Fe/Cu-mediated ketone synthesis

Abstract

Provided herein are methods for preparing ketone-containing organic molecules. The methods are based on novel iron/copper-mediated (“Fe/Cu-mediated”) coupling reactions. The Fe/Cu-mediated coupling reaction can be used in the preparation of complex molecules, such as halichondrins and analogs thereof. In particular, the Fe/Cu-mediated ketolization reactions described herein are useful in the preparation of intermediates en route to halichondrins. ##STR00001##

Claims

1. A method of preparing a compound of Formula (II-3): ##STR00150## or a salt thereof, the method comprising coupling a compound of Formula (II-1): ##STR00151## or a salt thereof, with a compound of Formula (II-2): ##STR00152## or a salt thereof, wherein: X.sup.1 and X.sup.3 are each independently a halogen or a leaving group; X.sup.2 is halogen, a leaving group, or —SR.sup.S; R.sup.s is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; R.sup.5 is hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl; and R.sup.8 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (II-3) is the following: ##STR00153## or a salt thereof; the compound of Formula (II-1) is the following: ##STR00154## or a salt thereof; and the compound of Formula (II-2) is the following: ##STR00155## or a salt thereof.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of coupling is carried out in the presence of copper and iron.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of coupling is carried out in the presence of a zirconium complex.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of coupling is carried out in the presence of a lithium salt.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of coupling is carried out in the presence of a reducing metal.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of coupling is carried out in the presence of an iron complex, a copper salt, a lithium salt, and a reducing metal.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein X.sup.1 is halogen.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein X.sup.2 is —SR.sup.S.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein R.sup.s is optionally substituted heteroaryl.

11. A compound having the structure: ##STR00156## or a salt thereof.

12. The method of claim 1 further comprising reacting the compound of Formula (II-3): ##STR00157## or a salt thereof, in the presence of a reagent of formula R.sup.P9OH, to yield a compound of Formula (III-1): ##STR00158## or a salt thereof; wherein: X.sup.3 is halogen or a leaving group; R.sup.8 is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group; and each R.sup.P9 is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group; optionally wherein two R.sup.P9 groups are joined together with the intervening atoms.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the compound of Formula (II-3) is the following: ##STR00159## or a salt thereof; the reagent of Formula R.sup.P9OH is the following: ##STR00160## or a salt thereof; and the compound of Formula (III-1) is the following: ##STR00161## or a salt thereof.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula (II-1) is the following: ##STR00162## or a salt thereof.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the compound of Formula (II-2) is the following: ##STR00163## or a salt thereof; and the compound of Formula (II-3) is the following: ##STR00164## or a salt thereof.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein the compound of Formula (II-2) is the following: ##STR00165## or a salt thereof; and the compound of Formula (II-3) is the following: ##STR00166## or a salt thereof.

17. The method of claim 3, wherein the iron is an iron (II) or iron (III) complex.

18. The method of claim 3, wherein the iron is an iron complex of the formula: ##STR00167## wherein each instance of R is independently optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the iron complex is selected from iron(III) tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) (Fe(TMHD).sub.3), iron(III) 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedionate (Fe(DBM).sub.3), and tris(acetylacetonato) iron(III) (Fe(acac).sub.3).

20. The method of claim 3, wherein the iron is an iron complex of the formula: Fe(X).sub.2(ligand); wherein each instance of X is independently halogen; and “ligand” is two phosphine ligands or a bisphosphine ligand.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the iron complex is selected from iron(II) bromide (1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene) (FeBr.sub.2(dppb)), iron(II) chloride (1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene) (FeCl.sub.2(dppb)), iron(II) bromide (1,2-bis[bis[3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl]phosphino]benzene) (FeBr.sub.2(SciOPP)), iron(II) chloride (1,2-bis[bis[3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl]phosphino]benzene) (FeCl.sub.2(SciOPP)), iron(II) bromide (1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) (FeBr.sub.2(dppe)), iron(II) chloride (1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) (FeCl.sub.2(dppe)), FeBr.sub.2(PPh.sub.3).sub.2, and FeCl.sub.2(PPh.sub.3).sub.2.

22. The method of claim 3, wherein the iron is an iron complex selected from iron(III) tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) (Fe(TMHD).sub.3), iron(II) bromide (1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene) (FeBr.sub.2(dppb)), and iron(II) bromide (1,2-bis[bis[3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl]phosphino]benzene)(FeBr.sub.2(SciOPP).

23. The method of claim 3, wherein the copper is a copper (I) salt or copper (II) salt.

24. The method of claim 3, wherein the copper is a copper salt selected from CuCl, CuBr, CuI, CuCN, copper(I)-thiophene-2-carboxylate (CuTc), CuBr.sub.2, and CuCl.sub.2.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the copper salt is CuCl.sub.2.

26. The method of claim 5, wherein the lithium salt is selected from LiCl, LiBr, and LiI.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the lithium salt is LiCl.

28. The method of claim 6, wherein the reducing metal is Zn metal or Mn metal.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the reducing metal is Mn metal.

30. The method of claim 4, wherein the zirconium complex is di(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium(IV) dichloride (Cp.sub.2ZrCl.sub.2).

31. The method of claim 7, wherein the step of coupling is carried out in the presence of an iron complex selected from iron(III) tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) (Fe(TMHD)3), iron(II) bromide (1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene) (FeBr.sub.2(dppb)), and iron(II) bromide (1,2-bis[bis[3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl]phosphino]benzene) (FeBr.sub.2(SciOPP)); CuCl.sub.2; LiCl; and Mn metal.

32. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of coupling is carried out in a solvent.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein the solvent is dimethoxyethane (DME).

34. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of coupling is carried out at a temperature ranging from approximately 0° C. to approximately room temperature, inclusive.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein the strep of coupling is carried out at approximately 0° C.

36. The method of claim 1, wherein: (i) the step of coupling is carried out in the presence of an iron complex selected from iron(III) tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) (Fe(TMHD).sub.3), iron(II) bromide (1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene) (FeBr.sub.2(dppb)), and iron(II) bromide (1,2-bis[bis[3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl]phosphino]benzene) (FeBr.sub.2(SciOPP); CuCl.sub.2; LiCl; and Mn metal; (ii) the step of coupling is carried out in dimethoxyethane (DME) at approximately 0° C.; and (ii) X.sup.2 is —Cl; X.sup.1 is —I; and X.sup.3 is —I or —Br.

37. The method of claim 8, wherein X.sup.1 is —I.

38. The method of claim 1, wherein X.sup.2 is halogen.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein X.sup.2 is —Cl.

40. The method of claim 1, wherein X.sup.3 is halogen.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein X.sup.3 is —I or —Br.

42. The method of claim 1, wherein R.sup.5 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl.

43. The method of claim 42, wherein R.sup.5 is methyl.

44. The method of claim 1, wherein R.sup.8 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein R.sup.8 is methyl or ethyl.

46. The method of claim 12, wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of an acid.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein the acid is p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH).

48. The method of claim 12, wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of an orthoformate.

49. The method of claim 48, wherein the orthoformate is trimethyl orthoformate.

50. The method of claim 12, wherein the reagent of formula R.sup.P9OH is the following: ##STR00168## and in the compound of Formula (III-1) two R.sup.P9 are joined together with the intervening atoms to form: ##STR00169##

51. The method of claim 12, wherein the reaction is carried out in a solvent.

52. The method of claim 51, wherein the solvent is acetonitrile (MeCN).

53. The method of claim 12, wherein the reaction is carried out at approximately room temperature.

54. The method of claim 12, wherein: (i) the reagent of formula R.sup.P9OH is the following: ##STR00170## (ii) the reaction is carried out in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) and trimethyl orthoformate; and (ii) the reaction is carried out in MeCN at approximately room temperature.

55. The method of claim 12, wherein X.sup.3 is halogen.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein X.sup.3 is —I.

57. The method of claim 12, wherein R.sup.5 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl.

58. The method of claim 57, wherein R.sup.5 is methyl.

59. The method of claim 12, wherein R.sup.8 is C.sub.1-6 alkyl.

60. The method of claim 59, wherein R.sup.8 is methyl or ethyl.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The accompanying drawings, which constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.

(2) FIG. 1A outlines exemplary coupling reactions to form ketones. FIG. 1B shows exemplary iron catalysts useful in the Fe/Cu-mediated coupling reactions described herein.

(3) FIG. 1C shows exemplary Fe-mediated coupling reactions.

(4) FIG. 2 shows exemplary Fe/Cu-mediated coupling reactions to form ketones using a wide array of substrates.

(5) FIG. 3 shows exemplary Fe/Cu-mediated coupling reactions forming intermediates useful in the synthesis of halichondrins and analogs thereof (compounds 11 and 13).

(6) FIG. 4 outlines the Fe/Cu-mediated coupling reactions with common radical probes.

(7) FIG. 5 outlines the results of lithium halide screening. LiCl, LiBr, and LiI were found to be useful in the coupling reactions described herein.

(8) FIG. 6 shows an exemplary synthesis of a C20-C26 building block of halichondrins.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS

(9) Provided herein are methods for preparing ketone-containing organic molecules. The methods are based on novel iron/copper-mediated (“Fe/Cu-medaited”) coupling reactions. In certain embodiments, an advantage of the Fe/Cu-mediated couplings described herein over existing ketolization methods is that the Fe/Cu-mediated methods allow for selective coupling of alkyl halides in the presence of vinyl halides. The Fe/Cu-mediated coupling reactions can be used in the preparation of halichondrins and analogs thereof-specifically, in the preparation of intermediates en route to halichondrins and analogs thereof. The present invention also provides methods for the preparation of intermediates useful in the synthesis of halichondrins. In another aspect, the present invention provides compounds, reagents, ligands, catalysts, and kits useful in the coupling methods provided herein, as well as compounds (i.e., intermediates) useful in the preparation of halichondrins and analogs thereof.

(10) Fe/Cu-Mediated Ketolization Reactions

(11) Provided herein are methods for preparing ketones using a Fe/Cu-mediated coupling reaction, as outlined in Scheme 1A. As described herein, the ketolization reactions are carried out in the presence of iron and copper, e.g., in the presence of an iron complex and a copper salt. The ketolization reactions may be intermolecular or intramolecular (i.e., in Scheme 1A, R.sup.A and R.sup.B are optionally joined by a linker).

(12) ##STR00013##

(13) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (A) is a primary or secondary alkyl halide (X.sup.1=halogen), and the compound of Formula (B) is an alkyl thioester or acid halide (R.sup.B is optionally substituted alkyl; and X.sup.2 is halogen or —SR.sup.S), as shown in Scheme 1B.

(14) ##STR00014##

(15) As shown in Scheme 1A, provided herein are methods for preparing a compound of Formula (C):

(16) ##STR00015##
or a salt thereof, the methods comprising reacting a compound of Formula (A):

(17) ##STR00016##
or a salt thereof, with a compound of Formula (B):

(18) ##STR00017##
or a salt thereof, in the presence of iron and copper; wherein: X.sup.1 is halogen or a leaving group; X.sup.2 is halogen, a leaving group, or —SR.sup.S; R.sup.S is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; R.sup.A is optionally substituted alkyl; and R.sup.B is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl; optionally, wherein R.sup.A and R.sup.B are joined together via a linker, wherein the linker is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted heteroalkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted heteroalkynylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted acylene, and combinations thereof.

(19) In certain embodiments, R.sup.A is part of a complex molecule, such as a natural product, pharmaceutical agent, fragment thereof, or intermediate thereto. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B is part of a complex molecule, such as a natural product, pharmaceutical agent, fragment thereof, or intermediate thereto.

(20) As generally defined herein, in certain embodiments, a “linker” is a group comprising optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted alkenylene, optionally substituted heteroalkenylene, optionally substituted alkynylene, optionally substituted heteroalkynylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted acylene, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, “linker” is an optionally substituted hydrocarbon chain.

(21) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (A) is of Formula (A-1):

(22) ##STR00018##
or a salt thereof; the compound of Formula (B) is of Formula (B-1):

(23) ##STR00019##
or a salt thereof; and the compound of Formula (C) is of Formula (C-1):

(24) ##STR00020##
or a salt thereof, wherein: X.sup.1 is halogen or a leaving group; X.sup.2 is halogen, a leaving group, or —SR.sup.S; R.sup.S is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and each instance of R.sup.A1, R.sup.A2, R.sup.B1, and R.sup.B2 is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl; optionally wherein R.sup.A1 and R.sup.B1 are joined together via a linker.

(25) As defined herein, R.sup.A1 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A1 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A1 is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A1 is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A1 is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A1 is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A1 is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A1 is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A1 is optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

(26) As defined herein, R.sup.A2 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A2 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A2 is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A2 is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A2 is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A2 is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A2 is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A2 is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A2 is optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

(27) As defined herein, R.sup.B1 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1 is optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

(28) As defined herein, R.sup.B2 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B2 is optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

(29) In certain embodiments, R.sup.A1 and/or R.sup.A2 is part of a complex molecule, such as a natural product, pharmaceutical agent, fragment thereof, or intermediate thereto. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B1, R.sup.B2, and/or R.sup.B3 is part of a complex molecule, such as a natural product, pharmaceutical agent, fragment thereof, or intermediate thereto.

(30) The Fe/Cu-mediated ketolization reactions provided herein may be performed in an intramolecular fashion to yield cyclic ketones as shown in Scheme 1C.

(31) ##STR00021##

(32) As shown in Scheme 1C, provided herein are methods for preparing a compound of Formula (C-2):

(33) ##STR00022##
or salt thereof, comprising reacting a compound of Formula (A-B):

(34) ##STR00023##
or a salt thereof, in the presence of iron and copper; wherein: X.sup.1 is halogen or a leaving group; X.sup.2 is halogen, a leaving group, or —SR.sup.S; R.sup.S is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; R.sup.A2 and R.sup.B2 are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl; and

(35) ##STR00024##
represents a linker.

(36) In certain embodiments, X.sup.1 is a halogen (e.g., —I, —Br, —Cl, —F). In certain embodiments, X.sup.1 is a halogen bonded to an alkyl group (i.e., an “alkyl halide”). In certain embodiments, the Fe/Cu-mediated ketolization reaction is selective for an alkyl halide over a vinyl halide. For example, when a reaction mixture or a compound comprises both an alkyl halide and a vinyl halide, the alkyl halide reacts at a faster rate than the vinyl halide. In certain embodiments, the Fe/Cu-mediated reactions described herein are selective for alkyl iodides over vinyl halides (e.g., vinyl iodides). In certain embodiments, the selectivity is greater than 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1, 30:1, 40:1, 50:1, 60:1, 70:1, 80:1, 90:1, 100:1, or 100:1.

(37) In certain embodiments, X.sup.2 is a halogen (e.g., —I, —Br, —Cl, —F). In certain embodiments, X.sup.2 is —Cl. In other embodiments, X.sup.2 is —SR.sup.S, wherein R.sup.S is as defined herein. In certain embodiments, X.sup.2 is —S-heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, X.sup.2 is —S-pyridyl. In certain embodiments, X.sup.2 is —S-2-pyridyl:

(38) ##STR00025##

(39) Fe/Cu-mediated ketolization reactions provided herein are carried out in the presence of iron. The iron source may be an iron complex, iron salt, iron catalyst, or pre-catalyst. In certain embodiments, the iron source is iron (II). In certain embodiments, the iron source is iron (III).

(40) In certain embodiments, an iron complex is of the formula Fe(ligand).sub.3. In certain embodiments, “ligand” is TMHD, DBM, or acac. In certain embodiments, the iron complex is of the formula:

(41) ##STR00026##
In certain embodiments, the iron complex is Fe(TMHD).sub.3, which is of the formula:

(42) ##STR00027##
In certain embodiments, the iron complex is Fe(DBM).sub.3, which is of the formula:

(43) ##STR00028##
In certain embodiments, the iron complex is Fe(acac).sub.3, which is of the formula:

(44) ##STR00029##

(45) In certain embodiments, the iron complex comprises two phosphine ligands. In certain embodiments, the iron complex comprises a bisphosphine ligand. In certain embodiments, the iron complex is of the formula Fe(X).sub.2(ligand), wherein each instance of X is independently halogen (e.g., Cl, Br, I, or F), and “ligand” is a bisphosphine ligand. In certain embodiments, the bisphosphine ligand is dppb or SciOPP. In certain embodiments, the iron complex is of the formula:

(46) ##STR00030##
wherein each instance of Ar is independently optionally substituted aryl, and each instance of X is independently halogen (e.g., Cl, Br, I, or F). In certain embodiments, the iron complex is Fe(X).sub.2(dppb) (each instance of Ar is phenyl (Ph). In certain embodiments, the iron complex is Fe(Br).sub.2(dppb), which is of the formula:

(47) ##STR00031##
In certain embodiments, the iron complex is Fe(C.sub.1).sub.2(dppb), which is of the formula:

(48) ##STR00032##
In certain embodiments, the iron complex is Fe(X).sub.2(SciOPP) (each instance of Ar is of the formula:

(49) ##STR00033##
In certain embodiments, the iron complex is Fe(Br).sub.2(SciOPP), which is of the formula:

(50) ##STR00034##
In certain embodiments, the iron complex is Fe(C.sub.1).sub.2(SciOPP), which is of the formula:

(51) ##STR00035##
In certain embodiments, the iron complex is of the formula:

(52) ##STR00036##
wherein each instance of Ar is independently optionally substituted aryl; and each instance of X is independently halogen (e.g., Cl, Br, I, or F). In certain embodiments, the iron complex is of the formula FeX.sub.2(dppe), wherein each instance of X is independently halogen (e.g., Cl, Br, I, or F). In certain embodiments, the iron complex is FeBr.sub.2(dppe), which is of the formula:

(53) ##STR00037##
In certain embodiments, the iron complex is FeCl.sub.2(dppe).

