Energy conversion systems and methods

Abstract

An energy conversion system includes a stationary structure and a rotatable structure configured to rotate relative to the stationary structure. The system includes at least one blade member mounted to and extending radially outward from the rotatable structure. The blade member is configured to interact with fluid currents to cause the rotatable structure to rotate about an axis of rotation. The system includes a first magnetic bearing component disposed on the rotatable structure and a second magnetic bearing component disposed on the stationary structure. The magnetic bearing components have an aligned position in which the components are axially aligned along the axis of rotation with respect to each other. Axial displacement of the magnetic bearing components from the aligned position generates a magnetic field between the components that provides an axially-directed restoring force between the rotatable structure and the stationary structure to reposition the components to the aligned position.

Claims

1. An energy conversion system comprising: a stationary structure; a rotatable structure configured to rotate relative to the stationary structure, the rotatable structure defining a longitudinal axis extending in an axial direction; at least one blade member mounted to and extending radially outward from the rotatable structure, the at least one blade member being configured to interact with fluid currents to cause the rotatable structure to rotate about the longitudinal axis; and a first magnetic bearing component disposed on the rotatable structure and a second magnetic bearing component disposed on the stationary structure, the first and second magnetic bearing components having a first positioning relative to each other along the axial direction, wherein, in response to a relative displacement along the axial direction of the rotatable and stationary structures: the first and second magnetic bearing components are displaced from the first relative positioning and a magnetic attraction force between the first and second magnetic bearing components is generated, the magnetic attraction force being sufficient to reposition the displaced rotatable and stationary structures so that the first and second magnetic bearing components return to the first relative positioning.

2. The energy conversion system of claim 1, further comprising at least one bearing mechanism configured to provide a radial bearing between the rotatable structure and the stationary structure.

3. The energy conversion system of claim 2, where the at least one bearing mechanism is chosen from at least one of hydraulic bearing mechanisms and roller bearing mechanisms.

4. The energy conversion system of claim 1, wherein the first magnetic bearing component comprises an electrical conductor and the second magnetic bearing component comprises a magnet array.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein the electrical conductor comprises a steel C-core or a steel yoke.

6. The energy conversion system of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second magnetic bearing components comprises a plurality of magnets substantially arranged in a Halbach type array.

7. The energy conversion system of claim 1, wherein the displacement of the first and second magnetic bearing components from the first relative positioning creates radial air gap fields to generate the magnetic attraction force.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one blade member is configured to interact with tidal currents to cause rotation of the rotatable structure.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one blade member is configured to interact with currents in a river, ocean, or lake to cause rotation of the rotatable structure.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein the rotatable structure is mounted around an outer periphery of the stationary structure.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein the rotatable structure and the stationary structure are closed-looped structures disposed in a substantially concentric arrangement relative to each other.

12. The system of claim 1, wherein the relative displacement between the rotatable and stationary structures occurs in response to forces exerted by the fluid currents.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein the magnetic attraction force counteracts the forces exerted by the fluid currents.

14. An energy conversion system comprising: a stationary structure; a rotatable structure configured to rotate relative to the stationary structure, the rotatable structure defining a longitudinal axis extending in an axial direction; at least one blade member mounted to and extending radially outward from the rotatable structure, the at least one blade member being configured to interact with fluid currents flowing in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis to cause the rotatable structure to rotate about the longitudinal axis; a plurality of electrical conductors mounted intermittently on the rotatable structure; a magnet array disposed on the stationary structure; and a stator assembly mounted around a periphery of the stationary structure, the stator assembly being a single coil extending around the periphery of the stationary structure; wherein the system is configured to, during rotation of the rotatable structure about the stationary structure: generate electricity by moving the electrical conductors relative to the single coil, and generate an axially-directed restoring force between the rotatable structure and the stationary structure in response to a relative displacement along the axial direction of the electrical conductors and the magnet array.

15. The system of claim 14, wherein the axially-directed restoring force is a magnetic force sufficient to counteract forces exerted by the flow of the fluid currents.

16. The system of claim 14, wherein the axially-directed restoring force is a magnetic attraction force.

17. A method for axially stabilizing an energy conversion system within a body of fluid, the method comprising: orienting an energy conversion system in the body of fluid so that fluid currents interact with the energy conversion system to cause a rotatable structure of the energy conversion system to rotate relative to a stationary structure of the energy conversion system about a longitudinal axis extending in an axial direction; and in response to a relative displacement along the axial direction of the rotatable and stationary structures: generating a magnetic attraction force between a first magnetic bearing component disposed on the rotatable structure and a second magnetic bearing component disposed on the stationary structure due to displacement along the axial direction of the first and second magnetic bearing components from a first positioning relative to each other, wherein the generated magnetic attraction force between the first and second magnetic bearing components is sufficient to reposition the displaced rotatable and stationary structures so that the first and second magnetic bearing components return to the first relative positioning.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the first magnetic bearing component comprises an electrical conductor and the second magnetic bearing component comprises a magnet array.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising generating electricity by moving a plurality of electrical conductors mounted intermittently on the rotatable structure relative to a coil mounted on the stationary structure, the moving being in response to rotation of the rotatable structure.

20. The method of claim 17, wherein each of the first and second magnetic bearing components comprises a plurality of magnets substantially arranged in a Halbach type array.

21. The method of claim 17, wherein displacing the first and second magnetic bearing components from the first relative positioning creates radial air gap fields to generate the magnetic attraction force.

22. The method of claim 17, wherein the energy conversion system comprises at least one blade member mounted to and extending radially outward from the rotatable structure, and wherein the fluid currents interact with the at least one blade member to cause rotation of the rotatable structure.

