AQUEOUS PIGMENT DISPERSIONS

Abstract

There are disclosed aqueous pigment dispersions containing dispersant-improving-agents, and methods of preparing and using the same.

Claims

1. A method of forming an aqueous dispersion containing dispersant-laden particles, the method comprising: (a) providing a raw aqueous composition containing a first plurality of pigment core particles having a first median size within a range of 18 nm to 390 nm, on a volume basis (D.sub.V50), an outer surface of said pigment core particles being enveloped by, and associated with, dispersant molecules of a dispersant, to form a dispersant envelope; (b) introducing a dispersant-improving-agent (DIA) to said raw aqueous composition to produce an intermediate aqueous composition, said DIA being a salt of at least one of a fatty acid or a substituted fatty acid, each nominal unit of said salt having a cation and a hydrophobic carbon chain having an anionic moiety associated therewith; said salt having at least one of the following structural features: (i) a Griffin hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (G-HLB) number of at least 3.8; (ii) a Davies hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (D-HLB) number of at least 9.5; said salt having at least one of the following additional structural features: (I) a standard critical micelle concentration (CMC) at 25° C. and at a pH of 7 is at most 500 millimoles/liter (mM/l); (II) a pH dependent CMC at 25° C. and at a pH of the aqueous dispersion of at most 500 mM/l; and (c) treating said intermediate aqueous composition to produce the aqueous dispersion, said treating including agitating said intermediate aqueous composition, wherein a second median size on a volume basis (D.sub.V50) of the dispersant-laden within the aqueous dispersion is within a range of 20 nm to 400 nm.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said providing a raw aqueous composition includes milling an initial plurality of crude pigment particles, in a presence of said dispersant, to produce said first plurality of pigment particles.

3. The method of claim 1, said treating further including heating said intermediate aqueous composition to a temperature within a range of 40-90° C. for at least 15 minutes.

4. The method of claim 1, said treating further including maturing said intermediate aqueous composition by heating said intermediate aqueous composition for at least 8 hours at a temperature within a range of 40-80° C.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein said first median size exceeds said second median size by at most 30 nm.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein a ratio of said salt to a nominal surface area of said pigment core particles is at most 3.0 g per 1000 m.sup.2.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein said pigment core particles constitute 2 to 60% by weight, of the aqueous dispersion.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein after aging said intermediate aqueous composition between a first time t.sub.1 and a second time t.sub.2 which is at least 30 days after t.sub.1, at a temperature T.sub.A which is not greater than 80° C., at least one of the following (a), (b), (c), (d-i) and (d-ii) is true: (a) at a temperature T.sub.V which is in the range of 20° C. to 25° C. inclusive, the relationship between a viscosity V.sub.1 of said intermediate aqueous composition, measured at time t.sub.1, and a viscosity V.sub.2 of said intermediate aqueous composition, measured at time t.sub.2 is such that 0.8V.sub.1≤V.sub.2≤1.2V.sub.1; (b) at a temperature T.sub.V which is in the range of 20° C. to 25° C. inclusive, said viscosities V.sub.1 and V.sub.2 are at most 30 mPa.Math.s; (c) at a temperature T.sub.PS which is in the range of 20° C. to 25° C. inclusive, the relationship between the median particle size at time t.sub.1, D.sub.50-t1, and the median particle size at time t.sub.2, D.sub.50-t2, is such that 0.8 D.sub.50-t1≤D.sub.50-t2≤1.2 D.sub.50-t1; and (d) when compared to a reference composition that is devoid of the dispersant improving agent but otherwise identical to the composition that contains the DIA and which has been maintained under the same conditions, at least one of (i) and (ii) is true: (i) at a temperature T.sub.V which is in the range of 20° C. to 25° C. inclusive, the relationship between a viscosity V.sub.R measured at time t.sub.2 for the reference composition and a viscosity V.sub.2 of the DIA-containing composition measured at time t.sub.2 is such that V.sub.2≤0.8V.sub.R; and (ii) at a temperature T.sub.PS which is in the range of 20° C. to 25° C. inclusive, the relationship between the quantities D.sub.50-t1, D.sub.50-t2, D.sub.50-t1-Ref, D.sub.50-t2-Ref, is such that D.sub.50-t1≈D.sub.50-t1-Ref≤D.sub.50-t2<D.sub.50-t2-Ref wherein D.sub.50-t1 is the median particle size at time t.sub.1 of particles of the composition, D.sub.50-t2 is the median particle size at time t.sub.2 of particles of the composition D.sub.50-t2, D.sub.50-t1-Ref is the median particle size at time t.sub.1 of particles of the reference composition, and D.sub.50-t1-Ref is the median particle size at time t.sub.2 of particles of the reference composition.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein said DIA is present in an amount sufficient to achieve at least one of the following: (a) increase a viscosity stability of the aqueous dispersion relative to the aqueous dispersion without said DIA; and (b) decrease an amount of dispersant necessary to form said aqueous dispersion relative to said aqueous dispersion without the DIA.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0086] Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0087] FIGS. 1A-1C schematically depict various types of mechanisms and structures in particle dispersions, wherein FIG. 1A illustrates a solely electrostatic repulsion mechanism and structure; FIG. 1C illustrates a solely steric hindrance mechanism and structure, and FIG. 1B provides a combined electrostatic and steric mechanism and structure;

[0088] FIG. 2A illustrates a first arrangement of dispersant molecules (full black serpentines having a dark dot polar head) and DIA molecules (white “arcs”, with the anionic moiety depicted as an empty circle) on a pigment core particle;

[0089] FIG. 2B illustrates a second arrangement of the dispersant molecules and DIA molecules on a pigment core particle, in which virtually all of the direct associations with the outer surface of the pigment core particle are with dispersant molecules;

[0090] FIG. 3 provides a graphical representation of the nominal (volume) specific surface area of pigment particles as a function of the nominal particle size (D.sub.V50) assuming that the pigment particles are all perfect spheres having the nominal particle diameter (D.sub.V50);

[0091] FIG. 4 shows a plot of viscosity (mPa.Math.s) as a function of time (days) for dispersions of an exemplary pigment:dispersant combination having different concentrations of the same DIA:

[0092] FIG. 5 shows a plot of viscosity (mPa.Math.s) as a function of time (days) for dispersions of an exemplary pigment:dispersant combination having different DIAs;

[0093] FIG. 6 shows a plot of viscosity (mPa.Math.s) as a function of time (days) for dispersions having different DIAs with different exemplary pigment:dispersant combinations;

[0094] FIG. 7 shows a plot of viscosity as a function of time for three illustrative dispersions having the same pigment, dispersant and DIA, but in different ratios; and

[0095] FIG. 8 shows a plot of viscosity as a function of time for three illustrative dispersions having the same pigment, dispersant and DIA, but in different ratios.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0096] As noted, dispersants are commonly used to obtain dispersions of pigments or other particles in a carrier having improved properties vis-à-vis dispersions lacking dispersants, but even with the inclusion of dispersants, maintaining the dispersion is often a challenge, due to processes such as agglomeration, flocculation, sedimentation, precipitation, and, at the other extreme, gelation. Additionally, the inclusion of dispersants increases the cost of manufacturing the particle-containing compositions. The present inventors have found that the addition of a dispersion improving agent (DIA) can improve the performance of such compositions in one or more ways: (a) reducing the amount of dispersant required to obtain a particle-containing composition having desired properties; (b) decreasing the amount of dispersant required to maintain a particle-containing composition below a particular viscosity under defined conditions for a given period of time; (c) decreasing the viscosity of a particle-containing composition over time under defined conditions relative to behavior of such a composition lacking the DIA for the same time under the same conditions.

[0097] As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, different materials function as dispersants for different particulate material, such as pigments, in different media. Typically, dispersant are either low molecular weight (e.g., <1000) surfactants (ionic [cationic, anionic, zwitterionic)], non-ionic, or both), which are not necessarily polymeric; or they are high molecular weight polymers suitably functionalized for particle dispersion. The examples described herein utilize various types of dispersants (high molecular weight polymeric surfactants, relatively low molecular weight non-ionic surfactants and a so called low molecular weight polymeric naphthalene sulfonate anionic surfactant) commonly used with pigments.

[0098] The DIAs used in embodiments of the present invention may be any material that improves the performance of the dispersant with respect to the pigment or other particles in the carrier medium. Such improving of performance may constitute, for example, decreasing the amount of dispersant necessary to obtain an acceptably stable particle-containing composition; and/or it may constitute, for example, prolonging the stability of the composition relative to an otherwise identical composition that lacks the DIA. Depending on the circumstances, such improved stability may be measured as a function of viscosity of the composition, it being known that the viscosity of many pigment-containing compositions has a tendency to increase over time, particularly at higher temperatures. In some extreme cases, this may result in the composition becoming a gel. Thus far, it has been found that the best DIAs for the pigment/dispersion combinations tested are generally fatty acid salts or derivatives of such, such as sulfonic acid salt equivalents of such fatty acid salts. These fatty acid salts generally range from about 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and while typically they possess linear saturated carbon chains, they may have some degree of unsaturation and/or branching. A list, including the DIAs tested and reference molecules, appears in Table 2 hereinbelow.

[0099] The particles with which the presently claimed invention is employed preferably have a D.sub.50 of not more than 400 nanometers (nm). “D.sub.50” refers to the median size of the particles, i.e. the size at which 50% of the particles by number or, if determining on the basis of volume, by cumulative volume, are of smaller size than D.sub.50; these two quantities are referred to respectively as D.sub.N50 and D.sub.V50. Similarly, D.sub.10 refers the situation in which 10% of the particles by number or, if determining on the basis of volume, by cumulative volume, are of smaller size than D.sub.10, and D.sub.90 refers the situation in which 90% of the particles by number or, if determining on the basis of volume, by cumulative volume, are of smaller size than D.sub.90; these four quantities are referred to respectively as D.sub.N10, D.sub.V10, D.sub.N90 and D.sub.V90. The D.sub.50 is determined on the basis of hydrodynamic diameter of the particles using dynamic light scattering (DLS). In DLS techniques, the particles are approximated to spheres of equivalent behavior and the size can be provided in terms of hydrodynamic diameter. DLS also allows assessment of the size distribution of a population of particles. Results can be expressed in various terms depending on the basis for the calculation of the distribution, which for example may be the number, the volume, the surface area or the intensity of the particles. An example of an apparatus that can be used to determine D.sub.10, D.sub.50 or D.sub.90 using DLS is the Zen 3600 Zetasizer from Malvern Instruments Ltd. (Malvern, UK). In some embodiments, the size of the particles and their distribution is expressed on a volume basis, in which case D.sub.50 and D.sub.V50, for instance, are used interchangeably.

[0100] The particles may have any suitable aspect ratio, which is a dimensionless ratio between the smallest dimension of the particle and the largest orthogonal dimension. Particularly with respect to pigments, pigment particles having an almost spherical shape are characterized by an aspect ratio of approximately 1:1 and typically not more than 1:2, whereas flake-like particles can have an aspect ratio (i.e. between the thickness and the longest length of a planar projection of the particle) of at least 1:5 to 1:100 or more. Though not limiting, pigment particles in accordance with embodiments of the invention can have an aspect ratio of about 1:100 or less, of about 1:75 or less, of about 1:50 or less, of about 1:25 or less, of about 1:10 or less, or even of about 1:2 or less.

[0101] In accordance with embodiments of the invention, the pigment is first milled with the dispersant, the two materials being mixed together in the relevant proportions and added to the carrier, or mixed together in the relevant proportions in the carrier, and milled, the milling being sufficient to yield a desired size of pigment particles. This initial milled pigment dispersion is often referred to as a concentrated millbase. Depending on the concentration of pigment or other particles sought in the composition, the concentrated millbase can optionally be diluted with the carrier (either adding carrier to the concentrated millbase or adding concentrated millbase to carrier) so as to reach any desired pigment concentration. The resulting stock dispersion may be referred to as the diluted millbase or working millbase stock. The DIA can be added to the concentrated millbase upon completion of the milling, after which the DIA-containing concentrated millbase may be diluted; or the DIA may be added to the diluted millbase.

[0102] Alternatively, the DIA may be incorporated in a formulation that includes, in addition to either millbase type, additives suitable for achieving the intended use of the formulation. Such formulations are generally prepared from the millbase either shortly after completion of the milling, or shortly after dilution of the millbase; dilution of the millbase may be effected as part of the preparation of the formulation. The term “fresh formulation” or “freshly prepared formulation” refers to any such formulation prepared within two days of the completion of milling. Formulations beyond this time frame, or for which the time of preparation relative to the completion of milling is unknown, may be termed “stored formulations”; commercially available colloidal dispersions are examples of such stored formulations. Similarly the term “freshly added”, when referring to the time at which the DIA is added to the formulation, means that the DIA was added to the formulation within two days of completion of milling. It will be appreciated that the DIA may be incorporated into a freshly-prepared formulation after all other additives have been incorporated therein, or the DIA may be incorporated along with one or more of the additives. It will also be appreciated that the DIA can be incorporated into a stored formulation. Put differently, the stage at which the DIA is added to the milled, dispersant-containing material may not be critical. Both the incorporation of DIA in or into a freshly prepared formulation as well as the addition of DIA to a stored formulation constitute embodiments of the invention.

[0103] Irrespective of the timeline of incorporation of the DIA in a pigment:dispersant millbase or derived formulation, the resulting dispersions of particles constitute embodiments of the presently claimed invention.

[0104] Additional ingredients may be added as necessary, and the compositions may be diluted to the necessary concentration for a particular use as a paint, coating, ink or the like. For example, to make an ink composition, a polymeric resin may be used as a binder. It will be appreciated that the addition of other ingredients, and/or dilution of an initially more-concentrated composition to a diluted composition, does not remove the resulting composition from the scope of the presently claimed invention; such resulting compositions containing additional ingredients and/or being more dilute constitute embodiments of the presently claimed invention. Pigment-containing compositions in accordance with embodiments of the invention may be used as concentrates for paints, coatings, inks and the like.

[0105] As will be explained below in connection with FIGS. 7 and 8, the post-milling inclusion of one or more DIAs in the particle-containing compositions can reduce the amount of dispersant required and/or stabilize the viscosity of the compositions. This can be seen through viscosity measurements, which can be measured at ambient temperature using a viscometer (such as Brookfield DVII+ Pro).

