Method for Preparing Rapeseed Oil by Semi-solid Aqueous Enzymatic Treatment

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for preparing rapeseed oil by a semi-solid aqueous enzymatic process, belonging to the field of functional foods and health care products. The present invention first prepares a semi-solid rapeseed paste with 3.5-4.5% moisture content, which is hydrolyzed by a mixture of pectinase, cellulase and alkaline protease to extract rapeseed oil. The resulting rapeseed oil contains high levels of active ingredients including totaxin, sterol, phenols and beta-carotene. The rapeseed oil of the invention can be added into animal feeds, which helps to reduce animal blood lipid levels and body weight. It can significantly reduce the contents of total triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDC-C in the blood, and, at the same time, increases the level of HDL-C in the blood. In addition, the rapeseed oil prepared by the present invention can relieve hepatic steatosis in hyperlipemia rats.

Claims

1. A method for producing rapeseed oil by a semi-solid aqueous enzymatic process, comprising the steps of: 1) cleaning rapeseeds to remove the debris, shriveled seeds, and impurities; 2) adjusting the moisture content of the rapeseeds to 8-10 wt %; 3) pressing the rapeseeds obtained in step 2) to obtain rapeseed embryo flakes which are treated at 50 C.-70 C. to adjust the moisture content to be 3.5-4.5 wt %, and mature rapeseed flakes are thus obtained; 4) crushing the mature rapeseed flakes and sieve the crushed rapeseeds to obtain an oil-producing powder; 5) mixing the oil-producing powder and water at a mass ratio of 1:1 to make a semi-solid rapeseed paste; 6) adding 0.5% to 2% (w/w) of the total enzyme (pectinase:cellulase:alkaline protease=1:1:1, by weight) to the semi-solid rapeseed paste, and stirring and mixing at 40-60 C. for 1-2 hr; 7) centrifuging the rapeseed paste of step 6) to separate crude oil from solid residues; 8) adding water to the crude oil at 0.2-0.4 L/kg oil, and centrifuging the oil-water mixture at 40-60 C. to obtain a clear rapeseed oil; and 9) drying the clear rapeseed oil under vacuum to obtain final rapeseed oil product.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein, in the step 6), the mixing temperature is under gradient control by the following steps: keeping the temperature at 40 C. for 20-40 min, raising it to 60 C. within 20-40 min, and maintaining it at 60 C. for 20-40 min.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the mature rapeseed flakes were sieved through 4080 mesh sieve in step 4).

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the stirring speed in step 6) is 1020 rpm.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein, in step 6), the centrifugation speed used to separate the crude oil and the solid residues is 3500 rpm.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein, in step 7), the centrifugation speed used to separate the clear oil from water is 6500 rpm.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the mature rapeseed flakes were sieved through a 4080 mesh sieve in step 4); wherein the stirring speed in step 6) is 1020 rpm and the centrifugation speed used to separate the crude oil and the solid residues is 3500 rpm; and wherein the centrifugation speed used to separate the clear oil from water is 6500 rpm in step 7).

8. A rapeseed oil that is produced by the method of claim 1.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

[0026] FIG. 1. The morphology of liver tissue from rats fed with normal diet (Group A).

[0027] FIG. 2. The morphology of liver tissue from rats fed with high lard diet (Group B).

[0028] FIG. 3. The morphology of liver tissue from rats fed with refined rapeseed oil diet (Group C).

[0029] FIG. 4. The morphology of liver tissue from rats fed with cold-pressed rapeseed oil diet (Group D).

[0030] FIG. 5. The morphology of liver tissue from rats fed with hot-pressed rapeseed oil diet (Group E).

[0031] FIG. 6. The morphology of liver tissue from rats fed with rapeseed oil of the present invention (Group F).

[0032] FIG. 7. The morphology of liver tissue from rats fed with extracted rapeseed oil (Group G).

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Preparation of Rapeseed Oil by a Semi-Solid Aqueous Enzymatic Method

[0033] The preparation process was as follows:

[0034] (1) rapeseeds were cleaned to remove the debris, shriveled seeds, and impurities;

[0035] (2) the moisture content of the rapeseeds was adjusted to 8 wt %;

[0036] (3) the rapeseeds obtained in the previous step were pressed to obtain rapeseed embryo flakes which were treated at 50 C.-70 C. to adjust the moisture content to 4.5 wt %, and mature rapeseed flakes were thus obtained;

[0037] (4) the mature rapeseed flakes were crushed and sieved through a 40 mesh sieve to obtain an oil-producing powder; the oil-producing powder and water were mixed at a mass ratio of 1:1 to make a semi-solid rapeseed paste; 0.5% (w/w) of the total enzyme (pectinase:cellulase:alkaline protease=1:1:1, by weight) was added to the semi-solid rapeseed paste, and the mixture was stirred at 10 rpm, keeping the temperature at 40 C. for the first 40 minutes, raising the temperature to 60 C. within 40 minutes, and maintaining at 60 C. for another 40 minutes; the rapeseed paste was then centrifuged at 3500 rpm to separate crude oil from solid residues; finally, water was added to the crude oil at 0.2 L/kg oil, and the oil-water mixture was centrifuged at 6500 rpm, 40-60 C. to obtain the clear rapeseed oil, which was further dried under vacuum to obtain the final rapeseed oil product. No further refinement is needed.

