High-strength cold-rolled steel sheet having excellent local deformability

Abstract

This high-strength cold-rolled steel sheet contains, in mass %, C: 0.02% to 0.20%; Si: 0.001% to 2.5%; Mn: 0.01% to 4.0%; P: 0.001% to 0.15%; S: 0.0005% to 0.03%; Al: 0.001% to 2.0%; N: 0.0005% to 0.01%; and O: 0.0005% to 0.01%; in which Si+Al is limited to less than 1.0%, and a balance being composed of iron and inevitable impurities, in which an area ratio of bainite in a metal structure is 95% or more, at a sheet thickness center portion being a range of to in sheet thickness from the surface of the steel sheet, an average value of pole densities of the {100}<011> to {223}<110> orientation group is 4.0 or less, and a pole density of the {332}<113> crystal orientation is 5.0 or less, and a mean volume diameter of crystal grains in the metal structure is 7 m or less.

Claims

1. A high-strength cold-rolled steel sheet having excellent local deformability comprising: in mass %, C: not less than 0.02% nor more than 0.20%; Si: not less than 0.001% nor more than 2.5%; Mn: not less than 0.01% nor more than 4.0%; P: not less than 0.001% nor more than 0.15%; S: not less than 0.0005% nor more than 0.03%; Al: not less than 0.001% nor more than 2.0%; N: not less than 0.0005% nor more than 0.01%; and O: not less than 0.0005% nor more than 0.01%; in which Si+Al is limited to less than 1.0%, and a balance being composed of iron and inevitable impurities, wherein an area ratio of bainite in a metal structure is 95% or more, at a sheet thickness center portion being a range of to in sheet thickness from the surface of the steel sheet, an average value of pole densities of the {100}<011> to {223}<110> orientation group represented by respective crystal orientations of {100}<011>, {116}<110>, {114}<110>, {113}<110>, {112}<110>, {335}<110>, and {223}<110> is 4.0 or less, and a pole density of the {332}<113> crystal orientation is 5.0 or less, and a mean volume diameter of crystal grains in the metal structure is 7 m or less.

2. The high-strength cold-rolled steel sheet having excellent local deformability according to claim 1, wherein to crystal grains of the bainite, a ratio of the crystal grains in which a ratio of a length dL in a rolling direction to a length dt in a sheet thickness direction: dL/dt is 3.0 or less is 50% or more.

3. The high-strength cold-rolled steel sheet having excellent local deformability according to claim 1, further comprising: one type or two or more types of, in mass %, Ti: not less than 0.001% nor more than 0.20%, Nb: not less than 0.001% nor more than 0.20%, V: not less than 0.001% nor more than 1.0%, and W: not less than 0.001% nor more than 1.0%.

4. The high-strength cold-rolled steel sheet having excellent local deformability according to claim 1, further comprising: one type or two or more types of, in mass %, B: not less than 0.0001% nor more than 0.0050%, Mo: not less than 0.001% nor more than 1.0%, Cr: not less than 0.001% nor more than 2.0%, Cu: not less than 0.001% nor more than 2.0%, Ni: not less than 0.001% nor more than 2.0%, Co: not less than 0.0001% nor more than 1.0%, Sn: not less than 0.0001% nor more than 0.2%, Zr: not less than 0.0001% nor more than 0.2%, and As: not less than 0.0001% nor more than 0.50%.

5. The high-strength cold-rolled steel sheet having excellent local deformability according to claim 1, further comprising: one type or two or more types of, in mass %, Mg: not less than 0.0001% nor more than 0.010%, REM: not less than 0.0001% nor more than 0.1%, and Ca: not less than 0.0001% nor more than 0.010%.

6. The high-strength cold-rolled steel sheet having excellent local deformability according to claim 1, wherein on the surface, a hot-dip galvanized layer or an alloyed hot-dip galvanized layer is provided.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows the relationship between an average value of pole densities of the {100}<011> to {223}<110> orientation group and a sheet thickness/a minimum bend radius;

(2) FIG. 2 shows the relationship between a pole density of the {332}<113> crystal orientation and the sheet thickness/the minimum bend radius;

(3) FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the number of times of rolling at 40% or more in rough rolling and an austenite grain diameter in the rough rolling;

(4) FIG. 4 shows the relationship between a reduction ratio at T1+30 to T1+200 C. and the average value of the pole densities of the {100}<011> to {223}<110> orientation group;

(5) FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the reduction ratio at Ti+30 to T1+200 C. and the pole density of the {332}<113> crystal orientation;

(6) FIG. 6 is an explanatory view of a continuous hot rolling line;

(7) FIG. 7 shows the relationship between strength and hole expandability of present invention steels and comparative steels; and

(8) FIG. 8 shows the relationship between the strength and bendability of the present invention steels and the comparative steels.

MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

(9) Hereinafter, the contents of the present invention will be explained in detail.

(10) (Crystal Orientation)

(11) First, there will be explained an average value of pole densities of the {100}<011> to {223}<110> orientation group and a pole density of the {332}<113> crystal orientation at a sheet thickness center portion being a range of to in sheet thickness from a surface of a steel sheet.

(12) In a cold-rolled steel sheet of the present invention, an average value of pole densities of the {100}<011> to {223}<110> orientation group and a pole density of the {332}<113> crystal orientation at a sheet thickness center portion being a range of to in sheet thickness from the surface of the steel sheet are particularly important characteristic values.

(13) As shown in FIG. 1, when X-ray diffraction is performed at the sheet thickness center portion being the range of to in sheet thickness from the surface of the steel sheet to obtain pole densities of respective orientations, the average value of the pole densities of the {100}<011> to {223}<110> orientation group is less than 4.0 and it is possible to satisfy a sheet thickness/a bend radius 1.5 that is required to work a framework part to be required recently. Additionally, when in a steel structure, 95% or more of a bainite fraction is satisfied, the sheet thickness/the bend radius 2.5 is satisfied. When hole expandability and small limited bendability are required, the average value of the pole densities of the {100}<011> to {223}<110> orientation group is desirably less than 3.0.

(14) When this value is 4.0 or more, anisotropy of mechanical properties of the steel sheet becomes strong extremely, and further local deformability only in a certain direction is improved, but a material in a direction different from it deteriorates significantly, resulting in that it becomes impossible to satisfy the sheet thickness/the bend radius 1.5. On the other hand, when this value becomes less than 0.5, which is difficult to be achieved in a current general continuous hot rolling process, the deterioration of the local deformability is concerned.

(15) The {100}<011>, {116}<110>, {114}<110>, {113}<110>, {112}<110>, {335}<110>, and {223}<110> orientations are included in this orientation group.

(16) The pole density is synonymous with an X-ray random intensity ratio. The pole density (X-ray random intensity ratio) is a numerical value obtained by measuring X-ray intensities of a standard sample not having accumulation in a specific orientation and a test sample under the same conditions by X-ray diffractometry or the like and dividing the obtained X-ray intensity of the test sample by the X-ray intensity of the standard sample. This pole density can be measured by any one of X-ray diffraction, an EBSP (Electron Back Scattering Pattern) method, and an ECP (Electron Channeling Pattern) method.

(17) As for the pole density of the {100}<011> to {223}<110> orientation group, for example, pole densities of respective orientations of {100}<011>, {116}<110>, {114}<110>, {112}<110>, and {223}<110> are obtained from a three-dimensional texture (ODF) calculated by a series expansion method using a plurality (preferably three or more) of pole figures out of pole figures of {110}, {100}, {211}, and {310} measured by the method, and these pole densities are arithmetically averaged, and thereby the pole density of the above-described orientation group is obtained. Incidentally, when it is impossible to obtain the intensities of all the above-described orientations, the arithmetic average of the pole densities of the respective orientations of {100}<011>, {116}<110>, {114}<110>, {112}<110>, and {223}<110> may also be used as a substitute.

(18) For example, for the pole density of each of the above-described crystal orientations, each of intensities of (001)[1-10], (116)[1-10], (114)[1-10], (113)[1-10], (112)[1-10], (335)[1-10], and (223)[1-10] at a 2=45 cross-section in the three-dimensional texture may be used as it is.

(19) Further, due to the similar reason, the pole density of the {332}<113> crystal orientation of the sheet plane at the sheet thickness center portion being the range of to in sheet thickness from the surface of the steel sheet has to be 5.0 or less as shown in FIG. 2. As long as it is 3.0 or less desirably, the sheet thickness/the bend radius 1.5 that is required to work a framework part to be required recently is satisfied. Additionally, when in the steel structure, 95% or more of the bainite fraction is satisfied, the sheet thickness/the bend radius 2.5 is satisfied. On the other hand, when the pole density of the {332}<113> crystal orientation is greater than 5.0, the anisotropy of the mechanical properties of the steel sheet becomes strong extremely, and further the local deformability only in a certain direction is improved, but the material in a direction different from it deteriorates significantly, resulting in that it becomes impossible to securely satisfy the sheet thickness/the bend radius 1.5. Further, when the pole density becomes less than 0.5, which is difficult to be achieved in a current general continuous hot rolling process, the deterioration of the local deformability is concerned.

(20) The reason why the pole densities of the above-described crystal orientations are important for shape freezing property at the time of bending working is not necessarily obvious, but is inferentially related to slip behavior of crystal at the time of bending deformation.

(21) With regard to the sample to be subjected to the X-ray diffraction, EBSP method, or ECP method, the steel sheet is reduced in thickness to a predetermined sheet thickness from the surface by mechanical polishing or the like. Next, strain is removed by chemical polishing, electrolytic polishing, or the like, and the sample is fabricated in such a manner that in the range of to in sheet thickness, an appropriate plane becomes a measuring plane. For example, on a steel piece in a size of 30 mm cut out from the position of W or W of the sheet width W, grinding with fine finishing (centerline average roughness Ra: 0.4a to 1.6a) is performed. Next, by chemical polishing or electrolytic polishing, strain is removed, and the sample to be subjected to the X-ray diffraction is fabricated. With regard to the sheet width direction, the steel piece is desirably taken from, of the steel sheet, the position of or from an end portion.

(22) As a matter of course, the pole density satisfies the above-described pole density limited range not only at the sheet thickness center portion being the range of to in sheet thickness from the surface of the steel sheet, but also at as many thickness positions as possible, and thereby local ductility performance (local elongation) is further improved. However, the range of to from the surface of the steel sheet is measured, to thereby make it possible to represent the material property of the entire steel sheet generally. Thus, to of the sheet thickness is prescribed as the measuring range.

(23) Incidentally, the crystal orientation represented by {hkl}<uvw> means that the normal direction of the steel sheet plane is parallel to <hkl> and the rolling direction is parallel to <uvw>. With regard to the crystal orientation, normally, the orientation vertical to the sheet plane is represented by [hkl] or {hkl} and the orientation parallel to the rolling direction is represented by (uvw) or <uvw>. {hkl} and <uvw> are generic terms for equivalent planes, and [hkl] and (uvw) each indicate an individual crystal plane. That is, in the present invention, a body-centered cubic structure is targeted, and thus, for example, the (111), (111), (1-11), (11-1), (1-11), (11-1), (1-1-1), and (1-1-1) planes are equivalent to make it impossible to make them different. In such a case, these orientations are generically referred to as {111}. In an ODF representation, [hkl](uvw) is also used for representing orientations of other low symmetric crystal structures, and thus it is general to represent each orientation as [hkl](uvw), but in the present invention, [hkl](uvw) and {hkl}<uvw> are synonymous with each other. The measurement of crystal orientation by an X ray is performed according to the method described in, for example, Cullity, Elements of X-ray Diffraction, new edition (published in 1986, translated by MATSUMURA, Gentaro, published by AGNE Inc.) on pages 274 to 296.

(24) (Mean Volume Diameter of Crystal Grains)

(25) The present inventors earnestly examined texture control of a hot-rolled steel sheet. As a result, it was found that under the condition that a texture is controlled as described above, the effect of crystal grains in a grain unit on the local ductility is extremely large and the crystal grains are made fine, thereby making it possible to obtain drastic improvement of the local ductility. Incidentally, as described above, the grain unit of the crystal grains is determined in a manner that the position at which a misorientation exceeds 15 is set as a boundary of crystal grains in an analysis of orientations of the steel sheet by the EBSP.

(26) As above, the reason why the local ductility improves is not obvious. However, it is conceivably because when the texture of the steel sheet is randomized and the crystal grains are made fine, local strain concentration to occur in micron order is suppressed, homogenization of deformation is increased, and strain is dispersed uniformly in micron order.

(27) As there are more large crystal grains even though the number of them is small, the deterioration of the local ductility becomes larger. Therefore, the size of the crystal grains is not an ordinary size mean, and a mean volume diameter defined as a weighted mean of volume is strongly correlated with the local ductility. In order to obtain this effect, the mean volume diameter of the crystal grains needs to be 7 m or less. It is desirably 5 m or less in order to secure the hole expandability at a higher level. Incidentally, the method of measuring crystal grains is set as described previously.