(54) In certain embodiments, the iron complex is of the formula:

(55) ##STR00038##
wherein each instance of Ar is independently optionally substituted aryl, and each instance of X is independently halogen (e.g., Cl, Br, I, or F). In certain embodiments, the iron complex is of the formula: FeX.sub.2(PPh.sub.3).sub.2, wherein each instance of X is independently halogen (e.g., Cl, Br, I, or F). In certain embodiments, the iron complex is of the formula: FeBr.sub.2(PPh.sub.3).sub.2 or FeCl.sub.2(PPh.sub.3).sub.2.

(56) In certain embodiments, the iron is present in a catalytic amount. In certain embodiments, the iron is present at approximately 1-5 mol %, 5-10 mol %, 1-10 mol %, 5-20 mol %, 10-20 mol %, 20-30 mol %, 20-40 mol %, 30-40 mol %, 40-50 mol %, 50-60 mol %, 60-70 mol %, 70-80 mol %, or 80-90 mol % relative to a compound of Formula (A) or (B) in the reaction mixture. In certain embodiments, the iron is present in from 1-50 mol %. In certain embodiments, the iron is present in from 1-10 mol %. In certain embodiments, the iron is present in from 1-20 mol %. In certain embodiments, the iron is present in approximately 5 mol %. In certain embodiments, the iron is present in approximately 10 mol %. In certain embodiments, the iron is present in approximately 15 mol %. In certain embodiments, the iron is present in a stoichiometric or excess amount relative to a compound of Formula (A) or (B) in the reaction mixture.

(57) Fe/Cu-mediated ketolization reactions provided herein are carried out in the presence of copper. The copper source may be a copper complex, copper salt, copper catalyst, or pre-catalyst. In certain embodiments, the copper source is copper(I). In certain embodiments, the copper source is copper(II). In certain embodiments, the copper source is a copper salt. In certain embodiments, the copper salt is selected from CuCl, CuBr, CuI, CuCN, CuTc, CuBr.sub.2, and CuCl.sub.2. In certain embodiments, the copper salt is CuCl.sub.2. In certain embodiments, the copper salt is CuI.

(58) In certain embodiments, the copper is present in a stoichiometric or excess amount relative to a compound of Formula (A) or (B) in the reaction mixture. In certain embodiments, approximately 1 equivalent of copper is present (i.e., stoichiometric). In other embodiments, greater than 1 equivalent of copper is present (i.e., excess). In certain embodiments, approximately 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, or 10.0 equivalents of copper are present. In certain embodiments, the copper is present in a catalytic amount. In certain embodiments, the copper is present at approximately 1-5 mol %, 5-10 mol %, 1-10 mol %, 5-20 mol %, 10-20 mol %, 20-30 mol %, 20-40 mol %, 30-40 mol %, 40-50 mol %, 50-60 mol %, 60-70 mol %, 70-80 mol %, or 80-90 mol % relative to a compound of Formula (A) or (B) in the reaction mixture.

(59) The Fe/Cu-mediated ketolization reactions may be carried out in the presence of one or more additional reagents or catalysts. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out in the presence of zirconium. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out in the presence of a zirconium complex. In certain embodiments, the zirconium complex is of the formula: (ligand).sub.nZrX.sub.2; wherein n is the number of ligands (e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4), and X is halogen (e.g., Cl, Br, I, or F). In certain embodiments, n is 2, and the ligand is cyclopentadienyl. In certain embodiments, the zirconium source is Cp.sub.2ZrX.sub.2. In certain embodiments, the zirconium source is Cp.sub.2ZrCl.sub.2.

(60) In certain embodiments, the zirconium is present in a catalytic amount. In certain embodiments, the zirconium is present in between 1-5 mol %, 5-10 mol %, 1-10 mol %, 5-20 mol %, 10-20 mol %, 20-30 mol %, 30-40 mol %, 40-50 mol %, 50-60 mol %, 60-70 mol %, 70-80 mol %, or 80-90 mol % relative to a compound of Formula (A) or (B) in the reaction mixture. In certain embodiments, the zirconium is present in a stoichiometric or excess amount relative to a compound of Formula (A) or (B) in the reaction mixture. In other embodiments, greater than 1 equivalent of zirconium is present (i.e., excess). In certain embodiments, approximately 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 equivalents of zirconium are present. In certain embodiments, approximately 1 equivalent of zirconium is present (i.e., stoichiometric). In certain embodiments, a zirconium complex is employed in the reaction when a thioester is used as a coupling partner (e.g., when X.sup.2 is —SR.sup.S).

(61) In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out in the presence of a lithium salt. In certain embodiments, the lithium salt is LiCl, LiBr, or LiI. In certain embodiments, the lithium salt is LiCl. In certain embodiments, the lithium salt is present in catalytic amount. In certain embodiments, the lithium salt is present in a stoichiometric or excess amount relative to a compound of Formula (A) or (B) in the reaction mixture. In certain embodiments, approximately 1 equivalent of lithium salt is present (i.e., stoichiometric). In other embodiments, greater than 1 equivalent of lithium salt is present (i.e., excess). In certain embodiments, approximately 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 equivalents of lithium salt are present. In certain embodiments, approximately 3 equivalents of lithium salt is present.

(62) In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out in the presence of a reducing metal. In certain embodiments, the reducing metal is zinc or manganese (e.g., zinc (0) or manganese (0)).

(63) In certain embodiments, the zinc source is zinc powder, zinc foil, zinc beads, or any other form of zinc metal. The zinc may be present in a catalytic, stoichiometric, or excess amount. In certain embodiments, the zinc is present in excess (i.e., greater than 1 equivalent) relative to a compound of Formula (A) or Formula (B). In certain embodiments, between 1 and 10 equivalents of zinc are used. In certain embodiments, approximately 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 equivalents of zinc are present. In certain embodiments, approximately 2 equivalents of zinc are used.

(64) In certain embodiments, the manganese source is manganese powder, manganese foil, manganese beads, or any other form of manganese metal. The manganese may be present in a catalytic, stoichiometric, or excess amount. In certain embodiments, the manganese is present in excess (i.e., greater than 1 equivalent) relative to a compound of Formula (A) or Formula (B). In certain embodiments, between 1 and 10 equivalents of manganese are used. In certain embodiments, approximately 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 equivalents of manganese are present. In certain embodiments, approximately 2 equivalents of manganese are used.

(65) In certain embodiments, the Fe/Cu-mediated ketolization described herein is carried out in a solvent. Any solvent may be used, and the scope of the method is not limited to any particular solvent or mixture of solvents. The solvent may be polar or non-polar, protic or aprotic, or a combination of solvents (e.g., co-solvents). Examples of useful organic solvents are provided herein. In certain embodiments, the ketolization is carried out in a polar solvent, such as an ethereal solvent. In certain embodiments, the ketolization reaction is carried out in dimethoxyethane (DME).

(66) The Fe/Cu-mediated ketolization reactions described herein may be carried out at any concentration in solvent. Concentration refers to the molar concentration (mol/L) of a coupling partners (e.g., compounds of Formula (A) or (B)) in a solvent. In certain embodiments, the concentration is approximately 0.5 M. In certain embodiments, the concentration is approximately 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, or 0.9 M. In certain embodiments, the concentration is greater than 1 M. In certain embodiments, the concentration is less than 0.1 M.

(67) The Fe/Cu-mediated ketolization reactions described herein can be carried out at any temperature. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out at around room temperature (i.e., between 18 and 24° C.). In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out below room temperature (e.g., between 0° C. and room temperature). In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out at above room temperature (e.g., between room temperature and 100° C.). In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out at approximately 0° C.

(68) A reaction described herein may be carried out over any amount of time. In certain embodiments, a reaction is allowed to run for seconds, minutes, hours, or days.

(69) In certain embodiments, the Fe/Cu-mediated ketolization is carried out in the presence of an iron complex, a copper salt, a lithium salt, and a reducing metal. In certain embodiments, the ketolization is carried out in the presence of Fe(TMHD).sub.3, CuCl.sub.2, LiCl, and Mn. In certain embodiments, the ketolization is carried out in the presence of FeBr.sub.2(dppb), CuCl.sub.2, LiCl, and Mn metal. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out in a polar solvent. In certain embodiments, the polar solvent is an ethereal solvent, such as DME. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out at or below room temperature. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out at a temperature around 0° C.

(70) For example, in certain embodiments, the coupling may be carried out under the following conditions: Fe(TMHD).sub.3 (10 mol %), CuCl.sub.2 (1.0 equiv.), Mn (2 equiv.), LiCl (3 equiv.), DME, 0° C., for 10-20 hours. As another example, in certain embodiments, the coupling may be carried out under the following conditions: FeBr.sub.2(dppb) (5 mol %), CuCl.sub.2 (1.0 equiv.), LiCl (3 equiv.), Mn (2 equiv.), DME, 0° C., for 10-20 hours.

(71) In certain embodiments, the Fe/Cu-mediated ketolization is carried out in the presence of an iron complex, a copper salt, a zirconium complex, a lithium salt, and a reducing metal. In certain embodiments, the ketolization is carried out in the presence of FeBr.sub.2(dppb), CuI, ZrCp.sub.2Cl.sub.2, LiCl, and Mn metal. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out in a polar solvent. In certain embodiments, the polar solvent is an ethereal solvent, such as DME. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out at or below room temperature. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out at a temperature around 0° C.

(72) For example, in certain embodiments, the coupling may be carried out under the following conditions: FeBr.sub.2(dppb) (5 mol %), CuI (1.0 equiv.), ZrCp.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (1.0 equiv), LiCl (3 equiv.), Mn (2 equiv.), DME, 0° C., for 10-20 hours.

Synthesis of Halichondrins and Intermediates

(73) The Fe/Cu-mediated ketolization reactions provided herein can be applied to the synthesis of complex molecules, such intermediates en route to halichondrins and analogs thereof. For example, Scheme 2 shows that a compound of Formula (I-13) can be prepared via Fe/Cu-mediated coupling of a compound of Formula (I-12) with a compound of Formula (I-10). In Scheme 2, compounds of Formula (I-13) are useful intermediates in the synthesis of halichondrins (e.g., halichondrin A, B, C), and analogs thereof.

(74) ##STR00039##

(75) As shown in Scheme 2, provided herein is a method of preparing a compound of Formula (I-13):

(76) ##STR00040##
or a salt thereof, the method comprising coupling a compound of Formula (I-12):

(77) ##STR00041##
or a salt thereof, with a compound of Formula (I-10):

(78) ##STR00042##
or a salt thereof, wherein: X.sup.1 and X.sup.3 are each independently a halogen or a leaving group; X is halogen, a leaving group, or —SR.sup.S; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl; and R.sup.P1, R.sup.P2, R.sup.P3, R.sup.P4, and R.sup.P5 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group.

(79) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I-12) is a compound of Formula (I-12-S):

(80) ##STR00043##
or a salt thereof, wherein: R.sup.S is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl.

(81) In certain embodiments, the step of coupling a compound of Formula (I-12), or a salt thereof, with a compound of Formula (I-10), or a salt thereof, involves a Fe/Cu-mediated ketolization reaction as described herein (e.g., carried out in the presence of iron and copper).

(82) Any reagents or conditions described for the Fe/Cu-mediated ketolizations described herein can be used in the coupling step.

(83) As described herein, the Fe/Cu-mediated ketolizations are selective for alkyl halides in the presence of vinyl halides. Therefore, in certain embodiments, when X.sup.1 and X.sup.3 are both halogen, the reaction occurs selectively at X.sup.1 rather than X.sup.3, yielding a compound of Formula (I-13) as the major product. In certain embodiments, when X.sup.1 is —I, and X.sup.3 is halogen, the reaction occurs selectively at X.sup.1 rather than X.sup.3, yielding a compound of Formula (I-13) as the major product. In certain embodiments, the selectivity is greater than 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1, 30:1, 40:1, 50:1, 60:1, 70:1, 80:1, 90:1, 100:1, or 100:1.

(84) In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1, R.sup.P2, R.sup.P3, R.sup.P4, and R.sup.v5 are each optionally substituted silyl protecting groups. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1, R.sup.P2, R.sup.P3, R.sup.P4, and R.sup.v5 are each trialkylsilyl protecting groups. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 and R.sup.P4 are TBS protecting groups, and R.sup.P2, R.sup.P3, and R.sup.v5 are TES protecting groups.

(85) In certain embodiments, the coupling to form a compound of Formula (I-13), or a salt thereof, is carried out in the presence of an iron complex, a copper salt, a lithium salt, a zirconium complex, and a reducing metal. In certain embodiments, the coupling is carried out in the presence of FeBr.sub.2(SciOPP), CuI, ZrCp.sub.2Cl.sub.2, LiCl, and Mn metal. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out in a polar solvent. In certain embodiments, the polar solvent is an ethereal solvent, such as DME. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out at or below room temperature. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out at a temperature around 0° C.

(86) For example, in certain embodiments, the coupling may be carried out under the following conditions: FeBr.sub.2(SciOPP) (5 mol %), CuI (1.0 equiv.), ZrCp.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (1.0 equiv.), LiCl (3 equiv.), and Mn (2.0 equiv), DME, 0° C., 10-20 hours.

(87) Ketolization reactions provided herein can be applied to the preparation of other intermediates useful in the synthesis of halichondrins and analogs thereof. For example, as shown in Scheme 3, a compound of Formula (I-11) can be prepared via Fe/Cu-mediated coupling of a compound of Formula (I-9) with a compound of Formula (I-10). Compounds of Formula (I-11) are useful intermediates in the synthesis of halichondrins and analogs thereof.

(88) ##STR00044##

(89) As shown in Scheme 3, provided herein is a method of preparing a compound of Formula (I-11):

(90) ##STR00045##
or a salt thereof, the method comprising coupling a compound of Formula (I-9):

(91) ##STR00046##
or a salt thereof, with a compound of Formula (I-10):

(92) ##STR00047##
or a salt thereof, wherein: X.sup.1 and X.sup.3 are each independently a halogen or a leaving group; X.sup.2 is halogen, a leaving group, or —SR.sup.S; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl; and R.sup.P4, R.sup.P5, and R.sup.P6 are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group; optionally wherein two R.sup.P6 are joined with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

(93) In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (I-9) is of Formula (I-9-S): or a salt thereof, wherein:

(94) ##STR00048##
or a salt thereof, wherein: R.sup.S is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl.

(95) In certain embodiments, the step of coupling a compound of Formula (I-9), or a salt thereof, with a compound of Formula (I-10), or a salt thereof, is a Fe/Cu-mediated ketolization described herein (e.g., carried out in the presence of iron and copper). Any reagents or conditions described for the Fe/Cu-mediated ketolizations described herein can be used in the coupling step.

(96) As described herein, the Fe/Cu-mediated ketolizations are selective for alkyl halides over vinyl halides. Therefore, in certain embodiments, when X.sup.1 and X.sup.3 are both halogen, the reaction occurs selectively at X.sup.1 rather than X.sup.3, yielding a compound of Formula (I-11) as the major product. In certain embodiments, when X.sup.1 is —I, and X.sup.3 is halogen, the reaction occurs selectively at X.sup.1 rather than X.sup.3, yielding a compound of Formula (I-11) as the major product. In certain embodiments, the selectivity is greater than 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1, 30:1, 40:1, 50:1, 60:1, 70:1, 80:1, 90:1, 100:1, or 100:1.

(97) In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4, R.sup.P5, and R.sup.P6 are each silyl protecting groups. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 and R.sup.P5 are trialkylsilyl protecting groups, and the two R.sup.P6 groups are joined together to form:

(98) ##STR00049##
In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is a TBS protecting group, R.sup.P5 is a TES protecting group, and the two R.sup.P6 groups are joined together to form:

(99) ##STR00050##

(100) In certain embodiments, the coupling to yield a compound of Formula (I-11) is carried out in the presence of an iron complex, a copper salt, a lithium salt, a zirconium complex, and a reducing metal. In certain embodiments, the coupling is carried out in the presence of FeBr.sub.2(SciOPP), CuI, ZrCp.sub.2Cl.sub.2, LiCl, and Mn metal. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out in a polar solvent. In certain embodiments, the polar solvent is an ethereal solvent such as DME. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out at or below room temperature. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out at a temperature around 0° C.

(101) For example, in certain embodiments, the coupling may be carried out under the following conditions: FeBr.sub.2(SciOPP) (5 mol %), CuI (1.0 equiv.), ZrCp.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (1.0 equiv.), LiCl (3 equiv.), and Mn (2.0 equiv), DME, 0° C., 10-20 hours.

(102) Methods described herein can be used to prepare compounds in any chemical yield. In certain embodiments, a compound is produced in from 1-10%, 10-20% 20-30%, 30-40%, 40-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, 80-90%, or 90-100% yield. In certain embodiments, the desired product is obtained in greater than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% yield. In certain embodiments, it is greater than 50% yield. In certain embodiments, it is greater than 70% yield. In certain embodiments, the yield is the percent yield after one synthetic step. In certain embodiments, the yield is the percent yield after more than one synthetic step (e.g., 2, 3, 4, or 5 synthetic steps).

