VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE CABINET VENTILATION SYSTEM, APPARATUS AND METHOD

Abstract

A variable frequency drive (VFD) cabinet ventilation system, apparatus and method is described. A VFD cabinet includes an internal air circulating closed circuit that extends through an inside of an air-to-air heat exchanger and an external air open circuit extending around an outside of the heat exchanger. The circulating internal air closed circuit extends through a chamber closed to ingress of external air, the chamber including electrical components of a VFD system. The external air open circuit makes a turn from downwards to upwards before flowing through a VFD chassis including a drive of the VFD system. A VFD cabinet ventilation method includes turning a flow of cabinet ventilation air from downwards to upwards to separate dirt from the ventilation air, passing the separated ventilation air through a VFD chassis, and circulating internal cabinet air through a closed circuit including an inside of a heat exchanger.

Claims

1. A variable frequency drive (VFD) cabinet comprising: portions defining an outside air flow path, the outside air flow path extending: from outside the VFD cabinet into the VFD cabinet through an air intake fan, from the air intake fan downwards around an outside of heat exchanger pipes between a wall of a housing of the VFD cabinet and a first vertical plate, the first vertical plate above and proximate to a floor of the VFD cabinet, flowing underneath the first vertical plate before turning upwards through a channel formed by the first vertical plate and a second vertical plate inside the housing, continuing upwards from the channel into and through a VFD chassis, and out of the VFD cabinet through a curved exit vent; and portions defining an internal air closed circuit, the internal air closed circuit extending: from a chamber within the VFD cabinet downward through a first plenum, from the first plenum through an inside of the heat exchanger pipes, from the inside of the heat exchanger pipes upward through a second plenum, and from the second plenum returning into the chamber, the chamber closed from ingress of outside air.

2. The VFD cabinet of claim 1, wherein the portions defining an outside air flow path comprise a shrouded plenum fluidly coupling an inside of the VFD chassis and the channel between the first vertical plate and the second vertical plate.

3. The VFD cabinet of claim 1, wherein the outside air flow path passes by VFD cooling fins as the outside air flow path continues upwards into and through the VFD chassis.

4. The VFD cabinet of claim 1, wherein the curved exit vent has an inlet opening that receives outside air vertically from the VFD and an exit opening that expels outside air horizontally.

5. The VFD cabinet of claim 1, wherein the curved exit vent curves about 90.

6. (canceled)

7. The VFD cabinet of claim 1, wherein the air intake fan is between the wall of the housing of the VFD cabinet and the first vertical plate.

8. The VFD cabinet of claim 7, wherein the air intake fan creates positive pressure proximate the portion of the cabinet defining the turn upwards between the first vertical plate and the second vertical plate.

9. The VFD cabinet of claim 1, wherein the chamber comprises a VFD controller and a VFD user interface, and the VFD chassis comprises a drive.

10. The VFD cabinet of claim 9, wherein the drive comprises a series of heat exchange fins exposed to the outside air flow path.

11. The VFD cabinet of claim 9, wherein the drive is operably coupled to an electric submersible pump motor.

12. The VFD cabinet of claim 1, comprising a lower chamber below the closed chamber, the lower chamber open to outside air and comprising a potted inductor and a booster fan.

13. The VFD cabinet of claim 12, wherein the booster fan is a resistor bank booster fan.

14. (canceled)

15. A variable frequency drive (VFD) cabinet comprising: an internal air closed circuit inside the VFD cabinet that extends through an inside of an air-to-air heat exchanger; an external air open circuit extending through a positive pressure fan and then around an outside of the air-to-air heat exchanger; the internal air closed circuit circulating through a chamber closed to ingress of external air, the chamber comprising electrical components of a VFD system; the external air open circuit making a 180 degree turn from downwards to upwards as the external air circuit flows underneath a vertical plate above and proximate to a floor of the VFD cabinet before flowing through a VFD chassis comprising a drive of the VFD system.