[0106] The solubility behavior of the fatty acid salts or substituted fatty acid salts in water may be of appreciable importance. Various factors determine this solubility. One such factor is the nature of the fatty acid (or substituted fatty acid) anion or carboxylate anion—its length, shape, amount of branching and so on. The larger and less polar this group is, the less soluble it is in water. The carboxylate functional group is ionic, such that relatively strong ion-dipole bonds may be formed with adjacent water molecules and relatively long carbon chain may be dissolved in aqueous solutions. Surfactants such as soaps (carboxylate soaps) may typically have from twelve to eighteen carbon atoms in the carbon chain.

[0107] Another factor is the identity of the positive ion associated with the carboxylate ion. Ammonium salts and alkali metal salts (most commonly—potassium and sodium salts) generally have sufficient solubility in water. Typically, rubidium and cesium salts behave in similar fashion to their potassium and sodium counterpart salts. The counterpart lithium salts may have lower solubility than the other alkali metal salts. Magnesium and calcium salts are generally less soluble.

[0108] It is further noted that when the fatty acid group at the end of the chain is substituted with an —SO.sub.3 moiety (either sulfate or sulfonate), the polarity tends to increase substantially with respect to the fatty acid analogue. This may sufficiently increase the polar nature of the bond such that their magnesium and calcium salts may exhibit sufficient solubility. Similarly, shorter chains and unsaturated chains may also be sufficiently polar such that their magnesium and calcium salts may exhibit sufficient solubility.

[0109] The solubility behavior of the fatty acid salts or substituted fatty acid salts in water may be characterized by the HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) number, which is described in further detail hereinbelow. This solubility behavior may be further characterized by the critical micelle concentration (CMC), which is also described in further detail hereinbelow.

[0110] Although, as elaborated hereinabove, shorter fatty acid ions tend to have improved solubility in water, the inventors have discovered a tradeoff between improved solubility, on one hand, and diminished steric contribution on the other hand. Shorter backbones, particularly backbones having less than 9 (carbon) atoms, less than 8 atoms, less than 7 atoms, or less than 6 atoms, despite their improved solubility, generally contribute less to improving dispersibility, with respect to their slightly longer analogues (e.g., having 10, 12, or 14 backbone atoms).

[0111] Perhaps more significantly, the inventors have discovered DIA efficacy to be correlated with the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the DIA. Generally speaking, the CMC is the concentration of surfactants above which micelles form, such that additional surfactant added to the system (above the CMC) is incorporated in existing, or additional, micelles. The kinetics of such incorporation, or disincorporation, may be exceedingly fast.

[0112] Various mechanisms and structures of particle dispersions are known. FIG. 1A schematically illustrates a solely electrostatic repulsion mechanism and structure. FIG. 1C schematically illustrates a solely steric hindrance mechanism and structure. FIG. 1B schematically provides a combined electrostatic and steric mechanism and structure.

[0113] In the chemical systems at hand, the inventors have found that as the DIA molecules become associated with dispersant molecules enveloping the pigment particles, the DIA molecules are essentially removed from the solution. Thus, for systems in which the DIA concentration exceeds the CMC thereof, such association causes (by Le Chatelier's principle) DIA molecules incorporated in the micelle structures to disincorporate, and become dissolved in solution, thereby replenishing DIA availability.

[0114] Perhaps more significantly, the inventors have further discovered that the CMC of the DIA, and not (or more than) the overall DIA solubility, may strongly influence DIA efficacy. Without wishing to be limited by theory, the inventors believe that low values of CMC of the DIA, while not being directly related to the DIA-dispersant interactions (i.e., the micelles play no role, or no significant role, in this process), nevertheless manifest the low stability of the DIA in the solution, and typically, further manifest the relative affinity of the DIA to associate with the dispersant, as opposed to being dissolved as a molecule in the solution.

[0115] Surprisingly, molecules having a relatively high (overall) solubility may be poor DIAs, if their CMC is also high. In this case, the molecules may have a strong tendency to remain dissolved, individually, rather than associate with the dispersant molecules.

[0116] In seeking ways to reduce or inhibit gelation of pigment dispersions, the inventors introduced different DIAs into various pre-milling pigment formulations. While some anti-gelation behavior was observed, the inventors found that there may be a steep price to pay: the amount of dispersant required to attain a given size of milled product increased (by up to 300%). Without wishing to be limited by theory, the inventors believe that the DIAs may interact with the free dispersant, such that the free dispersant is deactivated or at least partially deactivated (electrostatically and/or sterically), reducing the amount of dispersant available to cover the surface of the pigment core particles. Moreover, the inventors further believe that during the milling process, as new, “bare” surface area of the pigment particles becomes exposed, the DIAs may compete with the dispersant for sites on the surface of the pigment particles, which may deleteriously affect the overall dispersability, relative to a pigment particle surface covered exclusively by the dispersant. Consequently, a larger quantity of dispersant must be introduced in order to promote dispersant availability.

[0117] FIG. 2A schematically illustrates a first arrangement of dispersant molecules 25, 27 and DIA molecules 30, 32, 34 on a pigment core particle 20, in accordance with the inventors' findings from introducing DIAs into various pigment formulations, prior to the milling stage, substantially as described hereinabove. It may be seen that various dispersant molecules 25 may be directly associated with pigment core particle 20. While in the exemplary arrangement shown in FIG. 2A, the non-polar ends of dispersant molecules 25 are adsorbed onto outer surface 22 of pigment core particle 20, it will be appreciated that other arrangements, including chemical bonding, may be possible, depending on the nature of outer surface 22 and the dispersant molecule.

[0118] In exemplary fashion, the non-polar end of dispersant molecule 27 may be associated with a non-end section of a particular dispersant molecule 25.

[0119] As shown, a tail (i.e., non-polar) end of a DIA molecule 32 may be associated with a non-end section of a particular dispersant molecule 25, in a largely non-polar fashion. In addition, a polar end of a DIA molecule 30 may be associated with a polar end of a particular dispersant molecule 25.

[0120] Significantly, several DIA molecules 34 may be directly associated with outer surface 22 of pigment core particle 20. Such DIA molecules 34 have successfully competed with the dispersant molecules for direct association with outer surface 22.

[0121] The inventors have discovered that such interactions may appreciably detract from the efficacy and stability of the aqueous dispersion. In an attempt to overcome such deleterious phenomena, it may be required to significantly increase the concentration of the dispersant and optionally, that of the DIA molecules, in order to attain the desired pigment target size. This may result in a high concentration of micelles that are devoid of a pigment core particle.

[0122] These particle-less micelles can be of three main types: a) dispersant micelles formed solely by free dispersant molecules 26: b) mixed micelles formed by a mixture of free dispersant molecules 26 and free DIA molecules 36; and c) DIA micelles formed solely by free DIA molecules 36. Although represented in afore-described sections (a) to (c) of FIG. 2A as globular micelles, wherein the polar moiety of the molecules faces the aqueous environment, different arrangements are possible. By way of a non-limiting example, panel (d) of the figure schematically shows a segment of a bilayer arrangement that may be formed by free dispersant molecules and DIA molecules.

[0123] While (in the interest of clarity) not shown in the figure, dispersant molecules 25 associated with a particular pigment core particle 20 may further interact (e.g., polar head to polar head) with free dispersant molecules 26, which may in turn further interact with additional free molecules to form a network of molecular associations extending from the core particle. Such networks, typically resulting from an excess of dispersant molecules, may ultimately bridge between core pigment particles, eventually leading to agglomeration and sedimentation of the particles and/or gelation (due to three-dimensional network formation) of the pigment:dispersant system.

[0124] Thus, notwithstanding the improved anti-gelation behavior observed using the above-described method of pre-milling addition of DIA, the inventors have found various distinct deficiencies with this method: a large “excess” of dispersant may be required to reduce the competition with the DIA during size reduction; some DIA may interact or associate directly with the outer surface of the pigment core particle; some “free” DIA may interact with “free” dispersant molecules (for example, to form mixed micelles (b) or (d) shown in FIG. 2A) so as to reduce or destroy the affinity of the dispersant for the outer surface of the pigment core particle, and require yet further excess of the dispersant; and the absolute viscosity of the dispersion may be disadvantageously elevated, due to the excess dispersant, the presence of the DIA, and the enhanced thermodynamics for forming a three-dimensional network, etc.

[0125] In seeking further ways to reduce or inhibit gelation of pigment dispersions, or to stabilize the viscosity of such pigment dispersions, the inventors introduced different DIAs—post-milling—into various pigment formulations. In accordance with the findings from this method, FIG. 2B illustrates a second arrangement of the dispersant molecules and DIA molecules on a pigment core particle. Since, during the milling stage, no DIA molecules were present, dispersant molecules 25 were initially able to associate with substantially all sites on outer surface 22 of pigment core particle 20. Subsequently, after the DIA was introduced to the post-milling formulations, virtually all of the direct associations with the outer surface 22 of the pigment core particle 20 remain with dispersant molecules 25. Statistically, however, a minute amount of DIA molecules may possibly achieve a direct association with outer surface 22, as schematically represented by DIA molecule 34. The dispersant molecules disposed in direct or indirect association with the outer surface 22 of a pigment core particle 20, illustrated by dispersant molecules 25 and 27, are said to form a dispersant envelope 40.

[0126] Moreover, the polar functional group or section of each DIA molecule 30 may be associated with a polar end or section of a particular dispersant molecule 25. This relatively common phenomenon may result in an effective spherical shell (a 3D annulus) of protection 55—surrounding pigment core particle 20—that is slightly larger, and perhaps more densely populated than the effective annulus of protection 55 produced using the pre-milling addition method associated with FIG. 2A.

[0127] It cannot be ruled out that despite the predominance of dispersant molecules in the dispersant envelope, other molecules may also be present. By way of non-limiting example, in a dispersion comprising DIA added post-milling, it may be possible that over time, an occasional DIA molecule 34 may diffuse through dispersant envelope 40 and directly associate with outer surface 22.

[0128] Such a post-milling phenomenon may be rather limited, such that a weight ratio of dispersant molecules to hydrophobic carbon chains of the DIA salt, that are directly associated with outer surface 22, may be at least 20, at least 30, at least 50, or at least 100.

[0129] The inventors have discovered that when DIA molecules are added after the dispersion of pigment:dispersant has reached the target particle size distribution, then the requisite amount of DIA additive may be significantly reduced. Furthermore, without wishing to be bound to a particular theory, it is believed that by selecting dispersants having a relatively higher affinity towards the pigment particles than towards other molecules of the dispersants and by employing DIA molecules having a higher affinity towards the dispersant molecules, than the dispersant molecules have towards other (identical) dispersant molecules, the arrangement of FIG. 2B can be favored.

[0130] For example, those of ordinary skill in the art know that for good adsorption onto iron oxides, hydroxyl, carbonyl and/or carboxyl groups are particularly suitable functional groups.

[0131] FIG. 3 provides a graphical representation of the nominal volume-specific surface area of pigment particles, in square meters per cubic centimeter, as a function of the nominal particle size (D.sub.V50), in nanometers. For the purpose of this illustration, the pigment particles were assumed to be perfect spheres having an identical nominal diameter Dv.sub.50. To obtain the nominal weight-specific surface area of pigment particles, the nominal volume-specific surface area may be divided by the specific gravity of the pigment particles. Information concerning pigment density is readily available in the literature, and by way of example, PR122 has a density of about 1.2 g/cm.sup.3, PY95 of about 1.4 g/cm.sup.3, PV23 of about 1.45 g/cm.sup.3, PR185 and PB15:3 of about 1.5 g/cm.sup.3, PBk7 of about 1.8 g/cm.sup.3, PG7 of about 3.3 g/cm.sup.3, and PW6 of about 4.2 g/cm.sup.3.

[0132] As readily understood, and easily appreciated from FIG. 3, particles having a relatively small diameter exhibit a higher specific area (surface area per unit volume or weight) and a higher nominal volume-specific surface area as compared to larger particles. As it is established that dispersants stabilize particles by surrounding them and, in part, directly associating with the particle being dispersed, smaller particles having a higher specific area therefore require a higher amount of dispersant. Besides cost considerations, increasing the amount of dispersant may also increase the viscosity of the composition and the need for further stabilizing additives, which in turn may also complicate the preparation of pigment dispersions.

EXAMPLES

Preparation of Pigments

[0133] Pigments used in the examples described below are generally supplied with initial particle size of a few micrometers. Such pigments were ground to submicron range in presence of the dispersing agent, the two materials being fed to the milling device as an aqueous mixture. Unless stated otherwise, 30 g pigment were mixed with the weight amount of dispersant satisfying the weight ratio indicated in the following examples. Deionized water was added to a balance of 200 g. This liquid slurry was size-reduced in presence of 4500 g of chrome-steel beads (Glen Mills Inc., USA) having a diameter of 0.8 mm in an Attritor HDDM-01/HD-01 by Union Process for a duration of time and at an energy input sufficient to prepare millbase comprising pigment particles having a median diameter (as analyzed per volume of particles) of 100 nm or less (D.sub.V50≤100 nm). Typically, the Attritor was operated at about 3000 rpm, for at least 48 hours, the milling duration also depending on the initial particle size.

[0134] Particle size and distribution thereof in the compositions so prepared was determined using DLS methodology (Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS). Unless otherwise stated, an aliquot was removed from the compositions being considered, and if necessary diluted in double distilled water (DDW), so as to obtain samples having a solid concentration of about 1 wt. %. The liquid samples were briefly sonicated (about 7 sec in a Sonics Vibracell VCX 750 (750 watts) at 75% of max power) ahead of DLS measurement to ensure a proper dispersion of the pigment particles during assessment of particle size and distribution. Results were analyzed based on the volume of the particles.

[0135] Once the pigment-dispersant mixture reached desired particle size, 50 g water were added to the chamber of the milling device and the resulting diluted dispersion was extracted therefrom. The beads were separated by filtration of the diluted millbase through a suitable mesh. The pigment concentration at this stage was 12 wt. %.

[0136] The DIA under study was then added to the pigment-dispersant-containing millbase and water was added as needed to yield a composition having a pigment concentration of 10 wt. %.

[0137] An otherwise identical composition lacking DIA served as reference for each study. The resulting samples were stirred for five minutes with a magnetic stirrer and their stability was assessed as described below.

[0138] The pigments listed in Table 1 at the end of the specification were employed in the examples described herein.

Dispersants

[0139] The following dispersants were used as indicated.