(103) As described herein, the Fe/Cu-mediated ketolizations are selective for alkyl halides over vinyl halides. Therefore, in certain embodiments, when X.sup.1 and X.sup.3 are both halogen, the reaction occurs selectively at X.sup.1 rather than X.sup.3. In certain embodiments, the selectivity is approximately 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1, 30:1, 40:1, 50:1, 60:1, 70:1, 80:1, 90:1, 100:1, or greater than 100:1. In certain embodiments, the selectivity is greater than 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1, 30:1, 40:1, 50:1, 60:1, 70:1, 80:1, 90:1, 100:1, or 100:1.

(104) Methods described herein may further comprise one or more purification steps. For example, in certain embodiments, a compound produced by a method described herein may be purified by chromatography, extraction, filtration, precipitation, crystallization, or any other method known in the art. In certain embodiments, a compound or mixture is carried forward to the next synthetic step without purification (i.e., crude).

(105) Scheme 4 shows that a compound of Formula (II-3) can be prepared via Fe/Cu-mediated coupling of a compound of Formula (II-1) with a compound of Formula (II-2). In Scheme 4, compounds of Formula (II-3) are useful intermediates in the synthesis of compounds in the halichondrin series (e.g., halichondrin A, B, C), and analogs thereof. In particular, compounds of Formula (II-3) are useful as the C20-C26 fragments (i.e., building blocks) of halichondrins.

(106) ##STR00051##

(107) As shown in Scheme 4, provided herein is a method of preparing a compound of Formula (II-3):

(108) ##STR00052##
or a salt thereof, the method comprising coupling a compound of Formula (II-1):

(109) ##STR00053##
or a salt thereof, with a compound of Formula (II-2):

(110) ##STR00054##
or a salt thereof, wherein: X.sup.1 and X.sup.3 are each independently a halogen or a leaving group; X.sup.2 is halogen, a leaving group, or —SR.sup.S; R.sup.5 is hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl; and R.sup.8 is alkyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group.

(111) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (II-1) is a compound of Formula (II-1-Cl):

(112) ##STR00055##
or a salt thereof.

(113) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (II-1) is the following:

(114) ##STR00056##
or a salt thereof.

(115) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (II-1) is the following:

(116) ##STR00057##
or a salt thereof.

(117) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (II-2) is a compound of Formula (II-1-I):

(118) ##STR00058##
or a salt thereof.

(119) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (II-2) is the following:

(120) ##STR00059##
or a salt thereof.

(121) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (II-3) is the following:

(122) ##STR00060##
or a salt thereof.

(123) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (II-3) is the following:

(124) ##STR00061##
or a salt thereof

(125) In certain embodiments, the step of coupling a compound of Formula (II-1), or a salt thereof, with a compound of Formula (II-2), or a salt thereof, involves a Fe/Cu-mediated ketolization reaction as described herein (e.g., carried out in the presence of iron and copper).

(126) Any reagents or conditions described for the Fe/Cu-mediated ketolizations described herein can be used in the coupling step.

(127) As described herein, the Fe/Cu-mediated ketolizations are selective for alkyl halides in the presence of vinyl halides. Therefore, in certain embodiments, when X.sup.1 and X.sup.3 are both halogen, the reaction occurs selectively at X.sup.1 rather than X.sup.3, yielding a compound of Formula (II-3) as the major product. In certain embodiments, when X.sup.1 is —I, and X.sup.3 is halogen, the reaction occurs selectively at X.sup.1 rather than X.sup.3, yielding a compound of Formula (II-3) as the major product. In certain embodiments, the selectivity is greater than 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1, 30:1, 40:1, 50:1, 60:1, 70:1, 80:1, 90:1, 100:1, or 100:1. In certain embodiments, X.sup.1 is —I; X.sup.3 is —I; and X.sup.2 is —Cl.

(128) In certain embodiments, R.sup.8 is ethyl; and R.sup.5 is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.8 is methyl; and R.sup.5 is methyl.

(129) In certain embodiments, the Fe/Cu-mediated ketolization is carried out in the presence of an iron complex, a copper salt, a lithium salt, and a reducing metal. In certain embodiments, the ketolization is carried out in the presence of Fe(TMHD).sub.3, CuCl.sub.2, LiCl, and Mn. In certain embodiments, the ketolization is carried out in the presence of FeBr.sub.2(dppb), CuCl.sub.2, LiCl, and Mn metal. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out in a polar solvent. In certain embodiments, the polar solvent is an ethereal solvent, such as DME. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out at or below room temperature. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out at a temperature around 0° C.

(130) For example, in certain embodiments, the coupling may be carried out under the following conditions: FeBr.sub.2(dppb) (5 mol %), CuCl.sub.2 (20 mol %), LiCl (3 equiv.), Mn (2 equiv.), DME, approximately 0° C. (e.g., about 0-5° C.), for 10-30 hours.

(131) In certain embodiments, the method further comprises a step of reacting the compound of Formula (II-3):

(132) ##STR00062##
or a salt thereof, in the presence of a reagent of Formula R.sup.P9OH, to yield a compound of Formula (III-1):

(133) ##STR00063##
or a salt thereof; wherein: X.sup.3 is halogen; R.sup.8 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group; and each R.sup.P9 is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group; optionally wherein two R.sup.P9 groups are joined together with the intervening atoms.

(134) In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out in the presence of an acid. In certain embodiments, the acid is a sulfonic acid. In certain embodiments, the acid is p-toluenesulfonic acid. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out in the presence of an orthoformate. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out in the presence of trimethyl orthoformate.

(135) In certain embodiments, the reagent of formula R.sup.P9OH is a diol; and two R.sup.P9 are joined together with the intervening atoms. In these embodiments, in the compound of Formula (III-1), two R.sup.P9 are taken together with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, the reagent is an 1,3-diol. In certain embodiments, the reagent R.sup.P9OH is of the formula:

(136) ##STR00064##
In certain embodiments, the reagent is 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, having the structure:

(137) ##STR00065##

(138) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (II-3) is of the formula:

(139) ##STR00066##
or a salt thereof.

(140) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (II-1) is of the formula:

(141) ##STR00067##
or a salt thereof.

(142) In certain embodiments, the reaction to yield a compound of Formula (III-1) is carried out in the presence of a diol and an acid. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out in the presence of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol and an acid. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out in the presence of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol and p-toluenesulfonic acid. In certain embodiments, the reaction to yield a compound of Formula (III-1) is carried out in the presence of a diol, an acid, and an orthoformate. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out in the presence of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and trimethyl orthoformate. In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out in a polar solvent such as acetonitrile. For example, in certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out in the presence of 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol (5 equiv.), p-toluenesulfonic acid hydrate (2 mol %), and trimethyl orthoformate (1.5 equiv), in MeCN, at room temperature (e.g., for approximately 20 hours).

(143) Compounds

(144) Also provided herein are compounds which are useful intermediates in the synthesis of halichondrins (e.g., halichondrins A, B, C), and analogs thereof. For example, provided herein are compounds of Formula (I-13):

(145) ##STR00068##
and salts thereof, wherein: X.sup.3 is halogen or a leaving group; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl; and R.sup.P1, R.sup.P2, R.sup.P3, R.sup.P4, and R.sup.P5 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group.

(146) Also provided herein are compounds of Formula (I-12):

(147) ##STR00069##
and salts thereof, wherein: X.sup.2 is halogen, a leaving group, or —SR.sup.S; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl; and R.sup.P1, R.sup.P2, R.sup.P3, R.sup.P4, and R.sup.P5 are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group.

(148) In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I-12) is a compound of Formula (I-12-S):

(149) ##STR00070##
or a salt thereof, wherein: R.sup.S is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl.

(150) Also provided herein are compounds of Formula (I-10):

(151) ##STR00071##
and salts thereof, wherein: X.sup.1 and X.sup.3 are each independently a halogen or a leaving group; R.sup.2 is hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl; and R.sup.P4 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group.

(152) Provided herein are compounds of Formula (I-11):

(153) ##STR00072##
and salts thereof, wherein: X.sup.3 is halogen or a leaving group; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl; and R.sup.P4, R.sup.P, and R.sup.P6 are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group; optionally wherein two R.sup.P6 are joined with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

(154) Also provided herein are compound of Formula (I-9):

(155) ##STR00073##
and salts thereof, wherein: X.sup.2 is halogen, a leaving group, or —SR.sup.S; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl; and R.sup.P5 and R.sup.P6 are independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group; optionally wherein two R.sup.P6 are joined with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

(156) In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (I-9) is of Formula (I-9-S):

(157) ##STR00074##
or a salt thereof, wherein: R.sup.S is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl.

(158) In another aspect, provided herein is a compound of the formula:

(159) ##STR00075##
or a salt thereof.

(160) In yet another aspect, provided herein is a compound of the formula:

(161) ##STR00076##
or a salt thereof.
Groups X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.3

(162) As defined herein, X.sup.1 is halogen or a leaving group. In certain embodiments, X.sup.1 is a halogen. In certain embodiments, X.sup.1 is —Cl (i.e., chloride). In certain embodiments, X.sup.1 is —Br (i.e., bromide). In certain embodiments, X.sup.1 is —I (i.e., iodide). In certain embodiments, X.sup.1 is —F (i.e., fluoride). In certain embodiments, X.sup.1 is a leaving group.

(163) As defined herein, X.sup.2 is halogen, a leaving group, or —SR.sup.S. In certain embodiments, X.sup.2 is a halogen. In certain embodiments, X.sup.2 is —Cl. In certain embodiments, X.sup.2 is —Br. In certain embodiments, X.sup.2 is —I. In certain embodiments, X.sup.2 is —F. In certain embodiments, X.sup.2 is a leaving group. In certain embodiments, X.sup.2 is —SR.sup.S.

(164) As defined herein, R.sup.S is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.S is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.S is optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.S is unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.S is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.S is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.S is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.S is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.S is optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.S is optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.S is optionally substituted 6-membered heteroaryl comprising 1, 2, or 3 nitrogen atoms. In certain embodiments, R.sup.S is optionally substituted pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.S is unsubstituted pyridyl (Py). In certain embodiments, R.sup.S is optionally substituted 2-pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.S is unsubstituted 2-pyridyl (2-Py). In certain embodiments, R.sup.S is selected from the group consisting of:

(165) ##STR00077##
In certain embodiments, R.sup.S is

(166) ##STR00078##
(2-Py).

(167) As defined herein, X.sup.3 is halogen or a leaving group. In certain embodiments, X.sup.3 is a halogen. In certain embodiments, X.sup.3 is —Cl. In certain embodiments, X.sup.3 is —Br. In certain embodiments, X.sup.3 is —I. In certain embodiments, X.sup.3 is —F. In certain embodiments, X.sup.3 is a leaving group.

(168) Groups R, Ar, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.5, and R.sup.8

(169) As defined herein, R is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R is optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R is unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R is optionally substituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R is unsubstituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R is methyl. In certain embodiments, R is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R is optionally substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R is phenyl (-Ph).

(170) As defined herein, Ar is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, Ar is optionally substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, Ar is optionally substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, Ar is unsubstituted phenyl (-Ph).

(171) As defined herein, R.sup.1 is hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.1 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.1 is halogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.1 is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.1 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.1 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.1 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.1 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.1 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.1 is methyl.

(172) As defined herein, R.sup.2 is hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted alky. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is halogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is methyl.

(173) As defined herein, R.sup.8 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.8 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.8 is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, In certain embodiments, R.sup.8 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R is unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.8 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.8 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.8 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.8 is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.8 is ethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.8 is benzyl (—CH.sub.2Ph; “Bn”).

(174) As defined herein, R.sup.5 is hydrogen, halogen, or optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.5 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.5 is halogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.3 is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.5 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.5 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.5 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.5 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.5 is methyl.

(175) Groups R.sup.P1, R.sup.P2, R.sup.P3, R.sup.P4, R.sup.P5, and R.sup.P6

(176) As defined herein, R.sup.P1 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is optionally substituted allyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is allyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is optionally substituted silyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is trialkylsilyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is triethylsilyl (—SiEt.sub.3; “TES”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is trimethylsilyl (—SiMe.sub.3; “TMS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is tert-butyl dimethylsilyl (—Sit-BuMe.sub.2; “TBS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is tert-butyl diphenylsilyl (—Sit-BuPh.sub.2; “TBDPS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is an optionally substituted benzyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is benzyl (—CH.sub.2Ph; “Bn”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is a methoxybenzyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 is para-methoxybenzyl:

(177) ##STR00079##
(“MPM” or “PMB”).

(178) In certain embodiments, R.sup.P1 and R.sup.P2 are joined with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

(179) As defined herein, R.sup.P2 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is optionally substituted allyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is allyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is optionally substituted silyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is trialkylsilyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is triethylsilyl (—SiEt.sub.3; “TES”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is trimethylsilyl (—SiMe.sub.3; “TMS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is tert-butyl dimethylsilyl (—Sit-BuMe.sub.2; “TBS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is tert-butyl diphenylsilyl (—Sit-BuPh.sub.2; “TBDPS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is an optionally substituted benzyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is benzyl (—CH.sub.2Ph; “Bn”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is a methoxybenzyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P2 is para-methoxybenzyl:

(180) ##STR00080##
(“MPM” or “PMB”).

(181) In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 and R.sup.P3 are joined with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

(182) As defined herein, R.sup.P3 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is optionally substituted allyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is allyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is optionally substituted silyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is trialkylsilyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is triethylsilyl (—SiEt.sub.3; “TES”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is trimethylsilyl (—SiMe.sub.3; “TMS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is tert-butyl dimethylsilyl (—Sit-BuMe.sub.2; “TBS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is tert-butyl diphenylsilyl (—Sit-BuPh.sub.2; “TBDPS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is an optionally substituted benzyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is benzyl (—CH.sub.2Ph; “Bn”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is a methoxybenzyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P3 is para-methoxybenzyl:

(183) ##STR00081##
(“MPM” or “PMB”).

(184) As defined herein, R.sup.P4 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is optionally substituted allyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is allyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is optionally substituted silyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is trialkylsilyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is triethylsilyl (—SiEt.sub.3; “TES”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is trimethylsilyl (—SiMe.sub.3; “TMS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is tert-butyl dimethylsilyl (—Sit-BuMe.sub.2; “TBS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is tert-butyl diphenylsilyl (—Sit-BuPh.sub.2; “TBDPS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is an optionally substituted benzyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is benzyl (—CH.sub.2Ph; “Bn”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is a methoxybenzyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P4 is para-methoxybenzyl:

(185) ##STR00082##
(“MPM” or “PMB”).

(186) As defined herein, R.sup.P5 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is optionally substituted allyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is allyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is optionally substituted silyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is trialkylsilyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is triethylsilyl (—SiEt.sub.3; “TES”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is trimethylsilyl (—SiMe.sub.3; “TMS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is tert-butyl dimethylsilyl (—Sit-BuMe.sub.2; “TBS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is tert-butyl diphenylsilyl (—Sit-BuPh.sub.2; “TBDPS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is an optionally substituted benzyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is benzyl (—CH.sub.2Ph; “Bn”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is a methoxybenzyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P5 is para-methoxybenzyl:

(187) ##STR00083##
(“MPM” or “PMB”).

(188) As defined herein, R.sup.P6 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group; optionally wherein two R.sup.P6 are joined with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is optionally substituted allyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is allyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is optionally substituted silyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is trialkylsilyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is triethylsilyl (—SiEt.sub.3; “TES”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is trimethylsilyl (—SiMe.sub.3; “TMS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is tert-butyl dimethylsilyl (—Sit-BuMe.sub.2; “TBS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is tert-butyl diphenylsilyl (—Sit-BuPh.sub.2; “TBDPS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is an optionally substituted benzyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is benzyl (—CH.sub.2Ph; “Bn”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is a methoxybenzyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P6 is para-methoxybenzyl:

(189) ##STR00084##
(“MPM” or “PMB”). In certain embodiments, two R.sup.P6 are joined with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.P6 are joined with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted six-membered heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.P6 are joined with the intervening atoms to form a ring of the formula:

(190) ##STR00085##
In certain embodiments, two R.sup.P6 are joined with the intervening atoms to form a ring of the formula:

(191) ##STR00086##

(192) As defined herein, R.sup.P9 is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted acyl, or an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is optionally substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-3 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is optionally substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is an oxygen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is optionally substituted allyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is allyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is optionally substituted silyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is trialkylsilyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is triethylsilyl (—SiEt.sub.3; “TES”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is trimethylsilyl (—SiMe.sub.3; “TMS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is tert-butyl dimethylsilyl (—Sit-BuMe.sub.2; “TBS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is tert-butyl diphenylsilyl (—Sit-BuPh.sub.2; “TBDPS”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is an optionally substituted benzyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is benzyl (—CH.sub.2Ph; “Bn”). In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is a methoxybenzyl protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.P9 is para-methoxybenzyl:

(193) ##STR00087##
(“MPM” or “PMB”). In certain embodiments, two R.sup.P9 are joined together with the intervening atoms. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.P9 are joined together with the intervening atoms to form:

(194) ##STR00088##
In certain embodiments, two R.sup.P9 are joined together with the intervening atoms to form:

(195) ##STR00089##
In certain embodiments, two R.sup.P9 are joined together with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, two R.sup.P9 are joined together to form

(196) ##STR00090##
In certain embodiments, two R.sup.P9 are joined together to form

(197) ##STR00091##
Group R is as defined herein.