16. The VFD cabinet of claim 15, wherein the VFD chassis is fluidly coupled to a curved exit vent.

17. (canceled)

18. The VFD cabinet of claim 15, wherein the internal air flows around an outside of the VFD chassis in the chamber.

19. The VFD cabinet of claim 15, wherein the external air open circuit flows downwards through a first channel and upwards through a second channel, wherein the first channel and the second channel are separated by the vertical plate.

20. The VFD cabinet of claim 19, wherein external air flows underneath the vertical plate to travel from the first channel to the second channel.

21. The VFD cabinet of claim 19, wherein the second channel is defined by the vertical plate and a second vertical plate, the second vertical plate and a horizontal plate defining the chamber.

22. A variable frequency drive (VFD) cabinet ventilation method comprising: flowing outside air downwards through a booster fan into a VFD cabinet; boosting a pressure of the downwards flowing outside air with the booster fan; passing the downwards flowing outside air passed an outside of a heat exchanger inside the VFD cabinet; turning a flow of the downwards flowing outside air to upwards flowing outside air, the turn causing the separations of dirt from the outside air; moving the upwards flowing outside air through a VFD chassis comprising a drive before sending the upwards flowing outside air out of the VFD cabinet by guiding the outside air from an upwards flow to a horizontal flow through a curved exit vent; and circulating internal cabinet air through a closed circuit extending from a chamber and then through an inside of the heat exchanger to cool the internal cabinet air, the chamber sealed from the outside air and comprising portions of a VFD system.

23. The VFD cabinet ventilation method of claim 22, wherein turning the flow of outside air from downwards to upwards separates dirt from the outside air before the outside air moves through cooling fins within the VFD chassis.

24. The VFD cabinet ventilation method of claim 22, wherein turning the flow of the downwards flowing outside air from downwards to upwards comprises guiding the outside air around vertical plates that create air channels.

25. (canceled)

26. The VFD cabinet ventilation method of claim 22, further comprising operating an electric submersible pump (ESP) motor with the drive.

27. The VFD cabinet ventilation method of claim 26, wherein the ESP motor is downhole in a production well.

28. The VFD cabinet ventilation method of claim 26, wherein the VFD system operates the ESP motor, stores information from downhole sensors coupled to the ESP motor and interfaces with an operator of the ESP motor.

29. The VFD cabinet ventilation method of claim 22, further comprising operating a horizontal surface pump motor with the drive.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] Advantages of the present invention may become apparent to those skilled in the art with the benefit of the following detailed description and upon reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0016] FIG. 1 is schematic of airflow through a conventional packaged variable frequency drive (VFD) cabinet of the prior art.

[0017] FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a VFD cabinet of an illustrative embodiment in a production field controlling an electric submersible motor of a downhole electric submersible pump.

[0018] FIG. 2B is a perspective view of a VFD cabinet of an illustrative embodiment controlling a horizontal surface motor.

[0019] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an inside of a VFD cabinet of an illustrative embodiment illustrating airflow through the cabinet.

[0020] FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view across line 4-4 of FIG. 3 of an inside of a VFD cabinet of an illustrative embodiment.

[0021] FIG. 5 is cross sectional view across line 5-5 of FIG. 3 of a VFD cabinet of an illustrative embodiment.

[0022] FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view across line 6-6 of FIG. 3 of a VFD cabinet of an illustrative embodiment.

[0023] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an inside of a VFD cabinet of an illustrative embodiment containing an exemplary VFD system.

[0024] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a VFD chassis of an illustrative embodiment.

[0025] FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a shrouded VFD chassis of an illustrative embodiment

[0026] While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and may herein be described in detail. The drawings may not be to scale. It should be understood, however, that the embodiments described herein and shown in the drawings are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] A variable frequency drive (VFD) cabinet ventilation system, apparatus and method is described. In the following exemplary description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. It will be apparent, however, to an artisan of ordinary skill that the present invention may be practiced without incorporating all aspects of the specific details described herein. In other instances, specific features, quantities, or measurements well known to those of ordinary skill in the art have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the invention. Readers should note that although examples of the invention are set forth herein, the claims, and the full scope of any equivalents, are what define the metes and bounds of the invention.

[0028] As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms a, an and the include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a chassis includes one or more chassis.

