Passivation of copper-nickel alloy conduits for marine use

Abstract

According to exemplary practice of the present invention, a passivation solution is circulated in a closed loop so as to laminarly flow on a continual basis through the channels of copper-nickel alloy piping or tubing. The passivation solution consists essentially of seawater (natural and/or artificial) plus 0.5 mM nickel hydroxide additive. The cyclical flow of the passivation solution is administered to the piping/tubing for a selected period of time (e.g., seven days), resulting in growth of a corrosion-resistant film on the inside (channel) surfaces of the piping/tubing. The film thus formed consists essentially of nickel hydroxide, nickel oxide, and copper oxide, and represents a durable and effective anti-corrosive barrier when exposed to seawater.

Claims

1. A passivation method comprising: situating a copper-nickel alloy conduit in a tank; effecting a continuous flow of a passivation solution through said tank containing said copper-nickel alloy conduit, said passivation solution consisting essentially of seawater and 0.5 mM nickel hydroxide, said copper-nickel alloy conduit characterized by a conduit length, an inside conduit surface, and an outside conduit surface, said continuous flow of said passivation solution being effected wherein: said copper-nickel alloy conduit is immersed in the flowing said passivation solution; the flowing said passivation solution is contiguous, along said conduit length, with respect to said inside conduit surface and said outside conduit surface; a passivation film forms, along said conduit length, on said inside conduit surface and said outside conduit surface, said passivation film consisting essentially of nickel hydroxide, nickel oxide, and copper oxide.

2. The passivation method of claim 1, wherein said seawater is at least one of natural seawater and artificial seawater.

3. The passivation method of claim 1, wherein the flowing said passivation solution is partially laminar with respect to said inside conduit surface.

4. The passivation method of claim 1, further comprising: effecting a continuous turbulent flow of a durability test solution through said first copper-nickel alloy conduit when characterized by said formation of said first passivation film; effecting a continuous turbulent flow of said durability test solution through said second copper-nickel alloy conduit when characterized by said formation of said second passivation film; wherein said durability test solution includes seawater.

5. The passivation method of claim 1, wherein: said continuous flow of said passivation solution is effected for a duration; some of the flowing said passivation solution is partially laminar with respect to said inside conduit surface; said duration is at least seven days.

6. The passivation method of claim 1, wherein: said copper-nickel alloy conduit is characterized by two conduit ends; said effecting of said continuous flow of said passivation solution includes repeatedly cycling said passivation solution; said repeated cycling of said passivation solution includes motivating said passivation solution so that a portion of said passivation solution enters said copper-nickel alloy conduit at a first of said two conduit ends, a portion of said passivation solution exits said copper-nickel alloy conduit at a second of said two conduit ends, and a portion of said passivation solution reenters said copper-nickel alloy conduit at said first of said two conduit ends; said motivating of said passivation solution includes using a circulating pump with respect to said passivation solution preceding said entry of said copper-nickel alloy conduit by a portion of said passivation solution at said first of said two conduit ends.

7. The passivation method of claim 1, wherein said continuous flow of said passivation solution is effected for a duration, and wherein said duration does not exceed 168 hours.

8. The passivation method of claim 1, wherein said formation of said passivation film is associated with deposition of nickel atoms on said second inside conduit surface.

9. A passivation test method comprising: situating a first copper-nickel alloy conduit in a tank; effecting a continuous flow of a first passivation solution through said tank for a first duration, said tank containing said first copper-nickel alloy conduit, said first passivation solution consisting essentially of seawater, said first copper-nickel alloy conduit characterized by a first conduit length, a first inside conduit surface, and a first outside conduit surface, said continuous flow of said first passivation solution being effected wherein: said first copper-nickel alloy conduit is immersed in the flowing said first passivation solution; the flowing said first passivation solution is contiguous, along said first conduit length, with respect to said first inside conduit surface and said first outside conduit surface; a first passivation film forms, along said first conduit length, on said first inside conduit surface and said first outside conduit surface, said first passivation film characterized by a first corrosion resistance and including copper oxide; situating a second copper-nickel alloy conduit in said tank; effecting a continuous flow of a second passivation solution through said tank for a second duration, said tank containing said second copper-nickel alloy conduit, said second passivation solution consisting essentially of seawater and 0.5 mM nickel hydroxide, said second copper-nickel alloy conduit characterized by a second conduit length, a second inside conduit surface, and a second outside conduit surface, said continuous flow of said second passivation solution being effected wherein: said second copper-nickel alloy conduit is immersed in the flowing said second passivation solution; the flowing said second passivation solution is contiguous, along said second conduit length, with respect to said second inside conduit surface and said second outside conduit surface; a second passivation film forms, along said second conduit length, on said second inside conduit surface and said second outside conduit surface, said second passivation film characterized by a second corrosion resistance and consisting essentially of nickel hydroxide, nickel oxide, and copper oxide; wherein said second duration is less than said first duration, and wherein said second corrosion resistance is greater than said first corrosion resistance.