Example 2: Preparation of Rapeseed Oil by a Second Semi-Solid Aqueous Enzymatic Method

[0038] The preparation process was as follows:

[0039] (1) rapeseeds were cleaned to remove the debris, shriveled seeds, and impurities;

[0040] (2) the moisture content of the rapeseeds was adjusted to 10 wt %;

[0041] (3) the rapeseeds obtained in the previous step were pressed to obtain rapeseed embryo flakes which were treated at 50 C.-70 C. to adjust the moisture content to be 3.5 wt %, and mature rapeseed flakes were thus obtained;

[0042] (4) the mature rapeseed flakes were crushed and sieved through a 80 mesh sieve to obtain an oil-producing powder; the oil-producing powder and water were mixed at a mass ratio of 1:1 to make a semi-solid rapeseed paste; 2% (w/w) of the total enzyme (pectinase:cellulase:alkaline protease=1:1:1, by weight) was added to the rapeseed paste, and the mixture was stirred at 10 rpm, keeping the temperature at 40 C. for the first 40 minutes, raising the temperature to 60 C. within 40 minutes, and maintaining at 60 C. for another 40 minutes; the rapeseed paste was then centrifuged at 3500 rpm to separate crude oil from solid residues; finally, water was added to the crude oil at 0.4 L/kg oil, and the oil-water mixture was centrifuged at 6500 rpm, 40-60 C. to obtain the clear rapeseed oil, which was further dried under vacuum to obtain the final rapeseed oil product. No further refinement is needed.

Example 3: Comparison of Rapeseed Oil Produced by Conventional, Low-Moisture Content, and Semi-Solid Aqueous Enzymatic Methods

[0043] The rapeseed oil was produced by conventional, low-moisture and semi-solid (Example 12) aqueous enzymatic methods, respectively. The content of tocopherol, sterol, phenols and -carotene in the resulting oil product were determined and the results were shown in Table 1.

[0044] The conventional aqueous enzymatic method: rapeseeds were crushed and water was added to the crushed rapeseeds at a mass ratio of 1:46 (rapeseeds:water), and then pectinase, cellulases, proteases were added. The enzymatic hydrolysis was performed in the aqueous phase, leaching liquid fat and oil from solid oil particles. Due to the high water content, the emulsion was easily formed between the oil and the protein solution, leading to a low yield of clear oil of only about 50%, and making it difficult for the subsequent separation and extraction.

[0045] The low-moisture aqueous enzymatic method: the pre-processing of rapeseeds was performed under a solid to liquid ratio of 1:0.10.4 (w:w), and the organic solvent was used to leach the oil and fat. The oil extraction rate (the extracted oil (the sum of clear oil and emulsified oil)/the total oil in the rapeseeds) was improved by this method as compared to the conventional method, but the residual organic solvent in the oil product can be a health concern for consumers.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Comparison of the trace components in rapeseed oil that are prepared by different methods trace components conventional low moisture water the present (ppm) water enzymatic: enzymatic invention tocopherol 498~524 567~602 672~700 sterol 4652~4872 4958~5230 5869~6000 phenols 59~67 78~129 154~170 -carotene 2.8~3.5 4.1~5.9 5.8~6.4

[0046] As shown in Table 1, the content of tocopherol, sterol, phenols and -carotene in the rapeseed oil prepared by the present invention were significantly higher than those of other methods.

Example 4. The Effects of the Extraction Process on the Yield of Rapeseed Oil

[0047] The method of Example 1 was used to prepare rapeseed oil, wherein only the ratio of oil and water in the extraction step (4) was varied. The results are shown in Table 2. The results show that using the 1:1 (crude oil:water, kg/L) extraction solution can significantly increase the clear oil yield. The clear oil yield is defined as the percentage of the clear oil mass in total oil mass of the rapeseeds.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Comparison of clear oil yields using different extraction solutions oil to water ratio in the extraction solution (kg/L) Yield of clear oil 1:0.1 85.6% 1:0.2 82.1% 1:0.5 89% 1:1 93.5% 1:2 79% 1:5 51%

[0048] The yield of clear oil=mass of clear oil/mass of total oil in rapeseed flakes (%).

Example 5. Effects of Different Rapeseed Oil Products on Hyperlipidemia Rat

[0049] Male rats (17010 g) were fed under the same condition for 7 days, 56 of which were randomly divided into 7 groups named Group AG, which were respectively fed under following conditions.

[0050] The Group A was set as control and the rats in Group A were given normal feeds. The rats in Group B were given high fat feeds containing: 68.85% normal feeds, 1% cholesterol. 0.2% sodium cholate, 20% lard, 10% egg yolk; the other 5 groups were given high fat feeds according to Group B where 10% lard was replaced with 10% rapeseed oils that were produced from different methods. The rapeseed oil was produced by refined, cold-pressed, hot-pressed and semi-solid aqueous enzymolysis (of the present invention) and solvent extraction methods, which were used in Group C, D, E, F, and G, respectively.