[0029] As used in this specification and the appended claims, coupled refers to either a direct connection or an indirect connection (e.g., at least one intervening connection) between one or more objects or components. The phrase directly attached means a direct connection between objects or components.

[0030] As used in this specification and the appended claims, outside air or external air means air that originates outside the VFD cabinet and flows from outside the VFD cabinet into the VFD cabinet during normal operation of the VFD system.

[0031] As used in this specification and the appended claims, inside air or internal air means air that originates within the VFD cabinet and remains within the VFD cabinet while the VFD system is operating, except for instances when the VFD cabinet may be opened for maintenance or repairs.

[0032] As used in this specification and the appended claims, sand, dirt, and particulates are used interchangeably to mean any solid contaminant carried by outside air.

[0033] Illustrative embodiments are described in terms of a VFD packaged system operating a downhole motor of an electric submersible pump (ESP) assembly. However illustrative embodiments are not so limited and may be applicable where a VFD system operates inside a cabinet and is subject to damage from overheating and/or contamination from dirt. For example, illustrative embodiments may be employed in horizontal pumping applications, drilling applications, hydraulic pumps, extruder drive controls and/or active front end regenerative solutions.

[0034] Illustrative embodiments provide a VFD cabinet ventilation system that may reduce the risk of overheating of electrical components of a VFD system while reducing contamination from sand, dirt, and dust. Illustrative embodiments may provide a VFD cabinet that remains on average 6 F. cooler during VFD operation than conventional VFD cabinets. Illustrative embodiments may improve the flow path of air circulating through a VFD cabinet by providing a ventilation flow that simultaneously improves cooling of a VFD system inside the cabinet, employs indirect cooling within a sealed chamber and removes particulates from the ventilation flow before the air passes by sensitive VFD electrical components that may be exposed to outside air.

[0035] Illustrative embodiments include a VFD cabinet partitioned into sections by plates. The plates may isolate a clean chamber containing drive electronics and other electronics, such as DIN rails, contactors, power supplies, relays, auxiliary contacts, transformers and programmable logic controllers (PLC). The isolated chamber may be sealed, isolated and/or closed from outside air and indirectly cooled by an air-to-air heat exchanger. To create the sealed chamber, a horizontal plate may partition a VFD chassis from a potted inductor inside the cabinet housing. In addition, a pair of parallel, vertical plates may separate the VFD chassis from an air intake fan. An air-cooled heat exchanger and a set of plenums creates a closed circuit of clean air within the sealed chamber of the cabinet.

[0036] Illustrative embodiments may include a distinct flow path for outside air. The pair of vertical plates may direct outside air to flow downwards and first make a 180 turn from downwards to upwards before the outside air enters the VFD chassis. The turn from downward flow to upward flow may cause sand, dirt and other particulates to separate from the ventilating air before the outside air passes through a shrouded plenum and into the VFD chassis. Once inside the VFD chassis, the outside air may continue through a passageway in the drive that routes the air through VFD cooling fins. After passing through the VFD chassis, the outside air may exit the cabinet through a curved exhaust vent that may encourage laminar flow. A booster fan at the cabinet's intake may create positive pressure between the pair of vertical plates, assisting the air to flow upwards against gravity and create the turn that may cause particulates to be removed from the outside air. The bottom of the cabinet may include a pallet that can be used to easily lift the cabinet with a forklift or pallet jack for easy positioning.

[0037] FIG. 2A illustrates an electric submersible pump (ESP) assembly including a VFD cabinet of an illustrative embodiment. As shown in FIG. 2A, ESP assembly 200 is located downhole in production well 205. ESP assembly 200 may be vertical as shown in FIG. 2A, or maybe horizontally arranged, such as for example in a steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) application. Production well 205 may include oil, heavy crude oil, bitumen, natural gas and/or water, for example, and may be located in an outdoor and/or remote location. ESP motor 210 may be an electric motor that operates to turn multi-stage centrifugal pump 215. ESP motor 210 be a two-pole, three-phase squirrel cage induction motor. Power cable 220 may connect ESP motor 210 to VFD system 700 (shown in FIG. 7) inside cabinet 230 at well surface 225.