23. The method of claim 17, wherein orienting the energy conversion system in the body of fluid comprises orienting the energy conversion system in a river, ocean, or lake.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate some exemplary embodiments of the present teachings and together with the description, serve to explain certain principles. In the drawings,

(2) FIG. 1 is a plan view of an exemplary embodiment of an energy conversion system in accordance with the present teachings;

(3) FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken through line 2-2 of the energy conversion system of FIG. 1;

(4) FIG. 3 is a partial perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of an array of magnets with a conductive coil for use with exemplary embodiments of the present teachings;

(5) FIG. 4 is a plan view of an additional exemplary embodiment of an energy conversion system in accordance with the present teachings;

(6) FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view of the energy conversion system of FIG. 4 taken through line 5-5 in FIG. 4;

(7) FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of the magnetic bearing mechanism of FIG. 5;

(8) FIG. 7 is a magnetization field plot for an exemplary magnetic bearing mechanism having a configuration like that in FIG. 6;

(9) FIG. 8 is a magnetization field plot for a comparative magnetic bearing mechanism;

(10) FIGS. 9 through 12 are partial cross-sectional views of additional exemplary embodiments of an energy conversion system in accordance with the present teachings;

(11) FIG. 13 is an enlarged view of the magnetic bearing mechanism of FIG. 12;

(12) FIG. 14 is a magnetization field plot for an exemplary magnetic bearing mechanism having a configuration like that in FIG. 13;

(13) FIG. 15 is a graph of restoring force versus vertical displacement for the magnetic bearing mechanism of FIG. 13;

(14) FIG. 16 is a partial perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a configuration of magnetic bearing mechanisms in accordance with the present teachings;

(15) FIG. 17 is an enlarged view of a magnetic bearing mechanism of FIG. 16 with the magnetization orientation shown; and

(16) FIGS. 18-73 are schematic partial cross-sectional views of various exemplary embodiments of rotatable structure, stationary structure, and bearing mechanism arrangements in accordance with the present teachings.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

(17) Reference will now be made in detail to various exemplary embodiments of the present teachings, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.

(18) Various exemplary embodiments of the present teachings contemplate an energy conversion system configured to interact with fluid streams, such as, for example, tidal currents, that utilizes an open-center configuration and relative movement of components of the system to convert kinetic energy from fluid flow into other useful forms of energy, such as, for example, electricity and/or hydrogen production. In various exemplary embodiments, the present teachings contemplate one or more blade members supported by and extending radially outwardly and/or inwardly from a rotatable structure that is rotatably mounted relative to a stationary structure. Fluid flowing past the system may interact with the blades to cause rotational movement of the one or more blades and rotatable structure supporting the blades relative to the stationary structure. In various exemplary embodiments, as shown in the figures, the rotatable structure and the stationary structure can be closed-loop structures (e.g., having a ring or elliptical configuration). Further, either of the rotatable closed-loop or stationary closed-loop structures of the present teachings may be in the form of a unitary closed-loop structure or may comprise a plurality of modular segments (e.g., substantially arcuate-shaped segments) connected together to form an integral closed-loop structure. As would be understand by those of ordinary skill in the art, however, the embodiments shown are exemplary only and are not intended to be limiting of the present teachings and claims. Accordingly, the rotatable structure and the stationary structure may comprise various shapes and/or configurations.

(19) Although in various exemplary embodiments shown and described herein, a plurality of blades are supported by the rotatable structure, any number of blades, including one, may be supported by the rotatable structure. Moreover, blades may extend radially outward from, radially inward toward, or both radially outward and radially inward toward a center of the open-center energy conversion system.

(20) Open-center energy conversion systems, such as those in accordance with the present teachings, may offer the ability to scale up or down the overall size of the system as the gage, length, and path configuration of the stationary structure can vary greatly. Likewise, the strength, size, and shape of the blades also may vary significantly. This is in contrast with central shaft systems, where the size of the blades can be somewhat limited due to the stresses associated with longer blades supported by a central rotating shaft. In exemplary embodiments of the present teachings, the length and size of the blades can vary greatly since they are mounted to a rotatable structure that is disposed at a distance from the center of rotation of the device which offers increased stability compared to a central shaft. Therefore, the entire device can be scaled up or down to accommodate varying site characteristics and other requirements and/or to achieve desired results.

(21) Support and movement of the rotatable structure relative to and along the stationary structure may be accomplished by one or more bearing mechanisms. In various exemplary embodiments of the present teachings, one or more bearing mechanisms may be provided to substantially maintain the relative position, for example, in an axial direction and/or a radial direction, of the rotatable structure and the stationary structure. Bearing mechanisms in accordance with the present teachings may be configured to provide relatively low friction between the moving (e.g., rotating) and stationary structures to promote efficiency. Moreover, bearing mechanisms in accordance with the present teachings may be configured to withstand a relatively harsh environment, such as, for example, underwater environments, by reducing the number of moving components and/or wear.

(22) In various embodiments of the present teachings, for example, one or more magnetic bearing mechanisms may be provided to substantially maintain the relative position, in an axial direction, of the rotatable structure and the stationary structure. To provide an axial restoring force between the rotatable structure and the stationary structure (i.e., to offset axial flow thrust forces), magnetic bearing mechanisms in various exemplary embodiments in accordance with the present teaching may comprise a plurality of magnets arranged in a Halbach type array. In various additional exemplary embodiments of the present teachings, the magnetic bearing mechanisms may also serve as a mechanism to produce electricity, for example in conjunction with electrical conductor mechanisms.