(28) (Equiaxial Property of Crystal Grains)

(29) As a result of further pursuit of the local ductility, the present inventors also found that when equiaxial property of the crystal grains is excellent on the condition that the above-described texture and the size of the crystal grains are satisfied, the local ductility improves. As an index indicating this equiaxial property, with respect to the crystal grains expressed by the grain unit, a ratio of the grains excellent in equiaxial property in which dL/dt, being a ratio of, of the crystal grains, a length dL in a cold rolling direction to a length dt in a sheet thickness direction, is 3.0 or less needs to be at least 50% or more to all the bainite grains.

(30) (Chemical Composition)

(31) Subsequently, there will be described limiting conditions of components. Incidentally, % of each content is mass %.

(32) C: not less than 0.02% nor more than 0.20%

(33) The lower limit of C is set to 0.02% in order to have 95% or more of bainite in the steel structure. Further, C is an element increasing strength, to thus be preferably set to 0.025% or more in order to secure the strength. On the other hand, when the C content exceeds 0.20%, weldability is sometimes impaired, and workability sometimes deteriorates extremely due to an increase in a hard structure, and thus the upper limit is set to 0.20%. Further, when the C content exceeds 0.10%, formability deteriorates, so that the C content is preferably set to 0.10% or less.

(34) Si: not less than 0.001% nor more than 2.5%

(35) Si is an element effective for increasing mechanical strength of the steel sheet, but when Si becomes greater than 2.5%, the workability deteriorates and a surface flaw occurs, so that this is set to the upper limit. Further, when the Si content is large, a chemical conversion treatment property decreases, so that Si is preferably set to 1.20% or less. On the other hand, it is difficult to set Si to less than 0.001% in a practical steel, so that this is set to the lower limit.

(36) Mn: not less than 0.01% nor more than 4.0%

(37) Mn is also an element effective for increasing the mechanical strength of the steel sheet, but when Mn becomes greater than 4.0%, the workability deteriorates, so that this is set to the upper limit. On the other hand, it is difficult to set Mn to less than 0.01% in a practical steel, so that this is set to the lower limit. Further, when elements such as Ti that suppress occurrence of hot cracking caused by S are not sufficiently added except Mn, the Mn amount satisfying Mn/S20 in mass % is desirably added. Further, Mn is an element that, with an increase in the content, expands an austenite region temperature to a low temperature side, improves hardenability, and facilitates formation of a continuous cooling transformation structure having excellent burring workability. This effect is not easily exhibited when the Mn content is less than 1%, so that 1% or more is desirably added.

(38) P: not less than 0.001% nor more than 0.15%

(39) S: not less than 0.0005% nor more than 0.03%

(40) With regard to the upper limits of P and S, P is set to 0.15% or less and S is set to 0.03% or less respectively. This is to prevent deterioration of the workability and cracking at the time of hot rolling or cold rolling. With regard to the lower limits of P and S, P is set to 0.001% and S is set to 0.0005%, as values applicable in current general refining (including secondary refining).

(41) Al: not less than 0.001% nor more than 2.0%

(42) For deoxidation, 0.001% or more of Al is added. When deoxidation is needed sufficiently, 0.01% or more is preferably added. Further, Al is also an element significantly increasing a to transformation point. However, when it is too much, the weldability deteriorates, so that the upper limit is set to 2.0%. It is preferably set to 1.0% or less.

(43) N: not less than 0.0005% nor more than 0.01%

(44) O: not less than 0.0005% nor more than 0.01%

(45) N and O are impurities, and are both set to 0.01% or less in order to prevent the workability from deteriorating. The lower limits of the both elements are set to 0.0005% that is applicable in current general refining (including secondary refining). However, they are preferably set to 0.001% or more in order to suppress an extreme increase in steelmaking cost.

(46) Si+Al: less than 1.0%

(47) When Si and Al are contained excessively, cementite precipitation during an overaging treatment is suppressed and the fraction of retained austenite becomes too large, so that the total added amount of Si and Al is set to less than 1%.

(48) Ti: not less than 0.001% nor more than 0.20%

(49) Nb: not less than 0.001% nor more than 0.20%

(50) V: not less than 0.001% nor more than 1.0%

(51) W: not less than 0.001% nor more than 1.0%

(52) Further, when the strength is obtained by precipitation strengthening, it is preferred to generate fine carbonitride. For obtaining precipitation strengthening, it is effective to add Ti, Nb, V, and W, and one type or two or more types of them may be contained.

(53) In order to obtain this effect by adding Ti, Nb, V, and W, it is necessary to add 0.001% of Ti, 0.001% of Nb, 0.001% or more of V, and 0.001% or more of W. When the precipitation strengthening is particularly needed, it is desired to add 0.01% or more of Ti, 0.005% or more of Nb, 0.01% or more of V, and 0.01% or more of W. However, even when they are added excessively, the strength increase is saturated, and additionally recrystallization after hot rolling is suppressed, to thereby make it difficult to perform crystal orientation control after cold rolling annealing, so that Ti needs to be set to 0.20% or less, Nb needs to be set to 0.20% or less, V needs to be set to 1.0% or less, and W needs to be set to 1.0% or less.

(54) B: not less than 0.0001% nor more than 0.0050%

(55) Mo: not less than 0.001% nor more than 1.0%

(56) Cr: not less than 0.001% nor more than 2.0%

(57) Cu: not less than 0.001% nor more than 2.0%

(58) Ni: not less than 0.001% nor more than 2.0%

(59) Co: not less than 0.0001% nor more than 1.0%

(60) Sn: not less than 0.0001% nor more than 0.2%

(61) Zr: not less than 0.0001% nor more than 0.2%

(62) As: not less than 0.0001% nor more than 0.50%

(63) When the strength is secured by increasing the hardenability of the structure to perform second phase control, it is effective to add one type or two or more types of B, Mo, Cr, Cu, Ni, Co, Sn, Zr, and As. In order to obtain this effect, it is necessary to add 0.0001% or more of B, 0.001% or more of each of Mo, Cr, Cu, and Ni, and 0.0001% or more of each of Co, Sn, Zr, and As. However, when they are added excessively, the workability is deteriorated by contraries, so that the upper limit of B is set to 0.0050%, the upper limit of Mo is set to 1.00%, the upper limit of each of Cr, Cu, and Ni is set to 2.0%, the upper limit of Co is set to 1.0%, the upper limit of each of Sn and Zr is set to 0.2%, and the upper limit of As is set to 0.50%.

(64) Mg: not less than 0.0001% nor more than 0.010%

(65) REM: not less than 0.0001% nor more than 0.1%

(66) Ca: not less than 0.0001% nor more than 0.010%

(67) Mg, REM, and Ca are important elements to be added for improving local formability and making inclusions harmless. In order to obtain this effect, the lower limit of each of them is set to 0.0001%. On the other hand, excessive additions lead to deterioration of cleanliness, so that 0.010% is set as the upper limit of Mg, 0.1% is set as the upper limit of REM, and 0.010% is set as the upper limit of Ca.

(68) (Metal Structure)

(69) Next, there will be explained a metal structure of the cold-rolled steel sheet of the present invention.

(70) The metal structure of the cold-rolled steel sheet of the present invention has a bainite area ratio of 95% or more and is preferably a bainite single phase. This is because the metal structure is composed of bainite, thereby making it possible to achieve the strength and the hole expandability. Further, this structure is generated by transformation at relatively high temperature, to thus have no necessity to be cooled down to low temperature when being manufactured, and is a preferred structure also in terms of material stability and productivity.

(71) As the balance, 5% or less of pro-eutectoid ferrite, pearlite, martensite, and retained austenite is allowed. Pro-eutectoid ferrite has no problem as long as it is precipitation-strengthened sufficiently, but pro-eutectoid ferrite sometimes becomes soft depending on the chemical composition, and when the area ratio becomes greater than 5%, the hole expandability slightly decreases due to hardness difference from bainite. Further, when an area ratio of pearlite becomes greater than 5%, the strength and the workability sometimes deteriorate. When area ratios of martensite and retained austenite to be strain-induced transformed to martensite become 1% or more and greater than 5% respectively, an interface between bainite and a structure harder than bainite becomes a starting point of cracking and the hole expandability deteriorates.

(72) Thus, as long as the area ratio of bainite is set to 95% or more, the area ratio of pro-eutectoid ferrite, pearlite, martensite, and retained being the balance becomes 5% or less, so that the strength and the hole expandability are well balanced. However, it is necessary to set martensite to less than 1% as described above.

(73) Here, bainite in the present invention is a microstructure defined as a continuous cooling transformation structure (Zw) positioned at an intermediate stage between a microstructure containing polygonal ferrite and pearlite to be generated by a diffusive mechanism and martensite to be generated by a non-diffusive shearing mechanism, as is described in The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Society of basic research, Bainite Research Committee/Edition; Recent Research on Bainitic Microstructures and Transformation Behavior of Low Carbon SteelsFinal Report of Bainite Research Committee (in 1994, The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan).

(74) That is, the continuous cooling transformation structure (Zw) is defined as a microstructure mainly composed of Bainitic ferrite ( .sub.B), Granular bainitic ferrite (.sub.B), and Quasi-polygonal ferrite (.sub.q), and further containing a small amount of retained austenite (.sub.r) and Martensite-austenite (MA) as is described in the above-described reference literature on pages 125 to 127 as an optical microscopic observation structure.

(75) Incidentally, similarly to polygonal ferrite (PF), an internal structure of .sub.q does not appear by etching, but a shape of .sub.q is acicular, and it is definitely distinguished from PF. Here, on the condition that of a targeted crystal grain, a peripheral length is set to lq and a circle-equivalent diameter is set to dq, a grain having a ratio (lq/dq) of them satisfying lq/dq3.5 is .sub.q.

(76) The continuous cooling transformation structure (Zw) of the present invention is defined as a microstructure containing one type or two or more types of .sub.B, .sub.B, .sub.q, .sub.r, and MA. Incidentally, the total content of .sub.r and MA being small in amount is set to 3% or less.

(77) There is sometimes a case that this continuous cooling transformation structure (Zw) is not easily discerned by observation by optical microscope in etching using a nital reagent. In such a case, it is discerned by using the EBSP-OIM.

(78) The EBSP-OIM (Electron Back Scatter Diffraction Pattern-Orientation Image Microscopy, registered trademark) method is constituted by a device and software in which a highly inclined sample in a scanning electron microscope SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) is irradiated with electron beams, a Kikuchi pattern formed by backscattering is photographed by a high-sensitive camera and is image processed by a computer, and thereby a crystal orientation at an irradiation point is measured for a short time period.

(79) In the EBSP method, it is possible to quantitatively analyze a microstructure and a crystal orientation of a bulk sample surface, and as long as an area to be analyzed is within an area capable of being observed by the SEM, it is possible to analyze the area with a minimum resolution of 20 nm, depending on the resolution of the SEM. The analysis by the EBSP-OIM method is performed by mapping an area to be analyzed to tens of thousands of equally-spaced grid points for several hours. It is possible to see crystal orientation distributions and sizes of crystal grains within the sample in a polycrystalline material. In the present invention, one discernible from a mapped image with a misorientation between packets defined as 15 may also be defined as the continuous cooling transformation structure (Zw) for convenience.

(80) Further, the structural fraction of pro-eutectoid ferrite was obtained by a KAM (Kernel Average Misorientation) method being equipped with the EBSP-OIM. The KAM method is that a calculation, in which misorientations among pixels of adjacent six pixels (first approximations) of a certain regular hexagon of measurement data, or 12 pixels (second approximations) positioned outside the six pixels, or 18 pixels (third approximations) positioned further outside the 12 pixels are averaged and an obtained value is set to a value of the center pixel, is performed with respect to each pixel.

(81) This calculation is performed so as not to exceed a grain boundary, thereby making it possible to create a map representing an orientation change within a grain. That is, this map represents a distribution of strain based on a local orientation change within a grain. Note that as the analysis condition in the present invention, the condition of which in the EBSP-OIM, the misorientation among adjacent pixels is calculated is set to the third approximation and one having this misorientation being 5 or less is displayed.

(82) In the present invention, pro-eutectoid ferrite is defined as a microstructure up to a planar fraction of pixels of which misorientation third approximation is calculated to be 1 or less as described above. This is because polygonal pro-eutectoid ferrite transformed at high temperature is generated in a diffusion transformation, and thus a dislocation density is small and strain within the grain is small, and thus, a difference within the grain in the crystal orientation is small, and according to the results of various examinations that have been performed so far by the present inventors, a volume fraction of polygonal ferrite obtained by observation of optical microscope and an area fraction of an area obtained by 1 of the misorientation third approximation measured by the KAM method substantially agree with each other.

(83) (Manufacturing Method)

(84) Next, there will be described a manufacturing method of the cold-rolled steel sheet of the present invention. In order to achieve excellent local deformability, it is important to form a texture having predetermined pole densities and to manufacture a steel sheet satisfying conditions of making crystal grains fine and equiaxial property and homogenization of crystal grains. Details of manufacturing conditions for satisfying them at the same time will be described below.

(85) A manufacturing method prior to hot rolling is not limited in particular. That is, subsequent to melting by a shaft furnace, an electric furnace, or the like, secondary refining may be variously performed, and next casting may be performed by normal continuous casting, or casting by an ingot method, or further a method such as thin slab casting. In the case of continuous casting, it is possible that a cast slab is once cooled down to low temperature and thereafter is reheated to then be subjected to hot rolling, or it is also possible that a cast slab is subjected to hot rolling continuously. A scrap may also be used for a raw material.