TABLE-US-00001 Name Manufacturer Description Dispex ® Ultra BASF Acrylic block copolymer PX 4585 dispersing agent suited for (previously pigment stabilization, EFKA ® 4585) high MW Disperbyk ® BYK Chemie High MW block copolymer 190 with pigment affinic groups Tween ® 20 Sigma Aldrich Non-ionic polysorbate surfactant having chemical formula C.sub.58H.sub.114O.sub.26 Triton ® X-100 DOW Chemical Co. Non-ionic surfactant having (CAS 9002-93-1) chemical formula C.sub.14H.sub.22O(C.sub.2H.sub.4O).sub.n (n = 9-10) NAXAF ® NEASE Low MW Anionic surfactant. HSP Performance Sodium salts of alkyl Chemicals naphthalene sulfonic acid condensate (C.sub.10H.sub.8O.sub.3S•CH.sub.2O).sub.x•xNa

[0140] Tween® 20 was reported to have an average molecular weight of about 1,227 g/mol, a CMC value in water of 8.04×10.sup.−5 M/l at 21° C. and an HLB value of 16.7. Triton® X-100 was reported to have an average molecular weight of 625 g/mol, a CMC value of 2.2-2.4×10.sup.−4 M/l and a calculated HLB value of 13.5.

Dispersant Improving Agents

[0141] DIAs and control additives, including those used in the following examples, are listed in Table 2 at the end of the specification. Materials marked by “(1)” were purchased from Haihang Industry Co., materials marked with “(2)” were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, materials marked with “(3)” were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. and materials marked with “(4)” were purchased from Fluka. Unmarked materials are provided for reference. All tested materials were supplied at a purity grade of at least about 90%.

Viscosity Measurements

[0142] The viscosity of the pigment dispersions (with or without DIA) was measured using a Brookfield Viscometer DV II+ Pro and a spindle 18. The results were expressed in centipoise or mPa.Math.s (1 cP=1 mPa.Math.s). The viscometer was typically operated at a speed (rpm) that was inversely proportional to the viscosity of the liquid to be assessed, as known to persons skilled in the operation of such measuring equipment. Viscosity measurements were performed on samples having reached room temperature (circa 24° C.), even if previously incubated for the sake of the experiments at a different temperature.

[0143] In cases in which samples underwent gelation, preventing any actual measurement, the viscosity was arbitrarily set to be 10,000 mPa.Math.s, for simplicity of calculation or comparison.

Preparation, Storage and Testing of Viscosity of Pigment Dispersions

[0144] As noted, the samples were prepared by diluting in water the millbase containing dispersed pigment and, where applicable, the DIA, so that the mixture contained 10 wt. % pigment. In cases where a DIA was also included, it was included at the indicated amount as a percentage of the weight of the pigment.

[0145] After manually mixing the samples, the viscosity was measured to establish baseline values. Samples were then stored, either at room temperature (R.T. ˜23° C.) or at an elevated temperature of 60° C. or 70° C., in a fan convection oven (Carbolite, PF200), and the viscosity measured on the days indicated following incubation at the temperature indicated in the respective examples. Samples not containing DIA, but containing same amounts and proportions of pigments and dispersants, were used as references (Ref.).

Example 1—Magenta

Pigment (10 wt. %): Novoperm® Red HF4C (Pigment Red 185)

Dispersant: Dispex® Ultra PX 4585

[0146] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.5

TABLE-US-00002 Measured viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 2 6 14 36 Temperature, °C. R.T. R.T. R.T. R.T. R.T. R.T. Ref. % DIA 15.0 19.5 18.0 23.3 28.0 44.0 Sodium  2% 13.6 16.0 16.0 18.8 22.0 28.4 Oleate  4% 13.2 16.0 14.5 19.1 21.5 26.3  7% 14.5 17.2 16.0 20.9 25.0 27.1 10% 15.0 20.6 18.0 23.5 28.2 33.9 15% 15.6 26.6 22.0 28.0 32.7 33.8 Sodium  2% 14.5 22.4 24.0 24.5 29.5 41.3 Octanoate  4% 14.6 22.6 21.5 27.0 29.0 36.0  7% 14.5 25.1 33.5 25.0 27.2 35.3 10% 15.1 24.0 31.0 25.5 27.9 38.0 15% 14.4 26.1 34.4 28.5 29.0 27.0 Sodium  2% 14.8 16.6 18.6 20.0 24.5 39.0 Dodecyl  4% 15.0 16.8 17.7 21.0 22.0 33.3 Sulfate  7% 15.2 18.0 19.8 23.5 23.0 32.6 10% 15.5 18.3 19.2 25.0 24.5 38.0 15% 16.4 24.0 35.1 33.4 35.5 50.0 Sodium  2% 15.4 20.1 21.9 23.0 29.0 39.5 Dodecyl  4% 15.6 21.6 19.9 25.5 28.5 38.5 Benzene  7% 16.5 27.2 27.0 28.7 30.0 42.1 Sulfonate 10% 19.2 37.6 36.3 37.0 38.0 40.0 15% 22.5 56.0 58.1 44.0 49.0 52.0 Sodium  2% 14.1 15.8 27.2 19.1 19.0 19.0 Dodecanoate  4% 13.8 15.0 23.6 18.1 17.0 16.7  7% 13.4 15.5 15.6 18.0 18.6 17.2 10% 14.0 16.8 16.3 18.2 19.3 18.1 15% 15.7 19.5 19.5 21.0 22.0 21.2

[0147] Viscosity results obtained with various concentrations of sodium oleate in the pigment:dispersant system of the present example following incubation at ambient temperature are shown in FIG. 4. For clarity of illustration, not all time points were plotted on the graph. As can be seen, while the viscosity of all samples increased with time, the rate of such increase was more pronounced for the reference dispersion lacking the DIA than for the DIA-containing samples. The delayed or reduced increase in viscosity over time provided by sodium oleate in the illustrated example depends upon the concentration of the DIA. Such dependence, however, is not necessarily linear; 2%, 4% and 7% DIA per weight of pigment appear to be sufficient and possibly preferable to 10% and 15% DIA over the time period of the present study. For clarity of illustration, in this and the following figures, the effect of a given DIA on the dispersion under discussion is provided at a single concentration found to provide among the best outcomes in the set of concentrations tested. As illustrated in FIG. 1, such a selection (in the case of FIG. 4 is 4% DIA per weight of pigment) does not mean that other concentrations are not similarly efficient or suitable.

TABLE-US-00003 Measured viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 2 6 14 36 Temperature, °C. R.T. 60 60 60 60 60 Ref. % DIA 15.0 58.0 36.0 42.0 38.0 42.0 Sodium  2% 13.6 49.0 55.0 35.4 27.0 27.0 Oleate  4% 13.2 37.3 43.0 29.5 25.0 25.0  7% 14.5 38.6 44.0 39.5 29.0 24.6 10% 15.0 38.4 47.0 39.0 35.0 35.0 15% 15.6 43.5 53.0 50.0 43.0 38.0 Sodium  2% 14.5 45.0 42.0 44.0 43.0 40.0 Octanoate  4% 14.6 38.0 38.0 38.3 36.0 36.7  7% 14.5 39.5 31.0 41.0 36.0 46.0 10% 15.1 35.3 75.3 43.5 36.0 33.8 15% 14.4 32.0 68.0 37.0 33.0 33.4 Sodium  2% 14.8 43.4 42.0 34.0 23.0 26.3 Dodecyl  4% 15.0 41.0 35.0 24.5 21.0 23.7 Sulfate  7% 15.2 35.0 33.0 23.5 19.0 23.5 10% 15.5 36.0 31.0 26.5 24.0 29.0 15% 16.4 37.0 33.0 36.0 35.0 38.0 Sodium  2% 15.4 43.0 49.0 39.0 38.0 38.4 Dodecyl  4% 15.6 42.0 43.0 36.0 35.0 40.0 Benzene  7% 16.5 44.0 51.0 44.0 42.0 42.0 Sulfonate 10% 19.2 46.0 44.9 47.0 42.0 49.0 15% 22.5 53.0 59.0 49.0 45.0 43.5 Sodium  2% 14.1 40.0 48.0 34.0 21.0 22.0 Dodecanoate  4% 13.8 32.0 34.0 22.8 15.4 14.5  7% 13.4 27.7 24.0 17.7 13.4 14.5 10% 14.0 25.3 21.0 16.9 13.7 13.5 15% 15.7 24.5 22.2 18.0 16.4 17.5

[0148] The above table corresponds to the previous one in this example, the samples having being incubated at 60° C. instead of ambient temperature. As expected, such conditions were more demanding for the dispersions, accelerating and/or accentuating previous observations. In subsequent examples presented below, some results may be provided solely for these more extreme temperature conditions.

[0149] Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the inventors believe that at such elevated temperatures, the three-dimensional gel network may be at least partially decomposed/dismantled, which allows the DIA molecules access to the dispersant molecules in the dispersant envelope surrounding the pigment core particle. The DIA molecules associate with these dispersant molecules, and inhibit the three-dimensional gel network from reforming as the aqueous dispersion cools back down to room temperature.

[0150] It should be noted that the samples containing sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate were further tested after six months of incubation at 60° C. and found to have a viscosity after this extensive period of time of only 44 mPa.Math.s (at 7% DIA per pigment weight). These results show that this DIA, seemingly less efficient than the alternatives tested in the present study over the first month of measurements, was nevertheless very potent in the long run. The viscosity of the reference could not be measured at this later time point, but based on extrapolation of existing results and assuming a linear progression was estimated to be at least about 80 mPa.Math.s under same storage conditions.

[0151] In the next table, a different set of DIAs was tested at various concentrations with the same pigment:dispersant combination used in the previous two tables in this Example, but the viscosity measurements were collected at time points differing from the previous series.

TABLE-US-00004 Measured viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 2 13 20 26 41 Temperature, °C. R.T. 60 60 60 60 60 60 Ref. % DIA 14.5 81.5 74.0 30.0 52.0 42.0 40.9 Potassium  2% 14.7 70.0 69.0 21.0 19.2 16.9 NA Myristate  4% 14.3 58.0 52.0 19.3 16.0 14.1 NA  7% 15.3 46.0 43.0 19.0 16.2 13.9 NA 10% 16.2 45.0 44.0 20.0 17.0 18.0 NA 15% 16.0 50.0 51.0 23.9 45.0 49.0 NA Potassium  2% 13.9 70.0 66.0 28.0 26.4 25.0 NA Oleate  4% 14.0 60.0 58.0 23.0 21.8 19.5 NA  7% 15.2 55.0 56.0 26.0 26.0 30.2 NA 10% 15.1 52.0 62.0 29.0 30.3 28.0 NA 15% 16.4 55.0 59.0 35.0 43.0 44.0 NA Potassium  2% 13.8 58.0 57.0 22.0 20.8 19.5 17.3 Dodecanoate  4% 13.5 49.0 45.0 19.8 15.8 14.1 13.5  7% 14.6 42.0 39.0 17.0 13.7 12.5 12.3 10% 14.0 37.0 30.0 17.0 17.0 16.0 15.0 15% 15.1 37.0 27.0 19.0 18.1 16.5 17.3

[0152] Viscosity results obtained in the pigment:dispersant system of the present example when combined with various DIAs following incubation at 60° C. are shown in FIG. 5; for each DIA, a representative concentration was chosen. For clarity of illustration, not all time points were plotted on the graph and the results displayed in the preceding tables were in some cases normalized to the penultimate reference values; such results, indicated by a legend in italics, are therefore plotted for illustrative purposes only.

[0153] As can be seen, while the viscosity of most samples increased with time, the different DIAs, each at its respective concentration, reduced or delayed such increase in viscosity as compared to the reference dispersion lacking the DIA. While in a first period the viscosity often displayed a transient peak, the behavior of the viscosity following such initial phase of each dispersion can generally be viewed as substantially linear. If arbitrarily considering the period spanning from about the tenth day on, it can be seen that while the viscosity of the reference steadily increased, the samples containing the various DIAs remained relatively stable, their viscosity over a period of thirty days varying by less than 20%. In the present example, considering the post-aging period of the dispersion including sodium dodecanoate, it appears that over the duration of this study, this DIA substantially prevented the increase in viscosity displayed by the reference lacking any DIA.

Example 2—Magenta

Pigment (10 wt. %): Toner Magenta E02 (Pigment Red 122)

Dispersant: Dispex® Ultra PX 4585

[0154] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.5

TABLE-US-00005 Measured viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 6 28 1 6 28 Temperature, °C. R.T. R.T. R.T. R.T. 60 60 60 Ref. % DIA 6.87 6.33 70 6.27 92.0 6.00 Gel Sodium  2% 6.69 6.30 30.0 6.18 58.0 5.64 114 Dodecanoate  4% 6.78 6.18 6.96 6.06 14.2 5.61 45.0  7% 6.90 6.36 5.88 6.24 7.17 5.79 19.2 10% 7.20 6.60 5.88 6.39 6.51 6.01 13.7 15% 7.62 7.05 6.12 6.87 6.81 6.36 14.1

[0155] As can be seen from the above table, while the reference displayed a dramatic increase in viscosity resulting in gelation of the initial dispersion in about twenty-eight days at 60° C., sodium dodecanoate significantly reduced such effect at all concentrations tested. Considering for simplicity the results displayed for 10% sodium dodecanoate by weight of Pigment Red 122, it can be observed that this DIA succeeded to maintain a viscosity which, over the duration of the study, did not exceed about 14 mPa.Math.s, which is at least two or even three orders of magnitude below reference values. FIG. 6 shows the viscosity plotted over time in a semi-logarithmic fashion for several samples, including the dispersion listed in the preceding table containing 10% sodium dodecanoate with (black triangles) as compared to a reference lacking it (white triangles). The plot in FIG. 6 also illustrates that a DIA or a DIA-Dispersant combination can be used for a variety of pigments.

Example 3—White

[0156] While in previous examples, the pigment particles were present in the tested dispersions at a concentration of 10 wt. %, in this example the concentration was raised to 50 wt. %. Such elevated concentration can be of relevance for concentrated coloring compositions being diluted ahead of use, by way of example for concentrated inks, and for compositions wherein the pigment is efficient at such concentrations. For instance, white pigment can be used in inks at concentrations of up to about 40 wt. %, for example if desired for opacity on transparent printing substrates.

Pigment (50 wt. %): Kronos® 2310 (Pigment White 6—TiO.SUB.2.)