(23) As would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, as used herein, the term Halbach type array refers to a rotating pattern of permanent magnets, which augments the magnetic field on one side of the array, while cancelling the magnetic field on the other side of the array (i.e., creating a one-sided flux). Non-limiting, exemplary Halbach type arrays may include, for example, 90 degree Halbach arrays (i.e., arrays with a 90 degree rotation pattern) and 45 degree Halbach arrays (i.e., arrays with a 45 degree rotation pattern). The present teachings contemplate, however, using any type of Halbach array known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

(24) With reference now to FIGS. 1 and 2, a schematic plan view and cross-sectional view (taken through line 2-2 of the energy conversion system of FIG. 1) of an exemplary embodiment of an energy conversion system 100 having an open center configuration is shown. The energy conversion system 100 includes a rotatable structure 110 to which one or more blade members 130 (a plurality being shown in FIG. 1) are mounted. The rotatable structure 110 is rotatably mounted relative to (e.g., around the outer periphery thereof in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1) a stationary structure 120. The blade members 130 are configured and positioned relative to the rotatable structure 110 such that fluid currents may interact with the blade members 130 to cause the rotatable structure 110 with the blade members 130 carried thereby to rotate in a manner with which those ordinarily skilled in the art are familiar. For example, the blade members 130 may be hydrofoils configured to interact with fluid currents (designated as FC in FIG. 2) moving in a direction substantially perpendicular to a plane of rotation of the blade members 130 and the rotatable structure 110 (and substantially parallel to an axis A of rotation of the blade members 130 and rotatable structure 110). In other words, in the orientation of the system 100 in FIG. 1, the blade members 130 may be configured to interact with fluid currents FC having a component moving in a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane of the drawing sheet.

(25) The rotational movement caused by interaction of fluid currents with the blade members 130 may be converted to another form of energy, such as, for example, electricity and/or hydrogen production. Such conversion of the rotational movement to another form of energy may occur via numerous techniques those having skill in the art would be familiar with, some of which are described in further detail below. Reference also is made to U.S. Pat. No. 7,453,166, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

(26) To rotatably mount the rotatable structure 110 relative to the stationary structure 120, the energy conversion system of FIG. 1 may include one or more sets of bearing mechanisms 115, 125 (a plurality of sets being depicted in the exemplary embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2). Each set may comprise at least one bearing mechanism 115 associated respectively with the rotatable structure 110 and at least one bearing mechanism 125 associated with the stationary structure 120. The bearing mechanisms 115 and 125, as will be explained in further detail below may be configured to cooperate with each other; as such, the bearing mechanism 115 and the bearing mechanism 125 may comprise differing structures that are configured to cooperate with one another to form a bearing that permits the rotatable structure 110 to rotate relative to the stationary structure 120 in a substantially stable position (e.g., radial and/or axial position).

(27) In various exemplary embodiments in accordance with the present teachings, the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may be configured as a magnetic bearing mechanism. That is, the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may establish a magnetic field sufficient to levitate (e.g., float) the rotatable structure 110 relative to the stationary structure 120 so that the rotatable structure 110 can rotate relative to the stationary structure 120. The magnetic field created between the sets of bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may be sufficient to maintain a spacing (e.g., radial spacing) between the rotatable structure 110 and the stationary structure 120. More specifically, the magnetic field may be sufficient to maintain a spacing (i.e., gap) G between opposing surfaces of the structures 110 and 120 (in other words, the interface), for example, in FIG. 1 between the outer surface 122 of the stationary structure 120 and the inner surface 111 of the rotatable structure 110.

(28) As explained in more detail below, with reference to FIG. 11, the magnetic bearing mechanism comprising the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may further be configured to substantially maintain a relative axial positioning of the rotatable structure 110 and the stationary structure 120. For example, the magnetic field between the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may be sufficient to substantially prevent movement of either the rotatable structure 110 and/or the stationary structure 120 in the axial direction as a result of the force associated with the fluid current FC (e.g., the thrust of the fluid current) acting thereon. That is, as explained above, when the energy conversion system 100 is positioned relative to a fluid current FC moving substantially parallel to the axis A (e.g., substantially perpendicular to the plane of the sheet of FIG. 1), the magnetic field established between the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may generate a force sufficient to substantially prevent movement of the rotatable structure 110 or the stationary structure 120 as a result of the force of the current.

(29) In various exemplary embodiments in accordance with the present teachings, the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may comprise permanent magnets that are configured to repel each other to substantially maintain the spacing G between the rotatable structure 110 and the stationary structure 120. In the case of bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 comprising permanent magnets, the magnetic field (and thus the repelling force) may be established even when the rotatable structure 110 and the stationary structure 120 are not moving relative to each other.

(30) In various other exemplary embodiments, the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may be cooperating structures configured to establish a dynamic magnetic field, and thereby achieve magnetic levitation. That is, the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may be configured to establish a magnetic field therebetween by virtue of the relative movement of the rotatable structure 110 and the stationary structure 120. By way of example, one of the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may comprise an array of magnets and the other of the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may comprise one or more conductors, (e.g., a conductive coil or a linear conductive member). In one exemplary embodiment, the bearing mechanisms 115 mounted on the rotatable structure 110 may comprise an array of magnets and the bearing mechanisms 125 mounted to the stationary structure 120 may comprise a conductive coil. However, in an alternative embodiment, the bearing mechanisms 115 mounted on the rotatable structure 110 may comprise a conductive coil and the bearing mechanisms 125 mounted on the stationary structure 120 may comprise a magnetic array. In various exemplary embodiments, the array of magnets may be a Halbach array.

(31) The bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may comprise structures configured to achieve magnetic levitation by any mechanisms known to those skilled in the art of magnetic levitation technology and those described above are exemplary only. Those having skill in the art would understand how to modify the structures of 115 and 125 to achieve magnetic levitation of the rotatable structure 110 relative to the stationary structure 120, and would understand that the structures 115 and 125 shown are schematic representations only. The number, shape, spacing, size, magnetic field strength, and other properties of the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may be selected based on various factors such as the size and weight of the rotatable and stationary structures 110, 120, the required levitation and bearing forces, and other factors based on the desired application.

(32) In various exemplary embodiments wherein the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 comprise a magnet and an electrical conductor, one or more of the sets of bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 also may be configured to generate electricity upon relative motion of the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 in a manner known to those ordinarily skilled in the art. For example, if a bearing mechanism 115 is configured as an array of magnets and a bearing mechanism 125 is configured as a conductive coil, motion of those bearing mechanisms relative to one another due to rotation of the rotatable structure 110 relative to the stationary structure 120 may generate a voltage in the conductive loop which can be drawn off through the use of electrical leads (not shown) for electricity generation. In a case wherein the conductors are mounted on the rotatable structure, it may be necessary to use a slip ring, sliding connectors, or other type of rotary electrical interface (not shown) to make the electrical connection to the conductive coils. Those ordinarily skilled in the art have familiarity with the use of slip rings and other rotary electrical interface devices to establish electrical connections with rotating electrical components.