10. The passivation test method of claim 9, wherein said second duration is at least seven days.

11. The passivation test method of claim 9, wherein the flowing said first passivation solution is partially laminar with respect to said first inside conduit surface, and wherein the flowing said second passivation solution is partially laminar with respect to said second inside conduit surface.

12. The passivation test method of claim 9, wherein: said first copper-nickel alloy conduit is characterized by two first conduit ends, wherein said effecting of said continuous flow of said first passivation solution includes repeatedly cycling said first passivation solution, and wherein said repeated cycling of said first passivation solution includes motivating said first passivation solution so that a portion of said first passivation solution enters to said first copper-nickel alloy conduit at a first of said two first conduit ends, a portion of said first passivation solution exits said first copper-nickel alloy conduit at a second of said two first conduit ends, and a portion of said first passivation solution reenters said first copper-nickel alloy conduit at said first of said two first conduit ends; said second copper-nickel alloy conduit is characterized by two second conduit ends, wherein said effecting of said continuous flow of said second passivation solution includes repeatedly cycling said second passivation solution, and wherein said repeated cycling of said second passivation solution includes motivating said second passivation solution so that a portion of said first passivation solution enters said second copper-nickel alloy conduit at a first of said two second conduit ends, a portion of said first passivation solution exits said second copper-nickel alloy conduit at a second of said two second conduit ends, and a portion of said first passivation solution reenters said second copper-nickel alloy conduit at said first of said two second conduit ends.

13. The passivation test method of claim 12, wherein: said motivating of said first passivation solution includes using a circulating pump with respect to said first passivation solution preceding said entry of said first copper-nickel alloy conduit by a portion of said first passivation solution at said first of said two first conduit ends; said motivating of said second passivation solution includes using a circulating pump with respect to said second passivation solution preceding said entry of said second copper-nickel alloy conduit by a portion of said second passivation solution at said first of said two second conduit ends.

14. The passivation method of claim 9, wherein said seawater is at least one of natural seawater and artificial seawater.

15. The passivation test method of claim 9, further comprising: effecting a continuous turbulent flow of a durability test solution through said first copper-nickel alloy conduit when characterized by said formation of said first passivation film; effecting a continuous turbulent flow of said durability test solution through said second copper-nickel alloy conduit when characterized by said formation of said second passivation film; wherein said durability test solution includes seawater.

16. The passivation test method of for making a conduit as recited in claim 9, wherein the method further comprises: subsequent to said effecting of said continuous flow of said first passivation solution, removing a first specimen, said first specimen removed from said first copper-nickel alloy conduit as characterized by said first passivation film, said first specimen characterized by a specimen portion of said first passivation film; testing said specimen portion of said first passivation film in terms of barrier effectiveness of said first specimen portion of said first passivation film with respect to seawater; subsequent to said effecting of said continuous flow of said second passivation solution, removing a second specimen, said second specimen removed from said second copper-nickel alloy conduit as characterized by said second passivation film, said second specimen characterized by a specimen portion of said second passivation film; testing said specimen portion of said second passivation film in terms of barrier effectiveness of said second specimen portion of said second passivation film with respect to seawater.

17. The passivation test method of claim 16, wherein: said effecting of said continuous flow of said second passivation solution is performed for at least two different said second durations; said testing of a said second specimen portion is performed with respect to each of said at least two different said second durations.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic illustrating, by way of example, a closed-loop passivation system suitable for inventive practice.

(3) FIG. 2 is a schematic illustrating, by way of example, a different closed-loop passivation system suitable for inventive practice.

(4) FIGS. 3 and 4 are cross-sectional views of, respectively, an unpassivated conduit (FIG. 5) and an inventively passivated conduit (FIG. 6).

(5) FIG. 5 is a table showing passivation chemical additives and durability chemical additives that were used in testing of the present invention.

(6) FIG. 6 is a table showing rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) and flow loop exposure conditions as they existed in testing of the present invention.