Dispersant: Disperbyk® 190

[0157] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.05

TABLE-US-00006 Measured viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 2 7 14 36 Temperature, °C. R.T. 60 60 60 60 60 Ref. % DIA 6.06 220 680 O.R. O.R. O.R. Sodium  2% 6.06 85.0 490 O.R. O.R. O.R. Oleate  4% 6.06 6.27 7.19 11.6 21.0 122  7% 6.06 5.91 5.79 5.70 5.82 5.50 10% 6.06 7.50 7.38 7.20 7.26 7.35 15% 6.06 13.2 13.1 13.6 13.8 13.7 20% 6.06 25.0 26.1 80.0 42.0 49.0 Potassium  2% 6.06 295 2750 O.R. O.R. O.R. Oleate  4% 6.06 6.66 8.07 27.8 51.0 280  7% 6.06 6.05 5.85 5.81 5.61 5.94 10% 6.06 7.60 7.41 7.10 7.20 7.08 15% 6.06 18.2 18.3 21.1 19.0 17.4 20% 6.06 39.0 57.0 98.2 90.0 124 O.R. = out of range, i.e. above 10,000 mPa .Math. s using present measuring equipment.

[0158] As can be seen from the above table, while the reference displayed a dramatic increase in viscosity resulting in gelation of the initial dispersion in at most a week at 60° C., the two DIAs of the present study significantly prevented such deleterious effect at most concentrations tested. Considering for simplicity the results displayed by 5% sodium oleate and 7% potassium oleate, by weight of Pigment White 6, it can be observed that both succeeded to maintain a relatively stable viscosity over at least thirty-six days. Their viscosities, which over the duration of the study did not exceed about 6 mPa.Math.s, is at least three orders of magnitude below reference values. FIG. 6, in which the viscosity is plotted over time in a semi-logarithmic fashion, illustrates graphically the behavior of a dispersion containing 7% sodium oleate (black diamonds) as compared to a reference lacking it (white diamonds). This example also illustrates that different salts of the same fatty acid can be used.

Example 4—Cyan

Pigment (10 wt. %): Heliogen® Blue D7079 (Pigment Blue 15:3)

Dispersant: Dispex® Ultra PX 4585

[0159] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.6

TABLE-US-00007 Measured viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 7 1 4 7 27 Temperature, °C. R.T. R.T 60 60 60 60 Ref. % DIA 3.81 3.66 39 385 480 Gel Sodium  2% 3.90 3.87 4.60 13.1 200 2500 Oleate  4% 3.93 3.96 4.23 5.73 9.51 1060  7% 4.02 4.08 4.30 4.71 5.43 130 10% 4.20 4.20 4.35 4.65 5.01 28 15% 4.95 4.44 4.56 4.65 4.86 16.4 Sodium  2% 3.90 3.84 4.38 8.58 20.8 990 Dodecyl  4% 4.01 3.90 4.26 5.34 6.69 150 Sulfate  7% 4.02 4.05 4.20 4.80 5.10 10.5 10% 4.26 4.14 4.30 4.65 4.80 8.1 15% 4.38 4.41 4.62 4.80 5.01 7.02 Sodium  2% 3.87 3.90 4.50 8.60 21.7 Gel Dodecanoate  4% 4.01 3.84 4.11 5.43 7.05 205  7% 4.17 4.02 4.14 4.59 5.19 14.1 10% 4.23 4.17 4.30 4.62 4.89 8.6 15% 4.60 4.50 4.47 4.86 4.95 6.5

[0160] As can be seen from the above table, while the reference displayed a dramatic increase in viscosity resulting in gelation of the initial dispersion in about twenty-seven days at 60° C., the three DIAs tested in the present study significantly reduced such effect at most concentrations tested. Considering for simplicity the results displayed by 15% sodium oleate, 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 15% sodium dodecanoate, by weight of Pigment Blue 15:3, it can be observed that all three DIAs succeeded to maintain a viscosity which over the duration of the study did not exceed about 16 mPa.Math.s, being even below about 10 mPa.Math.s for a few concentrations of SDS and sodium dodecanoate. Such results are at least two or even three orders of magnitude below reference values. FIG. 6 includes a plot showing the behavior of the dispersion including 10% SDS (black squares) as compared to a reference lacking it (white squares).

Example 34—Cyan

Pigment (10 wt. %): Heliogen® Blue D7079 (Pigment Blue 15:3)

Dispersant: Disperbyk® 190

[0161] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.4

TABLE-US-00008 Measured viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 2 5 33 Temperature, °C. R.T. 60 60 60 60 Ref. % DIA 7.23 50 40 40 45 Sodium  2% 7.50 7.62 6.90 6.12 7.02 Oleate  4% 7.86 5.43 5.07 4.26 4.35  7% 8.10 4.35 4.11 3.60 3.72 10% 8.46 3.75 3.57 3.54 3.96 15% 9.00 3.51 3.39 3.33 4.11 20% 8.34 3.45 3.30 3.36 3.87 Sodium  2% 7.59 5.91 5.13 4.35 4.01 Dodecyl  4% 7.77 4.29 3.81 3.36 3.21 Sulfate  7% 7.92 3.57 3.30 3.01 3.06 10% 8.01 3.42 3.18 2.88 3.12 15% 7.68 3.18 3.09 2.88 3.09 20% 7.56 3.24 3.09 2.91 3.30 Sodium  2% 7.26 8.40 7.50 6.45 8.20 Dodecanoate  4% 7.26 5.73 5.22 4.50 4.35  7% 7.59 4.65 4.11 3.51 3.45 10% 7.68 3.96 3.70 3.18 3.18 15% 7.98 3.60 3.45 3.06 3.30 20% 8.04 3.57 3.39 3.09 3.45

[0162] As can be seen from the above table, inclusion of the DIA in the compositions tested in the present study resulted in a relatively stable viscosity which over the thirty-three days duration of the study did not exceed about 8 mPa.Math.s, while the samples were incubated at 60° C. This example further illustrates that a DIA or a DIA-Dispersant combination can be used for a variety of pigments.

[0163] The size distribution of the pigment particles following milling was assessed by DLS. The millbase dispersion was found to have a D.sub.V10 of 32.4 nm, a D.sub.V50 of 51.8 nm, and a D.sub.V90 of 89.0 nm.

Example 6—Black

Pigment (10 wt. %): Mogul L (Pigment Black 7)

Dispersant: Dispex® Ultra PX 4585

[0164] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.5

TABLE-US-00009 Measured viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 2 6 14 36 Temperature, °C. R.T. 60 60 60 60 Ref. % DIA 2.61 23.9 49 125 520 Sodium  2% 2.70 5.97 17.2 60 500 Oleate  4% 2.73 3.78 7.11 20.5 42.0  7% 2.76 3.09 3.99 6.84 36.0 10% 2.85 3.24 3.42 5.79 18.5 15% 2.97 3.33 3.45 4.80 8.30 20% 3.10 3.78 3.90 5.01 7.10 Sodium  2% 2.70 5.34 15.3 44.5 250 Dodecyl  4% 2.67 3.90 8.31 23.5 78.0 Sulfate  7% 2.76 3.39 5.70 14.5 45.0 10% 2.76 3.51 5.73 13.5 44.0 15% 2.85 3.66 5.85 11.2 28.0 20% 3.03 3.90 6.21 12.0 29.0 Sodium  2% 2.64 5.28 10.3 25.3 210 Dodecanoate  4% 2.61 3.42 4.41 6.72 43.0  7% 2.73 2.91 3.30 4.17 11.2 10% 2.76 2.88 3.18 4.14 10.5 15% 2.91 3.03 3.39 4.05 8.15 20% 3.15 3.15 3.51 4.35 8.01

[0165] As can be seen from the above table, inclusion of the DIAs in the compositions tested in the present study resulted in a relatively stable viscosity which over the thirty-six days' duration of the study did not exceed about 30 mPa.Math.s. In the case of sodium oleate and sodium dodecanoate at 20% of Pigment Black weight in which the samples were incubated at 60° C., the viscosity of the compositions did not exceed about 8 mPa.Math.s. This example further illustrates that a DIA or a DIA-Dispersant combination can be used fora variety of pigments.

Example 7—Black

Pigment (10 wt. %): Monarch 900 (Pigment Black 7)

Dispersant: Dispex® Ultra PX 4585

[0166] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.6

TABLE-US-00010 Measured viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 6 1 6 12 Temperature, °C. R.T. R.T 60 60 60 Ref. % DIA 1.90 1.86 3.84 25 145 Sodium  2% 1.95 3.87 4.23 60.0 Oleate  4% 1.98 3.96 2.55 27.0  7% 2.10 4.08 2.13 2.40 5.16 10% 2.10 4.20 2.67 30.3 15% 2.22 4.44 2.19 2.64 3.30 Sodium  2% 1.98 3.84 2.64 4.56 Dodecyl  4% 1.95 3.90 2.19 3.03 Sulfate  7% 2.07 4.05 1.98 2.16 2.52 10% 2.13 4.14 2.1 2.52 15% 2.28 4.41 2.10 2.16 2.43 Sodium  2% 1.89 3.90 2.91 23.5 Dodecanoate  4% 1.95 3.84 2.25 5.34  7% 2.07 4.02 1.98 2.04 2.75 10% 2.16 4.17 2.07 2.46 15% 2.31 4.50 2.13 2.16 2.52

[0167] As can be seen from the above table, inclusion of DIA in the compositions tested in the present study resulted a relatively stable viscosity which over the twelve days' duration of the study with incubation at 60° C. did not exceed about 3 mPa.Math.s. This example further illustrates that a DIA or a DIA-Dispersant combination can be used for a variety of pigments.

Example 8—Green

Pigment (10 wt. %): Heliogen Green D8730 (Pigment Green 7)

Dispersant: Triton® X-100

[0168] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.5

TABLE-US-00011 Measured viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 4 7 25 Temperature, °C. R.T. 60 60 60 60 Reference 4.26 Gel Gel Gel Gel Potassium  2% 4.38 5.40 7.32 9.80 15.5 Myristate  4% 4.44 4.47 4.53 4.65 5.04  7% 4.59 4.47 4.41 4.35 4.35 10% 4.62 4.44 4.41 4.29 4.27 15% 4.80 4.5 4.47 4.41 4.40 20% 4.89 4.71 4.56 4.53 4.53

[0169] As can be seen from the above table, the pigment-dispersant combination lacking the DIA readily underwent gelation within at most one day at 60° C. Inclusion of potassium myristate drastically reduced or prevented such deleterious phenomena at all concentrations tested, most compositions having a viscosity which over the twenty-five days' duration of the study did not exceed about 5 mPa.Math.s. FIG. 6 includes a plot of the behavior of the dispersion including 7% potassium myristate (black circles) as compared to a reference lacking it (white circles). This example further illustrates that a DIA or a DIA-Dispersant combination can be used for a variety of pigment %.

[0170] In the following series, the non-ionic fatty acid DIA of previous series (i.e. potassium myristate, having a HLB of about 22 as calculated by the method of Davies) was replaced by a non-fatty acid non-ionic surfactant. The surfactant selected for comparison of efficiency using the same pigment-dispersant combination was an ethoxylated acetylenic diol, namely Surfynol® 465 (supplied by Evonik with a reported HLB of 13).

TABLE-US-00012 Measured Viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 2 26 Temperature, ° C. R.T. 60 60 60 Reference 3.48 Gel Gel Gel Surfynol ®  2% 3.60 Gel Gel Gel 465  4% 3.54 Gel Gel Gel  7% 3.60 Gel Gel Gel 10% 3.57 Gel Gel Gel 15% 3.69 Gel Gel Gel 20% 3.87 Gel Gel Gel

[0171] As can be seen from the above table, and as previously observed, the pigment-dispersant combination lacking the DIA readily underwent gelation within at most one day at 60° C. However, in clear contrast with the first series, where addition of potassium myristate to the Triton® X-100 dispersed green pigment drastically reduced or even prevented such dramatic viscosity increase, the non-fatty acid control surfactant failed to achieve any detectable effect.

[0172] The size distribution of the pigment particles following milling was assessed by DLS. The millbase dispersion was found to have a D.sub.V10 of 31.5 nm, a D.sub.V50 of 63.2 nm, and a D.sub.V90 of 117 nm.

Example 9—Violet

[0173] Pigment (10 wt. %): Chromophtal Violet D 5800 (Pigment Violet 23)

Dispersant: Triton® X-100

[0174] Ratio pigment/dispersant (wt.): 1:0.5

TABLE-US-00013 Measured Viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 2 Temperature, ° C. R.T. 60 60 Reference 25 200 140 Sodium Myristate 10% 25 6.54 5.19 Sodium Dodecanoate 10% 25 8.34 6.20

[0175] As can be seen from the preliminary results shown in the above table, inclusion of both DIAs in the compositions tested in the present study at least reduced the viscosity relative to a reference composition which lacked the DIAs. This example further illustrates that a DIA or a DIA-Dispersant combination can be used for a variety of pigments.

Example 10—Gelation Reversal

[0176] In the above-examples, the DIAs were added to the various dispersions following the milling of the pigments with the exemplary dispersants, before monitoring the impact over time of the inclusion of the DIAs on the stability of the resulting dispersions, as shown by viscosity measurements. As exemplified, some of the compositions including the DIAs exhibited a reduced increase in viscosity, or a delaying of such increase, and in particularly favorable cases a significant prevention of such increase typically observed in absence of a DIA.

[0177] In the present study, the DIA was added to a year old pre-formed gel that had been kept at ambient temperature. The gel was made of Heliogen® Blue D7079 previously dispersed with Naxaf® HSP at a 1:0.8 ratio. SDS was added to the gel so as to be at a concentration of 7% per weight of Pigment Blue 15:3. The gel, which had an initial viscosity out of measurable range (i.e. above 10,000 mPa.Math.s), was stirred in the absence or presence of the DIA to facilitate the homogeneous penetration of DIA within the structure. The mechanically homogenized samples (now having an initial viscosity of about 100-200 mPa.Math.s) were then incubated at 60° C. and their viscosity over time monitored as previously described. Whereas within ten days of incubation the sample lacking the DIA promptly re-gelified, this phenomenon was prevented by the added DIA which even provided for a reduction of the initial viscosity to be of only about 17 mPa.Math.s at the end of the study period.

Example 11—Ink Composition

[0178] As explained, the pigment- or other particle-containing dispersions according to the present teachings can be used for the preparation of a variety of end products. In the present example, the preparation of an ink composition is described.

