed ferritic stainless steel containing molybdenum and chromium, and nickel-, chromium- and molybdenum-containing alloys.

[0058] Suitable nonaqueous electrolytes for a secondary electrochemical systems comprise an inorganic salt dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent and, more preferably, a lithium metal salt dissolved in a quaternary mixture of organic carbonate solvents comprising a dialkyl (non-cyclic) carbonate selected from dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), methyl propyl carbonate (MPC) and ethyl propyl carbonate (EPC), and mixtures thereof, and at least one cyclic carbonate selected from propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), butylene carbonate (BC) and vinylene carbonate (VC), and mixtures thereof. Organic carbonates are generally used in the electrolyte solvent system for such battery chemistries because they exhibit high oxidative stability toward cathode materials and good kinetic stability toward anode materials.

[0059] In another embodiment, the electrochemical cells 10 and 10A are primary cells. A primary electrochemical cell that possesses sufficient energy density and discharge capacity for the rigorous requirements of implantable medical devices comprises a lithium anode or its alloys, for example, LiSi, LiAl, LiB and LiSiB. The form of the anode may vary, but preferably it is of a thin sheet or foil pressed or rolled on a metallic anode current collector.

[0060] The cathode for a primary cell is an electrically conductive material, preferably a solid material. The solid cathode may comprise a metal element, a metal oxide, a mixed metal oxide, a metal sulfide, and combinations thereof. A preferred cathode active material is selected from silver vanadium oxide, copper silver vanadium oxide, manganese dioxide, cobalt nickel, nickel oxide, copper oxide, copper sulfide, iron sulfide, iron disulfide, titanium disulfide, copper vanadium oxide, and mixtures thereof.

[0061] Before fabrication into an electrode for incorporation into an electrochemical cell 10, 10A, the cathode active material is mixed with a binder material such as a powdered fluoro-polymer, more preferably powdered polytetrafluoroethylene or powdered polyvinylidene fluoride present at about 1 to about 5 weight percent of the cathode mixture. Further, up to about 10 weight percent of a conductive diluent is preferably added to the cathode mixture to improve conductivity. Suitable materials for this purpose include acetylene black, carbon black and/or graphite or a metallic powder such as powdered nickel, aluminum, titanium, and stainless steel. The preferred cathode active mixture thus includes a powdered fluoro-polymer binder present at about 3 weight percent, a conductive diluent present at about 3 weight percent and about 94 weight percent of the cathode active material.

[0062] The cathode may be prepared by rolling, spreading, or pressing the cathode active mixture onto a suitable cathode current collector. Cathodes prepared as described are preferably in the form of a strip wound with a corresponding strip of anode material in a structure similar to a jellyroll or a flat-folded electrode stack.

[0063] A primary electrochemical cell includes a nonaqueous, ionically conductive electrolyte having an inorganic, ionically conductive salt dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent and, more preferably, a lithium salt dissolved in a mixture of a low viscosity solvent and a high permittivity solvent. The salt serves as the vehicle for migration of the anode ions to intercalate or react with the cathode active material. Suitable salts include LiPF.sub.6, LiBF.sub.4, LiAsF.sub.6, LiSbF.sub.6, LiClO.sub.4, LiO.sub.2, LiAlCl.sub.4, LiGaCl.sub.4, LiC(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.3, LIN(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.2, LiSCN, LiO.sub.3SCF.sub.3, LiC.sub.6F.sub.5SO.sub.3, LiO.sub.2CCF.sub.3, LiSO.sub.6F, LiB(C.sub.6H.sub.5).sub.4, LiCF.sub.3SO.sub.3, and mixtures thereof.

[0064] Suitable low viscosity solvents for a primary system include esters, linear and cyclic ethers and dialkyl carbonates such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), methyl acetate (MA), diglyme, trigylme, tetragylme, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), 1,2-diethoxyethane (DEE), 1-ethoxy, 2-methoxyethane (EME), ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, and mixtures thereof. High permittivity solvents for a primary system include cyclic carbonates, cyclic esters, and cyclic amides such as propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), butylene carbonate, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl, formamide, dimethyl acetamide, ?-valerolactone, ?-butyrolactone (GBL), N-methyl-pyrrolidinone (NMP), and mixtures thereof. The preferred electrolyte for a lithium primary cell is 0.8M to 1.5M LiAsF.sub.6 or LiPF.sub.6 dissolved in a 50:50 mixture, by volume, of PC as the preferred high permittivity solvent and DME as the preferred low viscosity solvent.

[0065] Regardless of whether the electrochemical cell 10, 10A is a primary or secondary system, in order to prevent internal short circuit conditions, the cathode is separated from the anode by at least one separator 34, 36 and 38. A suitable separator is preferably made of a fabric woven from fluoropolymeric fibers including polyvinylidine fluoride, polyethylenetetrafluoroethylene, and polyethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene used either alone or laminated with a fluoropolymeric microporous film, non-woven glass, polypropylene, polyethylene, glass fiber materials, ceramics, polytetrafluoroethylene membrane commercially available under the designation ZITEX (Chemplast Inc.), polypropylene membrane commercially available under the designation CELGARD (Celanese Plastic Company, Inc.) and a membrane commercially available under the designation DEXIGLAS (C. H. Dexter, Div., Dexter Corp.).

[0066] It is appreciated that various modifications to the inventive concepts described herein may be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.