(86) Further, in hot rolling, it is also possible that sheet bars are bonded after rough rolling to be subjected to finish rolling continuously. On this occasion, it is also possible that rough bars are coiled into a coil shape once, stored in a cover having a heat insulating function according to need, and uncoiled again to then be joined.

(87) (First Hot Rolling)

(88) A slab extracted from a heating furnace is subjected to a rough rolling process being first hot rolling to be rough rolled, and thereby a rough bar is obtained. A high-strength steel sheet having excellent local deformability of the present invention is obtained when the following requirements are satisfied. First, an austenite grain diameter in the rough bar after the rough rolling, namely before the finish rolling is important and the austenite grain diameter before the finish rolling is desirably small, and it became clear that the austenite grain diameter of 200 m or less greatly contributes to making grains fine in the grain unit and homogenization of a main phase.

(89) In order to obtain this austenite grain diameter of 200 m or less before the finish rolling, as shown in FIG. 3, in rough rolling in a temperature region of not lower than 1000 C. nor higher than 1200 C., rolling is performed one time or more at a reduction ratio of at least 40% or more.

(90) As the reduction ratio and the number of times of reduction are larger, fine grains can be obtained, and in order to efficiently obtain this effect, the austenite grain diameter is desirably set to 100 m or less, and in order to achieve it, rolling at 40% or more is desirably performed two times or more. However, when in the rough rolling, the reduction ratio is greater than 70% and rolling is performed greater than 10 times, there is a concern that the temperature decreases or a scale is generated excessively.

(91) In this manner, the decrease in the austenite grain diameter before the finish rolling is effective for the improvement of the local deformability through control of recrystallization promotion of austenite in the finish rolling later, making grains fine, and making grains equiaxial of the grain unit in a final structure. It is supposed that this is because an austenite grain boundary after the rough rolling (namely before the finish rolling) functions as one of recrystallization nuclei during the finish rolling.

(92) In order to confirm the austenite grain diameter after the rough rolling, a sheet piece before being subjected to the finish rolling is desirably quenched as much as possible, and the sheet piece is cooled at a cooling rate of 10 C./s or more, and the structure of a cross section of the sheet piece is etched to make austenite grain boundaries appear, and the austenite grain boundaries are measured by an optical microscope. On this occasion, at 50 or more magnifications, 20 visual fields or more are measured by image analysis or a point counting method.

(93) (Second Hot Rolling)

(94) After the rough rolling process (first hot rolling) is completed, a finish rolling process being second hot rolling is started. The time between the completion of the rough rolling process and the start of the finish rolling process is desirably set to 150 seconds or shorter.

(95) In the finish rolling process (second hot rolling), a finish rolling start temperature is desirably set to 1000 C. or higher. When the finish rolling start temperature is lower than 1000 C., at each finish rolling pass, the temperature of the rolling to be applied to the rough bar to be rolled is decreased, the reduction is performed in a non-recrystallization temperature region, the texture develops, and thus the isotropy deteriorates.

(96) Incidentally, the upper limit of the finish rolling start temperature is not limited in particular. However, when it is 1150 C. or higher, a blister to be the starting point of a scaly spindle-shaped scale defect is likely to occur between a steel sheet base iron and a surface scale before the finish rolling and between passes, and thus the finish rolling start temperature is desirably lower than 1150 C.

(97) In the finish rolling, a temperature determined by the chemical composition of the steel sheet is set to T1, and in a temperature region of not lower than T1+30 C. nor higher than T1+200 C., the rolling at 30% or more is performed in one pass at least one time. Further, in the finish rolling, the total reduction ratio is set to 50% or more. By satisfying this condition, at the sheet thickness center portion being the range of to in sheet thickness from the surface of the steel sheet, the average value of the pole densities of the {100}<011> to {223}<110> orientation group becomes less than 4.0 and the pole density of the {332}<113> crystal orientation becomes 5.0 or less. This makes it possible to obtain the local deformability of a final product.

(98) Here, T1 is the temperature calculated by Expression (1) below.
T1( C.)=850+10(C+N)Mn+350Nb+250Ti+40B+10Cr+100Mo+100V(1)

(99) C, N, Mn, Nb, Ti, B, Cr, Mo, and V each represent the content of the element (mass %).

(100) FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 each show the relationship between a reduction ratio in each temperature region and a pole density of each orientation. As shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, heavy reduction in the temperature region of not lower than T1+30 C. nor higher than T1+200 C. and light reduction at T1 or higher and lower than T1+30 C. thereafter control the average value of the pole densities of the {100}<011> to {223}<110> orientation group and the pole density of the {332}<113> crystal orientation at the sheet thickness center portion being the range of to in sheet thickness from the surface of the steel sheet, and thereby the local deformability of the final product is improved drastically, as shown in Tables 2 and 3 of Examples to be described later.

(101) This T1 temperature itself is obtained empirically. The present inventors learned empirically by experiments that the recrystallization in an austenite region of each steel is promoted on the basis of the T1 temperature. In order to obtain better local deformability, it is important to accumulate strain by the heavy reduction, and the total reduction ratio of 50% or more is essential. Further, it is desired to take reduction at 70% or more, and on the other hand, if the reduction ratio greater than 90% is taken, securing temperature and excessive rolling load are as a result added.

(102) When the total reduction ratio in the temperature region of not lower than T1+30 C. nor higher than T1+200 C. is less than 50%, rolling strain to be accumulated during the hot rolling is not sufficient and the recrystallization of austenite does not advance sufficiently. Therefore, the texture develops and the isotropy deteriorates. When the total reduction ratio is 70% or more, the sufficient isotropy can be obtained even though variations ascribable to temperature fluctuation or the like are considered. On the other hand, when the total reduction ratio exceeds 90%, it becomes difficult to obtain the temperature region of T1+200 C. or lower due to heat generation by working, and further a rolling load increases to cause a risk that the rolling becomes difficult to be performed.

(103) In the finish rolling, in order to promote the uniform recrystallization caused by releasing the accumulated strain, the rolling at 30% or more is performed in one pass at least one time at not lower than T1+30 C. nor higher than T1+200 C.

(104) Incidentally, in order to promote the uniform recrystallization, it is necessary to suppress a working amount in a temperature region of lower than T1+30 C. as small as possible. In order to achieve it, the reduction ratio at lower than T1+30 C. is desirably 30% or less. In terms of sheet thickness accuracy and sheet shape, the reduction ratio of 10% or less is desirable. When the isotropy is further obtained, the reduction ratio in the temperature region of lower than T1+30 C. is desirably 0%.

(105) The finish rolling is desirably finished at T1+30 C. or higher. In the hot rolling at lower than T1+30 C., the granulated austenite grains that are recrystallized once are elongated, thereby causing a risk that the isotropy deteriorates.

(106) That is, in the manufacturing method of the present invention, in the finish rolling, by recrystallizing austenite uniformly and finely, the texture of the product is controlled and the local deformability such as the hole expandability or the bendability is improved.

(107) A rolling ratio can be obtained by actual performances or calculation from the rolling load, sheet thickness measurement, or/and the like. The temperature can be actually measured by a thermometer between stands, or can be obtained by calculation simulation considering the heat generation by working from a line speed, the reduction ratio, or/and like. Thereby, it is possible to easily confirm whether or not the rolling prescribed in the present invention is performed.

(108) When the hot rolling is finished at Ar.sub.3 or lower, the hot rolling becomes two-phase region rolling of austenite and ferrite, and accumulation to the {100}<011> to {223}<110> orientation group becomes strong. As a result, the local deformability deteriorates significantly.

(109) In order to make the crystal grains fine and suppress elongated grains, a maximum working heat generation amount at the time of the reduction at not lower than T1+30 C. nor higher than T1+200 C., namely a temperature increased margin by the reduction is desirably suppressed to 18 C. or less. For achieving this, inter-stand cooling or the like is desirably applied.

(110) (Primary Cooling)

(111) After the final reduction at a reduction ratio of 30% or more is performed in the finish rolling, primary cooling is started in such a manner that a waiting time t second satisfies Expression (2) below.
t2.5t1(2)
Here, t1 is obtained by Expression (3) below.
t1=0.001((TfT1)P1/100).sup.20.109((TfT1)P1/100)+3.1(3)
Here, in Expression (3) above, Tf represents the temperature of a steel billet obtained after the final reduction at a reduction ratio of 30% or more, and P1 represents the reduction ratio of the final reduction at 30% or more.

(112) Incidentally, the final reduction at a reduction ratio of 30% or more indicates the rolling performed finally among the rollings whose reduction ratio becomes 30% or more out of the rollings in a plurality of passes performed in the finish rolling. For example, when among the rollings in a plurality of passes performed in the finish rolling, the reduction ratio of the rolling performed at the final stage is 30% or more, the rolling performed at the final stage is the final reduction at a reduction ratio of 30% or more. Further, when among the rollings in a plurality of passes performed in the finish rolling, the reduction ratio of the rolling performed prior to the final stage is 30% or more and after the rolling performed prior to the final stage (rolling at a reduction ratio of 30% or more) is performed, the rolling whose reduction ratio becomes 30% or more is not performed, the rolling performed prior to the final stage (rolling at a reduction ratio of 30% or more) is the final reduction at a reduction ratio of 30% or more.

(113) In the finish rolling, the waiting time t second until the primary cooling is started after the final reduction at a reduction ratio of 30% or more is performed greatly affects the austenite grain diameter. That is, it greatly affects an equiaxed grain fraction and a coarse grain area ratio of the steel sheet.

(114) When the waiting time t exceeds t12.5, the recrystallization is already almost completed, but the crystal grains grow significantly and grain coarsening advances, and thereby an r value and the elongation are decreased.

(115) The waiting time t second further satisfies Expression (2a) below, thereby making it possible to preferentially suppress the growth of the crystal grains. Consequently, even though the recrystallization does not advance sufficiently, it is possible to sufficiently improve the elongation of the steel sheet and to improve fatigue property simultaneously.
t<t1(2a)

(116) At the same time, the waiting time t second further satisfies Expression (2b) below, and thereby the recrystallization advances sufficiently and the crystal orientations are randomized. Therefore, it is possible to sufficiently improve the elongation of the steel sheet and to greatly improve the isotropy simultaneously.
t1tt12.5(2b)

(117) Here, as shown in FIG. 6, on a continuous hot rolling line 1, the steel billet (slab) heated to a predetermined temperature in the heating furnace is rolled in a roughing mill 2 and in a finishing mill 3 sequentially to be a hot-rolled steel sheet 4 having a predetermined thickness, and the hot-rolled steel sheet 4 is carried out onto a run-out-table 5. In the manufacturing method of the present invention, in the rough rolling process (first hot rolling) performed in the roughing mill 2, the rolling at a reduction ratio of 40% or more is performed on the steel billet (slab) one time or more in the temperature range of not lower than 1000 C. nor higher than 1200 C.

(118) The rough bar rolled to a predetermined thickness in the roughing mill 2 in this manner is next finish rolled (is subjected to the second hot rolling) through a plurality of rolling stands 6 of the finishing mill 3 to be the hot-rolled steel sheet 4. Then, in the finishing mill 3, the rolling at 30% or more is performed in one pass at least one time in the temperature region of not lower than the temperature T1+30 C. nor higher than T1+200 C. Further, in the finishing mill 3, the total reduction ratio becomes 50% or more.

(119) Further, in the finish rolling process, after the final reduction at a reduction ratio of 30% or more is performed, the primary cooling is started in such a manner that the waiting time t second satisfies Expression (2) above or either Expression (2a) or (2b) above. The start of this primary cooling is performed by inter-stand cooling nozzles 10 disposed between the respective two of the rolling stands 6 of the finishing mill 3, or cooling nozzles 11 disposed in the run-out-table 5.

(120) For example, when the final reduction at a reduction ratio of 30% or more is performed only at the rolling stand 6 disposed at the front stage of the finishing mill 3 (on the left side in FIG. 6, on the upstream side of the rolling) and the rolling whose reduction ratio becomes 30% or more is not performed at the rolling stand 6 disposed at the rear stage of the finishing mill 3 (on the right side in FIG. 6, on the downstream side of the rolling), if the start of the primary cooling is performed by the cooling nozzles 11 disposed in the run-out-table 5, a case that the waiting time t second does not satisfy Expression (2) above or Expressions (2a) and (2b) above is sometimes caused. In such a case, the primary cooling is started by the inter-stand cooling nozzles 10 disposed between the respective two of the rolling stands 6 of the finishing mill 3.

(121) Further, for example, when the final reduction at a reduction ratio of 30% or more is performed at the rolling stand 6 disposed at the rear stage of the finishing mill 3 (on the right side in FIG. 6, on the downstream side of the rolling), even though the start of the primary cooling is performed by the cooling nozzles 11 disposed in the run-out-table 5, there is sometimes a case that the waiting time t second can satisfy Expression (2) above or Expressions (2a) and (2b) above. In such a case, the primary cooling may also be started by the cooling nozzles 11 disposed in the run-out-table 5. Needless to say, as long as the performance of the final reduction at a reduction ratio of 30% or more is completed, the primary cooling may also be started by the inter-stand cooling nozzles 10 disposed between the respective two of the rolling stands 6 of the finishing mill 3.