EXAMPLES

(198) Fe/Cu-Mediated Ketolization Reactions

(199) For a feasibility study of the reductive-coupling, the substrates shown in FIG. 1A were chosen to begin with. The first attempt under the arbitrarily chosen condition [2a (5 equiv.), 1a (1 equiv.), MnPc (10 mol %), CuCN (1 equiv.), LiCl (3 equiv.), THF (C=0.2 M), rt, 6 hr] gave 3 in 35% isolated yield. The coupling conditions were optimized, including (1) radical initiator and loading (Relative reactivity of radical initiators tested was roughly in the following order: Fe(TMHD).sub.3>Fe(DBM).sub.3>CoPc>Fe(acac).sub.3˜ZnPc>MnPc˜FePc), (2) copper source (several Cu(I) salts were examined: CuCl, CuBr, CuI, CuCN, and CuTc gave 62%, 20%, 58%, 12%, and 10% yields, respectively; also, replacement of Cu(I) salts with Cu(II) salts was studied: CuCl.sub.2 and CuBr.sub.2 yielded 2a in 76% and 32%, respectively), (3) LiCl effect (LiCl, LiBr, and LiI were tested), (4) 1a:2a molar ratio (The molar ratios of 1a:2a=1.0:1.5, 1.0:2.0, 1.0:3.0 were tested), (5) reducing metal (Mn- and Zn-powders were tested), (6) solvent and concentration (concentration effects were studied with C=0.2M, 0.3M and 0.4M, but no significant difference was noticed. Thus, C=0.4M was chosen for the study), and (7) additives. Through this study, as an example, the condition of [1a (1.0 equiv.), 2a (3.0 equiv.), Fe(TMHD).sub.3 (10 mol %; 4 in FIG. 1B), CuCl.sub.2 (1.0 equiv.), Mn (2 equiv.), LiCl (3 equiv.), DME (C 0.4 M), 0° C., 15 h] was found effective for the (1a+2a)-coupling (76% isolated yield). See Method A in FIG. 2.

(200) This Fe/Cu-mediated method exhibited one appealing reactivity-profile; that was, unlike other state of the art methods, this Fe/Cu-mediated method allowed selectively to activate an alkyl iodide over a vinyl or aryl iodide, e.g., compounds 1j-m. This selectivity is of great importance to the synthesis of complex molecules. In particular, this opened up the possibility of synthesizing 8a, the C20-C26 building block of halichondrins, via the coupling of 6 with 7. Previously, this coupling was done in multiple steps, i.e., Co/Cr-mediated coupling, followed by oxidation: Kim, D.—S.; Dong, C.-G.; Kim, J. T.; Guo, H.; Huang, J.; Tiseni, P. S.; Kishi, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 15636; Dong, C.-G.; Henderson, J. A.; Kaburagi, Y.; Sasaki, T.; Kim, D.—S.; Kim, J. T.; Urabe, D.; Guo, H.; Kishi, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 15642.

(201) Under the condition of Method A (FIG. 2), the one-pot ketone coupling gave the desired product 8a. The coupling was then further optimized. The activation rate of alkyl iodide in 7 was slower than that in the model 1j. With a higher loading of Fe(TMHD).sub.3, the coupling rate was accelerated as expected. With 13˜15 mol % catalyst, the (6+7)-coupling gave the desired ketone 8a (75% isolated yield), along with a trace amount of 8b (<1% yield), in 15 g-scale experiments. Similarly, the Fe/Cu-mediated coupling with the vinylbromide corresponding to 7 gave the desired product in a comparable yield.

(202) As illustrated in the transformation of 6+7.fwdarw.8a, the Fe/Cu-mediated one-pot ketone synthesis, initiated with Fe(TMHD).sub.3, exhibited a profile of reactivity, which might be difficult to achieve by other state of the art ketone syntheses.

(203) During further optimization, it was recognized that in order for Fe(TMHD).sub.3 to function as a radical initiator, Fe(III) should be reduced to Fe(II) by Mn metal. The reduction released one molecule of β-diketone, which consumed some of 6 in a non-productive manner. This side-reaction could be avoided with use of a Fe(II)-initiator. For this reason, various radical initiators were screened for the Cu-mediated ketone coupling. Among them, FeBr.sub.2(dppb) was found to promote the (1a+2a)-coupling well. Phosphine complexes FeBr.sub.2(dppb), FeCl.sub.2(dppb), FeBr.sub.2(dppe), FeCl.sub.2(dppe), and FeBr.sub.2(PPh.sub.3).sub.2 gave product 3a in 90%, 79%, 54%, 46% and 48%, respectively, under the coupling condition Method B-1 (FIG. 2). Through optimization, it was found that the coupling was effectively achieved, for example, under the condition: FeBr.sub.2(dppb) (5 mol %), acid chloride (1.0 equiv.), iodide (1.2 equiv.), CuCl.sub.2 (1.0 equiv.), LiCl (3 equiv.), Mn (2 equiv.), DME (C=0.4 M), 0° C., 15 hr. See, e.g., Britovsek, G. J. P.; England, J.; Spitzmesser, S. K.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Dalton Trans. 2005, 945, and references cited therein. Under the optimized condition, the coupling was tested with the molar ratio of 1a/2a being 1.2/1.0 and 1.0/1.2, to give 3a in 90% and 87% isolated yield, respectively. With 1.2/1.0 and 1.0/1.2 ratios of nucleophile and electrophile, the coupling efficiency was studied for the substrates listed in Method B-1 and B-2 in FIG. 2.

(204) The FeBr.sub.2(dppb)-condition was applied for the (6+7)-coupling, to give 8a in 72% isolated yield. The coupling yield was further improved up to 80% yield, by replacing FeBr.sub.2(dppb) for FeBr.sub.2-complex prepared from SciOPP-ligand, recently reported by Nakamura and coworkers. See, e.g., Hatakeyama, T.; Fujiwara, Y.; Okada, Y.; Itoh, T.; Hashimoto, T.; Kawamura, S.; Ogata, K. Takaya, H.; Nakamura, M. Chem. Lett. 2011, 40, 1030.

(205) Phosphine-based FeBr.sub.2-catalysts allowed an efficient one-pot ketone synthesis, even with a near 1:1 molar ratio of nucleophiles and electrophiles. This approach was applied to a synthesis of vinyl iodide 13, a left half “building block” in the halichondrin series, as well as related vinyl iodide 11. In the 9-series, we were able to prepare the acid chloride and showed that the coupling gave the desired product 11 in 20-25% overall yield from the carboxylic acid. With FeBr.sub.2(dppb) and FeBr.sub.2(SciOPP), 11 was obtained in 20% and 25% yields, respectively. Under these circumstances, a 2-thiopyridine ester as used as an alternative electrophile, because it was proved to be an effective electrophile in the Zr/Ni-mediated one-pot ketone synthesis. See, e.g., Araki, M.; Sakata, S.; Takei, H.; Mukaiyama, T. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1974, 47, 1777; Onaka, M.; Matsuoka, Y.; Mukaiyama, T. Chem. Lett. 1981, 531.

(206) With this background, the (1a+2b.fwdarw.3a)-coupling under the condition of Method B-1 was carried out, and the desired product was obtained in ˜15% yield. The 2-thiopyridine ester was found to be stable in the presence of CuI, suggesting the coupling in the presence of CuI, instead of CuCl.sub.2 (Method C). The coupling efficiency under this condition was studied for each substrate listed in FIG. 2.

(207) The Fe/Cu-mediated one-pot ketone synthesis under the condition of Method C furnished vinyl iodide 13, the “left half” building block in the halichondrin series, as well as closely related vinyl iodide 11, with a 1.0:1.2 molar ratio of electrophile and nucleophile (FIG. 3). The new route had a few appealing aspects, including (1) a higher degree of convergence, and (2) introduction of the C39 vinyl group before the ketone coupling via a standard transformation of terminal acetylene to trans-vinyl iodide. In the previous synthesis, trans-vinyl iodide at C39 was introduced via Takai trans-iodoolefination; see: Takai, K.; Nitta, K.; Utimoto, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 7408. (b) Takai, K.; Ichiguchi, T.; Hikasa, S. Synlett 1999, 1268.

(208) Lastly, the behavior of common radical probes was tested under the three coupling conditions (FIG. 4). As expected, the observed results demonstrated that a radical intermediate(s) was involved in all the three coupling methods.

(209) The Fe/Cu-mediated one-pot ketone syntheses exemplified herein, in some instances, allowed selectively to activate alkyl iodides over vinyl iodides for one-pot ketone synthesis. The newly developed method was applied to the synthesis of vinyl iodide/ketone 8a, the C20-C26 building block of halichondrins, as well as vinyl iodide/ketone 13, the “left half” of halichondrins.

(210) General Procedures

(211) NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian Inova 600 MHz, 500 MHz, or 400 MHz spectrometer. Chemical shifts are reported in parts per million (ppm). For .sup.1H NMR spectra (CDCl.sub.3 and C.sub.6D.sub.6), the residual solvent peak was used as the internal reference (7.26 ppm in CDCl.sub.3; 7.16 ppm in C.sub.6D.sub.6), while the central solvent peak as the reference (77.0 ppm in CDCl.sub.3; 128.0 ppm in C.sub.6D.sub.6) for .sup.13C NMR spectra. In reporting spectral data, the following abbreviations were used: s=singlet, d=doublet, t=triplet, q=quartet, m=multiplet, dd=doublet, td=triplet doublet, qd=quartet doublet. High resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were obtained on an Agilent 6210 Time-of-Flight LC/MC Machine and were reported in units of m/z. Optical rotations were measured at 20° C. using a Perkin-Elmer 241 polarimeter. IR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Alpha FT-IR spectrometer. Analytical and semi-preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed with E. Merck pre-coated TLC plates, silica gel 60 F254, layer thickness 0.25 and 1.00 mm, respectively. TLC plates were visualized by staining with p-anisaldehyde or phosphomolybdic acid stain. Flash chromatography separations were performed on E. Merck Kieselgel 60 (230-400 mesh) silica gel. All moisture sensitive reactions were conducted under an inert atmosphere.

(212) Experimental Materials

(213) Bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene (98%, Strem Chemimcals), 1,2-Bis[bis[3,5-di(t-butyl)phenyl]phosphino]benzene (97%+, Wako Pure Chemicals), Iron (II) bromide (FeBr.sub.2, ˜10 mesh, 99.999%, Sigma-Aldrich), Ethyl 4-chloro-4-oxobutyrate (97%, Alfa Aesar), Lithium Chloride (>99%, Sigma-Aldrich), Manganese (>99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich), Copper (II) chloride (CuCl.sub.2, 99%, Sigma-Aldrich), Copper (I) iodide (CuI, >99.5%, Sigma-Aldrich), Bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium(IV) dichloride (Cp.sub.2ZrCl.sub.2, >98%, Sigma-Aldrich), 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate (95%, Oakwood Chemical), 1,2-1,2-Dimethoxy ethane (DME, 99.5%, inhibitor-free, Sigma-Aldrich) were purchased as indicated and used without further purification. Others were commercial grade and were used as supplied.

Synthesis of Iron Complexes

Synthesis of Iron (III) tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) (Fe(TMHD).SUB.3.) 4

(214) An oven dried 500 mL two-necked flask equipped with a Teflon-coated egg shaped magnetic stirring bar (2.5 cm) and a reflux condenser was charged with a solution of Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (10 g, 36.9 mmol) in ethanol (100 mL) and followed by water (100 mL), 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate (20.04 g, 110.1 mmol) and sodium acetate (15.0 g, 110.1 mmol) was charged. The reaction flask was heated to 60° C. for 3 hours, at this time the orange colored precipitate was formed. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, 100 mL of water was introduced to the reaction mixture. Filtered the orange solid and was washed with 200 mL of ethanol. The resulting orange solid (19.3 g) was dried under high vacuum for 12 hours. Recrystallization: The above obtained orange solid (19.3 g) was dissolved in 300 mL of ethyl acetate upon heating to 60° C. Filtered the ethyl acetate solution through a filter paper and the resulting filtrate (ethyl acetate) was concentrated under reduced pressure afforded pure crystalline orange solid 4 (18.3 g) in 82% yield.

Synthesis of FeBr.SUB.2.(dppb) 5a

(215) An oven dried 200 mL two-necked flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar and a reflux condenser was charged with a solution of anhydrous Iron (II) bromide (1.5 g, 6.95 mmol) and 1,2-bis (diphenylphosphino) benzene (3.41 g, 7.65 mmol) in ethanol (70 mL). The reaction flask was heated to 80° C. for 18 hours, at this time pale brown colored precipitate was formed. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. Filtered the brown solid and was washed with 100 mL of hot ethanol. The resulting yellowish brown solid 5a (3.54 g, 77%) was dried under high vacuum for 12 hours.

Synthesis of FeBr.SUB.2.(SciOPP) 5b

(216) See, e.g., Takaya, H.; Nakajima, S.; Nakagawa, N.; Isozaki, K.; Iwamoto, T.; Imayoshi, R.; Gower, N. J.; Adak, L.; Hatakeyama, T.; Honma, T.; Takagaki, M.; Sunada, Y.; Nagashima, H.; Hashizume, D.; Takahashi, O.; Nakamura, M. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 2015, 88, 410-418. An oven dried 200 mL two-necked flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar and a reflux condenser was charged with a solution of anhydrous iron (II) bromide (1.5 g, 6.95 mmol) and 1,2-bis(bis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphino)benzene (6.84 g, 7.65 mmol) in ethanol (70 mL). The reaction flask was heated to 80° C. for 18 hours, at this time pale brown colored precipitate was formed. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. Filtered the brown solid and was washed with 50 mL of hot ethanol. The resulting pale brown solid 5b (5.01 g, 65%) was dried under high vacuum for 12 hours.

Synthesis of Substrates

(217) Compounds Id, Im were prepared following literature procedures. See, e.g., Lee, J. H.; Kishi, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 7178-7186; Thornton, A. R.; Martin, V. I.; Blakey, A. B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 2434-2435.

(218) General procedure A

(219) To a stirred solution of alcohol (1.0 equiv.) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (10 mL) at 0° C. were added silyl chloride (1.1 equiv.) and imidazole (1.5 equiv.). The reaction mixture was allowed to room temperature, stirred until starting material was consumed. The reaction mixture was quenched by addition of saturated NaHCO.sub.3 (10 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3×10 mL) and the organic extracts were washed with H.sub.2O (2×10 mL) and brine. The washed organic layers were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered, concentrated, and purified by a silica gel column chromatography to yield pure product.

(220) General procedure B

(221) To a stirred solution of alcohol (1.0 equiv.) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (10 mL) at 0° C. were added PPh.sub.3 (1.1 equiv.), imidazole (1.2 equiv.) and iodine (1.1 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature until the disappearance of starting material on TLC plate. The reaction was quenched by addition of aqueous hypo solution (10 mL) and stirred for 30 min. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2×10 mL). The combined organics were dried, concentrated and purified by a silica gel column chromatography to afford pure alkyl iodide.

Synthesis of Substrates: Alkyl Halides

(222) ##STR00092##

(223) 1a was prepared from 3-iodo-propan-1-ol, according to general procedure A. 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 7.73-7.65 (m, 4H), 7.23-7.18 (m, 6H), 3.48 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 2.94 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.68-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.10 (s, 9H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 135.6, 133.6, 129.7, 127.7, 63.0, 35.9, 26.7, 26.7, 19.1, 2.7; IR (neat) v 2929, 2856, 1426, 1104, 822, 686, 488; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.19H.sub.25INaOSi [M+Na].sup.+: 460.0612, found 447.0600.

(224) ##STR00093##

(225) 1a was prepared from 3-iodo-2-methylpropan-1-ol (See, e.g., Fleming, F. F.; Gudipati, S.; Vu, V. A.; Mycka, R. J.; Knochel, P. Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 4507-4509), according to general procedure A. 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6): δ 7.76-7.68 (m, 4H), 7.24-7.18 (m, 6H), 3.43 (dd, J=10.1, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.36 (dd, J=10.1, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 3.06-3.00 (m, 2H), 1.42-1.35 (m, 1H), 1.11 (s, 9H), 0.68 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 135.7, 135.6, 133.6, 133.5, 129.7, 129.7, 127.7, 67.2, 37.3, 26.7, 19.1, 16.8, 12.8; IR (neat) v 2958, 2929, 2856, 1426, 1104, 848, 698, 484; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.20H.sub.28IOSi [M+H].sup.+: 439.0949, found 439.0932.

(226) ##STR00094##

(227) 1c was prepared from 2,2-dimethyl-butane-1,3-diol, according to general procedure A followed by general procedure B. 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 7.79-7.71 (m, 4H), 7.27-7.17 (m, 6H), 3.35 (s, 2H), 3.06 (s, 2H), 1.13 (s, 9H), 0.80 (s, 6H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 135.8, 133.4, 129.7, 127.7, 70.3, 35.8, 26.8, 23.6, 20.0, 19.2; IR (neat) v 2958, 2929, 2856, 1427, 1105, 823, 699, 503, 487; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.21H.sub.30IOSi [M+H].sup.+: 453.1105, found 453.1127.

(228) ##STR00095##

(229) 1e was prepared from 3-iodo-3-methylbutan-1-ol (See, e.g., Turhanen, P. A.; Vepsalainen, J. J. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 26218-26222), according to general procedure A. 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 7.79-7.72 (m, 4H), 7.24-7.19 (m, 6H), 3.90 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.81 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 1.64 (s, 6H), 1.14 (s, 9H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 135.6, 133.6, 129.7, 127.8, 64.3, 51.9, 47.6, 38.3, 26.7, 19.0; IR (neat) v 2954, 2930, 2854, 1428, 1107, 824, 701, 502, 485; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.21H.sub.30IOSi [M+H].sup.+: 453.1105, found 453.1122.