[0038] FIG. 2B illustrates a horizontal surface pump assembly including a VFD cabinet of an illustrative embodiment. Horizontal surface pump assembly 275 may be mounted on skid 280 and include surface motor 255 that may operate to turn horizontal centrifugal pump 270. Thrust chamber 260 and/or intake 265 may be between surface motor 255 and horizontal centrifugal pump 270. Power cable 220 may connect horizontal motor 255 to VFD system 700 within cabinet 230.

[0039] A VFD system may reside inside cabinet 230 on well surface 225 and/or proximate horizontal surface pump assembly 275 in an outdoor, hot and/or sandy location. FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary VFD system 700 inside cabinet 230 of an illustrative embodiment. VFD system 700 may include one or more drives 605 (shown in FIG. 6) that reside inside chassis 450, VFD controller 705, user interface 610 (shown in FIG. 4) as well as other electrical connections, PLCs and/or computers that together allow VFD system 700 to control ESP motor 210 and/or surface motor 255, interact with an operator and/or store information from downhole sensors 235. Returning to FIGS. 2A-2B, power cable 220 may provide power to ESP motor 210 and/or horizontal motor 255 and electrically couple ESP motor 210 and/or horizontal motor 255 to VFD system 700, allowing an operator and/or VFD controller 705 to adjust the speed of ESP motor 210 and/or horizontal motor 255. Cabinet 230 may be metal and/or plastic and surround VFD system 700 on all sides, shielding the electrical components inside cabinet 230 from dirt and weather. Access window 240 in cabinet 230 may provide operator access to VFD system's user interface 610. Junction box 245 may be included on cabinet 230 and may house a portion of the electrical connections for VFD system 700. Base of cabinet 230 may include pallet 250. Pallet 250 may support cabinet 230 and may include openings such that cabinet 230 may be lifted and/or moved by a forklift or pallet jack.

[0040] FIG. 4 illustrates the inside of VFD cabinet 230 of an illustrative embodiment. As shown in FIG. 4, plates may partition the inside of cabinet 230 and provide pathways for guided airflow. Cabinet 230 may generally be rectangular in shape, with cabinet 230 enclosed on all sides. Housing 455 may surround cabinet 230 on four sides and include wall 400. Ceiling 495 and floor 430 may enclose the top and bottom of cabinet 230. Wall 400, may include intake vent 405 having louvers 410 to allow entry of outside air into cabinet 230 and/or to the inside of housing 455. As illustrated in FIG. 4, housing wall 400 including intake vent 405 is located on the backside of housing 455 opposite access window 240. An intake pressure fan 415 may be secured behind (inward of) intake vent 405. Intake pressure fan 415 may be a booster fan that creates positive pressure between first vertical plate 420 and second vertical plate 425. First vertical plate 420 and second vertical plate 425 may extend vertically and/or parallel to wall 400. First vertical plate 420 may extend from proximate intake pressure fan 415 towards floor 430, stopping short of floor 430, such as hovering one, two or a few inches above of floor 430. First vertical plate 420 may be secured to and extend between the two sides of housing 455 perpendicular to and/or adjacent wall 400. First vertical plate 420 and wall 400 may be on opposite sides of intake pressure fan 415, creating a space that forms downward air channel 435 between first vertical plate 420 and wall 400.

[0041] Second vertical plate 425 may extend parallel to first vertical plate 420 from ceiling 495 towards floor 430, but stop a few inches short of floor 430, such as by hovering one, two or a few inches above floor 430. Second vertical plate 425 may be supported by, support and/or attach to sides of housing 455 adjacent wall 400, ceiling 495, horizontal plate 440 and/or shroud 445 surrounding VFD chassis 450. Second vertical plate 425 may include apertures to allow one or more exhaust vents 480 to extend through second vertical plate 425. Horizontal plate 440 may extend between second vertical plate 425 and the front side of housing 455 and/or the side of housing 455 opposite housing wall 400. Together housing 455, horizontal plate 440, floor 430 and second vertical plate 425 may define lower chamber 460. Lower chamber 460 may include potted inductor 465 and booster exit fan 470. Air circulated by booster exit fan 470 may exit cabinet 230 through exit booster fan vent 710 (shown in FIG. 5). In some embodiments, booster exit fan 470 may be a resistor bank booster fan. The space between first horizontal plate 420 and second horizontal plate may form upward air channel 475.