(122) Then, in this primary cooling, the cooling that at an average cooling rate of 50 C./second or more, a temperature change (temperature drop) becomes not less than 40 C. nor more than 140 C. is performed.

(123) When the temperature change is less than 40 C., the recrystallized austenite grains grow and low-temperature toughness deteriorates. The temperature change is set to 40 C. or more, thereby making it possible to suppress coarsening of the austenite grains. When the temperature change is less than 40 C., the effect cannot be obtained. On the other hand, when the temperature change exceeds 140 C., the recrystallization becomes insufficient to make it difficult to obtain a targeted random texture. Further, a ferrite phase effective for the elongation is also not obtained easily and the hardness of a ferrite phase becomes high, and thereby the elongation and the local deformability also deteriorate. Further, when the temperature change is greater than 140 C., an overshoot to/beyond an Ar3 transformation point temperature is likely to be caused. In the case, even by the transformation from recrystallized austenite, as a result of sharpening of variant selection, the texture is formed and the isotropy decreases consequently.

(124) When the average cooling rate in the primary cooling is less than 50 C./second, as expected, the recrystallized austenite grains grow and the low-temperature toughness deteriorates. The upper limit of the average cooling rate is not determined in particular, but in terms of the steel sheet shape, 200 C./second or less is considered to be proper.

(125) Further, in order to suppress the grain growth and obtain more excellent low-temperature toughness, a cooling device between passes or the like is desirably used to bring the heat generation by working between the respective stands of the finish rolling to 18 C. or lower.

(126) The rolling ratio (reduction ratio) can be obtained by actual performances or calculation from the rolling load, sheet thickness measurement, or/and the like. The temperature of the steel billet during the rolling can be actually measured by a thermometer being disposed between the stands, or can be obtained by simulation by considering the heat generation by working from a line speed, the reduction ratio, or/and like, or can be obtained by the both methods.

(127) Further, as has been explained previously, in order to promote the uniform recrystallization, the working amount in the temperature region of lower than T1+30 C. is desirably as small as possible and the reduction ratio in the temperature region of lower than T1+30 C. is desirably 30% or less. For example, in the event that in the finishing mill 3 on the continuous hot rolling line 1 shown in FIG. 6, in passing through one or two or more of the rolling stands 6 disposed on the front stage side (on the left side in FIG. 6, on the upstream side of the rolling), the steel sheet is in the temperature region of not lower than T1+30 C. nor higher than T1+200 C., and in passing through one or two or more of the rolling stands 6 disposed on the subsequent rear stage side (on the right side in FIG. 6, on the downstream side of the rolling), the steel sheet is in the temperature region of lower than T1+30 C., when the steel sheet passes through one or two or more of the rolling stands 6 disposed on the subsequent rear stage side (on the right side in FIG. 6, on the downstream side of the rolling), even though the reduction is not performed or is performed, the reduction ratio at lower than T1+30 C. is desirably 30% or less in total. In terms of the sheet thickness accuracy and the sheet shape, the reduction ratio at lower than T1+30 C. is desirably a reduction ratio of 10% or less in total. When the isotropy is further obtained, the reduction ratio in the temperature region of lower than T1+30 C. is desirably 0%.

(128) In the manufacturing method of the present invention, a rolling speed is not limited in particular. However, when the rolling speed on the final stand side of the finish rolling is less than 400 mpm, grains grow to be coarse, regions in which ferrite can precipitate for obtaining the ductility are decreased, and thus the ductility is likely to deteriorate. Even though the upper limit of the rolling speed is not limited in particular, the effect of the present invention can be obtained, but it is actual that the rolling speed is 1800 mpm or less due to facility restriction. Therefore, in the finish rolling process, the rolling speed is desirably not less than 400 mpm nor more than 1800 mpm.

(129) Incidentally, after this primary cooling, coiling is performed at an appropriate temperature and a hot-rolled original sheet can be obtained. In the present invention, the microstructure of the cold-rolled steel sheet is mainly formed by cold rolling later, or a heat treatment after cold rolling. Thus, a cooling pattern to the coiling does not have to be strictly controlled very much.

(130) (Cold Rolling)

(131) The hot-rolled original sheet manufactured as described above is pickled according to need to be subjected to cold rolling at a reduction ratio of not less than 30% nor more than 70%. When the reduction ratio is 30% or less, it becomes difficult to cause recrystallization in heating and holding later, resulting in that the equiaxed grain fraction decreases and further the crystal grains after heating become coarse. When rolling at over 70% is performed, a texture at the time of heating is developed, and thus the anisotropy becomes strong. Therefore, the reduction ratio is set to 70% or less.

(132) (Heating and Holding)

(133) The cold-rolled steel sheet is thereafter heated up to a temperature region of Ae3 to 950 C. and is held for 1 to 300 second/seconds in the temperature region of Ae3 to 950 C. in order to make an austenite single phase steel or a substantially austenite single phase steel. By this heating and holding, work hardening is removed. In order to heat the steel sheet after the cold rolling up to the temperature region of Ae3 to 950 C. in this manner, an average heating rate of not lower than room temperature nor higher than 650 C. is set to HR1 ( C./second) expressed by Expression (5) below, and an average heating rate of higher than 650 C. to Ae3 to 950 C. is set to HR2 ( C./second) expressed by Expression (6) below.
HR10.3(5)
HR20.5HR1(6)

(134) The hot rolling is performed under the above-described condition, and further the primary cooling is performed, and thereby making the crystal grains fine and randomization of the crystal orientations are achieved. However, by the cold rolling performed thereafter, the strong texture develops and the texture becomes likely to remain in the steel sheet. As a result, the r value and the elongation of the steel sheet decrease and the isotropy decreases. Thus, it is desired to make the texture that has developed by the cold rolling disappear as much as possible by appropriately performing the heating to be performed after the cold rolling. In order to achieve it, it is necessary to divide the average heating rate of the heating into two stages expressed by Expressions (5) and (6) above.

(135) The detailed reason why the texture and properties of the steel sheet are improved by this two-stage heating is unclear, but this effect is thought to be related to recovery of dislocation introduced at the time of the cold rolling and the recrystallization. That is, driving force of the recrystallization to occur in the steel sheet by the heating is strain accumulated in the steel sheet by the cold rolling. When the average heating rate HR1 in the temperature range of not lower than room temperature nor higher than 650 C. is small, the dislocation introduced by the cold rolling recovers and the recrystallization does not occur. As a result, the texture that has developed at the time of the cold rolling remains as it is and the properties such as the isotropy deteriorate. When the average heating rate HR1 in the temperature range of not lower than room temperature nor higher than 650 C. is less than 0.3 C./second, the dislocation introduced by the cold rolling recovers, resulting in that the strong texture formed at the time of the cold rolling remains. Therefore, it is necessary to set the average heating rate HR1 in the temperature range of not lower than room temperature nor higher than 650 C. to 0.3 ( C./second) or more.

(136) On the other hand, when the average heating rate HR2 of higher than 650 C. to Ae3 to 950 C. is large, ferrite existing in the steel sheet after the cold rolling does not recrystallize and non-recrystallized ferrite in a state of being worked remains. When the steel containing C of 0.01% or more in particular is heated to a two-phase region of ferrite and austenite, formed austenite blocks growth of recrystallized ferrite, and thus non-recrystallized ferrite becomes more likely to remain. This non-recrystallized ferrite has the strong texture, and thus the properties such as the r value and the isotropy are adversely affected, and this non-recrystallized ferrite contains a lot of dislocations, and thus the ductility is deteriorated drastically. Therefore, in the temperature range of higher than 650 C. to Ae3 to 950 C., the average heating rate HR2 needs to be 0.5HR1 ( C./second) or less.

(137) Further, at the two-stage average heating rate as above, the steel sheet is heated up to the temperature region of Ae3 to 950 C. and is held for 1 to 300 second/seconds in the temperature region of Ae3 to 950 C. If the temperature is lower than this range or the time is shorter than this range, the fraction of the bainite structure does not become 95% or more in a secondary cooling process thereafter, and the increased margin of the local ductility by the texture control decreases. On the other hand, if the steel sheet is continuously held at higher than 950 C. or longer than 300 seconds, the crystal grains become coarse, and thus an area ratio of the grains having 20 m or less increases. Incidentally, Ae3 [ C.] is calculated by Expression (7) below by the contents of C, Mn, Si, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Mo [mass %]. Incidentally, when the selected element is not contained, the calculation is performed with the content of the selected element [mass %] set as zero.
Ae3=911239C36Mn+40Si28Cu20Ni12Cr+63Mo(7)

(138) Incidentally, in this heating and holding, the holding does not mean only the isothermal holding, and it is sufficient if the steel sheet is retained in the temperature range of Ae3 to 950 C. As long as the steel sheet is in the temperature range of Ae3 to 950 C., the temperature of the steel sheet may be changed.

(139) (Secondary Cooling)

(140) Thereafter, secondary cooling is performed down to a temperature of 500 C. or lower so that an average cooling rate in a temperature region of Ae4 to 500 C. may become not less than 10 C./s nor more than 200 C./s. When a secondary cooling rate is less than 10 C./s, ferrite is generated excessively, thereby making it impossible to bring the fraction of the bainite structure to 95% or more, and resulting in that the increased margin of the local ductility by the texture control decreases. On the other hand, even when the cooling rate is set to greater than 200 C./s, controllability at a cooling finishing temperature deteriorates significantly, and thus the cooling rate is set to 200 C./s or less. Preferably, an average cooling rate at HF (a heating and holding temperature) to 0.5 HF+250 C. is set not to exceed an average cooling rate at 0.5 HF+250 C. to 500 C. in order to securely suppress ferrite transformation and pearlite transformation.

(141) (Overaging Heat Treatment)

(142) In order to promote bainite transformation, an overaging heat treatment is performed in a temperature range of not lower than 350 C. nor higher than 500 C. subsequently to the secondary cooling. A holding time in this temperature range is set to t2 seconds or longer that satisfies Expression (4) below according to an overaging treatment temperature T2. However, in consideration of an applicable temperature range of Expression (4), the maximum value of t2 is set to 400 seconds.
log(t2)=0.0002(T2425).sup.2+1.18(4)

(143) Incidentally, in this overaging heat treatment, holding does not mean only the isothermal holding, and it is sufficient if the steel sheet is retained in the temperature range of not lower than 350 C. nor higher than 500 C. For example, the steel sheet may be once cooled to 350 C. to then be heated up to 500 C., or the steel sheet may also be cooled to 500 C. to then be cooled down to 350 C.

(144) Incidentally, even when a surface treatment is performed on the high-strength cold-rolled steel sheet of the present invention, the effect of improving the local deformability does not disappear, and for example, a hot-dip galvanized layer, or an alloyed hot-dip galvanized layer may be formed on the surface of the steel sheet. In this case, the effect of the present invention can be obtained even when any one of electroplating, hot dipping, deposition plating, organic coating film forming, film laminating, organic salts/inorganic salts treatment, non-chromium treatment, and so on is performed. Further, the steel sheet according to the present invention can be applied not only to bulge forming but also to combined forming mainly composed of bending working such as bending, bulging, and drawing.

EXAMPLE

(145) Next, examples of the present invention will be explained. Incidentally, conditions of the examples are condition examples employed for confirming the applicability and effects of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to these condition examples. The present invention can employ various conditions as long as the object of the present invention is achieved without departing from the spirit of the invention. Chemical compositions of respective steels used in examples are shown in Table 1. Respective manufacturing conditions are shown in Table 2 and Table 3. Further, structural constitutions and mechanical properties of respective steel types under the manufacturing conditions in Table 2 are shown in Table 4. Structural constitutions and mechanical properties of respective steel types under the manufacturing conditions in Table 3 are shown in Table 5. Incidentally, each underline in Tables indicates that a numeral value is outside the range of the present invention or is outside the range of a preferred range of the present invention.

(146) As examples, there will be explained results of examinations using steels A to T satisfying the components of claims of the present invention and using comparative steels a to i, which have the chemical compositions shown in Table 1. Incidentally, in Table 1, each numerical value of the chemical compositions means mass %.

(147) These steels were cast and then as they were, or were reheated after once being cooled down to room temperature and were heated to a temperature range of 1000 C. to 1300 C., and then were subjected to hot rolling under the conditions of Table 2 and Table 3, and the hot rolling was finished at an Ar3 transformation temperature or higher. Incidentally, in Table 2 and Table 3, English letters A to T and English letters a to i that are added to the steel types indicate to be the respective components of Steels A to T and a to i in Table 1.

(148) In the hot rolling, first, in rough rolling being first hot rolling, rolling was performed one time or more at a reduction ratio of 40% or more in a temperature region of not lower than 1000 C. nor higher than 1200 C. However, with respect to Steel types B2, H3, and J2 in Table 2, and Steel types B2, H3, and J2 in Table 3, in the rough rolling, the rolling at a reduction ratio of 40% or more in one pass was not performed. The number of times of reduction and each reduction ratio (%) in the rough rolling, and an austenite grain diameter (m) after the rough rolling (before finish rolling) are shown in Table 2 and Table 3.