[0179] Heliogen® Blue D7079 was milled with Disperbyk® 190 in HDDM-01/HD-01 Attritor as previously described, the materials were mixed in the following proportion:

TABLE-US-00014 Heliogen ® Blue D7079  30 g Disperbyk ® 190 (40%)  30 g Water 140 g Total 200 g

[0180] The milled concentrate, now having a D.sub.V50 of less than 100 nm, was further diluted with 50 g water and extracted from the milling device at 12 wt. % pigment concentration. The millbase concentrate was further processed as below described for the preparation of an ink composition

[0181] In a first stage, 2.4 g of sodium dodecanoate were added to 200 g of the millbase concentrate to yield a DIA supplemented millbase at a ratio of 10 wt. % DIA per pigment weight. The mixture was stirred to homogeneity (5′ magnetic stirrer at 50 rpm) and incubated at 60° C. for 1 day. The mixture was then left to cool down to ambient temperature.

[0182] In a second stage, ink ingredients were added to the DIA-supplemented millbase as follows:

TABLE-US-00015 Millbase Concentrate + DIA (from stage 1) 202.4 g Joncryl ® 538 (46.5%) 154.8 g BYK ® 349 5 g BYK ® 333 2 g Propylene Glycol 240 g Water 595.8 g Total 1200 g

[0183] The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at ambient temperature resulting in an ink composition having a viscosity of less than 10 mPa.Math.s.

[0184] It should be noted that the DIA can alternatively be added once the ink composition is formulated from the millbase, namely once the pigment is at a diluted concentration of 2 wt. % of the total composition.

[0185] All pigments exemplified thus far are suitable for the preparation of ink compositions according to similar principles as known to persons skilled in the art of ink formulation.

Example 12—Cosmetic Composition

[0186] As explained, the pigmented dispersions according to the present teachings can be used for the preparation of a variety of additional end products. In the present example, the preparation of a cosmetic composition is described.

[0187] Pigment White 6, in addition to its coloring effect (e.g., white inks, paints or coatings), can also be used as a UV blocker, as it is made of titanate which absorbs some deleterious ultra-violet radiation. A dispersion of Pigment White, dispersed with Disperbyk® 190 at a ratio of 1:0.05 and supplemented with 15% potassium oleate per pigment weight, was prepared as described in Example 3. The inventive dispersion was then incorporated at a concentration of 10% by weight of a commercially available body lotion (supplied by E.L. Erman Cosmetic Manufacturing Ltd., Israel). The resulting cosmetic formulation was monitored for up to a week at ambient temperature and found stable.

Example 13—Coating Composition

[0188] 13.1. A dispersion of Pigment White, dispersed with Disperbyk® 190 at a ratio of 1:0.05 and supplemented with 15% potassium oleate per pigment weight, was prepared as described in Example 3. The resulting dispersion was then incorporated at a concentration of 10% by weight into a commercial water-based wood lacquer (“Hydro clear” wood lacquer manufactured by Zweihorn, Germany). The resulting coating formulation was monitored for up to a week at ambient temperature and found to be viscosity stable.

[0189] 13.2. A dispersion of Pigment Blue 15:3, dispersed with Disperbyk® 190 at a ratio of 1:0.4 by weight and supplemented with 15% SDS per pigment weight, was prepared as described in Example 5. The resulting dispersion was then incorporated at a concentration of 10% by weight into a commercial water-based wood lacquer (“Hydro clear” wood lacquer manufactured by Zweihorn, Germany). The resulting coating formulation was monitored for up to a week at ambient temperature and found to be viscosity stable.

Example 14—Particle Size Stability

[0190] The compositions described in Example 1 were additionally monitored for particle size stability. The D.sub.V50 of the pigment was measured upon completion of the milling and following six months of incubation at ambient temperature. These measurements were performed as previously described and it was found that the compositions containing the various DIAs maintained a relatively stable particle size, their D.sub.V50 at the end of the study deviating by less than 10% from their D.sub.V50 at the initiation of the study, when freshly prepared.

Example 15—Schematic Illustrations of DIA Activity

[0191] FIG. 7 illustrates schematically the influence of a DIA on a hypothetical dispersant composition; the graphs depicted, however, are based on observed behavior. Curve A illustrates the viscosity behavior over time of a first reference dispersion that contains pigment and dispersant in a weight ratio of 1:0.5, lacking DIA. As can be seen, this is an insufficient amount of dispersant, with the result that the viscosity of the dispersion significantly increases over time, so that the composition may ultimately gel. Curve B illustrates a composition containing the same ingredients, but in which the amount of dispersant has been increased, so that the weight ratio of pigment to dispersant is 1:1.6. This results in a lower and steadier viscosity as compared to Curve A. Curve C illustrates a composition identical to the one shown in Curve A, namely containing pigment and dispersant in a 1:0.5 weight ratio, except that DIA has been added in an amount which is 10% by weight of the pigment. In this case, not only is the viscosity stable over time, but it is significantly lower than the viscosity of the reference composition that contains more than 3 times as much dispersant.

[0192] FIG. 8 illustrates schematically the influence of a DIA on another hypothetical dispersant composition: the graphs depicted, however, are based on observed behavior. Curve A illustrates the viscosity behavior over time of a reference composition that contains pigment and dispersant in a weight ratio of 1:0.5, lacking DIA. The viscosity of this composition rapidly increases, rendering the composition unsuitable for commercial use. Curve B illustrates a composition containing the same ingredients, but in which the amount of dispersant has been increased, so that the weight ratio of pigment to dispersant is 1:1.6. Although the viscosity of this composition increases at a lower rate than the viscosity of the reference composition shown in Curve A, the viscosity increase is still too great to enable the manufacture of a commercial product, i.e. the composition is still unstable. Curve C illustrates a composition containing pigment and dispersant in a 1:0.5 weight ratio, except that DIA has been added in an amount which is 10% by weight of the pigment. In this case, the viscosity is stable over time, and it is sufficiently low to facilitate manufacture of a commercial composition.

Example 16—Pigment Concentration

[0193] In the above-examples, unless otherwise stated, the DIAs were added following the milling of the pigments with the exemplary dispersants to dispersions having a pigment concentration of 10% by weight of the dispersion. Typically, for a given pigment particle size, the viscosity of pigment dispersions increases with the amount of pigment present in the dispersions, generally as a result of the quantity of the pigment as well of its dispersant. Moreover, for a given pigment concentration, the viscosity of pigment dispersions generally increases with the reduction in size of the pigment particles, as such size reduction increases the surface area of the pigment particles to be dispersed, typically requiring an increased amount of dispersant.

[0194] In this example, the effect of the DIA addition was tested on dispersions containing 0.5 wt. %, 1 wt. %, 3 wt. % and 5 wt. % pigment, respectively, the pigment in each dispersion having a substantially identical particle size distribution. The DIA was tested at concentrations of 2, 4, 7, 10, 15 and 20%, by weight of the pigment, in each of the aforesaid pigment dispersions. The samples were incubated at 60° C. and their viscosity, measured at room temperature (RT), was monitored over a period of four weeks. As little change was observed at the different time points monitored during this period, only the first and last measurements are reported. As the viscosity results obtained for a given pigment concentration and DIA were similar at all DIA per pigment weight per weight percentage, their average is reported in the below table. For convenience of comparison, the averages of the results at efficient DIA concentrations obtained after 25 days at 60° C. with dispersions containing 10 wt. % green pigment, as detailed in Example 8, or after 33 days at 60° C. with dispersions containing 10 wt. % blue pigment, as detailed in Example 5, or after 36 days at 60° C. with dispersions containing 50 wt. % white pigment, as detailed in Example 3, are also included in their respective tables.

[0195] The percentage of viscosity decrease (% ΔV) attained by the DIA at the final time point, at each pigment concentration, was calculated with respect to the relevant reference lacking the DIA. % ΔV=100*(V.sub.R2−V.sub.2)/V.sub.R2, wherein V.sub.R2 represents the viscosity of the reference composition lacking the DIA and V.sub.2 the viscosity of the DIA-containing composition, both measured at time t2 which, in the present example, corresponds to 28 days (or any other time point above indicated for the examples providing the 10 wt. % pigment reference). A gel-like sample was assumed to have, for this illustrative purpose, a viscosity of 10,000 mPa.Math.s.

Pigment: Heliogen Green D8730 (Pigment Green 7)

Dispersant: Triton® X-100

[0196] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.5

TABLE-US-00016 Measured Viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Percent Days after formation 0 28 Viscosity Temperature, ° C. R.T. 60 Decrease 0.5% Pigment Reference 1.17 1.42 NR Potassium Myristate on 0.5% P. 1.26 1.31  7.0% 1% Pigment Reference 1.38 1.50 NR Potassium Myristate on 1% P. 1.35 1.34 10.7% 3% Pigment Reference 1.65 4.05 NR Potassium Myristate on 3% P. 1.73 1.65 59.3% 5% Pigment Reference 2.07 16.4 NR Potassium Myristate on 5% P. 2.25 2.16 86.8% 10% Pigment Reference 4.26 Gel NR Potassium Myristate on 10% P. 4.62 6.35 99.9%

Pigment: Heliogen Blue D7079 (Pigment Blue 15:3)

Dispersant: Disperbyk® 190

[0197] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.4

TABLE-US-00017 Measured Viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Percent Days after formation 0 28 Viscosity Temperature, ° C. R.T. 60 Decrease 0.5% Pigment Reference 1.41 1.48 NR Sodium Oleate on 0.5% P. 1.49 1.37  7.4% 1% Pigment Reference 1.59 1.71 NR Sodium Oleate on 1% P. 1.50 1.40 18.1% 3% Pigment Reference 1.83 1.98 NR Sodium Oleate on 3% P. 1.88 1.64 17.2% 5% Pigment Reference 2.46 2.70 NR Sodium Oleate on 5% P. 2.61 2.00 25.9% 10% Pigment Reference 7.23 45 NR Sodium Oleate on 10% P. 8.21 4.51 90.0%

Pigment: Heliogen Blue D7079 (Pigment Blue 15:3)

Dispersant: Disperbyk® 190

[0198] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.4

TABLE-US-00018 Measured Viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Percent Days after formation 0 28 Viscosity Temperature, ° C. R.T. 60 Decrease 0.5% Pigment Reference 1.47 1.45 NR Sodium Dodecanoate on 0.5% P. 1.47 1.36  6.2% 1% Pigment Reference 1.65 1.49 NR Sodium Dodecanoate on 1% P. 1.53 1.44  3.4% 3% Pigment Reference 1.86 1.92 NR Sodium Dodecanoate on 3% P. 1.85 1.64 14.6% 5% Pigment Reference 2.40 2.79 NR Sodium Dodecanoate on 5 % P, 2.50 1.96 29.7% 10% Pigment Reference 7.23 45 NR Sodium Dodecanoate on 10% P, 7.64 4.32 90.4%

Pigment: Kronos 2310 (Pigment White 6)

Dispersant: Disperbyk® 190

[0199] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.05

TABLE-US-00019 Measured Viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Percent Days after formation 0 28 Viscosity Temperature, ° C. R.T. 60 Decrease 10% Pigment Reference 1.55 2.88 NR Sodium Oleate on 10% P. 1.62 1.57 45.4% 20% Pigment Reference 2.19 13.3 NR Sodium Oleate on 20% P. 2.34 2.18 83.6% 50% Pigment Reference 6.06 Gel NR Sodium Oleate on 50% P. 6.06 39.5 99.6%

[0200] This example shows that even in the range of relatively low viscosity, as observed with low pigment concentration, the addition of DIA following the milling of the pigment particles can be advantageous. While generally the viscosity of the pigment dispersions at pigment concentration as low as 0.5 wt. % increases, even if moderately, over time, the presence of a DIA at least reduced such increase, as observed for instance at 0.5 wt. % of pigment green: Triton® X-100. While the reference progressed from 1.17 mPa.Math.s to 1.42 mPa.Math.s, the sample that further included potassium myristate displayed a smaller increase in viscosity, from 1.26 mPa.Math.s to 1.31 mPa.Math.s. As the pigment concentration was augmented, the efficacy of the DIAs became more apparent, as illustrated by the raise in the calculated percent viscosity decrease.

Example 17—Timing of DIA Addition

[0201] In the above-examples, unless otherwise stated, the DIAs were added following the milling of the pigments with the exemplary dispersants. In Example 17, the effect of the timing of the DIA addition was assessed by comparing the viscosity performance of three kinds of preparations. The reference preparation or dispersion (“Type 1”) contained only the pigment (10 wt. % of the dispersion) and the dispersant, which were co-milled as detailed above, until the pigment reached an average particle size D.sub.V50 of about 50 nm. The second type of preparation or dispersion (“Type II”) was obtained by adding the DIA (Potassium Myristate or Sodium Oleate at 10% by weight of the pigment), prior to milling, together with same pigment:dispersant as the reference, all being co-milled for the same duration of time as the previous preparation. These samples exemplify “pre-milling” timing, or “co-milling” of the constituents of the dispersion, whose viscosity performance is compared to the reference preparation, under similar conditions and duration of milling.

[0202] The third type of preparation or dispersion (“Type III”) was prepared by adding the same amount of the DIA as in the Type II preparation, but after the milling of the pigment:dispersant, and further exemplifies the “post-milling” timing of DIA addition.

[0203] It should be noted that in control experiments attempting to mill the raw pigment only with the DIAs in absence of dispersant, the size reduction was deemed inappropriate. The pigment particles formed a highly heterogeneously sized population, which may be detrimental for most practical purposes and may also be prone to instability problems. Hence, it is believed that the direct association of a DIA to the pigment (as would occur during such co-milling in absence of dispersant competing for such attachment) is not sufficient to permit proper size reduction/dispersion of the pigment particles.

Pigment (10 wt. %): Heliogen Green D8730 (Pigment Green 7)

Dispersant: Triton® X-100

[0204] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.5

TABLE-US-00020 Measured Viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 4 7 84 Temperature, ° C. R.T. 60 60 60 60 Reference (No DIA) 4.4 53.0 72.0 75.0 Gel K-Myristate Pre-Milling 4.0 7.9 18.3 26.9 81.8 K-Myristate Post-Milling 4.9 4.4 4.5 4.2 4.9 Na-Oleate Pre-Milling 4.0 15.3 53.0 88.3 217 Na-Oleate Post-Milling 5.0 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.4

[0205] Under the tested conditions, the addition of a DIA benefited the viscosity stability of the dispersions, whether added before or after milling, albeit to a different extent. This suggests different mechanisms of action for the pre-milling and post-milling DIA additions. While pre-milling addition only reduced the kinetics of viscosity increase, post-milling addition prevented it.