[0042] Shroud 445 may be polycarbonate or another material with similar heat conduction, strength and/or toughness properties, and may be optically transparent. Shroud 445 may surround or partially surround VFD chassis 450. FIG. 9 illustrates shroud 445 of an illustrative embodiment. As shown in FIG. 9 and FIG. 4, shroud 445 may seal the space between the air exit of upward air channel 475 and the entrance to VFD chassis 450. Shroud 445 may form an intake plenum into VFD chassis 450, channeling air from upward air channel 475 into VFD chassis 450. Shroud 445 may extend upwards from horizontal plate 440 and outwards from second vertical plate 425. Shroud 445 may secure around the sides of VFD chassis 450 to connect to second vertical plate 425 that extends behind VFD chassis 450. Shroud 445 may enclose the area between horizontal plate 440 and VFD chassis 450 to form a shrouded air plenum between the air exit of upward air channel 475 and the inside of VFD chassis 450. As shown in FIG. 9, shroud 445 encloses two VFD chassis 450.

[0043] Turning to FIG. 8, VFD chassis 450 may house drive 605 (shown in FIG. 6) of VFD system 700 and chassis fan 485. After passing through VFD chassis 450, exhaust vent 480 may guide outside air to exit cabinet 230. Exhaust vent 480 may gently curve from vertical to horizontal to encourage laminar flow of outside air 300. FIG. 8 may best illustrate the curvature of exhaust vent 480. As outside air 300 exits exhaust vent 480, exhaust vent 480 may gently guide air outside by creating a curved flow path, rather than outside air 300 bouncing off of ceiling 495. Exhaust vent 480 may curve and/or arc 90 or about 90 accepting air vertically at air entry opening 800, and expelling air horizontally at air exit opening 805 of exhaust vent 480. The sloping curvature of exhaust vent 480 may reduce turbulence and the instance of vacuum formation inside cabinet 230. Upper chamber 490 may be sealed from lower chamber 460 and defined by horizontal plate 440, second vertical plate 425 and housing 455. Upper chamber 490 may contain drive 605 electronics and other electronics included in VFD system 700 such as DIN Rails, contactors, power supplies, relays, auxiliary contacts, transformers, and PLC's.

[0044] FIG. 3 and FIG. 5 illustrate airflow channels formed within a packaged VFD cabinet of illustrative embodiments. Two primary air channels, flow paths and/or pathways are illustrated in FIG. 3 and in FIG. 5, one channel for outside air 300, and one channel for internal air 320. Turning to FIG. 3, outside air 300 may enter cabinet 230 through intake vent 405 (shown in FIG. 4) and be pressurized by intake pressure fan 415 at outside air flow path location 300a. Outside air may then flow downwards through downward air channel 435 at outside air flow path location 300b. As outside air 300 flows downward through downward air channel 435, it may pass by the outside of air-to-air heat exchanger 305, cooling the outside of pipes 310 of heat exchanger 305. Near floor 430, outside air 300, may then travel underneath first vertical plate 420 through space 500, and turn from flowing downwards to flowing upwards at outside air flow path location 300c. Intake pressure fan 415 may create a high pressure area proximate outside air flow path location 300c and/or between first vertical plate 420 and wall 400, encouraging outside air to make the 180 turn. As outside air turns from flowing downwards to flowing upwards, dirt 715 carried by outside air 300 may separate out of outside air 300 and fall to floor 430.