(149) After the rough rolling was finished, the finish rolling being second hot rolling was performed. In the finish rolling, rolling at a reduction ratio of 30% or more was performed in one pass at least one time in a temperature region of not lower than T1+30 C. nor higher than T1+200 C., and in a temperature range of lower than T1+30 C., the total reduction ratio was set to 30% or less. Incidentally, in the finish rolling, rolling at a reduction ratio of 30% or more was performed in a final pass in the temperature region of not lower than T1+30 C. nor higher than T1+200 C.

(150) However, with respect to Steel types G2, H4, and M3 in Table 2 and Steel types G2, H4, and M3 in Table 3, the rolling at a reduction ratio of 30% or more was not performed in the temperature region of not lower than T1+30 C. nor higher than T1+200 C. Further, with regard to Steel types F3 and H6 in Table 2 and Steel types F3 and H6 in Table 3, the total reduction ratio in the temperature range of lower than T1+30 C. was greater than 30%.

(151) Further, in the finish rolling, the total reduction ratio was set to 50% or more. However, with regard to Steel types G2, H4, and M3 in Table 2 and Steel types G2, H4, and M3 in Table 3, the total reduction ratio was less than 50%.

(152) Table 2 and Table 3 show, in the finish rolling, the reduction ratio (%) in the final pass in the temperature region of not lower than T1+30 C. nor higher than T1+200 C. and the reduction ratio in a pass at one stage earlier than the final pass (reduction ratio in a pass before the final) (%). Further, Table 2 and Table 3 show, in the finish rolling, the total reduction ratio (%) in the temperature region of not lower than T1+30 C. nor higher than T1+200 C. and a temperature Tf after the reduction in the final pass in the temperature region of not lower than T1+30 C. nor higher than T1+200 C. Incidentally, the reduction ratio (%) in the final pass in the temperature region of not lower than T1+30 C. nor higher than T1+200 C. in the finish rolling is particularly important, to thus be shown in Table 2 and Table 3 as P1.

(153) After the final reduction at a reduction ratio of 30% or more was performed in the finish rolling, primary cooling was started before a waiting time t second exceeding 2.5t1. In the primary cooling, an average cooling rate was set to 50 C./second or more. Further, a temperature change (a cooled temperature amount) in the primary cooling was set to fall within a range of not less than 40 C. nor more than 140 C.

(154) Under the manufacturing conditions shown in Table 2, after the final reduction at a reduction ratio of 30% or more was performed in the finish rolling, the primary cooling was started before the waiting time t second exceeding t1 (t<t1). On the other hand, under the manufacturing conditions shown in Table 3, after the final reduction at a reduction ratio of 30% or more was performed in the finish rolling, the primary cooling was started before the waiting time t second exceeding a range of t1 or longer to 2.5t1 (t1tt12.5). Incidentally, [] (dash) was added to each reference numeral of the steel types following the manufacturing conditions shown in Table 3 in order to distinguish the ranges of the waiting time t second.

(155) However, with respect to Steel type H13 shown in Table 3, the primary cooling was started after the waiting time t second exceeded 2.5t1 since the final reduction at a reduction ratio of 30% or more in the finish rolling. With regard to Steel type M2 in Table 2 and Steel type M2 in Table 3, the temperature change (cooled temperature amount) in the primary cooling was less than 40 C., and with regard to Steel type H12 in Table 2 and Steel type H12 in Table 3, the temperature change (cooled temperature amount) in the primary cooling was greater than 140 C. With regard to Steel type H8 in Table 2 and Steel type H8 in Table 3, the average cooling rate in the primary cooling was less than 50 C./second.

(156) Table 2 and Table 3 show t1 (second) and 2.5t1 (second) of the respective steel types. Further, Table 2 and Table 3 show the waiting time t (second) from completion of the final reduction at a reduction ratio of 30% or more to start of the primary cooling, t/t1, the average cooling rate ( C./second) in the primary cooling, and the temperature change (cooled temperature amount) ( C.).

(157) After the primary cooling, coiling was performed and hot-rolled original sheets each having a thickness of 2 to 5 mm were obtained. Table 2 and Table 3 show the coiling temperature ( C.) of the respective steel types.

(158) Next, the hot-rolled original sheets were each pickled to then be subjected to cold rolling at a reduction ratio of not less than 30% nor more than 70% to a thickness of 1.2 to 2.3 mm. However, with regard to Steel types E2 and L2 in Table 2 and Steel types E2 and L2 in Table 3, the reduction ratio of the cold rolling was less than 30%. Further, with regard to Steel type H11 in Table 2 and Steel type H11 in Table 3, the reduction ratio of the cold rolling was greater than 70%. Table 2 and Table 3 show the reduction ratio (%) in the cold rolling of the respective steel types.

(159) After the cold rolling, heating was performed up to a temperature region of Ae3 to 950 C. and holding was performed for 1 to 300 second/seconds in the temperature region of Ae3 to 950 C. Further, in order to perform the heating up to the temperature region of Ae3 to 950 C., an average heating rate HR1( C./second) of not lower than room temperature nor higher than 650 C. was set to 0.3 or more (HR10.3), and an average heating rate HR2( C./second) of higher than 650 C. to Ae3 to 950 C. was set to 0.5HR1 or less (HR20.5HR1).

(160) However, with regard to Steel types C2 and G3 in Table 2 and Steel types C2 and G3 in Table 3, a heating temperature was lower than Ae3. Further, with regard to Steel type H10 in Table 2 and Steel type H10 in Table 3, the heating temperature was higher than 950 C. With regard to Steel type N2 in Table 2 and Steel type N2 in Table 3, the holding time in the temperature region of Ae3 to 950 C. was longer than 300 seconds. Further, with regard to Steel type E2 in Table 2 and Steel type E2 in Table 3, the average heating rate HR1 was less than 0.3 ( C./second). With regard to Steel types C2, H6, and H8 in Table 2 and Steel types C2, H6, and H8 in Table 3, the average heating rate HR2 ( C./second) was greater than 0.5HR1. Table 2 and Table 3 show As3 ( C.), the heating temperature ( C.), the holding time (second), and the average heating rates HR1 and HR2 ( C./second) of the respective steel types.

(161) After the heating and holding, secondary cooling was performed at an average cooling rate of not less than 10 C./s nor more than 200 C./s in a temperature region of Ae3 to 500 C. However, with regard to Steel type H2 in Table 2 and Steel type H2 in Table 3, the average cooling rate in the secondary cooling was less than 10 C./s. Table 2 and Table 3 show the average cooling rate ( C./second) in the secondary cooling of the respective steel types.

(162) After the secondary cooling, an overaging heat treatment was performed for not shorter than t2 seconds nor longer than 400 seconds in a temperature region of not lower than 350 C. nor higher than 500 C. However, with regard to Steel type H9 in Table 2 and Steel type H9 in Table 3, a heat treatment temperature of the overaging was lower than 350 C., and with regard to Steel types A2 and I2 in Table 2 and Steel types A2 and I2 in Table 3, the heat treatment temperature of the overaging was higher than 500 C. Further, with regard to Steel type D2 in Table 2 and Steel type D2 in Table 3, a treatment time of the overaging was shorter than t2 seconds, and with regard to Steel types A2, H9, and 12 in Table 2 and Steel types A2, H9, and I2 in Table 3, the treatment time of the overaging was longer than 400 seconds. Table 2 and Table 3 show the heat treatment temperature of the overaging, t2 (second), and the treatment time (second) of the respective steel types.

(163) In all the cases of Table 2 and Table 3, after the overaging heat treatment, skin pass rolling at 0.5% was performed and material evaluation was performed.

(164) Table 4 and Table 5 show an area ratio (structural fraction) (%) of bainite, pearlite, pro-eutectoid ferrite, martensite, and retained austenite in a metal structure of the respective steel types. Incidentally, Table 4 shows the structural constitutions and the mechanical properties of the steel types following the manufacturing conditions in Table 2. Further, Table 5 shows the structural constitutions and the mechanical properties of the steel types following the manufacturing conditions in Table 3. Incidentally, with regard to the structural fraction in Table 4 and Table 5, B means bainite, P means pearlite, F means pro-eutectoid ferrite, M means martensite, and rA means retained austenite. Table 4 and Table 5 show, of the respective steel types, an average value of pole densities of the {100}<011> to {223}<110> orientation group, a pole density of the {332}<113> crystal orientation, a mean volume diameter of crystal grains (size of a grain unit) (m), and a ratio of crystal grains having dL/dt of 3.0 or less (equiaxed grain ratio) (%). Further, Table 4 and Table 5 show, of the respective steel types, tensile strength TS (MPa), an elongation percentage El (%), a hole expansion ratio (%) as an index of the local deformability, and a limit bend radius by 60 V-shape bending (a sheet thickness/a minimum bend radius). In a bending test, C-direction bending (C-bending) was performed. Incidentally, a tensile test and a bending test were based on JIS Z 2241 and Z 2248 (a V block 90 bending test). A hole expansion test was based on the Japan Iron and Steel Federation standard JFS T1001. The pole density of each of the crystal orientations was measured using the previously described EBSP at a 0.5 m pitch on a to region at sheet thickness of a cross section parallel to the rolling direction.

(165) As indexes of the hole expandability and the bendability, satisfying TS440 MPa, El15%, 90%, and the sheet thickness/the bend radius 2.5 were set as conditions. It is found that only ones satisfying the prescriptions of the present invention can have both the excellent hole expandability and bendability as shown in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8.