(230) ##STR00096##

(231) If was prepared from 3-iodo-2-methylpropan-1-ol, according to general procedure A. .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 3.29 (dd, J=9.9, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.21 (dd, J=9.9, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 3.02-2.94 (m, 2H), 1.36-1.27 (m, 1H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.71 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H),−0.00 (s, 3H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 66.4, 37.1, 25.7, 18.1, 16.8, 13.0,−5.6; IR (neat) v 2954, 2928, 2856, 1470, 1250, 1097, 833, 773; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.10H.sub.23INaOSi [M+Na].sup.+: 337.0455, found 337.0450.

(232) ##STR00097##

(233) Benzoyl chloride (1.2 equiv.) was added to a stirred solution of 3-iodo-2-methylpropan-1-ol (1.0 equiv.) and Et.sub.3N (2.0 equiv.) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (10 mL) at 0° C. After being stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and at room temperature for 6 h, the reaction mixture was poured into water. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2×10 mL), and the combined organic layers were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and evaporated. Purification of the crude product by silica gel column chromatography gave the title compound 1g in 95% yield. .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 8.08-8.03 (m, 2H), 7.12-7.06 (m, 1H), 7.05-6.98 (m, 2H), 3.98 (dd, J=11.0, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (dd, J=11.1, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.76 (dd, J=9.9, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 2.71 (dd, J=10.0, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 1.50-1.41 (m, 1H), 0.65 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 165.5, 132.6, 130.4, 129.5, 128.2, 67.8, 34.2, 17.0, 11.1; IR (neat) v 2964, 2887, 1715, 1450, 1266, 1108, 706; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.11H.sub.13INaO.sub.2 [M+Na]: 326.9852, found 326.9851.

(234) ##STR00098##

(235) A solution of 3-iodo-2-methylpropan-1-ol (1.0 equiv.) in anhydrous CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (10 mL) was charged with 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrane (2.0 equiv.) and PTSA (10 mol %) at 0° C. and then stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then washed with aqueous NaHCO.sub.3 solution (10 mL) and water (3×30 mL). The combined organic phases were dried with Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and concentrated in vacuum gave THP product 1h as a 1:1 mixture of diastereomers. 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 4.49-4.42 (m, 1H), 3.78-3.65 (m, 1H), 3.55 (dd, J=9.7, 5.4 Hz, 0.5H), 3.50 (dd, J=9.7, 7.1 Hz, 0.5H), 3.41-3.30 (m, 1H), 3.07-2.95 (m, 3H), 1.69-1.57 (m, 1H), 1.52-1.44 (m, 3H), 1.40-1.26 (m, 1H), 1.25-1.16 (m, 2H), 0.77 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 1.5H), 0.75 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 1.5H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) 6 (98.6, 98.0) (THP), (71.0, 70.6) (—CH.sub.2—O), (61.4, 61.2) (THP), (35.2, 35.1) (—CH—) (—CH—CH.sub.3), (30.5, 30.5) (THP), (25.5, 25.5) (THP), (19.3, 19.1) (THP), (17.4, 17.2) (—CH—CH.sub.3), (13.4, 13.1) (—CH.sub.2—I); IR (neat) v 2939, 2868, 1453, 1199, 1031, 884, 869; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.9H.sub.17INaO.sub.2 [M+Na].sup.+: 307.0165, found 307.0164.

(236) ##STR00099##

(237) Pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (10 mol %) was added to a solution of 3-iodo-2-methylpropan-1-ol (1.0 equiv.) and 4-methoxybenzoyl trichloroacetimidate (1.2 equiv.) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (10 mL). The mixture was stirred overnight before the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO.sub.3 solution. The aqueous phase was extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2×10 mL) and the combined organic extracts were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to give product 1i as a colorless oil. .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 7.17-7.13 (m, 2H), 6.80-6.76 (m, 2H), 4.22 (s, 2H), 3.28 (s, 3H), 3.09-3.02 (m, 2H), 3.02-2.96 (m, 2H), 1.49-1.40 (m, 1H), 0.73 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 159.4, 130.6, 129.1, 113.7, 73.4, 72.6, 54.5, 35.1, 17.3, 13.5; IR (neat) v 2958, 2855, 1611, 1510, 1243, 1086, 1033, 816, 579; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.12H.sub.17INaO.sub.2 [M+Na].sup.+: 343.0165, found 343.0168.

(238) ##STR00100##

(239) 1j was prepared from 5-iodohex-5-en-1-ol (See, e.g., Johannes, J. W.; Wenglowsky, S.; Kishi, Y. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 3997-4000), using general procedure B. .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 5.52-5.49 (m, 1H), 5.45 (s, 1H), 2.56-2.50 (m, 2H), 1.87 (td, J=7.0, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 1.28-1.13 (m, 4H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) 125.4, 111.4, 43.7, 31.6, 29.5, 5.3; IR (neat) v 2934, 2832, 1614, 1425, 1165, 1154, 890, 723, 492; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.6H.sub.11I.sub.2[M+H].sup.+: 336.8944, found 336.8938.

(240) ##STR00101##

(241) 1k was prepared from 5-bromohex-5-en-1-ol (See, e.g., Ruscoe, R. E.; Fazakerley, N. J.; Huang, H.; Flitsch, S.; Procter, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 2016, 22, 116-119), using general procedure B. 1H NMR (600 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 5.15 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.05-5.03 (m, 1H), 2.52 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 1.89 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.29-1.15 (m, 4H); .sup.13C NMR (150 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 136.5, 119.1, 42.5, 34.5, 31.0, 7.9; IR (neat) v 2938, 2859, 1627, 1426, 1212, 1167, 885, 737, 518; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.6H.sub.10IBrNa [M+Na].sup.+: 310.8903, found 310.8895.

(242) ##STR00102##

(243) 1l was prepared from 3-(4-iodophenyl)propan-1-ol (See, e.g., Miyajima, D.; Araoka, F.; Takezoe, H.; Kim, J.; Kato, K.; Takata, M.; Aida, T. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 7865-7869), using general procedure B. .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 7.37 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.41 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.12 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.56-1.47 (m, 2H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 139.7, 137.4, 130.4, 91.3, 35.3, 34.3, 5.5; IR (neat) v 2934, 1483, 1398, 1209, 1005, 830, 507, 495; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.9H.sub.11I.sub.2[M+H].sup.+: 372.8945, found 372.8938.

(244) ##STR00103##

(245) 1l was prepared from 6-(triethylsilyl)hex-5-yn-1-ol, using general procedure A. .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 2.60 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.85 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 1.51 (p, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.20 (p, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.08 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 9H), 0.62 (q, J=7.9 Hz, 6H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 107.6, 82.0, 32.3, 29.1, 18.6, 7.5, 5.2, 4.6; IR (neat) v 2952, 2910, 2872, 2171, 1457, 1210, 1017, 687; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.12H.sub.24ISi [M+H].sup.+: 323.0687, found 323.0680.

(246) General Procedures for Ketone Synthesis

(247) Method A

(248) To alkyl iodide 1a˜q (1.0 equiv.), acid chloride 2a (3.0 equiv.) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (C 0.4 M) were added manganese (2.0 equiv.), copper (II) chloride (1.0 equiv.), lithium chloride (3.0 equiv.) and Iron (III) tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) 4 (10 mol %). The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and stirred vigorously for 15 h at the same temperature. Upon completion of reaction, florosil was added and stirred for 30 min at 0° C. and filtered through a pad of Celite, washed with ethyl acetate (10 mL) and the filtrate was dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated under rotary evaporator. After concentration, purification through a silica gel column chromatography yields the desired ketone 3 a˜q.

(249) Method B-1

(250) To alkyl iodide 1a˜q (1.2 equiv.), acid chloride 2a (1.0 equiv.) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (C 0.4 M) were added manganese (2.0 equiv.), copper (II) chloride (1.0 equiv.), lithium chloride (3.0 equiv.) and FeBr.sub.2(dppb) 5a (5 mol %). The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and stirred vigorously for 15 h at the same temperature. Upon completion of reaction, florosil was added and stirred for 30 min at 0° C. and filtered through a pad of Celite, washed with ethyl acetate (10 mL) and the filtrate was dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated under rotary evaporator. After concentration, purification through a basic alumina column chromatography yields the desired ketone 3 a˜q.

(251) Method B-2

(252) To alkyl iodide 1a˜q (1.0 equiv.), acid chloride 2a (1.2 equiv.) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (C 0.4 M) were added manganese (2.0 equiv.), copper (II) chloride (1.0 equiv.), lithium chloride (3.0 equiv.) and FeBr.sub.2(dppb) 5a (5 mol %). The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and stirred vigorously for 15 h at the same temperature. Upon completion of reaction, florosil was added and stirred for 30 min at 0° C. and filtered through a pad of Celite, washed with ethyl acetate (10 mL) and the filtrate was dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated under rotary evaporator. After concentration, purification through a silica gel column chromatography yields the desired ketone 3 a˜q.

(253) Method C

(254) To alkyl iodide 1a˜q (1.0 equiv.), thioester 2b (1.2 equiv.) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (C 0.4 M) were added manganese (2.0 equiv.), copper (I) iodide (1.0 equiv.), lithium chloride (3.0 equiv.), Cp.sub.2ZrCl.sub.2 (1.0 equiv.) and FeBr.sub.2(dppb) 5a (5 mol %). The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and stirred vigorously for 15 h at the same temperature. Upon completion of reaction, florosil was added and stirred for 30 min at 0° C. and filtered through a pad of Celite, washed with ethyl acetate (10 mL) and the filtrate was dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated under rotary evaporator. After concentration, purification through a silica gel column chromatography yields the desired ketone 3 a˜q.

(255) ##STR00104##

(256) Yield: 76% (Method A), 90% (Method B-1), 87% (Method B-2), 80% (Method C); .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 7.73-7.68 (m, 4H), 7.22-7.17 (m, 6H), 6.94-6.90 (m, 2H), 6.74-6.70 (m, 2H), 3.54 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.29 (s, 3H), 2.74 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.24 (td, J=7.6, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 2.08-2.03 (m, 2H), 1.78-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.12 (s, 9H); IR (neat) v 2953, 2930, 1712, 1511, 1244, 1105, 1035, 822, 700, 503; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.29H.sub.37O.sub.3Si [M+H].sup.+: 461.2506, found 461.2508. See, e.g., Lee, J. H.; Kishi, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 7178-7186.

(257) ##STR00105##

(258) Yield: 74% (Method A), 86% (Method B-1), 83% (Method B-2), 78% (Method C); .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 7.76-7.72 (m, 4H), 7.24-7.19 (m, 6H), 6.95 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.75 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 3.48-3.39 (m, 2H), 3.30 (s, 3H), 2.81-2.75 (m, 2H), 2.36-2.23 (m, 4H), 1.88-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.14 (s, 9H), 0.83 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H); IR (neat) v 2956, 2930, 1711, 1512, 1245, 1110, 1036, 823, 701, 504; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.30H.sub.39O.sub.3Si [M+H].sup.+: 475.2663, found 475.2675. Lee, J. H.; Kishi, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 7178-7186.

(259) ##STR00106##

(260) Yield: 72% (Method A), 80% (Method B-1), 80% (Method B-2), 72% (Method C); .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 7.76-7.70 (m, 4H), 7.24-7.16 (m, 6H), 6.97-6.90 (m, 2H), 6.75-6.71 (m, 2H), 3.47 (s, 2H), 3.28 (s, 3H), 2.77 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.15 (s, 2H), 1.13 (s, 9H), 0.94 (s, 6H); IR (neat) v 2955, 2930, 2587, 1712, 1512, 1246, 1111, 1037, 824, 701; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.31H.sub.410O.sub.3Si [M+H].sup.+: 489.2819, found 489.2842. Lee, J. H.; Kishi, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 7178-7186.

(261) ##STR00107##

(262) Yield: 74% (Method A), 80% (Method B-1), 80% (Method B-2), 74% (Method C); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 7.72-7.67 (m, 4H), 7.22-7.16 (m, 6H), 6.97-6.93 (m, 2H), 6.75-6.70 (m, 2H), 3.59-3.50 (m, 2H), 3.28 (s, 3H), 2.81 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.48 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.41 (m, 2H), 1.95-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.38-1.31 (m, 1H), 1.11 (s, 9H), 0.80 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H); IR (neat) v 2956, 2930, 1709, 1512, 1245, 1109, 822, 701, 503; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.30H.sub.39O.sub.3Si [M+H].sup.+: 475.2663, found 475.2680. Lee, J. H.; Kishi, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 7178-7186.

(263) ##STR00108##

(264) Yield: 78% (Method A), 90% (Method B-1), 86% (Method B-2), 81% (Method C); .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 6.97-6.93 (m, 2H), 6.76-6.73 (m, 2H), 3.33 (dd, J=9.7, 5.4, 1H), 3.31 (s, 3H), 3.25 (dd, J=9.7, 6.0, 1H), 2.79 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.40-2.24 (m, 3H), 2.24-2.16 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.85 (dd, J=15.8, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 0.93 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 9H), 0.82 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 207.4, 158.2, 133.3, 129.2, 113.8, 67.4, 54.4, 46.2, 44.7, 31.7, 28.9, 25.8, 18.1, 16.6,−5.7; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.20H.sub.34NaO.sub.3Si [M+Na].sup.+: 373.2169, found 373.2169.

(265) ##STR00109##

(266) Yield: 81% (Method A), 90% (Method B-1), 90% (Method B-2), 90% (Method C); .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 8.14-8.09 (m, 2H), 7.11-7.01 (m, 3H), 6.93 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.77-6.71 (m, 2H), 4.03 (dd, J=10.8, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (dd, J=10.8, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.29 (s, 3H), 2.82-2.68 (m, 2H), 2.44-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.15 (m, 2H), 2.02 (dd, J=16.9, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (dd, J=16.9, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 0.76 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H); IR (neat) v 2958, 2935, 1711, 1511, 1270, 1109, 828, 710, 544, 519; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.21H.sub.24NaO.sub.4 [M+Na]+: 363.1567, found 363.1575. Lee, J. H.; Kishi, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 7178-7186.

(267) ##STR00110##

(268) Yield: 75% (Method A), 85% (Method B-1), 84% (Method B-2), 80% (Method C); .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 6.99-6.94 (m, 2H), 6.78-6.72 (m, 2H), 4.50-4.45 (m, 1H), 3.77-3.69 (m, 1H), 3.60 (dd, J=9.4, 5.9 Hz, 0.5H), 3.51 (dd, J=9.4, 6.9 Hz, 0.5H), 3.39-3.32 (m, 1H), 3.30 (s, 3H), 3.12 (dd, J=9.4, 5.3 Hz, 0.5H), 3.04 (dd, J=9.3, 6.5 Hz, 0.5H), 2.84-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.41-2.29 (m, 4.5H), 2.25 (dd, J=16.3, 6.1 Hz, 0.5H), 1.90 (dd, J=7.3, 3.0 Hz, 0.5H), 1.87 (dd, J=7.3, 3.3 Hz, 0.5H), 1.73-1.62 (m, 1H), 1.57-1.50 (m, 2H), 1.37-1.28 (m, 1H), 1.28-1.17 (m, 1H), 0.86 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1.5H), 0.84 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1.5H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ (207.35, 207.27) (—C═O), 158.23 (MPM-CH—), 133.37 (MPM-CH—), 129.26 (MPM-CH—), 113.84 (MPM-CH—), (98.55, 98.27), (71.88, 71.67), (61.44, 61.41), 54.40, 46.88, (44.69, 44.64), 30.60, (29.76, 29.64), 28.89, 25.54, (19.41, 19.37), (17.09, 17.02); IR (neat) v 2937, 2872, 1710, 1512, 1244, 1177, 1032, 904, 545, 521; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.19H.sub.28NaO.sub.4 [M+Na].sup.+: 343.1880, found 343.1892.

(269) ##STR00111##

(270) Yield: 71% (Method A), 78% (Method B-1), 74% (Method B-2), 70% (Method C); .sup.1H NMR (600 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 7.16 (dd, J=7.5, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 6.94-6.90 (m, 2H), 6.79-6.75 (m, 2H), 6.74-6.70 (m, 2H), 4.22 (m, 2H), 3.28 (s, 3H), 3.26 (s, 3H), 3.12 (dd, J=9.0, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.03 (dd, J=9.0, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 2.76 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.39-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.32-2.25 (m, 2H), 1.86 (dd, J=16.3, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 0.82 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H); IR (neat) v 2954, 2932, 1710, 1512, 1245, 11177, 1034, 819; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.22H.sub.27O.sub.3[M+H—H.sub.2O].sup.+: 339.1955, found 339.1969. Lee, J. H.; Kishi, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 7178-7186.

(271) ##STR00112##

(272) Yield: 76% (Method A), 86% (Method B-1), 83% (Method B-2), 79% (Method C); .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 6.96 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.76 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.62-5.60 (m, 1H), 5.50 (s, 1H), 3.31 (s, 3H), 2.76 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.21 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.03 (td, J=7.1, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 1.78 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.34-1.26 (m, 2H), 1.25-1.17 (m, 2H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) 6207.3, 158.3, 133.2, 129.3, 125.2, 113.9, 112.1, 54.4, 44.9, 44.1, 42.0, 29.0, 28.5, 22.0; IR (neat) v 2932, 2859, 2833, 1710, 1611, 1510, 1242, 1176, 1033, 824, 542; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.16H.sub.21INaO.sub.2 [M+Na].sup.+: 395.0478, found 395.0468.