(33) FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a set of bearing mechanisms in which one of the set bearing mechanisms comprises an array of magnets 515 and the other of the set of bearing mechanisms comprises an electrically conductive coil 525.

(34) In accordance with various other exemplary embodiments, the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 of FIG. 1 may be configured as fluid bearing mechanisms. That is, one or more sets of bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may support the load of the rotatable structure 110 as it rotates about the stationary structure 120 on a layer of liquid or gas. The layer of liquid or gas between the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may be sufficient to levitate (e.g., float) the rotatable structure 110 relative to the stationary structure 120 so that the rotatable structure 110 can rotate relative to the stationary structure 120 and maintain a spacing between opposing surfaces of the rotatable structure 110 and stationary structure 120. For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 1, the fluid bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may be configured to maintain a spacing G between the outer surface 122 of the stationary structure 120 and the inner surface 111 of the rotatable structure 110.

(35) The fluid source for the fluid bearing mechanisms may be any fluid. However, in various exemplary embodiments, the fluid in which the system is submerged (e.g., water in a river, ocean, lake, etc.) may be used as the fluid source. By using the fluid in which the system is submerged, sealing of the bearing mechanisms may not be necessary because the fluid may leave the bearing mechanism and be recycled to the body of fluid in which the system is submerged without detrimental effects on the body of water. In various exemplary embodiments, filtering of the fluid supplied to the fluid bearing mechanisms may be needed if the body of fluid in which the system is submerged contains material that may corrode or otherwise deteriorate the fluid bearing mechanisms. In various exemplary embodiments, fluid sources other than the fluid in which the system is submerged may be used. In such cases, the fluid may be delivered to the submerged system through fluid delivery devices (e.g., pumps, valves, pipes, etc.) and a mechanism for recirculating the fluid or otherwise releasing it to an appropriate environment once it has exited the fluid bearing mechanisms may be desirable.

(36) In various exemplary embodiments, the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may be configured as hydrostatic bearings and one or more pumps (e.g., as shown in dashes at reference numeral 250 in FIG. 1) may be utilized to pump the fluid used in the bearings. Each bearing mechanism 115 and 125 may be associated with its own pump, or a plurality of bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may share a common pump. In various exemplary embodiments, the bearing mechanisms may be associated with more than one pump, for example, with one or more of the associated pumps being dedicated to a particular bearing mechanism or shared with plural bearing mechanisms. When more than one pump is associated with a bearing mechanism, one of the pumps may serve as a back-up pump in the event of failure of another pump. Overall, those having ordinary skill in the art would understand various arrangements and configurations of pumps utilized to pump fluid into the bearing mechanisms 115/125.

(37) In various other exemplary embodiments, the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may be configured as hydrodynamic bearings and the rotating motion of the rotatable structure 110 may cause suction of the fluid onto the bearings and over the bearing surfaces thereof. For example, the surface tension and viscosity of the fluid and the relative motion of the rotatable and stationary structures 110 and 120 may cause a thin film of fluid that maintains the axial and radial positioning of the rotatable structure 110 relative to the stationary structure 120 (e.g., in the embodiment of FIG. 1, suspends the rotatable structure 110 relative to the stationary structure 120). Those ordinarily skilled in the art would be familiar with various configurations of fluid bearing mechanisms that may be utilized for the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125.

(38) Although the exemplary embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2 includes a plurality of discrete bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 positioned at substantially regularly-spaced angular intervals about an axis of rotation of the system, those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that one or both bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 may be a single integral annular element extending substantially continuously along the respective surfaces 111 and 122. Alternatively, a series of bearing mechanisms 115 or 125 may be positioned end-to-end so as to form a continuous annular element that extends substantially continuously along the respective surfaces 111 and 122. The number, size, and configuration of the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 depicted in FIG. 1 are exemplary only and those ordinarily skilled in the art would recognize that numerous other configurations and arrangements of the bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 could be utilized without departing from the scope of the present teachings.

(39) In yet other exemplary embodiments, it may be possible to place one or more bearing mechanisms on only one of the opposing surfaces 111 or 122. For example, it may be possible to place one or more fluid bearing mechanisms on only one of the opposing surfaces 111 or 122. Moreover, it should be appreciated that the bearing mechanisms in accordance with various exemplary embodiments of the present teachings can provide a bearing along the interface of the opposing surfaces 111 and 122 so as to provide a rotary bearing (as depicted by the arrow x in FIG. 2), across the interface of the opposing surfaces 111 and 122 so as to provide a radial bearing (as depicted by the arrow y in FIG. 2), or a combination thereof. Moreover, although in FIGS. 1 and 2, there is a single set of bearing elements 115 and 125 depicted, each set could comprise a plurality of bearing elements and the bearing elements in each set may be selected from differing types of bearings, including, for example, magnetic, fluid, and/or roller bearings.

(40) In accordance with various additional embodiments, for example, the bearing mechanisms may be configured as passive mechanical bearings, such as for example, conventional sealed roller bearing mechanisms as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. With reference now to FIGS. 4 and 5, a schematic plan view and cross-sectional view (taken through line 5-5 of the energy conversion system of FIG. 4) of an exemplary embodiment of an energy conversion system 400 having an open center configuration is shown. The energy conversion system 400 includes a rotatable structure 410 to which one or more blade members 430 (a plurality being shown in FIG. 4) are mounted. The rotatable structure 410 is rotatably mounted relative to (e.g., within the periphery thereof in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 4) a stationary structure 420. The blade members 430 are configured and positioned relative to the rotatable structure 410 such that fluid currents may interact with the blade members 430 to cause the rotatable structure 410 with the blade members 430 carried thereby to rotate in a manner with which those ordinarily skilled in the art are familiar. For example, as above, the blade members 430 may be hydrofoils configured to interact with fluid currents (designated as FC in FIG. 5) moving in a direction substantially perpendicular to a plane of rotation of the blade members 430 and the rotatable structure 410 (and substantially parallel to an axis A of rotation of the blade members 430 and rotatable structure 410). In other words, in the orientation of the system 400 in FIG. 4, the blade members 430 may be configured to interact with fluid currents FC having a component moving in a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane of the drawing sheet.