[0206] The size distributions of the pigment particles, as obtained in each of the above-detailed preparations, are provided below.

TABLE-US-00021 Dv10 Dv50 Dv90 Co-Milled Materials (nm) (nm) (nm) Pigment + Dispersant 28.4 47.4 120 Pigment + Dispersant + Potassium 39.5 68.1 216 Myristate Pigment + K Myristate (No Dispersant) 50.5 477 649 Pigment + Dispersant + Sodium Oleate 21.2 44 5 448 Pigment + Sodium Oleate (No Dispersant) 32.8 1000 1570

[0207] While some of the reported sizes at the high end may be more of qualitative than quantitative value, it is evident that the DIA molecules alone are unable to achieve a relatively homogenous population of particles (i.e. within a relatively narrow distribution). Pigment green milled solely with potassium myristate reached a median size (D.sub.V50) of about 0.5 μm and of about 1 μm when milled solely with sodium oleate. Such values are at least 10-times larger than the size attained when the dispersant, Triton® X-100, is used alone (D.sub.V50 of about 50 nm). When DIA was added post-milling (data not shown), the particle size distribution remained essentially unchanged as compared to the reference preparation, as would be expected.

[0208] When the DIA was added pre-milling, while the resulting D.sub.V10 and D.sub.V50 values are relatively similar to the reference lacking such added DIA, and below 100 nm, the D.sub.V50 values are clearly distinct. For instance, while the reference displayed a D.sub.V90 of 120 nm, the introduction of potassium myristate during milling led to a rise of 80% in this value up to 216 nm. The addition of sodium oleate during milling resulted in a more dramatic effect, the D.sub.V90 produced in its presence being almost 4-times the reference value.

[0209] In other words, while pigment particles size reduced only with the dispersant displayed a relatively narrow distribution eighty percent of the particles (between D.sub.V10 and D.sub.V50) being in the range of about 30 nm to about 120 nm, with a D.sub.V90/D.sub.V10 ratio of approximately 4.2, the presence of a DIA during milling significantly affected such outcome. The D.sub.V90/D.sub.V10 ratio in presence of potassium myristate was of about 5.5 and in presence of sodium oleate of about 21.1, pointing to the dramatic broadening of the population size.

Example 18—Linear Saturated Fatty Acid Salts and Branched/Unsaturated Fatty Acid Salts

[0210] In this example, a series of saturated fatty acid salt DIAs was tested at a single concentration (10 wt. % of the pigment), each DIA being added post-milling to two distinct pigment dispersions, each dispersion being incubated at a different temperature (60° C. or 70° C., as indicated in the tables). Sodium oleate, having an unsaturated bound, was included for comparison with its saturated counterpart, sodium stearate, having the same chain length.

[0211] Finally, Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate (AOT) having 20 carbon atoms was tested to represent branched fatty acids. For comparison, the corresponding results of Example 5, in which a similar dispersion was incubated at 60° C., are included for convenience in the second table.

Pigment (10 wt. %): Heliogen Green D8730 (Pigment Green 7)

Dispersant: Triton® X-100

[0212] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.5

TABLE-US-00022 Measured Viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 2 7 14 Temperature, ° C. R.T. 60 60 60 60 Reference (No DIA) 5.19 Gel Gel Gel Gel Sodium Octanoate (C8) 5.58 Gel Gel Gel Gel Sodium Dodecaneate (C12) 5.87 5.73 5.70 6.09 6.67 Sodium Myristate (C14) 5.72 5.67 5.43 5.34 5.43 Sodium Palmitate (C16) 6.44 6.33 6.03 5.67 5.70 Sodium Stearate (C18) 5.92 20.2 23.5 26.1 14.6 Sodium Oleate (C18) Unsat. 5.88 5.61 5.46 5.34 5.43 AOT (C20) Branched 5.31 6.54 8.31 12.1 18.9

Pigment: Heliogen Blue D7079 (Pigment Blue 15:3)

Dispersant: Disperbyk® 190

[0213] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.4

TABLE-US-00023 Measured Viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 2 7 14 Temperature, ° C. R.T. 70 70 70 70 Reference (No DIA) 10.2 Gel Gel Gel Gel Sodium Octanoate (C8) 10.6 Gel Gel Gel Gel Sodium Dodecaneate (C12) 8.97 3.96 3.78 3.81 4.35 Sodium Myristate (C14) 9.02 3.45 3.24 3.12 3.23 Sodium Palmitate (C16) 9.51 6.42 3.45 3.33 3.45 Sodium Stearate (C18) 9.39 Gel Gel 23.9 5.79 Sodium Oleate (C18) Unsat. 9.99 4.36 4.14 3.96 4.05 AOT (C20) Branched 9.57 3.93 3.66 3.96 4.32 Days after formation 0 1 2 5 33 Temperature, ° C. R.T. 60 60 60 60 Reference (No DIA) 7.23 50 40 40 45 10% Sodium Dodecanoate 7.68 3.96 3.70 3.18 3.18

[0214] As can be seen from the above tables, in the present experimental set up the DIAs preventing gelation and even reducing viscosity had a carbon chain length of more than eight carbon atoms. DIAs having a chain length of eighteen carbons were more efficient when unsaturated. It is believed that the unsaturation of the hydrocarbon chain can promote the steric hindrance of the DIA, further increasing its benefit for the stabilization of pigment dispersions. A similar phenomenon may possibly increase the potency of fatty acid salts having shorter aliphatic chains, a palmitoleate chain being at least as suitable as a palmitate chain, and so on. Following the same steric rationale, AOT which represent a branched type of DIA having 20 carbon atoms was found more potent than a linear and saturated DIA having 18 carbon atoms, namely than sodium stearate.

[0215] It can be seen from the first table that, even after 14 days at 60° C., 10 wt. % sodium dodecanoate, sodium myristate, sodium palmitate and sodium oleate similarly prevented the increase in viscosity (gelation) observed with the reference and even maintained a relatively stable viscosity with respect to their respective baseline values. Sodium stearate and AOT also prevented gelation.

[0216] Moreover, considering the effect of temperature, it can be seen from the second table that while an increased temperature of 70° C. is more rapidly deleterious for a dispersion lacking a DIA, the reference forming a gel within one day from the milling of the pigment and its dispersant, the DIA seems as active at 70° C. as at 60° C. After 33 days at 60° C., 10 wt. % sodium dodecanoate prevented the increase in viscosity observed with the reference, and even decreased baseline viscosity by about 59% from 7.68 mPa.Math.s to 3.18 mPa.Math.s. After 14 days at 70° C., the same amount of sodium dodecanoate per pigment prevented the gelation of the reference, and even decreased viscosity by more than about 50% from 8.97 mPa.Math.s to 4.35 mPa.Math.s.

[0217] It is noted that the pH of the dispersions was measured at room temperature in the samples which were incubated 7 days and found to be in the same mildly basic range for all tested dispersions. The reference dispersion containing only pigment green dispersed with Triton® X-100 had a pH value of 9.33, the samples further containing DIA added post-milling had a pH of 9.41 for sodium octanoate, 9.68 for sodium dodecanoate, 9.52 for sodium myristate, 9.25 for sodium palmitate, 9.45 for sodium stearate and 9.15 for AOT. The reference dispersion containing only pigment blue dispersed with Disperbyk® 190 had a pH value of 8.55, the samples further containing DIA added post-milling had a pH of 8.75 for sodium octanoate, 9.25 for sodium dodecanoate, 9.25 for sodium myristate, 9.20 for sodium palmitate, 9.10 for sodium stearate and 8.50 for AOT.

Example 19—DIA Mixture

[0218] In the above-examples, unless otherwise stated, for a given dispersion, a single type of DIA was added following the milling of the pigment with the exemplary dispersant. In this example, the effect of a mixture of DIAs on the stability of a pigment dispersion was assessed in terms of viscosity. Sodium dodecanoate was mixed with sodium palmitate at a 1:1 weight ratio and the mixture was added to the pigment dispersion at a concentration of 10% per weight of the pigment, corresponding to the addition of 5 wt. % of each individual DIA.

[0219] For convenience of comparison, the results obtained with 10 wt. % of each DIA as reported in Example 18, are reproduced in the below tables.

Pigment (10 wt. %): Heliogen Green D8730 (Pigment Green 7)

Dispersant: Triton® X-100

[0220] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.5

TABLE-US-00024 Measured Viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 2 7 14 Temperature, ° C. R.T. 60 60 60 60 Reference (No DIA) 5.19 Gel Gel Gel Gel 10% Sodium Dodecanoate 5.87 5.73 5.70 6.09 6.67 10% Sodium Palmitate 6.40 6.33 6.03 5.67 5.70 10% Mixed DIAs 5.87 5.64 5.52 5.46 5.61

Pigment: Heliogen Blue D7079 (Pigment Blue 15:3)

Dispersant: Disperbyk® 190

[0221] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.4

TABLE-US-00025 Measured Viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 2 7 14 Temperature, ° C. R.T. 70 70 70 70 Reference (No DIA) 10.2 Gel Gel Gel Gel 10% Sodium Dodecanoate 8.97 3.96 3.78 3.81 4.35 10% Sodium Palmitate 9.51 6.42 3.45 3.33 3.45 10% Mixed DIAs 9.35 3.66 3.51 3.30 3.60

[0222] As can be seen from the above tables, a mixture of DIAs is at least as efficient as its individual DIA acting separately, all dramatically preventing the gelation of the pigment dispersions, both at 60° C. and at 70° C., and even reduced viscosity as compared to baseline post-milling value, at which time the DIAs were added. After 14 days at 60° C., sodium dodecanoate alone maintained an almost stable viscosity, with an increase with respect to baseline of about 13.6% from 5.87 mPa.Math.s to 6.67 mPa.Math.s, sodium palmitate alone mildly decreased viscosity by about 10.9% from 6.40 mPa.Math.s to 5.70 mPa.Math.s, and their mixture maintained a relatively stable viscosity, displaying a minor decrease of about 4.4% from 5.87 mPa.Math.s to 5.61 mPa.Math.s.

[0223] At 70° C. the effect of the DIAs, alone or mixed was even more dramatic. After 14 days, sodium dodecanoate alone decreased viscosity by about 51.5% from 8.97 mPa.Math.s to 4.35 mPa.Math.s, sodium palmitate alone decreased viscosity by about 63.7% from 9.51 mPa.Math.s to 3.45 mPa.Math.s, and their mixture decreased viscosity by about 61.5% from 9.35 mPa.Math.s to 3.60 mPa.Math.s.

[0224] It is noted that the pH of the dispersions was measured at room temperature in the samples which were incubated 7 days and found to be in the same mildly basic range for all tested dispersions. The reference dispersion containing only pigment green dispersed with Triton® X-100 had a pH value of 9.33, the samples further containing DIA added post-milling had a pH of 9.68 for sodium dodecanoate, 9.25 for sodium palmitate, and 9.20 for their mixture. The reference dispersion containing only pigment blue dispersed with Disperbyk® 190 had a pH value of 8.55, the samples further containing DIA added post-milling had a pH of 9.25 for sodium dodecanoate, 9.20 for sodium palmitate, and 9.20 for their mixture.

Example 20—Salts of Anionic Sulfate and Sulfonate Surfactants

[0225] In the above-examples, the potency of sodium salts and potassium salts of various DIAs, mainly in the carboxylate series of fatty acid anionic surfactants, has been established. In this example, an additional cation, namely ammonium, was tested and compared to the corresponding sodium salt of a DIA of the sulfate type. Moreover, a linear sulfonate DIA was tested. All DIAs were added to distinct dispersions post-milling at a single concentration of 10 wt. % of the pigment weight. Each pigment dispersion was incubated at a different temperature (60° C. or 70° C., as indicated in the tables). For comparison, the corresponding results of Example 5, in which a similar dispersion was incubated at 60° C., are included for convenience in the second table.

Pigment (10 wt. %): Heliogen Green D8730 (Pigment Green 7)

Dispersant: Triton® X-100

[0226] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.5

TABLE-US-00026 Measured Viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 2 7 14 Temperature, ° C. R.T. 60 60 60 60 Reference (No DIA) 5.19 Gel Gel Gel Gel Ammonium Dodecyl Sulfate 5.85 5.91 5.82 6.12 6.39 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate 5.82 5.76 5.61 5.55 5.76 Sodium 1-Hexadecanesulfonate 6.40 6.03 5.82 5.79 5.82

Pigment: Heliogen Blue D7079 (Pigment Blue 15:3)

Dispersant: Disperbyk® 190

[0227] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.4

TABLE-US-00027 Measured Viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 2 7 14 Temperature, ° C. R.T. 70 70 70 70 Reference (No DIA) 10.2 Gel Gel Gel Gel Ammonium Dodecyl Sulfate 9.12 3.36 3.30 3.45 4.71 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate 8.97 3.27 3.06 3.01 3.21 Sodium 1-Hexadecanesulfonate 8.95 3.40 3.60 3.60 3.60 Days after formation 0 1 2 5 33 Temperature, ° C. R.T. 60 60 60 60 Reference (No DIA) 7.23 50 40 40 45 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate 8.01 3.42 3.18 2.88 3.12

[0228] As can be seen from the above tables, ammonium dodecyl sulfate is as efficient as sodium dodecyl sulfate in preventing the rapid gelation of the pigment dispersions, both even decreasing viscosity as compared to baseline values at 70° C. It is therefore believed that ammonium may satisfactorily replace sodium as cation salt for DIAs according to the present teachings. Sodium 1-hexadecanesulfonate was comparably potent, supporting the suitability of linear fatty acids of the sulfonate type.

[0229] Moreover, considering the effect of temperature, it can be seen from the second table that while an increased temperature of 70° C. is more rapidly deleterious for a dispersion lacking a DIA, the DIA seems at least as active at 70° C. as at 60° C. As can be observed, while at 60° C., the presently tested DIAs generally maintained baseline viscosity over at least 14 days, at 70° C. the presence of the same DIAs added post-milling yielded a decrease in viscosity. In Example 5, after 33 days at 60° C., 10 wt. % sodium dodecyl sulfate prevented the increase in viscosity observed with the reference, and even decreased baseline viscosity by about 61% from 8.01 mPa.Math.s to 3.12 mPa.Math.s. In the present example, after 14 days at 70° C., the same amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate per pigment prevented the gelation of the reference, and even decreased viscosity by about 64% from 8.97 mPa.Math.s to 3.21 mPa.Math.s.