(7) FIGS. 7 and 8 are diagrams illustrating, by way of example, a copper-nickel alloy hollow cylinder (FIG. 5) that was used in testing of the present invention. FIG. 7 shows the intact 12-inch cylinder. FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate division of a 12-inch cylinder to produce one-inch hollow cylindrical sections, and division of a one-inch cylindrical section into two concave semi-cylindrical halves.

(8) FIGS. 9 and 10 are photographic views of two semi-cylindrical halves of a UNS C70600 cylindrical section after 21 days passivation in ASTMSW, wherein the flow direction is left to right. FIG. 9 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 6 o'clock orientation. FIG. 10 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 12 o'clock orientation.

(9) FIGS. 11 and 12 are photographic views of two semi-cylindrical halves of a UNS C70600 cylindrical section after 21 days passivation in ASTMSW and ASTMSW durability exposure, wherein the flow direction is left to right. FIG. 11 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 6 o'clock orientation. FIG. 12 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 12 o'clock orientation.

(10) FIGS. 13 and 14 are photographic views of two semi-cylindrical halves of a UNS C70600 cylindrical section after 21 days passivation in ASTMSW and ASTMSW plus sulfide durability exposure, wherein the flow direction is left to right. FIG. 13 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 6 o'clock orientation. FIG. 14 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 12 o'clock orientation.

(11) FIGS. 15 and 16 are photographic views of two semi-cylindrical halves of a UNS C70600 cylindrical section after 7 days passivation in ASTMSW+Ni(OH).sub.2, wherein the flow direction is left to right. FIG. 15 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 6 o'clock orientation. FIG. 16 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 12 o'clock orientation.

(12) FIGS. 17 and 18 are photographic views of two semi-cylindrical halves of a UNS C70600 cylindrical section after 7 days passivation in SW+Ni(OH).sub.2 and three-week durability testing in SW, wherein the flow direction is left to right. FIG. 17 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 6 o'clock orientation. FIG. 18 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 12 o'clock orientation.

(13) FIGS. 19 and 20 are photographic views of two semi-cylindrical halves of a UNS C70600 cylindrical section after 7 days passivation in SW+Ni(OH).sub.2 and ASTMSW plus sulfide durability exposure, wherein the flow direction is left to right. FIG. 19 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 6 o'clock orientation. FIG. 20 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 12 o'clock orientation.

(14) FIGS. 21 and 22 are photographic views of two semi-cylindrical halves of a UNS C71500 cylindrical section after 21 days passivation in ASTM SW, wherein the flow direction is left to right. FIG. 21 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 6 o'clock orientation. FIG. 22 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 12 o'clock orientation.

(15) FIGS. 23 and 24 are photographic views of two semi-cylindrical halves of a UNS C71500 cylindrical section after 21 days passivation in ASTM SW and durability exposure in ASTMSW, wherein the flow direction is left to right. FIG. 23 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 6 o'clock orientation. FIG. 24 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 12 o'clock orientation.

(16) FIGS. 25 and 26 are photographic views of two semi-cylindrical halves of a UNS C71500 cylindrical section after 21 days passivation in ASTM SW and durability exposure in ASTMSW plus sulfide, wherein the flow direction is left to right. FIG. 25 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 6 o'clock orientation. FIG. 26 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 12 o'clock orientation.

(17) FIGS. 27 and 28 are photographic views of two semi-cylindrical halves of a UNS C71500 cylindrical section after 7 days passivation in ASTM SW plus Ni(OH).sub.2, wherein the flow direction is left to right. FIG. 27 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 6 o'clock orientation. FIG. 28 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 12 o'clock orientation.

(18) FIGS. 29 and 30 are photographic views of two semi-cylindrical halves of a UNS C71500 cylindrical section after 7 days passivation in ASTM SW plus Ni(OH).sub.2 and durability exposure in ASTMSW, wherein the flow direction is left to right. FIG. 29 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 6 o'clock orientation. FIG. 30 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 12 o'clock orientation.