(273) ##STR00113##

(274) Yield: 74% (Method A), 85% (Method B-1), 83% (Method B-2), 80% (Method C); .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 6.98-6.94 (m, 2H), 6.78-6.74 (m, 2H), 5.23 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.18-5.16 (m, 1H), 3.31 (s, 3H), 2.76 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.22 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.07 (td, J=7.1, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 1.79 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.36-1.23 (m, 4H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 207.3, 158.3, 134.3, 133.2, 129.3, 116.3, 113.9, 54.4, 44.1, 41.9, 41.0, 28.9, 27.3, 22.2; IR (neat) v 2937, 2834, 1712, 1512, 1245, 1178, 1035, 826; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.16H.sub.21BrNaO.sub.2 [M+Na].sup.+: 347.0617, found 347.0615.

(275) ##STR00114##

(276) Yield: 75% (Method A), 86% (Method B-1), 86% (Method B-2), 81% (Method C); .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 7.42 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.95 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.75 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.48 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 3.31 (s, 3H), 2.75 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.19 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.79 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.64-1.55 (m, 2H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) 6207.3, 158.3, 141.2, 137.3, 133.2, 130.4, 129.3, 113.9, 90.9, 54.4, 44.1, 41.3, 34.2, 28.9, 24.7; IR (neat) v 2940, 2865, 1701, 1510, 1240, 1178, 1028, 1006, 816, 794, 508; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for Cl.sub.9H.sub.22IO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 409.0659, found 409.0662.

(277) ##STR00115##

(278) Yield: 74% (Method A), 87% (Method B-1), 84% (Method B-2), 80% (Method C); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 7.24-7.20 (m, 2H), 6.97-6.93 (m, 2H), 6.77-6.73 (m, 2H), 6.61-6.57 (m, 2H), 3.30 (s, 3H), 2.75 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.19 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.17-2.13 (m, 2H), 1.79 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.63-1.56 (m, 2H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 207.3, 158.3, 140.6, 133.2, 131.3, 130.1, 129.3, 119.6, 113.9, 54.4, 44.1, 41.3, 34.1, 28.9, 24.7; IR (neat) v 2933, 2834, 1709, 1511, 1242, 1176, 1033, 818, 513; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.19H.sub.21BrNaO.sub.2 [M+Na].sup.+: 383.0617, found 383.0609.

(279) ##STR00116##

(280) Yield: 72% (Method A), 76% (Method B-1), 74% (Method B-2), 70% (Method C); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 6.92 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.75 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 3.30 (s, 3H), 3.07 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.70 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.15 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.90 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.69-1.61 (m, 2H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 206.7, 158.3, 133.0, 129.2, 113.9, 54.4, 44.1, 44.0, 38.9, 28.8, 26.2; IR (neat) v 2955, 2835, 1712, 1512, 1245, 1178, 1034, 827; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.13H.sub.17C.sub.1NaO.sub.2 [M+Na].sup.+: 263.0809, found 263.0813.

(281) ##STR00117##

(282) Yield: 15% (Method A), 30% (Method B-1), 25% (Method B-2), 21% (Method C); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 6.94-6.90 (m, 2H), 6.78-6.73 (m, 2H), 3.30 (s, 3H), 2.92 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.70 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.89 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.76-1.68 (m, 2H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 206.5, 158.3, 133.0, 129.2, 113.9, 54.4, 44.0, 40.2, 33.1, 28.8, 26.3; IR (neat) v 2954, 2934, 1711, 1511, 1243, 1177, 1034, 827, 552, 521; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.13H.sub.18BrO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 285.0485, found 285.0478.

(283) ##STR00118##

(284) Yield: 25% (Method A), 36% (Method B-1), 35% (Method B-2), 36% (Method C); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 6.97-6.91 (m, 2H), 6.78-6.72 (m, 2H), 3.33 (dd, J=10.0, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 3.31 (s, 3H), 2.74 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.26 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.03 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.84 (bs, 1H), 1.65-1.57 (m, 2H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 208.9, 158.2, 133.2, 129.3, 113.9, 61.6, 54.4, 44.2, 39.1, 28.9, 26.6; IR (neat) v 3409, 2933, 2835, 1707, 1511, 1242, 1177, 1056, 826, 542, 520; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.13H.sub.17O.sub.2[M+H—H.sub.2O].sup.+: 205.1233, found 205.1219.

(285) ##STR00119##

(286) Yield: 75% (Method A), 86% (Method B-1), 82% (Method B-2), 78% (Method C); .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 6.95 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.76 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 3.31 (s, 3H), 2.75 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.21 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.99 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.82 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.56-1.49 (m, 2H), 1.29-1.22 (m, 2H), 1.09 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 9H), 0.64 (q, J=7.9 Hz, 6H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 207.2, 158.3, 133.3, 129.2, 113.9, 108.3, 81.7, 54.4, 44.0, 41.7, 28.9, 28.1, 22.6, 19.6, 7.5, 4.7; IR (neat) v 2951, 2910, 2170, 1713, 1512, 1244, 1035, 825, 723; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.22H.sub.34NaO.sub.2Si [M+Na].sup.+: 381.2220, found 381.2208.

(287) ##STR00120##

(288) Yield: 72% (Method A), 75% (Method B-1), 70% (Method C); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 6.99-6.89 (m, 2H), 6.78-6.69 (m, 2H), 5.63 (ddt, J=16.9, 10.3, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.94-4.84 (m, 2H), 3.27 (s, 3H), 2.73 (t, Jd=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.16 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 4H), 1.90 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 206.7, 158.3, 137.3, 133.2, 129.2, 114.7, 113.9, 54.4, 44.1, 41.5, 28.8, 27.6; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.14H.sub.19O.sub.2[M+H].sup.+: 219.1380, found 219.1387.

(289) ##STR00121##

(290) Yield: 75% (Method A), 84% (Method B-1), 79% (Method C); .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 6.96-6.92 (m, 2H), 6.74-6.70 (m, 2H), 5.68-5.59 (m, 1H), 4.97-4.90 (m, 2H), 3.93 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.28 (s, 3H), 2.80 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.40 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.81 (dd, d=14.3, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.39-1.30 (m, 2H), 1.22-1.12 (m, 2H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 171.9, 158.3, 138.2, 132.6, 129.2, 114.5, 113.8, 63.8, 54.4, 36.0, 33.2, 30.2, 28.1, 25.1; IR (neat) v 2934, 2859, 1730, 1612, 1512, 1244, 1175, 1035, 823, 544, 520; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.16H.sub.22NaO.sub.3 [M+Na].sup.+: 285.1461, found 285.1460.

(291) ##STR00122##

(292) Yield: 78% (Method A), 70% (Method B-1), 78% (Method C); .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 7.00-6.93 (m, 2H), 6.79-6.72 (m, 2H), 5.69 (ddt, J=16.9, 10.1, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 5.02-4.90 (m, 2H), 3.30 (s, 3H), 2.77 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.24 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.87 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.42 (dt, J=15.3, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.21-1.10 (m, 4H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 207.5, 158.3, 138.4, 133.3, 129.3, 114.4, 113.8, 54.4, 44.1, 42.3, 33.5, 28.9, 28.3, 23.0; IR (neat) v 2933, 2859, 2835, 1710, 1511, 1243, 1176, 1034, 824, 545, 521; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.16H.sub.22NaO.sub.2 [M+Na].sup.+: 269.1512, found 269.1500.

(R)-2,4-diiodo-3-methylbut-1-ene (7)

(293) ##STR00123##

(294) Compound 7 was synthesized, according to the literature procedure (See, e.g., Kim, D.—S.; Dong, C.-G.; Kim, J. T.; Guo, H.; Huang, J.; Tiseni, P. S.; Kishi, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 15636-15641.). MP: 20° C.; [a]D.sup.23 −19.2 (c 0.5, CHCl.sub.3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 5.65-5.59 (m, 1H), 5.51 (dd, J=1.8, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 2.73 (dd, J=10.0, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (dd, J=10.0, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 1.71-1.62 (m, 1H), 0.71 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 126.0, 117.7, 48.2, 20.6, 12.1; IR (neat) v 2966, 2926, 1607, 1370, 1200, 1166, 896, 783, 614, 541; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.5H.sub.8I.sub.2 [M].sup.+: 321.8721, found 321.8715.

(S)-2-bromo-4-iodo-3-methylbut-1-ene (S-1)

(295) ##STR00124##

(296) Compound S-1 was synthesized, according to the modified literature procedure (Kim, D.—S.; Dong, C.-G.; Kim, J. T.; Guo, H.; Huang, J.; Tiseni, P. S.; Kishi, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 15636-15641). [a]D.sup.23 −17.8 (c 1.3, CHCl.sub.3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 5.21 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.15-5.13 (m, 1H), 2.83 (dd, J=10.0, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.74 (dd, J=10.0, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.12-2.04 (m, 1H), 0.78 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 137.28, 117.25, 45.98, 19.36, 10.45; IR (neat) v 2971, 2926, 1622, 1372, 1205, 1172, 892, 788, 564; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for CsH.sub.8IBr [M].sup.+: 273.8849, found 273.7850.

(R)-ethyl 7-iodo-6-methyl-4-oxooct-7-enoate (8a)

(297) ##STR00125##

(298) Fe(TMHD).sub.3 as a Catalyst:

(299) An oven dried 500 mL single-necked flask equipped with a Teflon-coated egg shaped magnetic stirring bar was charged with Iron(III) tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) 4 (4.23 g, 6.99 mmol), manganese (5.11 g, 93.2 mmol), copper(II) chloride (6.26 g, 46.6 mmol), lithium chloride (5.91 g, 139.8 mmol) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (50 mL) at room temperature. A solution of (R)-2,4-diiodo-3-methylbut-1-ene (7) (15.0 g, 46.6 mmol) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (66 mL) was charged into the above single-necked flask and added ethyl 4-chloro-4-oxobutanoate (6) (22.93 g, 139.8 mmol) into the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and stirred the reaction mixture under nitrogen atmosphere for 15 hours. After completing the reaction florisil (30 g) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 min at 0° C. Filtered the reaction mixture through Celite, washed the filter cake with ethyl acetate (100 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product which was then purified by flash column chromatography on basic alumina using EtOAc/hexanes to afford 11.32 g of (R)-ethyl 7-iodo-6-methyl-4-oxooct-7-enoate (8a) in 75% yield as a colorless liquid. [ct]D.sub.23 −14.8 (c 1.0, CHCl.sub.3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 5.81-5.74 (m, 1H), 5.49 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.47-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.29 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.21 (m, 2H), 2.20-2.09 (m, 2H), 1.92 (dd, J=16.8, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 0.91 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.84 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 204.7, 171.9, 124.6, 120.6, 60.0, 48.8, 41.7, 37.3, 27.6, 20.7, 13.8; IR (neat) v 2977, 2931, 1730, 1716, 1408, 1197, 1174, 899; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.11H.sub.18IO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 325.0295, found 325.0299.

(300) FeBr.sub.2(dppb) as a Catalyst:

(301) In a glove box, an oven dried 250 mL single-necked flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar was charged with FeBr.sub.2(dppb) (1.03 g, 1.55 mmol), manganese (3.41 g, 62.2 mmol), copper (II) chloride (4.18 g, 31.1 mmol), lithium chloride (3.95 g, 93.3 mmol) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (50 mL) at room temperature. A solution of (R)-2,4-diiodo-3-methylbut-1-ene (7) (10.0 g, 31.1 mmol) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (28 mL) was charged into the above single-necked flask and added ethyl 4-chloro-4-oxobutanoate (6) (7.65 g, 46.7 mmol) into the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was taken out from glove box, cooled to 0° C. and stirred the reaction mixture under nitrogen atmosphere for 15 hours. After completing the reaction florisil (15 g) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 min. Filtered the reaction mixture through Celite, washed the filter cake with ethyl acetate (50 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product which was then purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel to afford 7.24 g of (R)-ethyl 7-iodo-6-methyl-4-oxooct-7-enoate (8a) in 72% yield as a colorless liquid.

(302) FeBr.sub.2(SciOPP) as a Catalyst:

(303) In a glove box, an oven dried 100 mL single-necked flask equipped with a Teflon-coated magnetic stirring bar was charged with FeBr.sub.2(SciOPP) (860 mg, 0.78 mmol), manganese (1.7 g, 31.06 mmol), copper (II) chloride (2.08 g, 15.8 mmol), lithium chloride (1.97 g, 46.5 mmol) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (25 mL) at room temperature. A solution of (R)-2,4-diiodo-3-methylbut-1-ene (7) (5.0 g, 15.5 mmol) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (15 mL) was charged into the above single-necked flask and added ethyl 4-chloro-4-oxobutanoate (6) (3.8 g, 23.2 mmol) into the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was taken out from glove box, cooled to 0° C. and stirred the reaction mixture under nitrogen atmosphere for 15 hours. After completing the reaction florisil (5 g) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 min. Filtered the reaction mixture through Celite, washed the filter cake with ethyl acetate (50 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product which was then purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel to afford 4.02 g of (R)-ethyl 7-iodo-6-methyl-4-oxooct-7-enoate (8a) in 80% yield as a colorless liquid.

(R)-ethyl 7-bromo-6-methyl-4-oxooct-7-enoate (S-2)

(304) ##STR00126##

(305) Compound S-2 was synthesized, according to the procedure for 8a using (S)-2-bromo-4-iodo-3-methylbut-1-ene (S-1) as a starting material in 76% yield. [ct]D.sub.23 −6.4 (c 0.52, CHCl.sub.3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 5.28-5.25 (m, 1H), 5.19-5.16 (m, 1H), 3.88 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.93-2.85 (m, 1H), 2.41-2.33 (m, 2H), 2.29-2.21 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.06 (m, 2H), 1.98 (dd, J=16.9, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 0.94-0.88 (m, 6H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 204.95, 171.89, 139.95, 115.87, 60.03, 47.49, 39.31, 37.18, 27.60, 19.34, 13.83; IR (neat) v 2974, 2929, 1729, 1714, 1408, 1189, 1172, 898; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.11H.sub.17BrNaO.sub.3 [M+Na].sup.+: 299.0253, found 299.0261.

(306) Additional route to C20-C26 fragment

(307) ##STR00127##

(308) To a solution of the starting material (25.8 g, 0.121 mol), obtained by the synthetic method written in the Supporting Information of J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 15636-15641, in dichloromethane (258 mL) was added Et.sub.3N (50.8 mL, 0.364 mol) followed by p-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride (46.6 g, 0.182 mol) below 10° C. under N.sub.2 atmosphere. After being stirred for 8 hrs at room temperature, the mixture was quenched with 5% NaCl aq. (130 mL) at 10-15° C. to give biphasic mixture. The separated organic layer was sequentially washed with a mixture of 5% NaCl aq./5N HCl=2.5/1 (w/w), 5% NaHCO.sub.3 aq. and 5% NaCl aq. The organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a crude material. This crude material was dissolved in 1-propanol (209 mL) at 26° C. and cooled to 15° C. followed by addition of seed crystals (52 mg, 0.12 mmol). To this mixture, 1-propanol/water=1/3 (v/v) (419 mL) was added dropwise at 10-14° C., cooled to 0° C. and the resulting mixture was stirred for 4 hrs. The resulting suspension was filtrated and rinsed with 1-propanol/water=1/2 (v/v). The collected solid was dried at room temperature under reduced pressure to give desired compound (51.3 g, 0.119 mol, 98%).

(309) .sup.1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ ppm 1.01 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 2.35 (tq, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 5.82 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.21 (s, 1H), 7.65-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.75-7.83 (m, 2H).

(310) ##STR00128##

(311) To a solution of the starting material (50.0 g, 0.116 mol) in acetone (150 mL) was added NaI (52.2 g, 0.348 mol) at room temperature under N.sub.2 atmosphere and the resulting mixture was heated to 45° C. After being stirred for 25 hrs, the mixture was cooled to room temperature followed by addition of n-hexane (500 mL) and water (250 mL) to give biphasic mixture. The separated organic layer was sequentially washed with 5% NaHCO.sub.3 aq., 10% Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3 aq. and water. The organic layer was dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtrated through a Celite® pad. The filtrated solution was concentrated under reduced pressure at 10-15° C. to give the crude iodide, which was purified by distillation under reduced pressure (bath temperature: 86-94° C., boiling point: 63-64° C. at 0.75 mmHg) to give pure iodide (22.9 g, 0.071 mol, 61%) as an orange oil.

(312) .sup.1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ ppm 1.17 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 2.24 (tq, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.14-3.20 (m, 2H), 5.86 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H).

(313) ##STR00129##

(314) Under N.sub.2 atmosphere in a glove box, LiCl (1.98 g, 46.6 mmol), CuCl.sub.2 (0.418 g, 3.11 mmol), Mn (1.71 g, 31.1 mmol) and FeBr.sub.2(dppb) (0.514 g, 0.777 mmol) were charged in a vial with screw cap. After the vial was taken out of the glove box, the mixture was quickly transferred to another flask filled with N.sub.2. After the flask was purged with N.sub.2 and cooled to 4° C., anhydrous DME (15 mL) was added followed by addition of a solution of the iodide (5.00 g, 15.5 mmol) in anhydrous DME (20 mL) below 12° C. without stirring. To this mixture, acid chloride (3.44 mL, 28.0 mmol) was added dropwise without stirring below 11° C. After being stirred for 22 hrs at 4° C., to the mixture was added MTBE (75 mL) followed by 20% citric acid aq. (50 mL) below 10° C. After being stirred for 30 min at room temperature, the mixture was passed through a Celite® pad and the residue was rinsed with MTBE. The resulting biphasic mixture was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with MTBE twice. The combined organic layer was washed with 5% NaHCO.sub.3 aq. The organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure to give crude yellow oil, which was used in the next step without further purification.

