Stirling engine

Abstract

A Stirling engine has a housing containing a displacer and a power piston arranged to reciprocate relatively to one another. A head is adjacent to the displacer to absorb heat, and is surrounded by a block of copper or aluminum. A substantial proportion of the block is clad with a layer of stainless steel or Inconel having a thickness of between 3 mm and 0.15 mm.

Claims

1. A Stirling engine comprising a housing containing a displacer and a power piston arranged to reciprocate relatively to one another, a head adjacent to the displacer to absorb heat, the head being surrounded by a block of copper or aluminum, a proportion of an exposed outer surface of the block being clad with a layer of stainless steel or INCONNEL (nickel alloy) having a thickness of between 3 mm and 0.15 mm.

2. An engine according to claim 1, wherein the block has a maximum distance from the outermost surface to the closest part of the housing of greater than 1 cm.

3. An engine according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the cladding layer is 1 mm to 0.5 mm.

4. An engine according to claim 1, wherein the block has a frustoconical shape, arranged coaxially with the head and with the wider end of the block furthest from the head where it provides a circular face.

5. An engine according to claim 4, wherein only the circular face of the block at the wider end is clad.

6. An engine according to claim 5, wherein the conical face of the block is brazed with nickel.

7. An engine according to claim 1, wherein the block has a cylindrical shape arranged coaxially with the head.

8. An engine according to claim 7, wherein top and/or the side faces of the block are clad.

9. An engine according to claim 1, wherein the engine is a free piston engine.

10. An engine according to claim 1, wherein the engine is a linear engine.

11. A combination of an engine according to claim 1, with a biomass, waste heat or solar heat source arranged to supply heat to the head via the block and cladding.

Description

(1) Examples of Stirling engines in accordance with the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a side view of the Stirling engine with the head portion shown in cross-section for use with a solar source; and

(3) FIG. 2 is a cross-section through the head end of a Stirling engine casing for an engine used for a biomass or waste heat source.

(4) The basic design of the Stirling engine is known in the art, for example, the Microgen? 1 kW engine. The engine is a linear free piston Stirling engine with a displacer (not shown) adjacent to the head end 1 and a power piston (not shown) adjacent to the opposite end 2. Heat is applied at the head end 1. This heat is absorbed by internal fins 3 as shown in FIG. 2. A coolant circuit surrounds a central portion of the engine. This comprises coolant inlet 4 and an inner coolant chamber 5 around which the coolant circulates in order to create a heat differential between the head and the central portion of the engine. This differential causes reciprocation of the displacer in a manner well known in the art. The displacer reciprocates out of phase with the power piston and an AC output is provided at the opposite end 2. The water in the coolant circuit is then fed to a heat exchanger (not shown) where it absorbs exhaust heat from the engine to provide a heat supply.

(5) An annular flange 7 surrounds a central portion of the engine and is the means by which the engine is supported again as is known in the art.

(6) The present invention is directed to the provision of a block adjacent to the head to facilitate heat absorption for particular sources.

(7) In FIG. 1, the head 10 is surrounded by a block 11 having a generally frustoconical shape with a narrow annular end 12 and a wide circular end 13 with a cylindrical recess 14 extending centrally from the narrow end 12 of the block 11 most of the way to the wider end. At the end of the recess 14, a space 15 defined between the curved top of the head and the block 11. This is done firstly because there is little heat transfer which occurs at this point, and secondly because the cylindrical shape shown in FIG. 1 is easier to machine.

(8) The block 11 is made of copper or aluminum and the circular top face is clad with a circular disc 18 of stainless steel or INCONEL (nickel alloy) having a thickness of between 3 mm and 1.5 mm. The curved face 17 of the copper block 14 and under the cladding 13 and the narrow end 12 are brazed with nickel.

(9) In use, a solar collector is provided to direct solar energy onto the circular end 13 such that this energy is absorbed into the block 11 and hence into the head 10. It will be appreciated that the relatively large size of the block and the use of copper or aluminium provides a large thermal mass which optimizes the heat absorption into the head. Secondly, the large thermal mass provides a degree of smoothing for this otherwise unpredictable heat source.

(10) FIG. 2 shows a similar block suitable for a non-solar application. In this case, the block 20 is cylindrical but has a similar central recess 14 accommodating the head. In this case, both the circular end face 21 and the annular side face 22 are clad with a layer of stainless steel or INCONEL (nickel alloy) having a thickness of between 3 mm and 0.15 mm as the heat transfer is more evenly distributed around the surfaces. The end surface 23 of the block closest to the mounting bracket 7 does not need to be clad as it does not receive significant direct heat. However, the heat could be clad if required.

(11) The typical thermal properties of the materials used are set out below:

(12) TABLE-US-00001 Thermal Specific Conductivity1 Density Heat Material W/m K kg/m3 kJ/Kg K Copper 400 8960 0.3785 Stainless 16 to 20 8030 0.5 Steel (304) Aluminium 205 2700 0.897 Inconels (Nickel 16 8430 N/A alloys)