(19) FIGS. 31 and 32 are photographic views of two semi-cylindrical halves of a UNS C71500 cylindrical section after seven days passivation in ASTM SW plus Ni(OH).sub.2 and durability exposure in ASTMSW plus sulfide, wherein the flow direction is left to right. FIG. 31 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 6 o'clock orientation. FIG. 32 shows the semi-cylinder having its surface in the 12 o'clock orientation.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

(20) Referring now to FIG. 1, a preferred inventive methodology for passivating an unpassivated copper-nickel alloy conduit 100, such as piping or tubing, involves closed-loop circulation of a solution essentially consisting of seawater (natural or artificial) and Ni(OH).sub.2 additive. A solution is made in mixing chamber 200 that combines seawater (SW) with 0.5 mM nickel hydroxide as an additive (dopant). The resultant passivation solution is pumped, via circulating pump 300, through conduit (e.g., piping or tubing) 100. As distinguished from open-loop circulation, closed-loop circulation is preferred for a passivation process utilizing a solution that includes a toxic chemical such as nickel hydroxide. It would be undesirable to discharge a substance containing nickel hydroxide into the environment, such as into a sea or ocean.

(21) The inventive passivation solution is similarly shown to be circulated and recycled in FIGS. 1 and 2. The closed-loop passivation system shown in FIG. 2 differs from that shown in FIG. 1, mainly with respect to how the passivation solution is being applied along the length of conduit 100. According to the passivation system of FIG. 1, the passivation solution is directly caused to flow longitudinally through the interior of conduit 100. In contrast, according to the passivation system of FIG. 2, conduit 100 is situated in a tank 300 and is immersed in the passivation solution. As shown in both FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the passivation solution is recycled into mixing chamber 200, and the cycling continues via circulation pump 300. As shown in FIG. 1, the passivation solution enters and exits conduit 100 and is recycled. As shown in FIG. 2, the passivation solution enters and exits tank 400 and is similarly recycled.

(22) There are other notable differences between the flow-through passivation solution circulation system (FIG. 1) and the tank immersion passivation solution circulation system (FIG. 2). According to flow-through application of the passivation solution, the flowing passivation solution contacts the inside surface(s) of conduit 100 but not the outside surface(s) of conduit 100; this results in formation of a passivation film on the inside surface(s) of conduit 100 but not on the outside surface(s) of conduit 100. In contrast, according to immersive application of the passivation solution, the flowing passivation solution contacts both the inside surface(s) and the outside surface(s) of conduit 100; this results in formation of a passivation film on both the inside surface(s) and the outside surface(s) of conduit 100. Furthermore, flow that passes directly through conduit 100, such as shown in FIG. 1, tends to be more laminar than flow that passes through conduit 100 by way of immersion, such as shown in FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 1, the flow of the seawater-plus-nickel-hydroxide solution is substantially laminar through piping 100. The laminar quality of the passivation solution flow tends to increase through straight or straighter portions of conduit 100.

(23) The term conduit, as used herein, broadly refers to a hollow structure, or a system or network of structures, characterized by a passage and designed to conduct fluid, e.g., liquid or gas, through the passage. A conduit may include, for instance, a hollow cylinder, a tube, a pipe, etc., or a combination of two or more of such structures (e.g., tubing or piping), and may be straight or curved or curvilinear. A conduit may be characterized by a single structure or by a system or network of structures. For instance, a conduit may include one or more straight and/or curved axisymmetric hollow structures.

(24) With reference to FIGS. 3 through 8, exemplary inventive practice is directed at reducing the corrosive effects of seawater when flowing through a conduit (e.g., tube, pipe, tubing, piping, hollow cylinder, etc.) made of copper-nickel alloy. As shown in FIG. 3, unpassivated hollow cylindrical conduit 100 has an inside cylindrical surface 101. As shown in FIG. 4, inventively passivated hollow cylindrical conduit 1000 has an inside passive film 1110, which over a suitable inventive passivation period (e.g., seven days) has formed upon inside cylindrical surface 101.

(25) The present inventors performed experimentation with respect to Ni(OH).sub.2 additive treatment, with the goal of decreasing passivation times for CuNi alloys. The passivation chemistry was ASTM D1141 substitute ocean water, doped with 0.5 mM Ni(OH).sub.2. The use of 0.5 mM nickel hydroxide as a passivation chemical additive was investigated because of its promising performance in the present inventors' screening study. The experimentation essentially involved inventive passivation of unpassivated copper-nickel alloy hollow cylindrical conduit specimens 100, thereby becoming inventively passivated copper-nickel alloy hollow cylindrical conduit specimens 1000.