(315) To a stirred solution of crude product from the previous step (several batches of crude product combined and calculated as 37.3 mmol) in MeCN (47 mL) was added trimethyl orthoformate (6.12 mL, 56.0 mmol) and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol (19.4 g, 187 mmol) followed by p-TsOH hydrate (0.142 g, 0.746 mmol) at room temperature. After being stirred for 20 hrs at room temperature, the mixture was cooled below 5° C. and diluted with n-heptane (175 mL) followed by addition of 5% NaHCO.sub.3 aq. (58 mL) to give a biphasic mixture. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with n-heptane twice. The combined organic layer was sequentially washed with water and 5% NaCl aq. The organic layer was passed through a neutral silica gel pad (70 g, eluent: 0%, 1.3%, 2% then 5% EtOAc in n-heptane). The collected fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure to give a pale yellow oil. This mixture was dissolved in MeOH/water=10/1 (v/v) (66 mL) at room temperature and cooled to 10-12° C. To this mixture, seed crystals were added and further cooled to 4° C. followed by dropwise addition of MeOH/water=3/5 (v/v) (57 mL). After being stirred for 19 hrs at 4° C., the suspension was filtrated and rinsed with cold MeOH/water=2/1 (v/v) (6lmL). The collected solid was dried under reduced pressure at room temperature to give the desired compound (12.1 g, 30.5 mmol, 82% (65% in 2 steps)) as a white solid.

(316) .sup.1H-NMR (500 MHz, C.sub.6D.sub.6) 6 ppm 0.66 (s, 3H), 0.71 (s, 3H), 1.05 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 1.60 (dd, J=15.0, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 1.97 (dd, J=14.7, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 2.27-2.07 (m, 3H), 2.54 (ddd, J=9.2, 6.7, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.32-3.20 (m, 4H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 5.54 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.87 (s, 1H).

Synthesis of Diiodide 10

(317) ##STR00130##

(318) ##STR00131##

(319) To a 1,4-dioxane solution (30 mL, 1 M) of 3-(triethylsilyl)propiolaldehyde (See, e.g., McGee, P.; Bellavance, G.; Korobkov, I.; Tarasewicz, A.; Barriault, L. Chem. Eur. J. 2015, 21, 9662-9665)S-3 (5.0 g, 29.7 mmol) was added (R)-2-[bis(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)hydroxymethyl] pyrrolidine L1 (See, e.g., Hayashi, Y.; Kojima, M.; Yasui, Y.; Kanda, Y.; Mukaiyama, T.; Shomura, H.; Nakamura, D.; Ritmaleni, Sato, I. Chem Cat Chem 2013, 5, 2887-2892) (1.56 g, 2.97 mmol), H.sub.2O (1.6 mL, 89.1 mmol) and propanal (4.3 mL, 59.5 mmol) at room temperature. After stirring the reaction mixture for 8 hours at room temperature, NaBH.sub.4 (2.47 g, 65.3 mmol) was added at 0° C. After stirring the reaction mixture for 1 h at room temperature, the reaction was quenched by addition of buffer (pH=7.0). The organic materials were extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL), and the extracts were washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, concentrated in vacuo to afford crude product. 1H NMR of the crude product revealed the syn/anti ratio as 8.9:1. The crude product was subjected to a silica gel column chromatography to get pure anti isomer S-4 as viscous liquid (5.05 g, 74%). [t]D.sup.23+5.0 (c 2.5, CHCl.sub.3); 1H NMR (600 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 4.25 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.57 (dd, J=10.8, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (dd, J=10.7, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.71 (bs, 1H), 2.05 (bs, 1H), 1.85-1.76 (m, 1H), 1.02 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 9H), 0.91 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.58 (q, J=7.9 Hz, 6H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 107.9, 86.7, 66.6, 65.7, 41.4, 12.8, 7.4, 4.4; IR (neat) v 3316, 2955, 2875, 2170, 1457, 1279, 1004, 977, 697; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.12H.sub.24NaO.sub.2Si [M+Na].sup.+: 251.1438, found 251.1432.

(320) ##STR00132##

(321) To a solution of (2S,3S)-2-methyl-5-(triethylsilyl)pent-4-yne-1,3-diol S-4 (5.0 g, 21.91 mmol) in MeOH/THF (1:1, 70 mL), K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (6.05 g, 43.82 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 15 hours. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with hexane (100 mL) and filtered through a pad of Celite. The solids were washed with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum and the crude product was purified by a silica gel column chromatography yielded diol S-5 as viscous liquid (2.34 g, 93%). [α]D.sub.23 −0.7 (c 0.2, CHCl.sub.3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 4.13 (ddd, J=6.9, 5.2, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.49-3.44 (m, 1H), 3.30-3.21 (m, 1H), 2.21 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.03-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.65 (m, 1H), 1.39-1.34 (m, 1H), 0.83 (dd, J=7.0, 1.2 Hz, 3H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 83.95, 73.23, 65.96, 65.48, 41.06, 12.52; IR (neat) v 3289, 2966, 2934, 1457, 1381, 1025, 64; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.6H.sub.10NaO.sub.2 [M+Na].sup.+: 137.0573, found 137.0565.

(322) ##STR00133##

(323) To a stirred solution of 1,3-diol S-5 (2.3 g, 20.03 mmol) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (66 mL) were added TBS-C.sub.1 (9.01 g, 60.09 mmol), imidazole (5.45 g, 80.12 mmol) and DMAP (244 mg, 2.01 mmol) at 0° C. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 10 h. Then, the reaction was diluted with water (100 mL), the two layers were separated, and the aqueous layer washed with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude residue was subjected to a silica gel column chromatography to afford 6.85 g of di-TBS product S-6 in 95% yield. [α]D.sub.23 −13.9 (c 2.04, CHCl.sub.3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 4.64 (ddd, J=6.0, 2.2, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.05-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.07 (dd, J=6.9, 0.8 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 9H), 0.94 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 9H), 0.21 (s, 3H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 83.7, 73.3, 64.3, 42.9, 25.7, 25.7, 18.1, 18.1, 11.7,−4.7,−5.4,−5.6,−5.7; IR (neat) v 2929, 2857, 1463, 1251, 1077, 833, 773; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.18H.sub.38NaO.sub.2Si.sub.2 [M+Na].sup.+: 365.2305, found 365.2999.

(324) ##STR00134##

(325) To a solution of ZrCp.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (8.71 mg, 29.81 mmol) in THF (30 mL) was added slowly a solution of DIBAL-H (1.0 M in hexanes, 25.86 mL, 25.83 mmol) at 0° C. under argon. The resultant suspension was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. then a solution of acetylene S-6 (6.8 g, 19.87 mmol) in THF (10 mL). The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred until a homogeneous solution resulted (ca. 2 h) and then cooled to −78° C., followed by addition of 12 (7.55 g, 29.81 mmol) in THF (20 mL). After 30 min at −78 (C, the reaction mixture temperature was raised to RT and stirred for 2 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with 1N HCl, extracted with ether, washed successively with saturated Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3, NaHCO.sub.3 and brine, dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered, and concentrated. Flash chromatography on silica gel afforded the title compound vinyl iodide S-7 as clear oil (6.53 g, 70%). [α]D.sub.23 −10.2 (c 1.89, CHCl.sub.3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 6.53 (dd, J=14.5, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (dd, J=14.5, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 4.07-4.04 (m, 1H), 3.47 (dd, J=10.0, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.41 (dd, J=10.0, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 1.74-1.64 (m, 1H), 0.94 (s, 9H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.76 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H),−0.01 (s, 3H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 147.3, 76.5, 76.3, 64.2, 42.1, 25.8, 25.6, 18.1, 18.0, 11.9,−4.6,−5.3,−5.6, −5.7; IR (neat) v 2954, 2928, 2856, 1471, 1251, 1098, 831, 772, 668; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.18H.sub.39INaO.sub.2Si.sub.2 [M+Na].sup.+: 493.1425, found 493.1416.

(326) ##STR00135##

(327) 4-Toluenesulfonic acid (238 mg, 10 mol %) was added to a solution of S-6 (6.5 g, 13.82 mmol) in MeOH (45 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at this temperature for 1h then quenched with Et.sub.3N (2 mL) and stirred for 30 min. Then, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the crude residue was purified by a silica gel column chromatography afforded pure alcohol S-8 (4.18 g) as a clear liquid in 85% yield. [α].sub.D.sup.23 −34.2 (c 4.53, CHCl.sub.3); .sup.1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 6.43-6.37 (m, 1H), 6.01-5.97 (m, 1H), 3.81 (dd, J=85.9, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.41-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.23 (m, 1H), 1.52-1.43 (m, 1H), 1.20 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.67 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H),−0.05 (s, 3H),−0.07 (s, 3H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 147.5, 78.1, 76.8, 64.3, 41.1, 25.6, 17.9, 12.5,−4.7,−5.3; IR (neat) v 2954, 2928, 2856, 1462, 1252, 1067, 1027, 833, 774, 674; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.12H.sub.25INaO.sub.2Si [M+Na].sup.+: 379.0561, found 379.0543.

(328) ##STR00136##

(329) To a solution of primary alcohol S-8 (4.1 g, 11.51 mmol) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (40 mL) were added successively triphenylphosphine (3.62 g, 13.81 mmol) and imidazole (1.17 g, 17.26 mmol). After complete dissolution, the mixture was cooled to 0° C., and iodine (3.79 g, 14.96 mmol) was added. After 30 min at 0° C., the mixture was warmed to rt and stirred for 8 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the crude was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford diiodide 10 (4.82 g, 90%) as colorless oil. [α].sup.20.sub.D=−1.1 (c 1.77, CHCl.sub.3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 6.21 (dd, J=14.5, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 5.89 (dd, J=14.5, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.00 (dd, J=9.7, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.79 (dd, J=9.7, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 1.12-1.04 (m, 1H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.61 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H),−0.05 (s, 3H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 146.4, 78.4, 78.1, 40.1, 25.6, 17.9, 16.1, 12.8,−4.5,−5.0; IR (neat) v 2954, 2927, 2855, 1470, 1250, 1080, 1064, 833, 774; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.12H.sub.25I.sub.2OSi [M+H].sup.+: 466.9759, found 466.9750.

Synthesis of 9a and 9b

(330) ##STR00137##

(331) ##STR00138##

(332) DIBAL-H (1.0 M in hexanes, 3.8 mL, 3.79 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of lactone S-7 in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (14 mL) at −78° C. under an argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at −78° C., and quenched with methanol (0.2 mL) followed by addition of sodium potassium tartrate solution (10 mL) and stirred the resulting solution at room temperature for 1 hour. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2(2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine and then dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4), filtered, and concentrated to yield lactal as a colorless liquid in quantitative yield. The crude product was used directly for the next reaction without further purification.

(333) To a solution of methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (4.17 g, 11.68 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added Kt-OBu (982 mg, 8.76 mmol) at 0° C. and the resulting in an orange suspension was stirred at room temperature for 1h. A solution of above prepared lactal in THF (4 mL) was added dropwise via syringe over a period of 10 min at 0° C., and the suspension was stirred for 1 h at RT. A saturated aqueous solution of NH.sub.4Cl (10 mL) was added followed by dilution of the bi-phasic mixture with EtOAc (20 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO.sub.4), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by a silica gel column chromatography yielded olefin S-8 (948 mg, 95% for 2 steps) as a colorless liquid. [α].sub.D.sup.23 −40.5 (c 1.26, CHCl.sub.3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 6.21-6.12 (m, 1H), 5.15 (dt, J=17.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (ddd, J=10.4, 1.9, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (dd, J=12.3, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 3.91-3.89 (m, 1H), 3.80 (dd, J=12.3, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 1H), 3.58-3.53 (m, 1H), 3.02-2.93 (m, 1H), 2.71 (dd, J=9.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 2.61-2.59 (m, 1H), 2.15 (dt, J=14.6, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 1.16 (s, 9H), 1.12 (m, 1H), 1.05 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 142.3, 113.2, 85.1, 76.1, 69.3, 68.3, 63.9, 38.2, 36.6, 27.6, 27.2, 23.0, 20.2, 14.6; IR (neat) v 3504, 2966, 2933, 1473, 1133, 1092, 949, 825, 736; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.18H.sub.35O.sub.4Si [M+H].sup.+: 343.2299, found 343.2285.

(334) ##STR00139##

(335) To a solution of alcohol S-8 (948 mg, 2.76 mmol) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (14 mL) at room temperature was added imidazole (470 mg, 6.9 mmol) followed by TES-C.sub.1 (0.7 mL, 4.15 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. Upon completion of reaction, methanol (1 mL) was added, and the clear and colorless solution was stirred for 10 min. All volatiles were removed, the resulting crude residue was dried under high vacuum and used for the next step without further purification.

(336) 9-BBN (0.5 M in THF, 8.27 mL, 4.14 mmol) was added in dropwise to a solution of above prepared crude residue in THF (14 mL) at 0° C. The clear and colorless solution was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. At this point, TLC analysis indicated complete consumption of starting material. The solution was cooled to 0° C., and water (8.3 mL) was added (gas evolution!), followed by sodium perborate tetrahydrate (2.47 g, 24.84 mmol). The white suspension was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 2 h. The white suspension was filtered and washed with EtOAc (20 mL). The organic layer was diluted with water (20 mL). The layers were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted three times with 20 mL portions of ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were washed with water, brine, filtered and concentrated, purified by a silica gel column to afford primary alcohol S-9 (1.21 g, 92% for 2 steps) as viscous liquid. [α]D.sub.23+4.1 (c 1.16, CHCl.sub.3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6): δ 4.18 (dd, J=12.4, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (dd, J=12.4, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.89-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.72-3.60 (m, 2H), 3.57-3.52 (m, 1H), 2.64-2.59 (m, 2H), 2.25-2.13 (m, 1H), 2.03 (dt, J=14.9, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 1.93-1.83 (m, 1H), 1.70 (br. s, 1H), 1.54-1.45 (m, 1H), 1.28 (s, 9H), 1.19 (dt, J=14.8, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 1.11 (s, 9H), 1.05 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 9H), 0.81 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.76-0.61 (m, 6H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 86.0, 76.9, 67.8, 67.6, 63.7, 61.4, 38.4, 37.5, 31.2, 27.7, 27.3, 23.2, 20.6, 16.7, 7.0, 5.2; IR (neat) v 2953, 2933, 2875, 1473, 1156, 1106, 1034, 926, 827, 800, 736, 441; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.24H.sub.50NaO.sub.5Si.sub.2 [M+Na].sup.+: 497.3089, found 497.3070.

(337) ##STR00140##

(338) NaHCO.sub.3 (1.07 g, 12.7 mmol) and DMP (1.62 g, 3.82 mmol) were added to a solution of alcohol S-9 (1.21 g, 2.54 mmol) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (13 mL) at rt. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h before aqueous hypo solution (20 mL) was added. The layers were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3×10 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with water, brine, filtered and concentrated, purified by flash silica gel column chromatography afforded crude aldehyde (1.15 g) and used for next step without further purification.

(339) A solution of NaClO.sub.2 (549 mg, 6.08 mmol) and NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4 (1.0 g, 7.29 mmol) in H.sub.2O (2.0 mL) was added to a solution of aldehyde in t-BuOH (10 mL) and 2-methyl-2-butene (1.7 mL) at 0° C. After stirring for 1 h, the reaction was quenched by the addition of pH 7 buffer (8 mL). The mixture was extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3×15 mL) and the combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4), filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by a silica gel column chromatography yielded acid S-10 (1.12 g) in 90% yield. [α].sub.D.sup.23 −1.8 (c 1.17, CHCl.sub.3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6): δ 4.19 (dd, J=12.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (dd, J=12.3, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.91-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.54-3.49 (m, 1H), 2.72 (dd, J=9.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 2.68 (dd, J=15.3, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.66-2.64 (m, 1H), 2.63-2.56 (m, 1H), 2.33 (dd, J=15.3, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.01 (dt, J=14.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 1.28 (s, 9H), 1.19 (dt, J=14.9, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.11 (s, 9H), 1.04 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 9H), 0.90 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.75-0.59 (m, 6H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 179.9, 84.6, 76.9, 67.7, 67.5, 63.6, 38.4, 38.1, 30.8, 27.7, 27.3, 23.2, 20.6, 16.0, 6.9, 5.2; IR (neat) v 2954, 2934, 2875, 1705, 1473, 1155, 1106, 1034, 927, 826, 736, 441; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.24H.sub.48NaO.sub.6Si.sub.2 [M+Na].sup.+: 511.2882, found 511.2875.

(340) ##STR00141##

(341) A solution of acid S-10 (60 mg, 0.12 mmol), DTBMP (40 mg, 0.18) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (0.5 mL) was added oxalyl chloride (30 mg, 0.24 mmol) at 0° C. and stirred for 2 h at same temperature. Then, all volatiles were removed under vacuum. The residue was diluted with benzene (2 mL), and passed through a small pad of Celite. The solids were washed with benzene (5 mL), concentrated under vacuum and dried under high vacuum for 1 h to afford acid chloride 9a as pale yellow liquid. The resulting product was used for the next step without further purification. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 4.13 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (dd, J=12.4, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.84-3.79 (m, 1H), 3.39-3.33 (m, 1H), 2.98 (dd, J=16.6, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 2.67-2.54 (m, 2H), 2.54-2.44 (m, 2H), 2.00-1.90 (m, 3H), 1.25 (s, 8H), 1.09 (s, 9H), 1.00 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 9H), 0.74 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.69-0.53 (m, 7H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 172.83, 83.56, 76.96, 67.59, 67.32, 63.52, 50.42, 38.16, 31.61, 27.69, 27.29, 27.21, 23.17, 20.58, 15.50, 6.88, 5.06; IR (neat) v 2954, 2934, 2875, 1707, 1419, 1155, 1105, 1034, 927, 828, 771, 419; ESI-MS (M-Cl+OMe) 525.3026.