(166) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 T1/ C. Ae3 C Si Mn P S Al N O Al + Si Ti Nb B A 903 851 0.078 0.82 2.05 0.012 0.004 0.032 0.0026 0.0032 0.852 0.175 0.021 0 B 867 842 0.085 0.95 2.25 0.012 0.003 0.035 0.0032 0.0023 0.985 0 0 0 C 866 833 0.11 0.1 1.55 0.02 0.004 0.038 0.0033 0.0026 0.138 0 0.041 0 D 887 824 0.18 0.91 2.23 0.011 0.003 0.05 0.0028 0.0018 0.96 0.13 0 0.0018 E 855 846 0.032 0.22 1.85 0.015 0.003 0.025 0.0055 0.0029 0.245 0 0.012 0 F 889 795 0.081 0.5 3.2 0.122 0.002 0.04 0.0032 0.0038 0.54 0.05 0.065 0 G 858 834 0.13 0.24 1.54 0.01 0.001 0.038 0.0025 0.0029 0.278 0 0.017 0 H 853 824 0.09 0.96 2.88 0.014 0.002 0.03 0.003 0.003 0.99 0 0 0 I 852 833 0.115 0.05 1.46 0.008 0.002 0.65 0.0034 0.0031 0.7 0 0 0 J 851 833 0.021 0.45 2.52 0.007 0.001 0.021 0.0024 0.0031 0.471 0 0 0 K 853 832 0.19 0.75 1.78 0.011 0.002 0.018 0.0032 0.0028 0.768 0 0 0.0002 L 866 835 0.055 0.05 1.8 0.007 0.002 0.91 0.0033 0.0034 0.96 0 0 0 M 882 843 0.085 0.8 2.2 0.008 0.002 0.035 0.0022 0.0035 0.835 0.12 0 0 N 870 812 0.095 0.55 2.77 0.009 0.002 0.032 0.0033 0.0036 0.582 0.04 0 0 O 852 857 0.082 0.77 1.82 0.008 0.003 0.025 0.0032 0.0031 0.795 0 0 0.0002 P 853 836 0.077 0.45 2.05 0.009 0.003 0.025 0.0029 0.0031 0.475 0 0 0 Q 861 817 0.142 0.7 2.44 0.008 0.002 0.03 0.0032 0.0035 0.73 0.03 0 0.0002 R 852 839 0.07 0.61 2.2 0.015 0.002 0.028 0.0021 0.0036 0.638 0 0 0 S 867 816 0.09 0.61 2.2 0.011 0.002 0.028 0.0021 0.0036 0.638 0.06 0 0 T 851 843 0.08 0.18 1.56 0.006 0.002 0.8 0.0035 0.0045 0.98 0 0 0 a 859 853 0.015 0.9 2.4 0.005 0.001 0.033 0.0025 0.0014 0.933 0.01 0.01 0 b 856 792 0.25 0.6 2.3 0.009 0.002 0.035 0.0022 0.0015 0.635 0 0 0 c 854 768 0.08 0.95 4.5 0.2 0.002 0.034 0.0041 0.0015 0.984 0 0 0 d 914 834 0.08 0.35 2 0.008 0.002 0.033 0.0042 0.0034 0.383 0.25 0 0 e 939 822 0.07 0.35 2.4 0.008 0.002 0.035 0.0035 0.0026 0.385 0 0.25 0 f 851 857 0.09 0.1 1 0.008 0.04 0.036 0.0035 0.0022 0.136 0 0 0 g 963 804 0.15 0.2 2.2 0.008 0.002 0.033 0.0023 0.0036 0.233 0 0 0 h 853 814 0.14 0.11 1.9 0.008 0.002 0.032 0.0044 0.0035 0.142 0 0 0 i 853 833 0.12 1.05 2.55 0.009 0.002 1.05 0.0035 0.0025 2.1 0 0 0 Mg Rem Ca Mo Cr W As Cu Ni Co Sn Zr V A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B 0 0.0041 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 0.15 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 D 0 0.0038 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F 0 0.0044 0 0 0.1 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 G 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 J 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L 0 0 0.0022 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.15 M 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 0.006 0 0 0.022 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R 0.004 0.005 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.25 0 0 0.02 0 T 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.02 0 0 a 0.004 0.004 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 b 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 g 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.1 h 0 0.15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(167) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 REDUC- NUMBER OF REDUC- TION REDUC- TIMES OF TION REDUC- RATIO OF TION REDUC- REDUCTION AT RATIO AT AUS- TION PASS BE- RATIO OF TION 40% OR MORE 40% OR MORE TENITE RATIO FORE FINAL FINAL PASS RATIO AT NOT LOWER AT NOT LOWER GRAIN AT T1 + AT T1 + AT T1 + AT T1 TO THAN 1000 C. THAN 1000 C. DIAMETER 30 TO T1 + 30 TO T1 + 30 TO T1 + LOWER THAN NOR HIGHER NOR HIGHER BEFORE 200 C. 200 C. 200 C. T1 + 30 C. THAN 1200 C. THAN 1200 C. FINISH (FINISH (FINISH (FINISH (FINISH STEEL T1/ (ROUGH (ROUGH ROLLING/ ROLLING)/ ROLLING)/ ROLLING)/ ROLLING)/ TYPE C. ROLLING) ROLLING) m % % % % A1 903 2 45/45 80 89 40 40 10 A2 903 2 45/45 83 89 40 40 0 B1 867 3 40/40/40 80 85 40 35 0 B2 867 0 205 85 40 35 10 C1 866 2 45/45 85 80 40 40 0 C2 866 2 45/45 87 85 40 35 0 D1 887 3 40/40/40 75 80 40 40 0 D2 887 3 40/40/40 77 80 40 40 0 E1 855 2 45/45 83 75 40 40 0 E2 855 2 45/45 88 89 35 35 0 F1 889 2 45/45 85 85 40 40 0 F2 889 1 40 130 75 35 35 0 F3 889 2 45/45 80 85 40 40 40 G1 858 2 45/45 85 85 40 40 0 G2 858 2 45/45 86 45 25 25 0 G3 858 2 45/45 83 85 40 40 0 H1 853 2 45/45 85 89 40 40 0 H2 853 2 45/45 90 89 40 40 0 H3 853 0 225 89 40 40 0 H4 853 2 45/45 87 35 25 25 0 H5 853 2 45/45 85 65 40 40 0 H6 853 2 45/45 86 89 40 40 40 H7 853 1 50 140 89 40 40 0 H8 853 2 45/45 85 89 40 40 0 H9 853 2 45/45 89 89 40 40 0 H10 853 2 45/45 89 89 40 40 0 H11 853 2 45/45 89 89 40 40 0 H12 853 2 45/45 89 89 40 40 0 I1 852 3 40/40/40 78 85 40 40 0 I2 852 3 40/40/40 80 85 40 40 0 J1 851 2 45/45 85 80 40 40 0 J2 851 0 205 87 40 40 0 K1 853 1 40 150 75 30 30 0 K2 853 1 40 150 75 30 30 0 L1 866 2 40/40 120 85 35 35 0 L2 866 2 40/40 123 85 35 35 0 M1 882 3 35/40/45 75 85 45 40 0 M2 882 3 35/40/45 76 85 45 40 0 M3 882 3 35/40/45 79 3.7 15 25 0 N1 870 2 40/40 82 85 40 40 0 N2 870 2 40/40 80 85 40 40 0 O1 852 2 45/45 85 85 40 40 0 P1 853 3 40/40/40 83 85 35 35 0 Q1 861 2 40/40 92 80 40 40 0 R1 852 3 40/40/40 77 85 45 45 10 S1 867 2 45/45 83 85 45 45 0 T1 851 2 45/45 88 85 45 45 0 a1 859 2 45/45 85 85 45 45 0 b1 856 2 45/45 82 85 45 45 0 c1 854 2 45/45 80 85 45 45 0 d1 914 2 45/45 83 85 45 45 0 e1 939 2 45/45 85 85 45 45 0 f1 851 2 45/45 86 85 45 45 0 g1 963 2 45/45 80 85 45 45 0 h1 853 2 45/45 85 85 45 45 0 i1 853 2 45/45 88 85 45 45 0 P1: REDUC- Tf: TION t: TEMPER- RATIO OF TIME FROM ATURE FINAL COMPLETION TEMPER- AFTER FINAL REDUC- OF FINAL COOLING ATURE REDUCTION AT TION AT ROLLING AT RATE IN DECREASE 30% OR MORE 30% OR MORE 30% OR MORE PRIMARY AMOUNT IN COILING COLD (FINISH (FINISH TO PRIMARY COOLING PRIMARY TEMPER- ROLLING STEEL ROLLING)/ ROLLING)/ t1/ t1 COOLING/ t/ C./ COOLING/ ATURE/ RATIO/ TYPE C. % s 2.5 s t1 s C. C. % A1 1022 40 0.18 0.44 0.12 0.68 55 60 550 60 A2 960 40 1.13 2.82 0.88 0.78 55 50 550 60 B1 856 35 0.67 1.69 0.60 0.89 100 40 450 45 B2 948 35 0.81 2.03 0.60 0.74 100 50 450 45 C1 971 40 0.29 0.72 0.20 0.70 100 70 400 70 C2 980 35 0.34 0.86 0.30 0.87 100 50 450 70 D1 1001 40 0.21 0.52 0.12 0.58 60 90 700 45 D2 966 40 0.65 1.62 0.20 0.31 60 60 700 45 E1 930 40 0.73 1.82 0.60 0.82 80 50 500 50 E2 948 35 0.61 1.52 0.52 0.85 80 40 520 18 F1 981 40 0.44 1.11 0.30 0.68 120 90 480 60 F2 952 35 1.18 2.95 0.96 0.81 120 100 550 60 F3 943 40 1.21 3.03 1.05 0.87 120 60 500 60 G1 902 40 1.49 3.73 1.20 0.80 110 50 450 60 G2 931 25 1.44 3.61 0.70 0.48 110 40 500 60 G3 907 40 1.35 3.37 1.30 0.96 110 50 500 60 H1 982 40 0.14 0.34 0.12 0.87 70 100 500 50 H2 975 40 0.16 0.40 0.14 0.87 70 80 500 50 H3 980 40 0.37 0.93 0.35 0.95 70 100 500 50 H4 950 25 1.04 2.60 0.82 0.79 70 90 500 50 H5 964 40 0.23 0.57 0.21 0.92 70 120 500 50 H6 962 40 0.25 0.61 0.20 0.81 70 100 500 50 H7 991 40 0.13 0.33 0.11 0.84 70 70 500 50 H8 972 40 0.18 0.44 0.15 0.85 40 90 500 50 H9 980 40 0.14 0.36 0.12 0.84 70 70 500 50 H10 980 40 0.14 0.35 0.12 0.86 70 70 500 50 H11 980 40 0.14 0.35 0.12 0.86 70 70 500 85 H12 980 40 0.14 0.35 0.12 0.86 70 160 500 50 I1 965 40 0.21 0.54 0.20 0.93 60 40 390 70 I2 948 40 0.39 0.96 0.25 0.65 60 100 450 70 J1 901 40 1.31 3.27 1.30 0.99 60 50 400 50 J2 943 40 0.44 1.09 0.40 0.91 60 40 500 50 K1 924 30 1.24 3.10 0.90 0.73 65 50 500 45 K2 925 30 1.22 3.05 1.20 0.98 65 50 500 45 L1 1005 35 0.16 0.41 0.15 0.91 65 80 500 50 L2 1007 35 0.16 0.39 0.15 0.96 65 80 500 18 M1 1050 40 0.29 0.73 0.25 0.86 75 80 500 65 M2 1051 40 0.30 0.76 0.25 0.83 75 5 550 65 M3 1055 25 0.26 0.64 0.20 0.78 75 80 550 65 N1 1027 40 0.20 0.50 0.12 0.60 85 70 500 50 N2 1016 40 0.15 0.36 0.12 0.83 85 70 300 50 O1 911 40 0.15 0.37 0.14 0.94 70 100 700 50 P1 1033 35 0.20 0.51 0.18 0.88 70 80 700 50 Q1 1001 40 0.13 0.33 0.12 0.91 70 100 700 50 R1 995 45 0.23 0.58 0.17 0.74 70 70 700 50 S1 1033 45 0.54 1.34 0.40 0.74 70 130 700 50 T1 1009 45 0.40 1.00 0.20 0.50 70 110 700 50 a1 988 45 0.14 0.35 0.10 0.71 80 60 500 50 b1 980 45 0.13 0.33 0.10 0.76 80 60 500 50 c1 981 45 0.14 0.34 0.10 0.73 80 60 500 50 d1 1029 45 0.14 0.34 0.10 0.73 80 60 500 50 e1 1048 45 0.16 0.40 0.10 0.62 80 60 500 50 f1 977 45 0.13 0.34 0.10 0.74 80 60 500 50 g1 1032 45 0.69 1.72 0.50 0.73 80 60 500 50 h1 980 45 0.14 0.34 0.10 0.73 80 60 500 50 i1 1013 45 0.43 1.08 0.31 0.71 80 60 500 50 AVERAGE OVERAGING COOLING HEAT HEATING RATE FROM TREATMENT TEMPER- HOLDING Ae3 TO TEMPER- HOLDING STEEL Ae3/ ATURE/ TIME/ 500 C./ ATURE/ t2/ TIME/ TYPE HR1 HR2 C. C. s C./s C. s s A1 2.10 0.90 846 890 90 16 480 61 250 A2 1.70 0.70 846 890 90 15 550 400 450 B1 1.40 0.65 845 900 150 13 400 20 400 B2 1.40 0.60 845 900 150 13 400 20 400 C1 1.60 0.60 815 870 30 28 400 20 400 C2 1.40 1.00 815 720 30 100 400 20 400 D1 1.80 0.70 818 900 30 17 350 202 350 D2 2.20 0.90 818 900 30 17 350 202 150 E1 1.60 0.65 843 870 60 16 400 20 350 E2 0.20 0.07 843 870 60 16 400 20 350 F1 1.70 0.70 805 850 40 13 380 38 200 F2 1.20 0.60 805 850 40 13 380 38 200 F3 1.30 0.60 805 850 40 13 380 38 200 G1 1.80 0.85 816 870 60 17 450 20 200 G2 2.10 1.00 816 870 60 17 450 20 200 G3 2.00 0.90 816 750 60 22 450 20 200 H1 0.40 0.10 829 850 60 16 450 20 300 H2 2.20 1.00 829 850 60 9 450 20 300 H3 2.40 1.00 829 850 60 16 450 20 300 H4 2.30 1.00 829 850 60 16 450 20 300 H5 3.00 1.40 829 850 60 16 450 20 300 H6 2.60 1.40 829 850 60 16 450 20 300 H7 1.60 0.70 829 850 60 16 450 20 300 H8 2.70 4.30 829 850 60 16 450 20 300 H9 1.30 0.45 829 850 60 19 300 400 450 H10 1.30 0.45 829 960 60 19 450 20 300 H11 1.30 0.45 829 850 60 19 450 20 300 H12 1.30 0.45 829 850 60 19 450 20 300 I1 1.10 0.50 872 900 90 14 500 202 300 I2 2.50 1.20 872 900 90 11 600 400 450 J1 3.00 1.00 845 850 60 19 450 20 400 J2 2.10 1.00 845 850 60 19 450 20 400 K1 2.10 1.00 816 880 90 13 400 20 400 K2 1.80 0.85 816 880 90 13 400 20 350 L1 1.60 0.75 910 920 60 13 450 20 350 L2 2.30 1.00 910 920 60 13 450 20 350 M1 1.50 0.70 840 870 90 18 400 20 350 M2 2.00 0.80 840 870 90 18 400 20 300 M3 2.00 0.80 840 870 90 18 400 20 300 N1 1.50 0.70 812 850 60 15 450 20 300 N2 1.70 0.80 812 850 500 15 450 20 300 O1 1.50 0.70 847 880 60 18 400 20 300 P1 1.30 0.50 829 880 60 18 400 20 300 Q1 1.90 0.60 812 880 60 18 400 20 300 R1 1.80 0.80 836 880 60 18 400 20 300 S1 2.00 0.80 825 880 60 18 400 20 300 T1 2.30 1.00 901 910 60 18 400 20 300 a1 2.10 0.84 874 880 60 18 400 20 300 b1 1.60 0.59 786 880 60 18 400 20 300 c1 1.10 0.34 795 880 60 18 400 20 300 d1 1.50 0.54 825 880 60 18 400 20 300 e1 1.20 0.39 820 880 60 18 400 20 300 f1 1.20 0.39 834 880 60 18 400 20 300 g1 1.20 0.39 793 880 60 18 400 20 300 h1 1.30 0.44 798 880 60 18 400 20 300 i1 1.50 0.54 928 930 60 18 400 20 300