(26) UNS C70600 and UNS C71500 hollow cylindrical (e.g., tubular) specimens 100 were passivated under substantially laminar-flow, low-shear stress conditions for seven days, resulting in growth of passive films 1110, and were then exposed to turbulent flow, high shear stress conditions for seven days to determine durability and performance of the grown passive films. The control passivation chemistry (ASTM D1141 substitute ocean water without additive) was similarly exposed for twenty-one days. The targeted wall shear stresses were derived from NAVSEA directives and military specifications providing the mean pipe velocity for passivation, and designed operating conditions for a double-pass condenser for surface ships. Previous study that related operating velocities from rotating cylinder electrodes (RCEs) to pipe flow was utilized to establish the appropriate parameters.

(27) FIG. 5 presents the various passivation and durability exposure environments and their associated durations. Durability exposure environments involved either exposure of inventively passivated conduit (e.g., tube) specimens to only ASTM D1141 substitute ocean water, or exposure of inventively passivated conduit specimens to ASTM D1141 substitute ocean water with added sulfides. Inventively passivated conduit (e.g., tube) specimens were exposed to equivalent wall shear stresses and flow regimes in their respective configurations, as presented in FIG. 6.

(28) Inventively passivated copper-nickel alloy hollow cylindrical conduit (e.g., tube) specimens 1000, such as shown in FIG. 7, were rinsed with deionized water after each exposure to ASTM D1141 substitute ocean water, doped with 0.5 mM Ni(OH).sub.2. Borescope images were taken at the entrance and exits for inventively passivated conduits 1000. The full 12-inch axial length of the inventively passivated conduit 1000 was not bore-scoped, thereby avoiding inadvertent damage to the grown passive film. The cylindrical inventively passivated conduits 1000 were sectioned (sliced or segmented) into four separate, one-inch long hollow cylindrical sections 1500, viz.: a cylindrical section 1500 at or near the inlet end 121 of inventively passivated conduit 1000; a cylindrical section 1500 at or near the outlet end 122 of inventively passivated conduit 1000; and two adjacent medial (upstream-downstream) cylindrical sections 1500, at approximately the half-way point of inventively passivated conduit 1000. Non-inventive conduits 100 having passive film 111 were sectioned into four cylindrical sections 150.

(29) As shown in FIG. 8, the one-inch cylindrical sections were each sliced in half axially-longitudinally at the 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock orientations, thereby producing two semi-cylindrical half-sections. The halving of each cylindrical section into two semi-cylindrical sections was performed so as to expose the 6 o'clock-oriented and 12 o'clock oriented surfaces for optical analysis. All images of the semi-cylindrical halves were acquired using a Keyence VHX-2000. The semi-cylindrical specimens were stereographed at 10?, 20?, and 50? magnification.

(30) Various reference characters are used herein to be denotive of tested cylinders and of cylindrical sections and semi-cylindrical sections that were excised by the present inventors in their testing. The reference character 100 is used herein to denote a non-inventive conduit, e.g., an unpassivated conduit or a conduit that has not been inventively passivated. The reference character 1000 is used herein to denote an inventive conduit, i.e., a conduit that has been inventively passivated. The reference character 150 is used herein to denote a cylindrical section of a non-inventive conduit 100. The reference character 1500 is used herein to denote a cylindrical section of an inventive conduit 1000. The reference character 125 is used herein to denote a semi-cylindrical section of a non-inventive conduit 100. The reference character 1250 is used herein to denote a semi-cylindrical section of an inventive conduit 1000.

(31) After each exposure of the rotating cylinder electrodes (RCEs), the specimens were rinsed in DI water and stereographed along their exterior surface. The angular positions were documented in order to ensure photographic comparison was possible. No destructive sectioning was necessary to perform this technique. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was performed on the RCE experimental setup subsequent to passivation and throughout durability flow conditions at intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 24, 48, and 72 hours of exposure. EIS Scans ran from 105 Hz to 10-2 Hz at an amplitude of 10 mV about the open circuit potential on a Gamry G300 potentiostat with a saturated calomel reference electrode and a carbon counter electrode. This data was generated to try to determine how long passivation treatments might last under turbulent flow conditions.

(32) The chemical compositions and structures of passive films developed under the different exposure chemistries were investigated by performing X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) on previously screened UNS C70600 and UNS C71500 coupons. One UNS C70600 specimen passivated under rotating flow with 1 mM propargyl alcohol was examined to gauge the oxidation state of copper through the depth of the passive film. Two rotating ocean water specimens per alloy were examined as controls to compare to specimens of each alloy passivated under rotating flows of the Ni(OH).sub.2 additives in ocean water.