[0045] Outside air 300 may then flow upwards between first vertical plate 420 and second vertical plate 425 through upward air channel 475 (shown in FIG. 4) at outside air flow path location 300d. With dirt 715 having fallen out of outside air 300, outside air 300 may then flow inside shroud 445 and inside VFD chassis 450 at outside air flow path location 300e. As illustrated in FIG. 8, a passageway in the drive may route outside air through cooling fins 810. Cooling fins 810 may be the only portion of drive 605 that contacts outside air 300. Chassis fan 485 inside chassis 450 may continue to accelerate outside air 300 upwards through curved exhaust tubes 315 of exhaust vent 480 at outside air flow path location 300f. Outside air 300 may then be returned outside VFD cabinet 230 at outside air flow path location 300g. Because there is space 500 between floor 430 and second vertical plate 425, some outside air 300 passes by potted inductor 465 in lower chamber 460 at outside air flow path location 300h. This outside air 300 may cool potted inductor 465 and/or other components inside lower chamber 460, and then exit cabinet 230 through booster exit fan 470 and booster exit fan 470 vents 710.

[0046] A distinct channel for inside air may also be formed within packaged VFD cabinet 230. Internal air 320 may remain separated from outside air 300 during normal operation of VFD system 700 (i.e., other than during setup, breakdown, or in maintenance or repair periods). As shown in FIG. 3, internal air 320 may be located inside upper chamber 490. Internal air 320 may circulate in closed circuit 600 inside cabinet 230. As shown in FIG. 3, internal air 320 may be located within upper chamber 490. From upper chamber 490, internal air 320 may flow downward through first plenum 325. First plenum 325 and second plenum 330 may extend vertically and be connected on a bottom end by heat exchanger 305. Pipes 310 of heat exchanger 305 may extend between the inside of first plenum 325 and the inside of second plenum 330. Internal air 320 may flow downward through first plenum 325, through the inside of pipes 310, and then upward through second plenum 330. From second plenum 330, internal air may return to upper chamber 490, completing closed circuit 600 through which internal air 320 may flow. In some embodiments, the direction of flow of internal air 320 may be reversed and/or first plenum 325 and second plenum 330 may be connected on a top end by heat exchanger 305. Internal air 320 may remain isolated from external air 300 throughout its closed circuit 600. Electrical components inside upper chamber 490 may thus remain clean as upper chamber 490 is not exposed to outside air 300 or any particulates such as dirt 715 that may be contained therein.

[0047] FIG. 6 illustrates internal air closed circuit 600 of an illustrative embodiment. Internal air 320 may flow through the inside of pipes 310, whereas outside air 300 may flow around the outside of pipes 310 thereby transferring heat between internal air 320 and outside air 300. Heat may be exchanged between outside air 300 and internal air 320 through heat exchanger pipes 310, cooling internal air 320. The cooled internal air 320 may flow through upper chamber 490 and around shroud 445 and/or VFD chassis 450, cooling VFD chassis 450 from the outside and electrical components inside upper chamber 490. One or more drives 605 may reside within chassis 450. Drives 605 may benefit from cooling ventilation resulting from outside air 300 flowing through fins 810 and/or chassis 450, as well as inside air 300 flowing around the outside of shroud 445 and/or the outside of chassis 450 within upper chamber 490.

[0048] Illustrative embodiments may improve cooling within a VFD cabinet, while reducing contamination from dirt inside the cabinet. Illustrative embodiments may provide an isolated clean chamber that houses a VFD controller, VFD user interface, PLCs and other electrical components of the VFD system. Air within the clean chamber may circulate in a closed circuit in heat exchange with cooling outside air. Outside air may be directed through a labyrinth of one or more turns that causes sand, dirt and other particulates to be removed from outside air before the outside air flows through the VFD chassis that contains the drive, to cool the drive. The drive may include a passageway of fins exposed to the outside air that cool the drive. After flowing through the VFD chassis, outside air may be guided out of the cabinet through curved exhaust vents that encourage laminar flow of outside air through the cabinet.

[0049] A VFD cabinet ventilation system and apparatus has been described. Further modifications and alternative embodiments of various aspects of the invention may be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the general manner of carrying out the invention. It is to be understood that the forms of the invention shown and described herein are to be taken as the presently preferred embodiments. Elements and materials may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein, parts and processes may be reversed, and certain features of the invention may be utilized independently, all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the invention. Changes may be made in the elements described herein without departing from the scope and range of equivalents as described in the following claims. In addition, it is to be understood that features described herein independently may, in certain embodiments, be combined.