[0051] After 12 weeks of feeding with normal or high-fat diets, the rats in Group A-G were weighed after fasting for 12 hours. After animals being anaesthetized by chloral hydrated, the heart was punctured and the blood was collected. The supernatant of the blood was obtained by centrifugation. Biochemical indexes such as cholesterol (TC), plasma triacylglycerol (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in serum were measured using a medical kit. The liver tissue (approximately 1 cm1 cm in size) was placed in a 4% paraformaldehyde fixing solution for tissue fixation, and paraffin sections and H/E tissue staining were performed to observe the morphology of the liver tissue.

[0052] (1) Effects of Feeding Hyperlipidemia Rat with Rapeseed Oils on their Body Weight and Body Fat Percentage

[0053] As shown in Table 3, feeding rats with the rapeseed oil of the present invention can inhibit the increase of body weight and body fat percentage in hyperlipidemia rats.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Effects of feeding rapeseed oils on body weight and liver weight of hyperlipidemia rats (mean SD, n = 8) Group weight (g) Liver weight (g) A 611.1 29.2 16.83 1.18 B 675.6 38.3 31.54 5.06 C 678.7 74.1 33.95 5.02 D 670.5 37.7 31.33 3.59 E 697.4 85.9 33.81 6.21 F 650.1 48.6 29.77 3.88 G 711.7 57.3 34.59 5.89

[0054] (2) Effects of Feeding Hyperlipidemia Rats with Rapeseed Oils on their Blood Biochemical Indicators

[0055] As shown in Table 4, the TG and the TC level of the rats from Group F (rapeseed oil of the invention) were lower than those from Groups B, C, E and G. Compared with Group B, the TG and the TC level of the rats from Group F reduced 28% and 12%, respectively.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Effects of feeding hyperlipidemia rats with rapeseed oils on their blood TCH, TG levels (mean SD, n = 8) Group TC (mg/dL) TG (mg/dL) A 51.34 12.49 58.51 18.54 B 99.69 10.82 75.64 19.08 C 86.77 14.53 88.35 19.72 D 85.19 12.86 66.88 11.39 E 91.17 12.28 87.68 18.42 F 72.68 15.79 66.71 16.62 G 98.16 12.11 74.81 19.00

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Effects of feeding hyperlipidemia rats with rapeseed oils on their LDL-C, HDL-C levels (mean SD, n = 8) Group LDL-C (mg/dL) HDL-C (mg/dL) A 13.74 1.43 54.90 5.09 B 55.17 5.58 48.57 4.82 C 48.19 4.82 43.52 4.38 D 53.86 5.43 33.31 3.32 E 56.98 5.75 47.78 4.71 F 35.02 3.54 46.97 4.70 G 72.04 7.25 24.34 2.40

[0056] When the body LDL-C (commonly known as bad cholesterol) content is too high, it can deposit on the walls of the heart and brain blood vessels, leading to atherosclerosis. Table 5 shows that the LDL-C in the high-fat diet Group B was increased by 300% compared with that of the normal control Group A (P<0.05). The blood LDL-C level of rats fed with rapeseed oil of the invention (Group F) was lowest among the high fat diet groups, which is 36% lower than that in Group B. There was no significant difference in the HDL-C levels between Group B and F. Among all the high fat diet groups, the LDL-C level was the highest and the HDL-C level was the lowest in Group G.

[0057] (3) Effects of Feeding Hyperlipidemia Rats with Rapeseed Oils on their Liver Cell Histopathology

[0058] Microscopic images of liver cell histopathology in rats with different feeds are shown in FIGS. 1-7. It can be seen that the liver cells of rats with a normal diet (FIG. 1) are arranged in a radial order, and the cytoplasm is rich with clear boundaries. Among all the high fat diet groups, liver cells of rats fed with rapeseed oil of the invention (FIG. 6) are most similar to those of the normal rats in terms of the morphology, ie, the hepatocytes maintain a radially complete cell arrangement and structure. Lipid vacuoles of different sizes were found in the cytoplasm of liver cells in rats with a high fat lard diet (FIG. 2). In the rats fed with refined rapeseed oil (FIG. 3) and n-hexane extracted rapeseed oil (FIG. 7), the intracellular fat droplets in the liver cells were larger and the intercellular gaps were not clear. The intracellular fat droplets in the liver cells of rats fed with rapeseed oil made of the cold pressed (FIG. 4), the hot pressed (FIG. 5), and the aqueous enzymatic method (FIG. 6) were relatively smaller.

[0059] While the present invention has been described in some detail for purposes of clarity and understanding, one skilled in the art will appreciate that various changes in form and detail can be made without departing from the true scope of the invention. All figures, tables, appendices, patents, patent applications and publications, referred to above, are hereby incorporated by reference.