(33) High-resolution scans surveyed the overall composition of elements at the surface of the coupons. In addition, compositional depth profiling was carried out by subjecting the samples to 30s of 3 KV Ar-plasma sputtering between low resolution multiplex scans over binding energy spectra corresponding to 0-1s, C-1s, Cu-2p3, and Ni-2p3 peaks. The comparison of intensities for these peaks was then converted into relative atomic percent to look at the composition of the surface film as a function of sputtering time or depth from the initial surface.

(34) With regard to visual examination, representative stereographs were taken from the downstream mid-point for each trial per parameters. Referring to FIGS. 9 through 32, these figures are presented in pairs so as to juxtapose both semi-cylindrical half-sections of the same cylindrical section.

(35) Post 21-day passivation in ASTM SW for UNS C70600 is shown in FIGS. 9 and 10. Even coverage of light brown passive film on bottom of tube and incomplete coverage of passive film on top of tube with possible light-colored salt deposits were found.

(36) Post 21-day passivation and post seven-day durability in ASTM SW for UNS C70600 is shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. A color change of passive film from the light brown to pale yellow may indicate hydration of cuprous oxide (Cu.sub.2O) to cuprous hydroxide (CuOH). Localized sites of passive film stripped from surface, but no clear indication of degradation were present.

(37) Post 21-day passivation and post seven-day durability in ASTMSW plus sulfide for UNS C70600 is shown in FIGS. 13 and 14. The passive film appears even in coverage and lighter in color than when no sulfide was present. Emergence of dark-colored regions could indicate sulfide poisoning of passive film. White deposits located near areas of dark-colored regions, could possibly be precipitated salts from incomplete rinsing after testing.

(38) Post seven-day passivation in ASTMSW plus Ni(OH).sub.2 for UNS C70600 is shown in FIGS. 15 and 16. Even coverage of light brown passive film with slightly inhomogeneous appearance due to light-colored spots distributed throughout passive film.

(39) Post seven-day passivation in ASTMSW plus Ni(OH).sub.2 and post durability in ASTMSW exposure for UNS C70600 is shown in FIGS. 17 and 18. Even coverage of passive film that appears more yellow than expected light brown color may indicates hydration of Cu.sub.2O layer to CuOH. Spots seen in FIGS. 15 and 16 have disappeared in FIGS. 17 and 18. No indication of degradation or damage to passive film is present.

(40) Post seven-day passivation in ASTMSW plus Ni(OH).sub.2 and post durability in ASTMSW plus sulfide durability exposure for UNS C70600 is shown in FIGS. 19 and 20. Passive film appears lighter in color than after passivation. Emergence of dark-colored regions could indicate sulfide poisoning of passive film.

(41) Post 21-day passivation in ASTMSW for UNS C71500 is shown in FIGS. 21 and 22. Even coverage of a translucent, brown film was found. The film has evenly distributed, light-colored inhomogeneities.

(42) Post 21-day passivation in ASTMSW and durability exposure in ASTMSW for UNS C71500 is shown in FIGS. 23 and 24. Specimens had high luster and metallic color, suggesting passive film may have thinned or been completely stripped in durability flow conditions. Thirty-two degradation sites were identified (twenty-five from the 6 o'clock semi-cylindrical section and seven from the 12 o'clock semi-cylindrical section).

(43) Post 21-day passivation in ASTMSW and durability exposure in ASTMSW plus sulfide for UNS C71500 is shown in FIGS. 25 and 26. Even coverage of film with increased surface roughness over the ASTMSW passivated specimens. No dark regions that may indicate sulfide poisoning were found. Additionally, scattered white-colored inhomogeneities that may be salt formations were found.

(44) Post seven-day passivation in ASTMSW plus Ni(OH).sub.2 for UNS C71500 is shown in FIGS. 27 and 28. A yellowish brown film that was uniform in coverage was found. High luster of the film could indicate the film is translucent or thin.

(45) Post seven day passivation in ASTMSW plus Ni(OH).sub.2 and durability exposure in ASTMSW for UNS C71500 is shown in FIGS. 29 and 30. Passive layer appears darker brown than in Ni(OH).sub.2-passivated tube and luster is not as intense compared to the surface of durability-tested SW-passivated tube. Color change may suggest thinning of film but not complete removal. Sixty-three degradation sites were identified (twenty-three from the 6 o'clock section and forty from the 12 o'clock section). Sites primarily are clustered at similar clock positions.