(41) The rotational movement caused by interaction of fluid currents with the blade members 430 may be converted to another form of energy, such as, for example, electricity and/or hydrogen production utilizing, for example, a generator magnet 417 and lamination stack/stator winding 418 (FIG. 5). Such conversion of the rotational movement to another form of energy may occur via numerous techniques those having skill in the art would be familiar with.

(42) The energy conversion system 400 of FIG. 4 may include one or more sets of passive mechanical bearings, such as for example, conventional sealed roller bearings 416 (a plurality of sets being depicted in the exemplary embodiment of FIGS. 4 and 5). The bearings 416 may be configured to permit the rotatable structure 410 to rotate relative to the stationary structure 420 in a substantially stable radial position (e.g., to provide a passive radial restoring support for the structures). In various additional exemplary embodiments, the bearings 416 may be eliminated in favor of low-friction (e.g., ceramic, Teflon, and/or various thermoplastic polymer) surfaces 419 as shown in FIG. 9; alternatively, a combination of roller bearings and low-friction surfaces may be used.

(43) As illustrated in FIG. 5, in various exemplary embodiments in accordance with the present teachings, magnetic bearing mechanisms 435 and 440 may be configured to permit the rotatable structure 410 to rotate relative to the stationary structure 420 in a substantially stable axial position (e.g., to provide an axial restoring support for the structures). For example, the magnetic field between the bearing mechanisms 435 and 440 may be sufficient to substantially retard movement of either the rotatable structure 410 and/or the stationary structure 420 in the axial direction as a result of the force associated with the fluid current FC (e.g., the thrust of the fluid current) acting thereon. That is, as explained above, when the energy conversion system 400 is positioned relative to a fluid current FC moving substantially parallel to the axis A (e.g., substantially perpendicular to the plane of the sheet of FIG. 4), the magnetic field established between the bearing mechanisms 435 and 440 may generate a force sufficient to substantially retard movement of the rotatable structure 410 or the stationary structure 420 in an axial direction as result of the force of the current.

(44) In various exemplary embodiments in accordance with the present teachings, as shown in FIG. 6, the magnetic bearing mechanisms 435 and 440 may comprise a plurality of magnets 436 and 441 respectively. As illustrated in FIG. 6, the magnets 436 and 441 may be substantially arranged in a Halbach type array (i.e., a rotating pattern of permanent magnets, wherein the arrows demonstrate the orientation of each magnet's magnetic field). As would be understood by those ordinarily skilled in the art, as arranged, the magnets 436 and 441 are configured to repel each other to substantially maintain the spacing (i.e., gap) G between the rotatable structure 410 and the stationary structure 420. As would be further understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, in the case of the magnetic bearing mechanisms 435 and 440 comprising permanent magnets, the magnetic field (and thus the repelling force) may be established even when the rotatable structure 410 and the stationary structure 420 are not translating or rotating relative to each other.

(45) FIG. 7, for example, illustrates a magnetization field plot for an exemplary embodiment of the magnetic bearings (i.e., the permanent magnetic arrays) of FIG. 6. As illustrated in FIG. 7, arrays with the dimensions shown (i.e., using 0.328 inch by 0.328 inch magnets in a magnet ring with an inner radius of 30 inches from a rotation axis A, and a 0.125 inch spacing G between arrays) may provide about 9,000 pounds of restoring force (i.e., a restoring force adequate for an energy conversion system with a 5 foot diameter) using Niobium Iron Boron (N.sub.dF.sub.eB) magnets rated at 50 MGO (i.e., using the MEGA GAUSS OERSTED measurement of magnet energy strength). The magnetic field density strength demonstrated by the magnetic bearings is noted in Tesla's in the legend.

(46) In comparison, FIG. 8 illustrates the magnetization field plot for a comparative magnetic bearing mechanism, which provides passive repulsion by directly aligning magnets with opposing magnetic fields (i.e., the arrows demonstrate the orientation of each magnet's magnetic field). As illustrated in FIG. 8, when magnets with similar dimensions and properties as show in FIG. 7, (i.e., 0.328 inch by 0.493 inch, 50 MGO N.sub.dF.sub.eB magnets) are arranged in such a configuration (i.e., opposing 0.985 inch magnet arrays with a 0.125 inch spacing G between arrays), the bearing mechanism provides only about 7,540 pounds of restoring force. Consequently, the magnetic bearing mechanisms of the present teachings, as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 7, demonstrate enhanced restorative capabilities, with the ability to support larger energy conversion devices, in comparison with the magnetic bearing mechanism of FIG. 8.

(47) As would be understood by those ordinarily skilled in the art, the exemplary energy conversion device of FIG. 4 may also be modified to account for bidirectional current flow. In other words, in the orientation of the system in FIG. 10, the blade members 430 may be configured to interact with fluid currents FC.sub.A and/or fluid currents FC.sub.B, each having a component moving in a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane of the drawing sheet. As shown in FIG. 10, to counteract the thrust of the fluid current FC.sub.B (i.e., to provide an axial restoring force sufficient to substantially prevent movement of the rotatable structure 410 or the stationary structure 420 as a result of the axial force component of the current FC.sub.B), a second set of magnetic bearings 435 and 440 may be placed on the opposite side of the energy conversion system (i.e. on the opposite side of the rotatable structure 410 and the stationary structure 420 from the blade member 430). In this manner, the stationary structure 420 can be centered within a gap G by the two sets of bearings 435 and 440, regardless of flow direction.