(168) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 REDUC- NUMBER OF REDUC- TION REDUC- REDUC- TIMES OF TION REDUC- RATIO OF TION TION REDUCTION AT RATIO AT AUS- TION PASS BE- RATIO OF RATIO 40% OR MORE 40% OR MORE TENITE RATIO FORE FINAL FINAL PASS AT T1 TO AT NOT LOWER AT NOT LOWER GRAIN AT T1 + AT T1 + AT T1 + LOWER THAN 1000 C. THAN 1000 C. DIAMETER 30 TO T1 + 30 TO T1 + 30 TO T1 + THAN NOR HIGHER NOR HIGHER BEFORE 200 C. 200 C. 200 C. T1 + 30 C. THAN 1200 C. THAN 1200 C. FINISH (FINISH (FINISH (FINISH (FINISH STEEL T1/ (ROUGH (ROUGH ROLLING/ ROLLING)/ ROLLING)/ ROLLING)/ ROLLING)/ TYPE C. ROLLING) ROLLING) m % % % % A1 903 2 45/45 80 89 40 40 10 A2 903 2 45/45 83 89 40 40 0 B1 867 3 40/40/40 80 85 40 35 0 B2 867 0 205 85 40 35 10 C1 866 2 45/45 85 80 40 40 0 C2 666 2 45/45 87 85 40 35 0 D1 887 1 40/40/40 75 80 40 40 0 D2 887 3 40/40/40 77 80 40 40 0 E1 855 2 45/45 83 75 40 40 0 E2 855 2 45/45 88 89 35 35 0 F1 889 2 45/45 85 85 40 40 0 F2 889 1 40 130 75 35 35 0 F3 889 2 45/45 80 85 40 40 40 G1 858 2 45/45 85 85 40 40 0 G2 858 2 45/45 86 45 25 25 0 G3 858 2 45/45 83 85 40 40 0 H1 853 2 45/45 85 89 40 40 0 H2 853 2 45/45 90 89 40 40 0 H3 853 0 225 89 40 40 0 H4 853 2 45/45 87 35 25 25 0 H5 853 2 45/45 85 65 40 40 0 H6 853 2 45/45 86 89 40 40 40 H7 853 1 50 140 89 40 40 0 H8 853 2 45/45 85 89 40 40 0 H9 853 2 45/45 89 89 40 40 0 H10 853 2 45/45 89 89 40 40 0 H11 853 2 45/45 89 89 40 40 0 H12 853 2 45/45 89 89 40 40 0 H13 853 2 45/45 89 89 40 40 0 I1 852 3 40/40/40 78 85 40 40 0 I2 852 3 40/40/40 80 85 40 40 0 J1 851 2 45/45 85 80 40 40 0 J2 851 0 205 87 40 40 0 K1 853 1 40 150 75 30 30 0 K2 853 1 40 150 75 30 30 0 L1 866 2 40/40 120 85 35 35 0 L2 866 2 40/40 123 85 35 35 0 M1 882 3 35/40/45 75 85 45 40 0 M2 882 3 35/40/45 76 85 45 40 0 M3 882 3 35/40/45 79 3.7 15 25 0 N1 870 2 40/40 82 85 40 40 0 N2 870 2 40/40 80 85 40 40 0 O1 852 2 45/45 85 85 40 40 0 P1 853 3 40/40/40 83 85 35 35 0 Q1 861 2 40/40 92 80 40 40 0 R1 852 3 40/40/40 77 85 45 45 10 S1 867 2 45/45 83 85 45 45 0 T1 851 2 45/45 88 85 45 45 0 a1 859 2 45/45 85 85 45 45 0 b1 856 2 45/45 82 85 45 45 0 c1 854 2 45/45 80 85 45 45 0 d1 914 2 45/45 83 85 45 45 0 e1 939 2 45/45 85 85 45 45 0 f1 851 2 45/45 86 85 45 45 0 g1 963 2 45/45 80 85 45 45 0 h1 853 2 45/45 85 85 45 45 0 i1 853 2 45/45 88 85 45 45 0 P1: REDUC- Tf: TION t: TEMPER- RATIO OF TIME FROM ATURE FINAL COMPLETION TEMPER- AFTER FINAL REDUC- OF FINAL COOLING ATURE REDUCTION AT TION AT ROLLING AT RATE IN DECREASE 30% OR MORE 30% OR MORE 30% OR MORE PRIMARY AMOUNT IN COILING COLD (FINISH (FINISH TO PRIMARY COOLING PRIMARY TEMPER- ROLLING STEEL ROLLING)/ ROLLING)/ t1/ t1 COOLING/ t/ C./ COOLING/ ATURE/ RATIO/ TYPE C. % s 2.5 s t1 s C. C. % A1 1022 40 0.18 0.44 0.40 2.27 55 60 550 60 A2 960 40 1.13 2.82 2.00 1.77 55 50 550 60 B1 956 35 0.67 1.69 1.00 1.48 100 40 450 45 B2 948 35 0.81 2.03 1.00 1.23 100 50 450 45 C1 971 40 0.29 0.72 0.50 1.74 100 70 400 70 C2 980 35 0.34 0.86 0.50 1.45 100 50 450 70 D1 1001 40 0.21 0.52 0.50 2.42 60 90 700 45 D2 966 40 0.65 1.62 1.00 1.54 60 60 700 45 E1 930 40 0.73 1.82 1.00 1.37 80 50 500 50 E2 948 35 0.61 1.52 1.00 1.64 80 40 520 18 F1 981 40 0.44 1.11 1.00 2.26 120 90 480 60 F2 952 35 1.18 2.95 2.00 1.69 120 100 550 60 F3 943 40 1.21 3.03 2.00 1.65 120 60 500 60 G1 902 40 1.49 3.73 2.00 1.34 110 50 450 60 G2 931 25 1.44 3.61 3.00 2.08 110 40 500 60 G3 907 40 1.35 3.37 3.00 2.23 110 50 500 60 H1 982 40 0.14 0.34 0.30 2.18 70 100 500 50 H2 975 40 0.16 0.40 0.40 2.49 70 80 500 50 H3 980 40 0.37 0.93 0.80 2.16 70 100 500 50 H4 950 25 1.04 2.60 2.00 1.92 70 90 500 50 H5 964 40 0.23 0.57 0.50 2.18 70 120 500 50 H6 962 40 0.25 0.61 0.50 2.03 70 100 500 50 H7 991 40 0.13 0.33 0.30 2.30 70 70 500 50 H8 972 40 0.18 0.44 0.40 2.28 40 90 500 50 H9 980 40 0.14 0.36 0.30 2.11 70 70 500 50 H10 980 40 0.14 0.35 0.30 2.14 70 70 500 50 H11 980 40 0.14 0.35 0.30 2.14 70 70 500 85 H12 980 40 0.14 0.35 0.30 2.14 70 160 500 50 H13 980 40 0.14 0.35 0.50 3.57 70 70 500 50 I1 965 40 0.21 0.54 0.50 2.33 60 40 390 70 I2 948 40 0.39 0.96 0.50 1.30 60 100 450 70 J1 901 40 1.31 3.27 3.00 2.29 60 50 400 50 J2 943 40 0.44 1.09 1.00 2.29 60 40 500 50 K1 924 30 1.24 3.10 3.00 2.42 65 50 500 45 K2 925 30 1.22 3.05 3.00 2.46 65 50 500 45 L1 1005 35 0.16 0.41 0.40 2.44 65 80 500 50 L2 1007 35 0.16 0.39 0.30 1.92 65 80 500 18 M1 1050 40 0.29 0.73 0.70 2.40 75 80 500 65 M2 1051 40 0.30 0.76 0.70 2.32 75 5 550 65 M3 1055 25 0.26 0.64 0.60 2.35 75 80 550 65 N1 1027 40 0.20 0.50 0.45 2.26 85 70 500 50 N2 1016 40 0.15 0.36 0.30 2.07 85 70 300 50 O1 977 40 0.15 0.37 0.30 2.02 70 100 700 50 P1 1033 35 0.20 0.51 0.50 2.45 70 80 700 50 Q1 1001 40 0.13 0.33 0.30 2.27 70 100 700 50 R1 995 45 0.23 0.58 0.50 2.17 70 70 700 50 S1 1033 45 0.54 1.34 1.00 1.86 70 130 700 50 T1 1009 45 0.40 1.00 1.00 2.49 70 110 700 50 a1 988 45 0.14 0.35 0.30 2.13 80 60 500 50 b1 980 45 0.13 0.33 0.30 2.28 80 60 500 50 c1 981 45 0.14 0.34 0.30 2.19 80 60 500 50 d1 1029 45 0.14 0.34 0.30 2.18 80 60 500 50 e1 1048 45 0.16 0.40 0.40 2.49 80 60 500 50 f1 977 45 0.13 0.34 0.30 2.23 80 60 500 50 g1 1032 45 0.69 1.72 1.00 1.46 80 60 500 50 h1 980 45 0.14 0.34 0.30 2.18 80 60 500 50 i1 1013 45 0.43 1.08 1.00 2.31 80 60 500 50 AVERAGE OVERAGING COOLING HEAT HEATING RATE FROM TREATMENT TEMPER- HOLDING Ae3 TO TEMPER- HOLDING STEEL Ae3/ ATURE/ TIME/ 500 C./ ATURE/ t2/ TIME/ TYPE HR1 HR2 C. C. s C./s C. s s A1 2.10 0.90 846 890 90 16 480 61 250 A2 1.70 0.70 846 890 90 15 550 400 450 B1 1.40 0.65 845 900 150 13 400 20 400 B2 1.40 0.60 845 900 150 13 400 20 400 C1 1.60 0.60 815 870 30 28 400 20 400 C2 1.40 1.00 815 720 30 100 400 20 400 D1 1.80 0.70 818 900 30 17 350 202 350 D2 2.20 0.90 818 900 30 17 350 202 150 E1 1.60 0.65 843 870 60 16 400 20 350 E2 0.20 0.07 843 870 60 16 400 20 350 F1 1.70 0.70 805 850 40 13 380 38 200 F2 1.20 0.60 805 850 40 13 380 38 200 F3 1.30 0.60 805 850 40 13 380 38 200 G1 1.80 0.85 816 870 60 17 450 20 200 G2 2.10 1.00 816 870 60 17 450 20 200 G3 2.00 0.90 816 750 60 22 450 20 200 H1 0.40 0.10 829 850 60 16 450 20 300 H2 2.20 1.00 829 850 60 9 450 20 300 H3 2.40 1.00 829 850 60 16 450 20 300 H4 Z.30 1.00 829 850 60 16 450 20 300 H5 3.00 1.40 829 850 60 16 450 20 300 H6 2.60 1.40 829 850 60 16 450 20 300 H7 1.60 0.70 829 850 60 16 450 20 300 H8 2.70 4.30 829 850 60 16 450 20 300 H9 1.30 0.45 829 850 60 19 300 400 450 H10 1.30 0.45 829 960 60 19 450 20 300 H11 1.30 0.45 829 850 60 19 450 20 300 H12 1.30 0.45 829 850 60 19 450 20 300 H13 1.30 0.45 829 850 60 19 450 20 300 I1 1.10 0.50 872 900 90 14 500 202 300 I2 2.50 1.20 872 900 90 11 600 400 450 J1 3.00 1.00 845 850 60 19 450 20 400 J2 2.10 1.00 845 850 60 19 450 20 400 K1 2.10 1.00 816 880 90 13 400 20 400 K2 1.80 0.85 816 880 90 13 400 20 350 L1 1.60 0.75 910 920 60 13 450 20 350 L2 2.30 1.00 910 920 60 13 450 20 350 M1 1.50 0.70 840 870 90 18 400 20 350 M2 2.00 0.80 840 870 90 18 400 20 300 M3 2.00 0.80 840 870 90 18 400 20 300 N1 1.50 0.70 812 850 60 15 450 20 300 N2 1.70 0.80 812 850 500 15 450 20 300 O1 1.50 0.70 847 880 60 18 400 20 300 P1 1.30 0.50 829 880 60 18 400 20 300 Q1 1.90 0.60 812 880 60 18 400 20 300 R1 1.80 0.80 836 880 60 18 400 20 300 S1 2.00 0.80 825 880 60 18 400 20 300 T1 2.30 1.00 901 910 60 18 400 20 300 a1 2.10 0.84 874 880 60 18 400 20 300 b1 1.60 0.59 786 880 60 18 400 20 300 c1 1.10 0.34 795 880 60 18 400 20 300 d1 1.50 0.54 825 880 60 18 400 20 300 e1 1.20 0.39 820 880 60 18 400 20 300 f1 1.20 0.39 834 880 60 18 400 20 300 g1 1.20 0.39 793 880 60 18 400 20 300 h1 1.30 0.44 798 880 60 18 400 20 300 i1 1.50 0.54 928 930 60 18 400 20 300