(342) ##STR00142##

(343) A solution of acid S-10 (1.12 g, 2.29 mmol), triphenylphosphine (900 mg, 3.43 mmol) and 2,2′-dipyridyl disulfide (605 mg, 2.75 mmol) dissolved in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (12 mL) was stirred under N.sub.2 at RT for 15 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated to yellow oil and purified by silica gel chromatography to give the title compound 9b as a white solid (1.09 mg, 82%). [t]D.sup.23 −26.5 (c 1.97, CHCl.sub.3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 8.33-8.28 (m, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (td, J=7.7, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.45 (ddd, J=7.5, 4.8, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 4.35-4.25 (m, 1H), 3.95 (dd, J=12.3, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.91-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.52-3.45 (m, 1H), 2.89 (dd, J=14.2, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 2.76-2.61 (m, 4H), 2.04-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.30 (s, 9H), 1.17 (dt, J=14.7, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.12 (s, 9H), 1.05 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 9H), 0.91 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 0.77-0.58 (m, 6H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 194.9, 153.0, 149.9, 136.0, 129.6, 122.5, 84.2, 76.9, 67.7, 67.6, 63.5, 47.5, 38.3, 31.8, 27.7, 27.3, 23.2, 20.6, 15.8, 7.0, 5.1; IR (neat) v 2954, 2934, 2875, 1707, 1419, 1155, 1105, 1034, 927, 828, 771, 419; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.29H.sub.51NNaO.sub.5SSi.sub.2 [M+Na].sup.+: 604.2919, found 604.2905.

(344) ##STR00143##

(345) Using Acid Chloride 9a:

(346) An oven dried 2 mL vial was charged with FeBr.sub.2(SciOPP) (5.6 mg, 0.005 mmol), manganese (11.2 mg, 0.204 mmol), copper (II) chloride (13.80 mg, 0.102 mmol), lithium chloride (13 mg, 0.306 mmol), diiodide 10 (57 mg, 0.122) and acid chloride 9a (52 mg, 0.102 mmol) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (0.3 mL). The reaction mixture was taken out from glove box, cooled to 0° C. and stirred the reaction mixture under nitrogen atmosphere for 15 hours. After completing the reaction florisil (10 mg) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 min at 0° C. Filtered the reaction mixture through Celite, washed the filter cake with ethyl acetate (10 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product which was then purified by preparative TLC to afford 20.8 mg (25%) of ketone 11 as a viscous colorless liquid. According to the above procedure, ketone coupling undergo in the presence of FeBr.sub.2(dppb) as radical initiator afforded 20% product.

(347) Using Thioester 9b:

(348) An oven dried 100 mL single-necked flask was charged with FeBr.sub.2(SciOPP) (71 mg, 0.064 mmol), manganese (140 mg, 2.56 mmol), copper (I) iodide (243 mg, 1.28 mmol), lithium chloride (162 mg, 3.84 mmol) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (4.0 mL) at room temperature. A solution of thio ester 9b (600 mg, 1.03 mmol) and diiodide 10 (578 mg, 1.24 mmol) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (2.5 mL) was charged into the above single-necked flask. The reaction mixture was taken out from glove box, cooled to 0° C. and stirred the reaction mixture under nitrogen atmosphere for 15 hours. After completing the reaction florisil (3 g) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 min at 0° C. Filtered the reaction mixture through Celite, washed the filter cake with ethyl acetate (20 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product which was then purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel to afford 593 mg (71%) of ketone 11 as a viscous colorless liquid. [α].sub.D.sup.23 −29.3 (c 4.8, CHCl.sub.3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 6.39 (dd, J=14.4, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 6.08 (dd, J=14.4, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (dd, J=12.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (dd, J=12.3, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.92-3.87 (m, 1H), 3.81-3.78 (m, 1H), 3.56-3.52 (m, 1H), 2.81-2.73 (m, 2H), 2.63-2.65 (m, 1H), 2.59-2.50 (m, 1H), 2.36 (dd, J=16.7, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 2.26-2.18 (m, 2H), 2.12 (dd, J=16.7, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 2.01 (dt, J=14.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 1.27 (s, 9H), 1.22 (dt, J=14.7, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 1.10 (s, 9H), 1.04 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 9H), 0.93 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.85 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.74-0.59 (m, 6H)−0.01 (s, 3H),−0.04 (s, 3H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 208.2, 147.2, 84.5, 78.4, 76.9, 76.6, 67.8, 67.6, 63.9, 46.7, 44.6, 38.4, 34.7, 30.4, 27.7, 27.3, 25.7, 25.7, 23.2, 20.7, 18.0, 16.5, 15.5, 7.0, 5.1,−4.7,−5.2; IR (neat) v 2954, 2932, 2875, 1709, 1472, 1161, 1105, 1007, 927, 827, 772, 737, 441; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.36H.sub.71INaO.sub.6Si.sub.3 [M+Na].sup.+: 833.3495, found 833.3465.

Synthesis of Thioester 12

(349) ##STR00144##

(350) ##STR00145##

(351) To a stirred solution of diol S-13 (400 mg, 0.69 mmol) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2 mL) were added TES-C.sub.1 (311 mg, 2.07 mmol), imidazole (234 mg, 3.45 mmol) at 0° C. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 h. Then, the reaction was diluted with water (10 mL), the two layers were separated, and the aqueous layer washed with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude residue was subjected to a silica gel column chromatography to afford 508 mg of titled product S-14 in 91% yield. [c]D.sub.23+0.6 (c 0.2, CHCl.sub.3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 4.29-4.21 (m, 3H), 4.06-4.00 (m, 1H), 3.96-3.92 (m, 1H), 3.82 (dd, J=10.3, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.77-3.67 (m, 2H), 2.95 (dd, J=9.1, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 2.35-2.26 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.11 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.94 (m, 1H), 1.94-1.87 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.69 (m, 1H), 1.60-1.50 (m, 2H), 1.22 (s, 9H), 1.12 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 9H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 1.02 (s, 9H), 0.96 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 9H), 0.84 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.83-0.76 (m, 6H), 0.55 (qd, J=7.9, 2.0 Hz, 6H), 0.27 (s, 3H), 0.27 (s, 3H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.14 (s, 3H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 177.3, 87.8, 80.9, 72.1, 71.7, 71.0, 67.9, 62.6, 38.5, 38.4, 38.4, 32.5, 29.3, 27.0, 25.9, 18.3, 18.1, 15.9, 7.0, 6.8, 6.7, 6.4, 5.4, 4.9,−4.3,−4.6,−5.4,−5.5; IR (neat) v 2955, 2936, 1730, 1461, 1239, 1075, 1004, 850, 776. 740; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.41H.sub.88NaO.sub.7Si.sub.4 [M+Na].sup.+: 827.599, found 827.5517.

(352) ##STR00146##

(353) DIBAL-H (1.0 M in hexanes, 1.55 mL, 1.55 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of lactone S-14 in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (4 mL) at −78° C. under an argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at −78° C., and quenched with methanol (0.2 mL) followed by addition of sodium potassium tartrate solution (10 mL) and stirred the resulting solution at room temperature for 1 hour. The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water and brine and then dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4), filtered, concentrated and flash silica gel chromatography gave primary alcohol S-15 (420 mg, 94%) as clear oil. [c]D.sub.23+4.3 (c 1.22, CHCl.sub.3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 4.27-4.20 (m, 1H), 4.06 (ddd, J=7.9, 6.6, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (ddd, J=5.9, 3.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 3.86-3.79 (m, 2H), 3.72-3.68 (m, 2H), 3.64 (ddt, J=10.6, 7.6, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.04 (dd, J=9.0, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.18 (dtd, J=9.1, 7.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.06-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.92 (ddd, J=14.1, 8.3, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (ddd, J=14.0, 8.0, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 1.70 (dd, J=6.1, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 1.64 (ddd, J=13.5, 6.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 1.59-1.51 (m, 1H), 1.11 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 9H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 1.01 (s, 9H), 0.97 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 9H), 0.87 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.79 (qd, J=7.9, 1.7 Hz, 6H), 0.56 (qd, J=7.9, 2.4 Hz, 6H), 0.28 (s, 3H), 0.26 (s, 3H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.13 (s, 3H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 88.0, 80.6, 71.8, 71.7, 70.9, 67.9, 60.8, 38.4, 38.0, 37.6, 30.0, 25.9, 18.3, 18.9, 16.9, 7.0, 6.8, 5.3, 4.9,−4.3,−4.6,−5.5,−5.6; IR (neat) v 2953, 2928, 2877, 1471, 1462, 1250, 1076, 1004, 843, 775, 737. 726; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.36H.sub.80KO.sub.6Si.sub.4 [M+K].sup.+: 759.4664, found 759.4690.

(354) ##STR00147##

(355) NaHCO.sub.3 (243 mg, 2.9 mmol) and Dess-Martin periodinane (370 mg, 0.87 mmol) were added to a solution of alcohol S-15 (420 mg, 0.58 mmol) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (4 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h before aqueous hypo solution (20 mL) was added. The layers were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3×10 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with water, brine, filtered and concentrated, purified by flash silica gel column chromatography afforded crude aldehyde (400 mg) and it was used for next step without further purification.

(356) A solution of NaClO.sub.2 (132 mg, 1.45 mmol), 2-methyl-2-butene (0.4 mL, 5.8 mmol) and NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4 (240 mg, 1.74 mmol) was added to a solution of aldehyde in t-BuOH (4 mL), and H.sub.2O (1 mL) at 0° C. After stirring for 1 h, the reaction was quenched by the addition of pH 7 buffer (4 mL). The mixture was extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3×10 mL) and the combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4), filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by a silica gel column chromatography yielded acid S-16 (360 mg) in 84% yield. [0]D.sub.23+14.3 (c 1.7, CHCl.sub.3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 4.25-4.19 (m, 1H), 4.03 (ddd, J=8.2, 6.6, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (ddd, J=6.6, 4.2, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (dd, J=10.3, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 3.76-3.68 (m, 2H), 3.08 (dd, J=8.0, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 3.04 (dd, J=15.9, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.63-2.54 (m, 1H), 2.30 (dd, J=15.9, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 1.99 (ddd, J=13.8, 8.1, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 1.91 (ddd, J=13.9, 7.9, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 1.73 (ddd, J=13.5, 8.2, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 1.60 (ddd, J=13.4, 7.4, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 1.10 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 9H), 1.06 (s, 9H), 1.02 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (s, 9H), 0.95 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 9H), 0.78 (qd, J=7.9, 2.8 Hz, 6H), 0.58-0.49 (m, 6H), 0.25 (s, 3H), 0.25 (s, 3H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.13 (s, 3H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 170.0, 86.3, 80.8, 72.0, 71.9, 70.8, 67.8, 38.6, 38.5, 38.1, 29.6, 25.9, 18.3, 18.1, 16.7, 7.0, 6.7, 5.3, 4.8,−4.4,−4.7,−5.5,−5.6; IR (neat) v 2953, 2929, 2877, 1708, 1462, 1250, 1076, 1004, 833, 774, 737; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.36H.sub.79O.sub.7Si.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+: 735.4897, found 735.4897.

(357) ##STR00148##

(358) A solution of acid S-16 (300 mg, 0.41 mmol), triphenylphosphine (161 mg, 0.61 mmol) and 2,2′-dipyridyl disulfide (99 mg, 0.45 mmol) dissolved in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (2 mL) was stirred under N.sub.2 for 24 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated to yellow oil and purified by silica gel chromatography to give the title compound 12 as pale yellow solid (270 mg, 80%). [α]D.sub.23+16.3 (c 3.1, CHCl.sub.3); 1H NMR (600 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 8.26 (ddd, J=4.8, 2.0, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (td, J=7.7, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.40 (ddd, J=7.6, 4.8, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 4.25-4.18 (m, 1H), 4.05-3.99 (m, 1H), 3.96-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.79 (dd, J=10.3, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.76-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.40 (dd, J=15.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.06 (dd, J=7.5, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 2.75-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.65 (dd, J=14.9, 10.3 Hz, 1H), 1.97 (ddd, J=13.9, 8.2, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 1.89 (ddd, J=12.8, 7.9, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 1.72 (ddd, J=13.4, 8.4, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 1.56 (ddd, J=13.4, 7.4, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 1.12 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 9H), 1.06-1.03 (s, 12H), 0.99 (s, 9H), 0.94 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 9H), 0.84-0.75 (m, 6H), 0.55-0.49 (m, 6H), 0.25 (s, 3H), 0.24 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.11 (s, 3H); IR (neat) v 2953, 2929, 2877, 1707, 1471, 1420, 1250, 1080, 1004, 834, 774, 737; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.41H.sub.81NNaO.sub.6SSi.sub.4 [M+Na].sup.+: 850.4754, found 850.4773.

(359) ##STR00149##

(360) An oven dried 50 mL single-necked flask was charged with FeBr.sub.2(SciOPP) (8 mg, 5 mol %), manganese (16.4 mg, 0.3 mmol), copper (I) iodide (28.4 mg, 0.15 mmol), lithium chloride (19 mg, 0.44 mmol) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (0.5 mL) at room temperature. A solution of thio ester 12 (100 mg, 0.12 mmol) and diiodide 10 (67 mg, 0.14 mmol) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (0.5 mL) was charged into the above single-necked flask. The reaction mixture was taken out from glove box, cooled to 0° C. and stirred the reaction mixture under nitrogen atmosphere for 15 hours. After completing the reaction florisil (100 mg) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 min at 0° C. Filtered the reaction mixture through Celite, washed the filter cake with ethyl acetate (10 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product which was then purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel to afford 82 mg (64%) of ketone 13 as a viscous colorless liquid. [α].sub.D.sup.23 −11.6 (c 1.3, CHCl.sub.3); 1H NMR (500 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 6.39 (dd, J=14.4, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 6.14-6.08 (m, 1H), 4.26-4.19 (m, 1H), 4.06-4.00 (m, 1H), 4.00-3.95 (m, 1H), 3.80 (dd, J=10.3, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.77-3.66 (m, 3H), 3.09 (dd, J=8.1, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.00 (dd, J=16.8, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 2.72-2.62 (m, 1H), 2.44 (dd, J=16.6, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.36-2.15 (m, 3H), 2.03-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.74 (ddd, J=13.4, 8.5, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.57 (ddd, J=13.5, 7.1, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 9H), 1.06 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 9H), 1.03-1.00 (m, 12H), 0.97 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 9H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.88 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.83-0.77 (m, 6H), 0.55 (q, J=8.1 Hz, 6H), 0.26 (s, 3H), 0.25 (s, 3H), 0.1 (s, 6H),−0.02 (s, 3H),−0.04 (s, 3H); .sup.13C NMR (125 MHz, Benzene-d.sub.6) δ 207.7, 147.3, 86.9, 80.9, 78.4, 76.6, 72.2, 71.9, 70.9, 67.8, 47.3, 44.8, 38.7, 38.6, 34.5, 28.6, 25.9, 25.7, 18.3, 18.1, 18.0, 17.1, 15.8, 7.1, 6.8, 5.5, 4.9,−4.3,−4.6,−4.7,−5.2, −5.4,−5.5; IR (neat) v 2954, 2928, 2856, 1713, 1471, 1462, 1361, 1252, 1078, 1005, 835, 775, 740; HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C.sub.48H.sub.101INaO.sub.7Si.sub.5 [M+Na].sup.+: 1079.5336, found 1079.5275.

EQUIVALENTS AND SCOPE

(361) In the claims articles such as “a,” “an,” and “the” may mean one or more than one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. Claims or descriptions that include “or” between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. The invention includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. The invention includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.

(362) Furthermore, the invention encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, and descriptive terms from one or more of the listed claims is introduced into another claim. For example, any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim. Where elements are presented as lists, e.g., in Markush group format, each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group. It should it be understood that, in general, where the invention, or aspects of the invention, is/are referred to as comprising particular elements and/or features, certain embodiments of the invention or aspects of the invention consist, or consist essentially of, such elements and/or features. For purposes of simplicity, those embodiments have not been specifically set forth in haec verba herein.

(363) It is also noted that the terms “comprising” and “containing” are intended to be open and permits the inclusion of additional elements or steps. Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore, unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values that are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value or sub-range within the stated ranges in different embodiments of the invention, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

(364) This application refers to various issued patents, published patent applications, journal articles, and other publications, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. If there is a conflict between any of the incorporated references and the instant specification, the specification shall control. In addition, any particular embodiment of the present invention that falls within the prior art may be explicitly excluded from any one or more of the claims.

(365) Because such embodiments are deemed to be known to one of ordinary skill in the art, they may be excluded even if the exclusion is not set forth explicitly herein. Any particular embodiment of the invention can be excluded from any claim, for any reason, whether or not related to the existence of prior art.

(366) Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation many equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein. The scope of the present embodiments described herein is not intended to be limited to the above Description, but rather is as set forth in the appended claims. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various changes and modifications to this description may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention, as defined in the following claims.