(46) Post seven-day passivation in ASTMSW plus Ni(OH).sub.2 and durability exposure in ASTMSW plus sulfide for UNS C71500 is shown in FIGS. 31 and 32. Even coverage of a light colored film was found. Small indications of dark-colored regions that may indicate sulfide poisoning were found. Scattered white-colored inhomogeneities possibly were salt precipitates.

(47) The passivation data collected by the present inventors fell into four categories, namely: visual examination; visual examination and EIS of RCE specimens; XPS analysis; and copper ion discharge. The present inventors' experimental results are more detailedly discussed hereinbelow with respect to: UNS C70600 21-day passivation in ASTMSW; UNS C70600 7-day passivation in ASTMSW with 0.5 mM Ni(OH).sub.2; UNS C71500 21-day passivation in ASTMSW; and UNS C71500 7-day passivation in ASTMSW with 0.5 mM Ni(OH).sub.2.

(48) UNS C70600 21-Day Passivation in ASTMSW

(49) The data collected on UNS C70600 alloy specimens passivated with 21-day exposure to ASTMSW provide a useful baseline for the desired qualities and performance expected of these alloys in in-service conditions. The XPS results demonstrate a robust passive layer with an approximate film thickness of 0.56 ?m, comparable to thickness calculations determined through EIS measured in the preliminary screening tests. Copper ion release measurements are also comparable, showing 19 ppm released during tube passivation compared to 27 ppm in the screening test. Initial polarization resistance measured between 7-9 k?.Math.cm.sup.2, with an appreciable decrease to approximately 1.5 k?.Math.cm.sup.2 during initial exposure to durability flow conditions.

(50) The stereographs of durability-tested tubes and RCE samples clearly demonstrate that these flow conditions greatly affect the chemistry and coverage of the initial passive film, but in both cases, clear evidence of degradation did not occur. However, the large drop in polarization resistance along with evidence of film stripping in the stereographs would indicate susceptibility of these alloys to localized corrosion in the durability flow conditions. In contrast, the Nyquist plots show Warburg impedance at all stages of exposure, which signifies that the specimen surface is under concentration polarization control and that the passive film is possibly effective as a diffusional barrier under durability flow conditions. Sulfide testing of the tubes showed lower copper ion release than in the durability testing case, but the stereographs of these tubes show incorporation of dark-colored regions into the passive film that indicate susceptibility to sulfide poisoning.

(51) UNS C70600 Seven-Day Passivation in ASTMSW with 0.5 mM Ni(OH).sub.2

(52) The data collected on UNS C70600 alloy specimen passivated with seven-day exposure to ASTMSW with added 0.5 mM Ni(OH).sub.2 show a marked improvement over the qualities and performance observed in the SW-passivated specimen. Despite the XPS results showing a film of about half the thickness of the SW-passivated specimen, copper ion release measurements and low-frequency impedance measurements suggest the film provides a better barrier to corrosion. Copper ion release measurements show nearly a 10? decrease from 19.7 ppm to 1.8 ppm after the course of passivation, and the low-frequency impedance measurements show higher initial values between 10-13 k?.Math.cm.sup.2, which decreases more slowly and less in magnitude over the course of durability flow conditions compared to the SW-passivated sample. The elevated Ni content observed in the passive layer through XPS suggests that further incorporation of Ni into the film improves barrier properties of the passive layer substantially.

(53) The stereographs show very little damage to the passive film after one week of exposure to durability flow conditions, which might also indicate that incorporation of more Ni into the passive layer improves adherence of the passive layer to the substrate, making it more difficult to strip away. Nyquist plots of the samples show similar evidence of Warburg impedance as in the SW-passivated samples. At all points throughout degradation, the sample surface remained under concentration polarization, suggesting the effectiveness of the surface film in preventing general corrosion. With extended exposure, impedance trends tend to return to values similar to the initial surface. The stereographs of the sulfide-tested tubes do show similar dark-colored regions in the passive film that may indicate sulfide poisoning, but further experiments would be necessary to evaluate and compare this susceptibility of the Ni(OH).sub.2-passivated tubes with the SW-passivated tubes.