(48) The bearing mechanisms 435 and 440 may comprise various Halbach type arrays configured to achieve magnetic repulsion as would be understood by those ordinarily skilled in art and those described above are exemplary only. Those having skill in the art would understand how to modify the structures of 435 and 440 to permit the rotatable structure 410 to rotate relative to the stationary structure 420 in a substantially stable axial position (i.e., provide an adequate axial restoring force), and would understand that the structures 435 and 440 shown are schematic representations only. Those ordinarily skilled in the art would understand, however, that the configuration exemplified by the bearing mechanisms 435 and 440 may have the specific benefit that no eddy current losses are commensurate with the structures' rotation. The number, shape, spacing, size, magnetic field strength, and other properties of the bearing mechanisms 435 and 440 may be selected based on various factors such as the size and weight of the rotatable and stationary structures 410, 420, the required restoring and bearing forces, and other factors based on the desired application. Furthermore, the magnets may be hermetically sealed to prevent oxidation to the magnet material when placed in a fluid environment (e.g., when placed in water).

(49) As shown in FIG. 11, in various additional exemplary embodiments in accordance with the present teachings, magnetic bearing mechanisms 445 and 450 may be configured to permit the rotatable structure 410 to rotate relative to the stationary structure 420 in a substantially stable axial position (e.g., to provide an axial restoring support for the structures). For example, the magnetic field between the bearing mechanisms 445 and 450 may be sufficient to substantially retard movement of either the rotatable structure 410 and/or the stationary structure 420 in the axial direction as a result of the force associated with the fluid current (e.g., the thrust of the fluid current) acting thereon.

(50) In various exemplary embodiments, as shown in FIG. 11, magnetic bearing mechanisms 445 and 450 may comprise a plurality of radial magnets 446 and 451 respectively. As illustrated in FIG. 11, the magnets 446 and 451 may be substantially arranged in a Halbach type array. As would be understood by those ordinarily skilled in the art, when the magnet array (i.e., magnets 446) on the rotatable structure 410 is displaced by a displacement D with respect to the magnet array (i.e., magnets 451) on the stationary structure 420, radial air gap fields provide an axial restoring force. In other words, displacement of the magnets 446 with respect to the magnets 451 creates a restoring force as the magnets attempt to align themselves (i.e., the alignment force counteracts the thrust of the fluid current).

(51) As would be understood by those ordinarily skilled in the art, due to their configuration and central location within the energy conversion system, the magnetic bearing mechanisms 445 and 450 are inherently bidirectional and may therefore accommodate flow in either direction. In other words, in the orientation of the system in FIG. 11, the blade members 430 may be configured to interact with fluid currents FC.sub.A and/or fluid currents FC.sub.B, each having a component moving in a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane of the drawing sheet. Furthermore, as above, those of ordinary skill would also understand that the magnetic bearing mechanisms 445 and 450 may comprise various Halbach type arrays, and those having skill in the art would understand how to modify and offset (i.e., displace the structures with respect to each other) the structures of 445 and 450 to permit the rotatable structure 410 to rotate relative to the stationary structure 420 in a substantially stable axial position (i.e., provide an adequate axial restoring force), and would understand that the structures 445 and 450 shown are schematic representations only. The number, shape, spacing, size, magnetic field strength, displacement and other properties of the bearing mechanisms 445 and 450 may be selected based on various factors such as the size and weight of the rotatable and stationary structures 410, 420, the required restoring and bearing forces, and other factors based on the desired application. Furthermore, the magnets may be hermetically sealed to prevent oxidation to the magnet material when placed in a fluid environment (e.g., when placed in water).

(52) As shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, in various additional exemplary embodiments, magnetic bearing mechanisms 455 and 460 may comprise a C-core 456, such as, for example, a steel C-core or steel yoke, and a plurality of radial magnets 461 respectively. As illustrated in FIG. 13, the magnets 461 may be substantially arranged in a Halbach type array. As above, when the bearing mechanism 455 (i.e., C-core 456) on the rotatable structure 410 is displaced by a displacement D with respect to the bearing mechanism 460 (i.e., magnets 461) on the stationary structure 420, radial air gap fields provide an axial restoring force. In other words, displacement of the steel C-core 456 with respect to the magnets 461 creates a restoring force as the magnets attempt to align with the steel C-core (i.e., the alignment force AF counteracts the thrust of the fluid current FC).

(53) As above, as would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, in the case of the magnetic bearing mechanisms 455 and 460 comprising permanent magnets 461, the magnetic field (and thus the aligning force) may be established even when the rotatable structure 410 and the stationary structure 420 are not rotating relative to each other. FIG. 14, for example, illustrates the magnetization field plot for the magnetic bearings (i.e., the permanent magnetic array and steel-C core) of FIG. 13. As illustrated in FIGS. 14 and 15, an array with the dimensions shown (i.e., using 1.21 inch by 1.21 inch magnets in a magnet ring with an inner radius of 30 inches from a rotation axis A), with a displacement D of approximately 0.605 inches with respect to the steel C-core, may also provide about 9,000 pounds of restoring force using 50 MGO N.sub.dF.sub.eB magnets. The magnetic field density strength demonstrated by the magnetic bearings is noted in Tesla's in the legend.

(54) As above, those of ordinary skill would also understand that the magnetic bearing mechanisms 455 and 460 may comprise various C-core configurations and Halbach type arrays, and those having skill in the art would understand how to modify and offset (i.e., displace the structures with respect to each other) the structures of 455 and 460 to permit the rotatable structure 410 to rotate relative to the stationary structure 420 in a substantially stable axial position (i.e., provide an adequate axial restoring force), and would understand that the structures 455 and 460 shown are schematic representations only. The number, shape, spacing, size, magnetic field strength, displacement and other properties of the bearing mechanisms 455 and 460 may be selected based on various factors such as the size and weight of the rotatable and stationary structures 410, 420, the required restoring and bearing forces, and other factors based on the desired application. Furthermore, the magnets may be hermetically sealed to prevent oxidation to the magnet material when placed in a fluid environment (e.g., when placed in water).