[0230] It is noted that the pH of the dispersions was measured at room temperature in the samples which were incubated 7 days and found to be in the same mildly basic range for all tested dispersions. The reference dispersion containing only pigment green dispersed with Triton® X-100 had a pH value of 9.33, the samples further containing DIA added post-milling had a pH of 8.60 for ammonium dodecyl sulfate, 9.40 for sodium dodecyl sulfate, and 9.30 for sodium 1-hexadecanesulfonate. The reference dispersion containing only pigment blue dispersed with Disperbyk® 190 had a pH value of 8.55, the samples further containing DIA added post-milling had a pH of 8.30 for ammonium dodecyl sulfate, 8.70 for sodium dodecyl sulfate, and 8.95 for sodium 1-hexadecanesulfonate.

Example 21—Polysorbate-Type Non-Ionic Dispersant

[0231] In the above-examples, the pigments were milled with exemplary representatives of a variety of dispersants. All enabled the successful size reduction of the pigments from at least micronic size down to sub-micronic size, all enabling the preparation of dispersions of nanoparticles of pigments (e.g., having at least one of D.sub.V50 and D.sub.V90 no greater than 100 nm).

[0232] In this example, an additional commonly used non-ionic surfactant of the polysorbate type was tested, namely polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate, often referred to as Tween® 20. Two dispersions were prepared, each with 10 wt. % of a different pigment and a different ratio of dispersant to pigment. Both ratio of Tween® 20 provided satisfactory size reduction of their respective pigment (D.sub.V50<100 nm). A single DIA, potassium myristate, was added post-milling at 10% by weight of the pigment. Samples were incubated either at 60° C. or at 70° C. and their viscosity over time monitored on the days indicated in the tables, the measurements being made on samples having reached room temperature. Their viscosity was compared to a reference dispersion incubated under same conditions, but lacking the DIA.

Pigment (10 wt. %): Heliogen Green D8730 (Pigment Green 7)

Dispersant: Tween® 20

[0233] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.5

TABLE-US-00028 Measured Viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 2 7 14 Temperature, ° C. R.T. 60 60 60 60 Reference (No DIA) 2.76 Gel Gel Gel Gel Potassium Myristate 3.12 2.79 2.88 2.82 2.88

Pigment: Heliogen Blue D7079 (Pigment Blue 15:3)

Dispersant: Tween® 20

[0234] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.4

TABLE-US-00029 Measured Viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 2 7 14 Temperature, ° C. R.T. 70 70 70 70 Reference (No DIA) 3.35 2.55 2.61 Gel Gel Potassium Myristate 2.58 2.64 3.03 3.03 3.30

[0235] As can be seen from the above tables, each dispersion displayed a different tendency to form a gel in absence of DIA. The dispersion containing 10 wt. % pigment green and 5 wt. % Tween® 20 per weight of the total composition was highly unstable and formed a gel within a day or less at 60° C. The dispersion containing 10 wt. % pigment blue and 4 wt. % Tween® 20 was slightly more stable and formed a gel after at least two days at 70° C. In both cases, potassium myristate (at 10% per weight of pigment, hence 1 wt. % of the total composition) completely prevented the gelation and fully stabilized the viscosity. These results further support that the introduction of a DIA post-milling may suitably stabilize pigment dispersions, namely by preventing or reducing deleterious changes in viscosity, in a variety of pigment:dispersant systems.

[0236] For the dispersion of pigment blue size reduced at 1:0.4 weight ratio with Tween® 20, the particle size distribution of the pigment particles following milling, assessed by DLS, was as follows: D.sub.V10: 29.1 nm, D.sub.V50: 47.3 nm, and D.sub.V90: 99.4 nm.

[0237] For the dispersion of pigment green size reduced at 1:0.5 weight ratio with Tween® 20, the particle size distribution of the pigment particles following milling, assessed by DLS, was as follows: D.sub.V10: 42.3 nm, D.sub.V50: 65.8 nm, and D.sub.V90: 130 nm.

Example 22—Control Additives

[0238] In the above-examples, the potency of DIAs was compared for various salts, the cation being either ammonium, sodium or potassium, and for various anionic moieties of the hydrocarbon chains, of carboxylate, sulfate, or sulfonate type (the aliphatic chain being either saturated or unsaturated). In this example, the polar group of the fatty acids was either substituted by chlorine or simply replaced by a hydroxyl group, yielding control molecules. The control additives, namely, palmitoyl chloride, oleoyl chloride, 1-hexadecanol and 1-octadecanol, were each added to distinct dispersions post-milling at a single concentration of 10 wt. % of the pigment weight. The effect of these control additives was compared to DIAs having the same chain length and saturation, namely to sodium palmitate, sodium oleate, and sodium stearate, all tested under same conditions.

[0239] Each pigment dispersion (containing control additives or corresponding exemplary DIAs) was incubated at a different temperature (60° C. or 70° C., as indicated in the tables). For comparison, the corresponding results of Example 5, in which a similar dispersion was incubated at 60° C., are included for reference in the second table.

Pigment (10 wt. %): Heliogen Green D8730 (Pigment Green 7)

Dispersant: Triton® X-100

[0240] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.5

TABLE-US-00030 Measured Viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 2 7 14 Temperature, ° C. R.T. 60 60 60 60 Reference (No DIA) 5.19 Gel Gel Gel Gel Palmitoyl Chloride 5.88 Gel Gel Gel Gel 1-Hexadecanol 5.90 Gel Gel Gel Gel Sodium Palmitate 6.40 6.33 6.03 5.67 5.70 Oleoyl Chloride 6.03 Gel Gel Gel Gel Sodium Oleate 5.88 5.61 5.46 5.34 5.43 1-Octadecanol 5.91 Gel Gel Gel Gel Sodium Stearate 5.92 20.2 23.5 26.1 14.6

Pigment: Heliogen Blue D7079 (Pigment Blue 15:3)

Dispersant: Disperbyk® 190

[0241] Ratio pigment/dispersant by weight: 1:0.4

TABLE-US-00031 Measured Viscosity (mPa .Math. s) Days after formation 0 1 2 7 14 Temperature, ° C. R.T. 70 70 70 70 Reference (No DIA) 10.2 Gel Gel Gel Gel Palmitoyl Chloride 10.2 Gel Gel Gel Gel 1-Hexadecanol 9.30 Gel Gel Gel Gel Sodium Palmitate 9.51 6.42 3.45 3.33 3.45 Oleoyl Chloride 17.6 Gel Gel Gel Gel Sodium Oleate 9.99 4.36 4.14 3.96 4.05 1-Octadecanol 9.40 Gel Gel Gel Gel Sodium Stearate 9.39 Gel Gel 23.9 5.79 Days after formation 0 1 2 5 33 Temperature, ° C. R.T. 60 60 60 60 Reference (No DIA) 7.23 50 40 40 45 Sodium Oleate 8.46 3.75 3.57 3.54 3.96

[0242] As can be seen from the above tables, the ionic heads of the DIAs apparently significantly contribute to DIA activity, as implied from the lack of potency of the control additives in which the carboxylate group of exemplary DIAs was modified or replaced by a non-ionic moiety. None of the tested control additives was able to prevent the rapid gelation of the pigment dispersions, in clear contrast with the dramatic effects of the corresponding DIAs.

[0243] Moreover, considering the effect of temperature, it can be seen from the second table that while an increased temperature of 70° C. is rapidly deleterious for a dispersion lacking a DIA, the reference forming a gel within one day from the milling of the pigment and its dispersant, the DIA seems as active as at 60° C. In Example 5, after 33 days at 60° C., 10 wt. %, sodium oleate prevented the increase in viscosity observed with the reference, and even decreased viscosity by about 53.2% from 8.46 mPa.Math.s to 3.96 mPa.Math.s. In the present example, after 14 days at 70° C., the same amount of sodium oleate per pigment prevented the gelation of the reference, and even decreased viscosity by about 59.5% from 9.99 mPa.Math.s to 4.05 mPa.Math.s.

[0244] It is noted that the pH of the dispersions was measured at room temperature in the samples which were incubated 7 days and found to be in the same mildly basic range for all tested dispersions, with the notable exception of those containing palmitoyl chloride and oleoyl chloride, which were acidic. The reference dispersion containing only pigment green dispersed with Triton® X-100 had a pH value of 9.33, the samples further containing control molecules added post-milling had a pH of 1.90 for palmitoyl chloride, 9.31 for 1-hexadecanol, 9.25 for sodium palmitate, for oleoyl chloride, 8.81 for sodium oleate and 9.26 for 1-octadecanol. The reference dispersion containing only pigment blue dispersed with Disperbyk® 190 had a pH value of 8.55, the samples further containing control molecules added post-milling had a pH of 5.20 for palmitoyl chloride, 8.81 for 1-hexadecanol, 9.20 for sodium palmitate, 5.65 for oleoyl chloride, 8.80 for sodium oleate and 8.86 for 1-octadecanol.

Example 23—DIA CMC, HLB and Theoretical Considerations

[0245] The DIAs as used according to the present teachings can form micelles when dispersed in water or aqueous dispersions. In the present example, the DIAs were dispersed at room temperature (circa 23° C.) in deionized water at about 10% molar above their Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) as reported in literature. In absence of such data, the CMC of a surfactant can be determined by standard methods using routine experimentation, for instance according to ISO 4311:1979. The DIAs were dispersed using a sonicator (Model D150H by MRC) for 10 minutes. The size of the resulting micelles and the zeta potential of the dispersions so obtained were measured using Zetasizer Model Zen 3600 by Malvern.

[0246] The Acid Number of the fatty acids from which some of the listed salts are derived, were retrieved from literature. The acid value is the mass of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in milligrams that is required to neutralize one gram of chemical substance. It has been reported that caprylic acid (C8) has an Acid Number of about 383-390 mg KOH/g, capric acid (C10) has an Acid Number of about 321-329 mg KOH/g, lauric acid (C12) has an Acid Number of about 278-282 mg KOH/g, myristic acid (C14) has an Acid Number of about 244-248 mg KOH/g, palmitic acid (C16) has an Acid Number of about 217-220 mg KOH/g, stearic acid (C18) has an Acid Number of about 195-199 mg KOH/g and its unsaturated counterpart oleic acid has an Acid Number of about 198.6 mg KOH/g. These values are reported in the below table at the first occurrence of a salt derived from such a fatty acid, for instance the reported acid value range of caprylic acid is indicated next to potassium octanoate.

[0247] The Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) values of the DIAs according to the present teachings and of control compounds provided for reference were estimated according to the two prevailing methods of Griffin (1949 and 1954) and Davies (1957). Both results are indicated in the below table in the Estimated HLB (Est. HLB) column, the results according to Davies (D-HLB values) appearing on the upper line and those according to Griffin (G-HLB values) on the lower line. The values obtained by the method of Griffin are on a scale from 0 to 20, respectively for completely hydrophobic molecules to completely hydrophilic molecules, permit a preliminary classification of surfactant molecules. Griffin calculated HLB values between about 3 and about 8 are generally associated with W/O (water in oil) emulsifiers, while values between about 8 to about 16 indicate O/W (oil in water) emulsifiers. Bridging HLB values between about 7 and about 9 typically correspond to wetting and spreading agents. Generally surfactants having an HLB value of about 6 or more are considered water dispersible, an HLB value of 10 or more indicating improved water solubility. As shown in the below table, the HLB values estimated according to the method of Davies tend to be higher than those assessed according to Griffin. Generally, however, the HLB ranking amongst different compounds is similar for the two methods.

[0248] Results are reported in the following table, wherein exemplary non-ionic surfactants including fatty alcohols, control molecules and fatty acids DIAs are ordered by increasing size of the aliphatic hydrocarbon chain. NA indicates that a value or result is not available.

TABLE-US-00032 Est. Acid HLB Literature Zeta Number Name Davies CMC Dv50 Potential (mg Chemical Formula MW Griffin (moles/L) (nm) (eV) KOH/g) Potassium Octanoate 182.30  24.77 3.6 × 10.sup.−1 M NA NA 383-390 C.sub.8H.sub.15KO.sub.2  9.11 Sodium Octanoate 166.19  22.77 3.4 × 10.sup.−1 M 285 −20.9  Idem C.sub.8H.sub.15NaO.sub.2  8.06 Potassium Decanoate 210.36  23.82 1.0 × 10.sup.−1 M NA NA 321-329 C.sub.10H.sub.19KO.sub.2  7.90 Sodium Decanoate 194.25  21.82 9.4 × 10.sup.−2 M NA NA Idem C.sub.10H.sub.19NaO.sub.2  6.89 Sodium Decyl Sulfonate 244.33  13.23 4.4 × 10.sup.−2 M NA NA NA C.sub.10H.sub.21NaO.sub.3S  8.43 Ammonium Dodecyl 288.43  NA 6.2 × 10.sup.−3 M  3 −26.4  NA Sulfate C.sub.12H.sub.29NO.sub.4S  7.14 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate 288.38  40.00 8.2 × 10.sup.−3 M  3 −34.1  NA C.sub.10H.sub.25NaO.sub.4S  7.14 Sodium Dodecyl 272.38  12.30 9.8 × 10.sup.−3 M NA NA NA Sulfonate C.sub.12H.sub.25NaO.sub.3S  7.56 Sodium Dodecylbenzene 348.48  10.64 1.2 × 10.sup.−3 M 132 −40.4  NA Sulfonate C.sub.18H.sub.29NaO.sub.3S  5.91 Potassium Dodecanoate 238.41  22.87 2.0 × 10.sup.−2 M NA NA 278-282 C.sub.12H.sub.23KO.sub.2  6.97 Sodium Dodecanoate 222.30  20.87 2.6 × 10.sup.−2 M 442 −51.2  Idem C.sub.12H.sub.23NaO.sub.2  6.02 Potassium Myristate 266.46  21.92 7.5 × 10.sup.−3 M 683 −85.2  244-248 C.sub.14H.sub.27KO.sub.2  6.23 Sodium Myristate 250.35  19.92 6.9 × 10.sup.−3 M 151 −52.6  Idem C.sub.14H.sub.27NaO.sub.2  5.35 Sodium Myristyl 300.43  11.35 2.3 × 10.sup.−3 M NA NA NA Sulfonate C.sub.14H.sub.29NaO.sub.3S  6.85 1-Hexadecanol 242.45  1.3 NA NA NA NA C.sub.16H.sub.34O NA Palmitoyl Chloride 274.87  NA NA NA NA NA C.sub.16H.sub.31ClO  4.61 Potassium Palmitate 310.40  20.97 1.8 × 10.sup.−3 M NA NA 217-220 C.sub.16H.sub.31KO.sub.2  5.35 Sodium Palmitate 278.41  18.97 2.1 × 10.sup.−3 M 822 −66.2  Idem C.sub.16H.sub.31NaO.sub.2  5.96 Sodium 1-Hexadecane 328.49  10.40 1.1 × 10.sup.−3 M 396 −50.8  NA Sulfonate C.sub.16H.sub.33NaO.sub.3S  6.27 1-Octadecanol 270.5   0.35 NA NA NA NA C.sub.18H.sub.38O NA Oleoyl Chloride 300.91  NA NA NA NA NA C.sub.18H.sub.33CIO  4.21 Potassium Stearate 322.57  20.02 4.5 × 10.sup.−4 M NA NA 195-199 C.sub.18H.sub.35KO.sub.2 NA Sodium Stearate 306.47  18.02 1.8 × 10.sup.−3 M 830 −64.3  Idem C.sub.18H.sub.35NaO.sub.2 NA Potassium Oleate 320.55  20.02 0.8 × 10.sup.−3 M  14 −49.4  ~199 C.sub.18H.sub.33KO.sub.2  5.18 Sodium Oleate 304.44  18.02 2.1 × 10.sup.−3 M  25 −46.1  Idem C.sub.18H.sub.33NaO.sub.2  4.40 Dioctyl Sodium 444.56  14.25 6.8 × 10.sup.−4 M  2 −33.2  NA Sulfosuccinate (AOT)  8.70 C.sub.20H.sub.37NaO.sub.7S

Example 24—FTIR Analysis

[0249] In this example, an exemplary dispersant (Triton® X100) and two DIAs (Potassium Myristate and Sodium Oleate) were each analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, and their chemical properties were compared to a mix of the individual constituents (i.e., the dispersant with each of the DIAs).