(54) UNS C71500 21-Day Passivation in ASTMSW

(55) The data collected on UNS C71500 alloy specimen passivated with 21-day exposure to ASTMSW provide a useful baseline for qualities and performance of passive layers expected of these alloys, with notable differences compared to the UNS C70600 specimen passivated with the same treatment. A large distinction is observed between the thickness the these films determined from XPS, from 0.56 ?m for the UNS C70600 sample to 0.35 ?m in the UNSC71500 sample. Despite the observed decrease in thickness, initial copper ion release is slightly lower at 16.0 ppm, and initial low-frequency impedance modulus is higher at 14 k?.Math.cm.sup.2. The larger impedance indicates improvement of the initial barrier properties, possibly attestable to larger Ni incorporation into the passive layer. The RCE measurements in durability flow conditions similarly show a significant decrease in low-frequency impedance during the first 24 hours of exposure, and Bode phase angle plots from these measurements reveal the emergence of a second time constant likely attributable to defects created in the passive layer. This would suggest the UNS C71500 alloy is more susceptible to degradation from flow-assisted corrosion than the UNS C70600 alloy.

(56) The stereographs of durability-tested tubes support this, with clear evidence of flow-assisted corrosion damage to the surface and possible removal of the initial passive layer. Sulfide-tested tubes exhibited slightly lower copper ion release values than the durability-tested tubes, 11.7 ppm compared to 9.4 ppm, and there was no evidence of degradation observed in the stereographs of sulfide-tested tubes. The stereographs also did not show dark-colored regions of the passive film that did appear in the UNS C70600 sulfide-tested tubes, which could indicate that UNS C71500 alloys have improved resistance to sulfide poisoning.

(57) UNS C71500 Seven-Day Passivation in ASTMSW with 0.5 mM Ni(OH).sub.2

(58) The data collected on UNS C71500 alloy specimen passivated with 7-day exposure to ASTMSW with added 0.5 mM Ni(OH).sub.2 demonstrate improved initial barrier properties of the passive layer compared to the SW-passivated specimen but comparable performance from durability and sulfide testing. The XPS results indicate that the passive layer formed from this exposure is much thinner than the SW-passivation, decreasing from 0.35 ?m to 0.07 ?m. Despite this decrease in thickness, initial barrier properties appeared greatly improved, with copper ion release measurements showing a 6? decrease from 16.0 ppm to 2.4 ppm and low-frequency impedance modulus measurements showing a greater than 7? increase from 14 k?.Math.cm.sup.2 to 100 k?.Math.cm.sup.2. There was less indication of degradation of the samples during RCE measurements in durability flow conditions, lacking a discernible emergence of a second time constant in the Bode phase angle plots that would indicate defects generated in the passive layer during testing.

(59) However, the stereographs of durability-tested tubes show a large amount of flow-assisted corrosion damage to the substrate, though the damage appears slightly smaller than that observed in the SW-passivated tubes. Further measurements would be necessary to clarify which passivation treatment leads to more severe damage. Sulfide testing of these tubes showed a larger amount of copper ions released than the SW-passivated tubes, from 9.4 ppm to 14.1 ppm, and the stereographs do show small dark-colored regions that could indicate sulfide poisoning, though to a much lesser extent compared to the UNS C70600 tubes. This suggests Ni(OH).sub.2-passivation may slightly increase susceptibility to sulfide poisoning in the UNS C71500 alloy, though further testing would be needed to evaluate and compare this susceptibility.

(60) To recapitulate, the present invention's addition of 0.5 mM Ni(OH).sub.2 to ASTMSW results in improved barrier properties of the passivation layer for UNS C70600 and UNS C71500 alloys, as compared to passivation with ASTMSW alone. The results from Ni(OH).sub.2 passivation demonstrate the ability of the inventive treatment to reduce passivation time from 21 days to seven days of exposure for UNS C70600. For UNS C70600 alloys, the inventive treatment appears to improve adherence of the passive layer as compared to SW-passivated tubes, when under turbulent flow conditions. In contrast, for UNS C71500 alloys the Ni(OH).sub.2 treatment did not appear to improve adherence of the passive layer and greater degradation was found in Ni(OH).sub.2 treated tubes. Sulfide testing of SW-passivated tubes and Ni(OH).sub.2-passivated tubes showed comparable susceptibility to sulfide poisoning, with small indications that Ni(OH).sub.2 treatment of UNS C71500 may slightly increase that risk. However, further testing would need to be carried out to evaluate this susceptibility with certainty.

(61) The present invention, which is disclosed herein, is not to be limited by the embodiments described or illustrated herein, which are given by way of example and not of limitation. Other embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of the instant disclosure, or from practice of the present invention. Various omissions, modifications, and changes to the principles disclosed herein may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the true scope and spirit of the present invention, which is indicated by the following claims.