(55) In various exemplary embodiments wherein the magnetic bearing mechanisms 455 and 460 comprise an electrical conductor, such as, for example, a steel C-core (i.e., steel yoke) 456 and magnets 461, one or more of the sets of bearing mechanisms 455 and 460 also may be configured to generate electricity upon relative motion of the bearing mechanisms 455 and 460 in a manner known to those ordinarily skilled in the art. For example, as shown in FIGS. 16 and 17, if the steel yoke 456 is extruded intermittently, the structure will be suitable for electromechanical energy conversion with a copper coil 457 as the stator assembly, for example with the copper coil 457 being mounted to the stationary structure. As would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, in this configuration, the magnetic steel yokes 456 may provide an alternating flux linkage on the coil 457 due to the magnetization orientation shown in FIG. 17.

(56) Various exemplary embodiments additionally consider various methods of mitigating the commensurate cogging that can sometimes be associated with the intermittent steel yokes 456. In various embodiments, for example, a second duplicate set (i.e., of magnets 461 and steel yoke 456) can be used with a 90 degree offset. While, in various additional embodiments, the poles of the steel yoke 456 at the air gap (i.e., between the intermittent yokes) can be flared out to shadow portions of the neighboring poles (i.e., the neighboring magnets). In other words, the sides of the steel yokes 456 can be stretched so they begin to shadow the neighboring magnets.

(57) The exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 1-17 are non-limiting and those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that modifications may be made to the arrangements and configurations depicted without departing from the scope of the present teachings.

(58) With reference now to FIGS. 18-73, for example, partial cross-sectional views of various additional exemplary configurations of a rotatable structure and a stationary structure with bearing mechanisms that may be utilized in various exemplary energy conversion systems in accordance with the present teachings are illustrated. The partial cross-sectional view shown in each of FIGS. 18-73 is a cross-section of the structures taken in a radial plane through the structures at a ninety degree (90?) azimuth angle (i.e. the same cross-section as that of FIG. 2), with only the upper part of the system depicted. In each of FIGS. 18-73, the axis of rotation of the system is labeled A, and the direction of the fluid current (or component of the fluid current) interacting with the system to cause rotation is indicated as FC. Although the arrow FC in each of FIGS. 18-73 is shown in only one direction, the fluid current can be in the opposite direction as well and still permit the energy conversion system to operate. Thus, the energy conversion systems are configured to operate in both directions of fluid flow, with the direction of rotation of the rotatable structure being altered depending on the direction of the fluid current.

(59) For ease of illustration and description, the stationary structure in each of the embodiments of FIGS. 18-73 is the structure that is connected to the fixed mount identified as F in the figures, and the rotatable structure is the structure that has the blades 30 mounted thereto. Cooperating sets of bearing mechanisms are labeled collectively as 5 for simplicity. Further, each set 5 of bearing mechanisms in FIGS. 18-73 is depicted as an array of plural cooperating bearing elements. Such a configuration is exemplary only and nonlimiting and as discussed above, the bearing mechanisms can have a variety of arrangements, configurations, and numbers. The number of sets of bearing mechanisms also may vary from one to more than one, depending on a variety of factors, including, for example, the size of the structures, the weight of the structures, the shape of the bearing mechanisms, and a variety of other factors those having ordinary skill in the art would appreciate. The arrangement of the sets of bearing mechanisms also may vary based on such factors.

(60) In the views of FIGS. 18-73, the rotatable structure and the stationary structure are in a position relative to each other such that bearing mechanisms associated with each, if having a configuration of discrete, separated structures that do not form a continuous annular structure around the respective loops, are substantially aligned. It will be appreciated that if any of the bearing mechanisms associated with each structure are configured in number and/or arrangement such that a continuous annular structure is formed, the bearing mechanisms are always aligned with each other in the cross-sectional view of FIGS. 18-73.

(61) The various exemplary embodiments depicted in FIGS. 18-73 show numerous configurations for energy conversion systems in accordance with the present teachings, with variations in the number of bearing interfaces between the rotatable and stationary structures, the alignment of the interfaces and the fluid current, the configuration of the interfaces, etc. For example, the embodiments of FIGS. 18-45 depict energy conversion systems in which the direction of the fluid current FC is substantially aligned or substantially perpendicular to the various bearing interfaces (with each bearing interface being represented by each set 5 of bearing mechanisms), whereas the embodiments of FIGS. 46-73 depict energy conversion systems in which the direction of the fluid current FC and the various bearing interfaces are neither aligned nor perpendicular, but instead are at an angle other than perpendicular to the fluid current FC direction. Further, the energy conversion system embodiments of FIGS. 18-21 and 46-49 have one bearing interface, the embodiments of FIGS. 22-25, 34-37, 50-53, and 62-65 have two bearing interfaces, the embodiments of FIGS. 26-29, 38-41, 54-57, and 66-69 have three bearing interfaces, and the embodiments of FIGS. 30-33, 42-45, 58-61, and 70-73 have four bearing interfaces.

(62) In various exemplary embodiments in which one of the structures has a cross-section that wraps around at least a portion of the cross-section of the other structure (such as, e.g., in embodiments having two or more bearing interfaces), the arrangement of the sets 5 of bearing mechanisms may provide differing bearing force directions (e.g., in both radial and axial directions) that may provide greater stability to maintain the spacing between the structures.

(63) The exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 18-73 are non-limiting and those having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that modifications may be made to the arrangements and configurations depicted without departing from the scope of the present teachings.

(64) In various exemplary embodiments, one or more of the sets of cooperating bearing mechanisms may be replaced with a magnet/conductive coil pair configured to generate electricity by movement of the rotatable structure relative to the stationary structure. Thus, for example, in the exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 18-73, at least one of the sets 5 of bearing mechanisms depicted may be replaced by an electricity generation mechanism in the form of a magnet/conductive coil pair; alternatively or in addition, one or more of the bearing mechanisms in each array forming the sets 5 may be a magnet/conductive coil pair. This is true regardless of the type of the remaining bearing mechanisms (e.g., whether those sets comprise magnetic bearing mechanisms and/or fluid bearing mechanisms) that are utilized. In the case where one or more sets of bearing mechanisms are configured to achieve magnetic levitation, such sets of bearing mechanisms may be configured to achieve both magnetic levitation and electricity generation.