[0250] Triton® X100 was tested at a concentration of 100%. The mixtures were prepared by adding 10 wt. % of either Potassium Myristate or Sodium Oleate per weight of the dispersant and by mixing by vortex for about 5 minutes. Analysis was performed using a Thermo Nicolet™ 6700 FTIR (Thermo Electron Corporation) with Smart Orbit (Diamond Single Bounce ATR accessory).

[0251] As no new peaks appeared in the scan of the mixtures as compared to the spectra of their relevant constituting ingredients, it is believed that the interaction between the DIA molecules and the Dispersant molecules is a non-covalent interaction.

Example 25—Calculation of Specific DIA and Dispersant Content as a Function of Pigment Surface Area

[0252] Using the surface area vs. particle size calculations plotted in FIG. 3, and knowing the specific gravity of the pigment and its D.sub.V50, as well as the weight ratio of the pigment:dispersant:DIA in the dispersion being considered, the DIA and dispersant contents per pigment surface area may be calculated.

[0253] A typical pigment dispersion of the present invention had a weight ratio of 1.0:0.50:0.10 (pigment:dispersant:DIA), and the pigment had a specific gravity of about 1.6. After milling, the D.sub.V50 was about 47 nm, corresponding to a nominal specific surface area of about 125 m.sup.2/cm.sup.3, or about 78 m.sup.2/g. Thus, 1000 m.sup.2 of particle surface area corresponds to about 12.8 grams of pigment (and 6.4 grams dispersant and 1.28 grams DIA), yielding a DIA content of 1.28 grams/1000 m.sup.2 pigment and a dispersant content of 6.4 grams/1000 m.sup.2 pigment.

[0254] By contrast, a pigment dispersion formulated using the above-described co-milling method, using the identical pigment, had a weight ratio of 1.0:0.40:0.25 (pigment:dispersant:DIA). After milling, the D.sub.V50 was about 87 nm, corresponding to a nominal specific surface area of about 70 m.sup.2/cm.sup.3, or about 44 m.sup.2/g. Thus, 1000 m.sup.2 of particle surface area corresponds to about 22.9 grams of pigment (and 9.1 grams dispersant and 5.7 grams DIA), yielding an elevated DIA content of 5.7 grams/1000 m.sup.2 pigment and an elevated dispersant content of 9.1 grams/1000 m.sup.2 pigment. This estimation technique may typically be accurate within several percent.

[0255] As used herein in the specification and in the claims section that follows, the term “fatty acid” refers to a carboxylic acid having a branched or unbranched carbon chain of at least 6 carbon (C) atoms, including the carbon of the carboxyl group. The carbon chain may be saturated or unsaturated. In some embodiments, there are one, two, three, four, five or six double bonds in the carbon chain. It will be appreciated that a fatty acid may be a diacid having two carboxyl groups, typically one at either terminus of the carbon chain. “Substituted fatty acid”, or “moiety-substituted fatty acid”, refers to a fatty acid in which at least one hydrogen (H) atom of the carbon chain is replaced with alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyl-lower-alkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl, hydroxy, lower-alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, aryl, benzyl, heterocyclyl, phenoxy, benzyloxy and/or heteroaryloxy moieties; in the present application, “alkyl” is understood to include cycloalkyl. “Substituted fatty acid” also includes the case (also termed “functionally-substituted fatty acid”) in which the carboxyl group is replaced by a member of the group consisting of —CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, —CH.sub.2OSO.sub.3H, -phenyl-SO.sub.3H and -phenyl-OSO.sub.3H; a fatty acid in which the carboxyl group is so substituted may also be referred to as a “functionally substituted fatty acid”. The term “lower alkyl”, alone or in combination, refers to an acyclic alkyl moiety containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, and hexyl.

[0256] As used herein in the specification and in the claims section that follows, the term “nominal surface area”, typically with respect to pigment core particles, assumes that all particles are perfectly smooth spheres having the nominal diameter of D.sub.V50.

[0257] In the description and claims of the present disclosure, each of the verbs, “comprise” “include” and “have”, and conjugates thereof, are used to indicate that the object or objects of the verb are not necessarily a complete listing of members, components, elements, steps or parts of the subject or subjects of the verb. These terms encompass the terms “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of”.

TABLE-US-00033 TABLE 1 Pigment Commercial Pigment Molecular Name Name MW Chemical Formula, (Color) (Supplier) CAS No. Family Name Structure Pigment Red 185 (Magenta) Novoperm carmine HF4C (BASF) 560.63 51920-12-8 Benzimid- Azolone C.sub.27H.sub.24N.sub.6O.sub.6S 3-hydroxy-4-[[2- methoxy-5-methyl-4- (methylsulfamoyl) phenyl]diazinyl]-N- (2-oxo-1,3- dihydrobenzimidazol-5- yl)-naphthalene-2- carboxamide [00001] Pigment Red 122 (Magenta) Toner Magenta E02 (Clariant) 340.37 16043-40-6 Quinacridone C.sub.22H.sub.16N.sub.2O.sub.2 2,9- Dimethylquinacridone [00002] Pigment Blue 15:3 (Cyan) Heliogen ® Blue D7090 (BASF) 576.07 147-14-8 Phthalo- cyanine C.sub.322H.sub.16CuN.sub.8 C.I. Pigment Blue 15 [00003] Pigment Monarch ® 12 Carbon C Black 7 800 (Cabot) 1333-86-4 (Black) Pigment Mogul ® L 12 Carbon C Black 7 (Cabot) 1333-86-4 (Black) Pigment Green 7 (Green) Heliogen ® Green D8730 (BASF) 1030-1130 1328-53-6 Phthalo- cyanine C.sub.32H.sub.3Cl.sub.15CuN.sub.8 C.I. Pigment Green 7 [00004] Pigment Yellow 95 (Yellow) Cromophtal ® Yellow D1500 (BASF) 916.63 5580-80-8 Diaso Condensation C.sub.44H.sub.38Cl.sub.4N.sub.8O.sub.6 3,3′-((2,5-Dimethyl- 1,4- phenylene)bis[imino(1,3- dioxo-2,1-butandiyl)-2,1- diazenediyl])bis(4-chloro- N-(5-chloro-2- methylphenyl)-benzamide) [00005] Pigment Kronos ® 2310 79.866 TiO.sub.2 White 6 (Kronos 13463-67-7 (White) International) [00006]

TABLE-US-00034 TABLE 2 Chemical C.sub.n Name.sup.(supplier No.) MW CAS No. Formula Structure C8  Potassium Octanoate .sup.(2) 161.24 5972-76-9 C.sub.8H.sub.15KO.sub.2 [00007] C8  Sodium, Octanoate .sup.(2) 166.19 1984-06-1 C.sub.8H.sub.15NaO.sub.2 [00008] C10 Potassium Decanoate 189.29 16530-70-4 C.sub.10H.sub.19KO.sub.2 [00009] C10 Sodium Decanoate 194.25 1002-62-6 C.sub.10H.sub.19NaO.sub.2 [00010] C10 Sodium Decyl Sulfonate 244.33 13419-61-9 C.sub.10H.sub.21NaO.sub.3S [00011] C12 Ammonium Dodecyl Sulfate .sup.(2) 283.43 2235-54-3 C.sub.12H.sub.29NO.sub.4S [00012] [00013] C12 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate .sup.(2) 288.38 151-21-3 C.sub.12H.sub.25NaO.sub.4S [00014] C12 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfonate 272.38 2386-53-0 C.sub.12H.sub.25NaO.sub.3S [00015] C12 Potassium Dodecanoate .sup.(1) 238.41 10124-65-9 C.sub.12H.sub.23KO.sub.2 [00016] C12 Sodium Dodecanoate .sup.(2) 222.30 629-25-4 C.sub.12H.sub.23NaO.sub.2 [00017] C14 Potassium Myristate .sup.(1) 266.46 13429-27-1 C.sub.14H.sub.27KO.sub.2 [00018] C14 Sodium Myristate .sup.(1) 250.35 822-12-8 C.sub.14H.sub.27NaO.sub.2 [00019] C16 1- Hexadecanol .sup.(2) 242.45 29354-98-1 C.sub.16H.sub.34O [00020] C16 Potassium Palmitate 294.51 2624-31-9 C.sub.16H.sub.31KO.sub.2 [00021] C16 Sodium Palmitate .sup.(1) 278.41 408-35-5 C.sub.16H.sub.31NaO.sub.2 [00022] C16 Palmitoyl Chloride .sup.(3) 274.87 112-67-4 C.sub.16H.sub.31ClO [00023] C16 Sodium 1-Hexadecane Sulfonate .sup.(3) 328.49 15015-81-3 C.sub.16H.sub.33NaO.sub.3S [00024] C18 1- Octadecanol .sup.(4) 270.50 112-92-5 C.sub.18H.sub.38O [00025] C18 Sodium Stearate .sup.(2) 306.47 822-16-2 C.sub.18H.sub.35NaO.sub.2 [00026] C18 Potassium Oleate .sup.(1) 320.55 143-18-0 C.sub.18H.sub.33KO.sub.2 [00027] C18 Sodium Oleate .sup.(1) 304.44 143-19-1 C.sub.18H.sub.33NaO.sub.2 [00028] C18 Oleoyl Chloride .sup.(2) 300.91 112-77-6 C.sub.18H.sub.33ClO [00029] C20 Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate (AOT) .sup.(2) 444.56 577-11-7 C.sub.20H.sub.37NaO.sub.7S [00030] [00031]

[0258] As used herein in the specification and in the claims section that follows, the term “fatty acid” refers to a carboxylic acid having a branched or unbranched carbon chain of at least 6 carbon (C) atoms, including the carbon of the carboxyl group. The carbon chain may be saturated or unsaturated. In some embodiments, there are one, two, three, four, five or six double bonds in the carbon chain. It will be appreciated that a fatty acid may be a diacid having two carboxyl groups, typically one at either terminus of the carbon chain. “Substituted fatty acid”, or “moiety-substituted fatty acid”, refers to a fatty acid in which at least one hydrogen (H) atom of the carbon chain is replaced with alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyl-lower-alkyl, phenyl, heteroaryl, hydroxy, lower-alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, aryl, benzyl, heterocyclyl, phenoxy, benzyloxy and/or heteroaryloxy moieties; in the present application, “alkyl” is understood to include cycloalkyl. “Substituted fatty acid” also includes the case (also termed “functionally-substituted fatty acid”) in which the carboxyl group is replaced by a member of the group consisting of —CH.sub.2SO.sub.3H, —CH.sub.2OSO.sub.3H, -phenyl-SO.sub.3H and -phenyl-OSO.sub.3H; a fatty acid in which the carboxyl group is so substituted may also be referred to as a “functionally substituted fatty acid”. The term “lower alkyl”, alone or in combination, refers to an acyclic alkyl moiety containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, and hexyl.

[0259] As used herein in the specification and in the claims section that follows, the term “nominal surface area”, typically with respect to pigment core particles, assumes that all particles are perfectly smooth spheres having the nominal diameter of D.sub.V50.

[0260] In the description and claims of the present disclosure, each of the verbs, “comprise” “include” and “have”, and conjugates thereof, are used to indicate that the object or objects of the verb are not necessarily a complete listing of members, components, elements, steps or parts of the subject or subjects of the verb. These terms encompass the terms “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of”.

[0261] As used herein, the singular form “a”, “an” and “the” include plural references and mean “at least one” or “one or more” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0262] Unless otherwise stated, the use of the expression “and/or” between the last two members of a list of options for selection indicates that a selection of one or more of the listed options is appropriate and may be made.

[0263] In the disclosure, unless otherwise stated, adjectives such as “substantially” and “about” that modify a condition or relationship characteristic of a feature or features of an embodiment of the present technology, are to be understood to mean that the condition or characteristic is defined to within tolerances that are acceptable for operation of the embodiment for an application for which it is intended, or within variations expected from the measurement being performed and/or from the measuring instrument being used. When used with a specific value, it should also be considered as disclosing that value.

[0264] It will be appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination. All possible combinations of the features and embodiments described herein are explicitly envisaged and should be considered part of the invention, unless such features and embodiments are manifestly uncombinable.

[0265] While this disclosure has been described in terms of certain embodiments and generally associated methods, alterations and permutations of the embodiments and methods will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The present disclosure is to be understood as not limited by the specific examples described herein.

[0266] To the extent necessary to understand or complete the disclosure of the present disclosure, all publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned herein, including in particular the priority applications of the Applicant, are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety by reference as is fully set forth herein.