(169) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 AVERAGE VALUE OF POLE DENSITIES OF (100)<011> EQUIAXED TO (223)<110> POLE SIZE OF GRAIN STEEL STRUCTURAL ORIENTATION DENSITY OF GRAIN UNIT/ RATIO TYPE FRACTION GROUP (332)<113> m % TS/MPa A1 B + 1% P + 3% F 2.6 3.0 2.3 59 791 A2 B+ 5%P+ 5% F 2.0 2.3 2.7 67 829 B1 B + 1% F 2.1 1.9 5.4 68 696 B2 B 4.2 5.5 4.2 34 702 C1 B + 1% M 2.6 3.5 1.9 64 737 C2 F+ 30%B 5.5 6.7 5.2 47 454 D1 B + 4% rA 2.6 3.5 3.9 65 985 D2 B+ 8%M 2.9 3.8 1.7 62 1119 E1 B + 1% M 2.7 3.3 5.1 64 539 E2 B + 1% M 4.2 5.1 8.5 37 532 F1 B + 3% F 2.4 3.2 2.2 64 961 F2 B + 1% F + 1% M 3.1 4.2 4.0 54 973 F3 B + 5% F 4.2 5.7 3.3 35 952 G1 B + 3% F 2.2 2.8 2.8 66 858 G2 B 4.6 5.6 4.8 54 875 G3 B+ 35%F 4.5 5.1 5.5 45 634 H1 B + 4% F 2.0 2.5 4.2 67 782 H2 B+ 30%F+ 2% P 2.0 2.6 4.1 66 656 H3 B + 3% F 4.2 5.1 4.7 40 786 H4 B + 3% F 4.8 5.9 8.8 55 778 H5 B + 4% F 3.2 3.9 6.8 62 777 H6 B + 2% F 4.1 5.4 3.6 34 793 H7 B + 3% F 2.4 3.4 4.0 55 787 H8 B + 3% F 1.3 1.7 9.1 74 777 H9 B+ 1%F+ 10% P 2.1 2.6 3.9 66 917 H10 B + 2% F 3.1 3.8 10.0 70 796 H11 B + 4% F 4.6 5.6 7.0 52 784 H12 B + 4% F 4.2 5.1 4.2 65 792 I1 B 2.0 2.2 3.3 69 626 I2 F+ 33%B+ 12% P 2.3 2.6 1.1 66 649 J1 B + 5% F 2.2 2.8 6.1 67 480 J2 B + 2% F + 2% P 4.1 5.9 7.3 47 500 K1 B + 1% M 3.2 4.1 4.9 50 895 K2 B + 2% F 2.5 3.3 10.0 58 865 L1 B 2.3 3.2 5.2 60 606 L2 B+ 2%F 4.1 5.1 8.8 25 591 M1 B 2.1 2.3 3.5 68 956 M2 B + 3% F 2.1 2.4 9.5 68 968 M3 B 4.7 5.5 8.0 57 971 N1 B + 3% F 2.4 3.0 2.9 64 811 N2 B 2.2 0.6 9.2 67 817 O1 B 2.1 2.6 5.3 67 589 P1 B + 2% F 2.1 2.7 5.2 67 624 Q1 B + 3% F 2.4 3.1 5.7 65 920 R1 B 2.7 3.4 3.9 59 708 S1 B 2.3 2.8 4.1 66 767 T1 B 2.5 3.2 2.2 62 629 a1 B+ 26%F 2.3 2.9 3.6 65 427 b1 B + 5% P 2.2 2.8 4.0 66 855 c1 B 2.3 2.8 3.7 66 952 d1 B 4.9 6.6 4.0 66 985 e1 B 4.3 5.8 3.3 64 951 f1 B + 2% F 2.3 2.9 3.8 65 568 g1 B 5.1 6.2 4.0 66 1099 h1 B 2.3 2.9 3.7 65 683 i1 B + 10% M + 5% rA 2.3 2.9 3.8 65 864 SHEET THICKNESS/ STEEL MINIMUM TYPE El./% /% BEND A1 22 151 3.5 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL A2 21 58 1.6 COMPARATIVE STEEL B1 21 173 5.4 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL B2 21 80 0.2 COMPARATIVE STEEL C1 24 130 2.6 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL C2 32 62 0.7 COMPARATIVE STEEL D1 16 91 3.2 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL D2 15 51 1.6 COMPARATIVE STEEL E1 28 169 3.2 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL E2 20 58 1.2 COMPARATIVE STEEL F1 18 90 2.6 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL F2 15 95 2.7 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL F3 15 64 0.5 COMPARATIVE STEEL G1 20 140 4.2 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL G2 16 51 0.7 COMPARATIVE STEEL G3 22 81 0.9 COMPARATIVE STEEL H1 20 152 4.7 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL H2 24 90 2.1 COMPARATIVE STEEL H3 18 87 0.8 COMPARATIVE STEEL H4 13 64 1.0 COMPARATIVE STEEL H5 16 109 2.8 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL H6 19 94 0.7 COMPARATIVE STEEL H7 19 132 3.2 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL H8 9 51 2.5 COMPARATIVE STEEL H9 17 51 1.6 COMPARATIVE STEEL H10 19 103 2.9 COMPARATIVE STEEL H11 20 55 0.7 COMPARATIVE STEEL H12 19 80 0.9 COMPARATIVE STEEL I1 27 148 3.8 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL I2 29 98 2.0 COMPARATIVE STEEL J1 29 183 4.1 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL J2 25 101 0.5 COMPARATIVE STEEL K1 15 102 2.6 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL K2 9 41 2.6 COMPARATIVE STEEL L1 24 159 3.5 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL L2 19 71 0.7 COMPARATIVE STEEL M1 17 112 4.3 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL M2 10 39 2.6 COMPARATIVE STEEL M3 11 23 0.5 COMPARATIVE STEEL N1 21 143 3.7 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL N2 13 63 2.7 COMPARATIVE STEEL O1 25 175 4.4 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL P1 24 167 4.3 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL Q1 15 92 3.6 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL R1 22 146 3.0 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL S1 20 144 4.0 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL T1 28 183 3.5 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL a1 39 105 1.7 COMPARATIVE STEEL b1 18 53 1.4 COMPARATIVE STEEL c1 16 38 1.0 COMPARATIVE STEEL d1 16 44 0.6 COMPARATIVE STEEL e1 17 54 0.8 COMPARATIVE STEEL f1 29 66 1.1 COMPARATIVE STEEL g1 14 29 0.6 COMPARATIVE STEEL h1 24 71 1.4 COMPARATIVE STEEL i1 18 56 1.4 COMPARATIVE STEEL

(170) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 AVERAGE VALUE OF POLE DENSITIES OF (100)<011> EQUIAXED TO (223)<110> POLE SIZE OF GRAIN STEEL STRUCTURAL ORIENTATION DENSITY OF GRAIN UNIT/ RATIO TYPE FRACTION GROUP (332)<113> m % TS/MPa A1 B + 1% P + 3% F 2.5 3.0 2.5 59 716 A2 B+ 5%P+ 5% F 2.0 2.2 2.9 67 747 B1 B + 1% F 2.0 1.9 5.6 68 640 B2 B 4.2 5.5 4.4 34 645 C1 B + 1% M 2.5 3.5 2.1 64 673 C2 F+ 30%B 5.5 6.7 5.4 47 444 D1 B + 4% rA 2.5 3.4 4.1 65 874 D2 B+ 8%M 2.8 3.8 1.9 62 983 E1 B + 1% M 2.6 3.3 5.3 64 512 E2 B + 1% M 4.2 5.1 8.7 37 507 F1 B + 3% F 2.3 3.1 2.4 64 854 F2 B + 1% F + 1% M 3.0 4.2 4.2 54 864 F3 B + 5% F 4.1 5.7 3.5 35 847 G1 B + 3% F 2.2 2.7 3.0 66 771 G2 B 4.5 5.5 5.0 54 785 G3 B+ 35%F 4.5 5.1 5.7 45 589 H1 B + 4% F 1.9 2.4 4.4 67 709 H2 B+ 30%F+ 2% P 2.0 2.5 4.3 66 607 H3 B + 3% F 4.2 5.1 4.9 40 713 H4 B + 3% F 4.7 5.8 9.0 55 706 H5 B + 4% F 3.1 3.9 7.0 62 705 H6 B + 2% F 4.0 5.4 3.8 34 718 H7 B + 3% F 2.3 3.4 4.2 55 714 H8 B + 3% F 1.2 1.7 9.3 74 706 H9 B+ 1%F+ 10% P 2.0 2.5 4.1 66 818 H10 B + 2% F 3.1 3.8 10.2 70 721 H11 B + 4% F 4.6 5.6 7.2 52 711 H12 B + 4% F 4.2 5.1 4.4 65 718 H13 B + 2% F 1.2 1.4 10.2 70 708 I1 B 2.0 2.2 3.5 69 583 I2 F+ 33%B+ 12% P 2.3 2.5 1.3 66 602 J1 B + 5% F 2.2 2.7 6.3 67 465 J2 B + 2% F + 2% P 4.1 5.9 7.5 47 481 K1 B + 1% M 3.2 4.0 5.1 50 801 K2 B + 2% F 2.4 3.2 10.2 58 776 L1 B 2.3 3.1 5.4 60 567 L2 B+ 2%F 4.1 5.1 9.0 25 554 M1 B 2.1 2.3 3.7 68 850 M2 B + 3% F 2.1 2.3 9.7 68 860 M3 B 4.7 5.5 8.2 57 862 N1 B + 3% F 2.4 2.9 3.1 64 733 N2 B 2.2 0.6 9.4 67 738 O1 B 2.0 2.6 5.5 67 553 P1 B + 2% F 2.1 2.6 5.4 67 581 Q1 B + 3% F 2.4 3.0 5.9 65 821 R1 B 2.7 3.4 4.1 59 649 S1 B 2.2 2.8 4.3 66 698 T1 B 2.5 3.1 2.4 62 586 a1 B+ 26%F 2.3 2.8 3.8 65 422 b1 B + 5% P 2.2 2.7 4.2 66 768 c1 B 2.3 2.7 3.9 66 847 d1 B 4.9 6.6 4.2 66 874 e1 B 4.3 5.8 3.5 64 846 f1 B + 2% F 2.2 2.8 4.0 65 536 g1 B 5.1 6.2 4.2 66 967 h1 B 2.2 2.8 3.9 65 629 i1 B+ 10%M+ 5% rA 2.3 2.9 4.0 65 776 SHEET THICKNESS/ STEEL MINIMUM TYPE El./% /% BEND A1 23 158 3.5 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL A2 22 61 1.6 COMPARATIVE STEEL B1 22 181 5.4 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL B2 21 84 0.2 COMPARATIVE STEEL C1 25 136 2.6 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL C2 33 63 0.7 COMPARATIVE STEEL D1 17 97 3.2 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL D2 16 55 1.6 COMPARATIVE STEEL E1 28 173 3.2 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL E2 21 59 1.2 COMPARATIVE STEEL F1 19 93 2.6 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL F2 16 100 2.7 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL F3 16 67 0.5 COMPARATIVE STEEL G1 21 148 4.2 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL G2 17 53 0.7 COMPARATIVE STEEL G3 22 84 0.9 COMPARATIVE STEEL H1 21 159 4.7 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL H2 25 94 2.1 COMPARATIVE STEEL H3 19 91 0.8 COMPARATIVE STEEL H4 14 67 1.0 COMPARATIVE STEEL H5 17 114 2.8 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL H6 19 98 0.7 COMPARATIVE STEEL H7 20 138 3.2 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL H8 9 56 2.5 COMPARATIVE STEEL H9 18 54 1.6 COMPARATIVE STEEL H10 20 108 2.9 COMPARATIVE STEEL H11 21 58 0.7 COMPARATIVE STEEL H12 20 84 0.9 COMPARATIVE STEEL H13 21 88 2.5 COMPARATIVE STEEL I1 28 153 3.8 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL I2 30 101 2.0 COMPARATIVE STEEL J1 30 186 4.1 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL J2 25 103 0.5 COMPARATIVE STEEL K1 16 107 2.6 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL K2 9 44 2.6 COMPARATIVE STEEL L1 25 164 3.5 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL L2 20 73 0.7 COMPARATIVE STEEL M1 18 119 4.3 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL M2 11 41 2.6 COMPARATIVE STEEL M3 12 25 0.5 COMPARATIVE STEEL N1 22 150 3.7 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL N2 13 66 2.7 COMPARATIVE STEEL O1 26 181 4.4 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL P1 25 173 4.3 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL Q1 16 98 3.6 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL R1 23 152 3.0 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL S1 21 151 4.0 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL T1 29 189 3.5 PRESENT INVENTION STEEL a1 39 88 1.7 COMPARATIVE STEEL b1 19 56 1.4 COMPARATIVE STEEL c1 17 40 1.0 COMPARATIVE STEEL d1 17 46 0.6 COMPARATIVE STEEL e1 18 57 0.8 COMPARATIVE STEEL f1 29 68 1.1 COMPARATIVE STEEL g1 15 31 0.6 COMPARATIVE STEEL h1 25 74 1.4 COMPARATIVE STEEL i1 19 59 1.4 COMPARATIVE STEEL

EXPLANATION OF CODES

(171) 1 continuous hot rolling line 2 roughing mill 3 finishing mill 4 hot-rolled steel sheet 5 run-out-table 6 rolling stand 10 inter-stand cooling nozzle 11 cooling nozzle 11