(65) Further, in a manner similar to that described above, one or more sets of bearing mechanisms 115 and 125 depicted in FIG. 1 may be replaced with or may include a magnet/conductive coil pair configured to generate electricity upon relative motion thereof resulting from the relative motion of the rotatable structure 110 and the stationary structure 120. Various other mechanisms also may be used to convert to electricity or other useful forms of energy the rotational motion of the rotatable structures relative to the stationary structures in accordance with various exemplary embodiments of the present teachings. Such mechanisms may include, but are not limited to, the use of hydraulic pumps, rotating drive shafts, etc. Reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 7,453,166, incorporated by reference herein, for examples of various techniques that may be used to convert the rotational movement of a structure to other useful forms of energy. Ordinarily skilled artisans would understand how to modify the various techniques disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,453,166 to adapt those techniques for use with the energy conversion systems in accordance with the present teachings.

(66) In various exemplary embodiments, in addition to bearing mechanisms configured to achieve magnetic levitation and/or as fluid bearing mechanisms, the present teachings contemplate the use of additional bearing mechanisms, including but not limited to, for example, rollers, low-friction pads (e.g., Teflon pads), etc. Such bearing mechanisms may be used to provide constraint (or additional constraint) in one or both of the radial direction and the axial direction of the energy conversion systems to stabilize the relative position and/or movement of the rotational structure and the stationary structure.

(67) As shown with reference to FIGS. 4-17, for example, in at least one exemplary embodiment, roller bearing mechanisms may be used to provide a radial bearing for the system and magnetic bearing mechanisms (e.g., magnetic levitation bearing mechanisms) may be used to provide an axial bearing for the system. In various additional exemplary embodiments, magnetic bearing mechanisms may be used to provide a radial bearing for the system and roller bearing mechanisms may be used to provide an axial bearing for the system. In various further embodiments, when using dynamic magnetic bearing mechanisms and/or hydrodynamic bearing mechanisms, additional bearing mechanisms (e.g., roller bearing mechanisms) may be utilized until the rotatable structure reaches a speed sufficient for the dynamic magnetic bearing mechanisms and/or the hydrodynamic bearing mechanisms to take effect and bear the applicable load of the system. Of course various combinations of bearing mechanism types may be used and arranged depending on the desired application and those of ordinary skill in the art would understand how to select the same to achieve a desired effect.

(68) In various exemplary embodiments, energy conversion systems of the present teachings include blade members that extend both radially outwardly and radially inwardly from the rotatable structure respectively away from and toward a center of the rotatable structure. However, energy conversion systems may include blade members that extend only radially outwardly or only radially inwardly. In embodiments wherein the blade members extend both radially outwardly and radially inwardly, the blade members may comprise integral structures or separate structures mounted to the rotatable structure. In various exemplary embodiments, the blade member extending radially outwardly and the blade member extending radially inwardly may be asymmetrical about the rotatable structure. For example, a length of the blade member extending radially outwardly may be longer than a length of the blade member extending radially inwardly; alternatively, the blade members extending radially outward and the radial inward may be symmetrical about the rotatable structure. The length of blade members extending radially inwardly may be chosen such that those blade members minimize interference with the fluid flowing through the center of the energy conversion system.

(69) In various exemplary embodiments, the blade members may be fixed or adjustable relative to the rotatable structure. For example, for adjustable blade members, the blade members may be rotatable about their longitudinal axis so as to adjust an angle of the blade member surface relative to the fluid flow. Reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 7,453,166, incorporated by reference herein, for further details relating to adjustable blade members.

(70) Those having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that various modifications may be made to the configuration and methodology of the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein without departing from the scope of the present teachings. By way of example only, the cross-sectional shape and relative sizes of the rotatable structures and the stationary structures may be modified and a variety of cross-sectional configurations may be utilized, including, for example, circular or oval cross-sectional shapes.

(71) Additionally, although many of the exemplary embodiments shown and described above include sets of cooperating bearing mechanisms with one element in the set being positioned on the stationary structure and the other being positioned on the rotatable structure, in alternative embodiments, one or more bearing elements may be associated only with one of the structures. For example, magnetic elements may be mounted to the stationary structure and the rotatable structure may be made of a ferrous material (or vice versa) such that the attraction force between the magnetic elements and the ferrous material could be sufficient to center and support the structures relative to each other. Likewise, for hydrostatic or hydrodynamic bearing mechanisms, bearing elements with a fluidized pressure source may be provided on only one of the structures and be sufficient to support and center the other structure during relative rotation of the structures. Those having ordinary skill in the art would understand how to modify the exemplary embodiments depicted in the figures such that the bearing mechanisms associated with only one of the stationary or the rotatable structures.

(72) Moreover, although the orientation of the energy conversion systems in the various exemplary embodiments described herein is generally within a substantially vertical plane, those ordinarily skilled in the art will appreciate that modifications may be made to operate energy conversion systems in accordance with the present teachings in any orientation.

(73) Those having ordinary skill in the art also will appreciate that various features disclosed with respect to one exemplary embodiment herein may be used in combination with other exemplary embodiments with appropriate modifications, even if such combinations are not explicitly disclosed herein.

(74) For the purposes of this specification and appended claims, unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities, percentages or proportions, and other numerical values used in the specification and claims, are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term about. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the written description and claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

(75) It is noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms a, an, and the, include plural referents unless expressly and unequivocally limited to one referent. As used herein, the term include and its grammatical variants are intended to be non-limiting, such that recitation of items in a list is not to the exclusion of other like items that can be substituted or added to the listed items.

(76) It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the systems and methods of the present teachings without departing from the scope the present teachings and appended claims. Other embodiments of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the teachings disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only.