Energy Conversion and Reaction System and Method

Abstract

A system is described that is capable of operating as an energy conversion system that functions as a fuel cell and generates electrical current from a fuel or fuels, or as a reactor for conversion of starter materials into more complex molecules through ion-ion and ion-molecules and which may preferably be adapted to operate as a gas to liquid (GTL) process. The system ionises at least one fuel or starter material and manipulates, selects and transports ions for reaction by means of suitable electrostatic or electrodynamic ion guides, filters or drift tubes. The system of the present application replaces the electrolyte, catalyst and/or membrane found in classic fuel cells or GTL processes with an electrostatic or electrodynamic ion manipulation region such as an ion guide, analyser, drift tube or filter.

Claims

1. An energy conversion device comprising: at least one first ionisation region and at least one second ionisation region to generate ions from respective input streams of starting material; and at least one ion manipulation region for conveying generated ions from one or both of the at least one first ionisation region and the at least one second ionisation region to facilitate a reaction between the generated ions of the respective streams, wherein the ion manipulation region comprises at least one ion guide for filtering the generated ions.

2. The device according to claim 1, wherein one or both of the at least one first ionisation region and the at least one second ionisation region are configured to provide a soft ionization of the starting material.

3. The device according to claim 2, wherein the soft ionisation is provided by one of the following: chemical ionisation, electrospray ionisation, microspray, nanospray ionisation, photoionisation, laser ionisation, field effect ionisation, electron impact, low temperature plasma ionisation, glow discharge ionisation, secondary ionisation, charge transfer and corona discharge ionisation.

4. The device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one ion guide comprises one of the following: mass analyser, ion mobility spectrometer.

5. The device according to claim 1, further comprising low loss ion optics for coupling the at least one ion manipulation region to the at least one first ionisation region.

6. The device according to claim 1, further comprising low loss ion optics for coupling the at least one ion manipulation region to the at least one second ionisation region.

7. The device according to claim 5, wherein the low loss optics comprises one of the following: RF-only ion guide, electrostatic lenses, Brubaker lens, einzel lens, stacked rings, cylinder lens or ion funnel, pre-filters, hexapoles, quadrupoles, octopoles, ion mobility, drift tubes, travelling wave ion guides, stacked ring ion guides, bunching optics or Stark decelerators.

8. The device according to claim 1, further comprising a trap in the ion manipulation region for trapping the generated ions.

9. The device according to claim 8, wherein the trap comprises one of the following: quadrupole, rectilinear, linear, toroidal or cylindrical ion trap.

10. The device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one ion guide further comprises an ion filter for selectively transferring the generated ions according to one or both of their mass to charge ratio and ion mobility.

11. The device according to claim 1, wherein one or more of the at least one ion manipulation region, the at least one first ionisation region and the at least one second ionisation region are constructed from microfabricated components.

12. The device according to claim 1, wherein the at least one first ionisation region and the at least one second ionisation region (406) are configured to have opposite polarities.

13. An energy conversion system comprising an array of devices according to claim 1.

14. A Gas To Liquid device comprising a device according to claim 1.

15. The Gas To Liquid device of claim 14, wherein the starting material for the at least one first ionisation region is one of the following: methane, hydrogen, ethane, butane, pentane, methanol or ethanol and the starting material for the at least one second ionisation region is one of the following: oxygen, air, water.

16. A fuel cell comprising a device according to claim 1.

17. The fuel cell of claim 16, wherein the starting material for the at least one first ionisation region is one of the following: hydrogen or positive or protonated ions and the starting material for the at least one second ionisation region is oxygen.

18. A method for energy conversion comprising: generating ions from respective input streams of starting material in at least one first ionisation region and at least one second ionisation region; conveying generated ions in at least one ion manipulation region from one or both of the at least one first ionisation region and the at least one second ionisation region to facilitate a reaction between the generated ions of the respective streams; wherein the method further comprises filtering the generated ions in at least one ion guide of the ion manipulation region.

19. The method according to claim 18, further comprising selecting the generated ions in the at least one ion manipulation region according to one or both of their mass to charge ratio and ion mobility.

20. The method according to claim 18, wherein generating the ions comprises the step of soft ionization of the starting material in at least one of: the at least one first ionisation region and the at least one second ionisation region.

21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the soft ionisation step comprises using one of the following: chemical ionisation, electrospray ionisation, microspray, nanospray ionisation, photoionisation, laser ionisation, field effect ionisation, electron impact, low temperature plasma ionisation, glow discharge ionisation, secondary ionisation, charge transfer and corona discharge ionisation.

22. The method according to claim 18, wherein the at least one ion guide comprises one of the following: mass analyser, ion mobility spectrometer.

23. The method according to claim 18, further comprising using low loss ion optics to couple the at least one ion manipulation region to one or both of the at least one first ionisation region and the at least one second ionisation region.

24. The method according to claim 18, further comprising collecting and filtering the generated ions in a trap of the ion manipulation region.

25. The method according to claim 18, further comprising selectively transferring the generated ions according to one or both of their mass to charge ratio and ion mobility.

26. The method according to claim 18, wherein the at least one first ionisation region and the at least one second ionisation region have opposite polarities.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0059] The present application will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0060] FIG. 1 shows a schematic of the system of the present application.

[0061] FIG. 2 shows a schematic of the system of the present application operating as a fuel cell including ionisation regions and an ion transport region.

[0062] FIG. 3 shows a schematic of the system of the present application operating as a gas to liquid conversion process including ionisation regions and an ion transport region.

[0063] FIG. 4 shows a schematic of the system of the present application operating as a gas to liquid conversion process including ionisation regions and an array of ion transportation devices.

[0064] FIG. 5 shows a schematic diagram of the method of the present application.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0065] The system of the present application is described with reference to the FIGS. 1 through 4. The system may operation as a fuel cell or as process for converting gases to more complex molecules through the addition of different functional groups in ion-ion and ion-molecule reactions. The system may form a module that may be scaled or stacked, or assembled into very large arrays (arrays of 1010 cells or greater) to scale its power output, our liquid output, depending on its mode of operation.

[0066] FIG. 1 is a schematic of the system of the present application including its primary regions, a first ionisation region 101, an ion manipulation region 102 and a second ionisation region 103. A least one fuel or starter material 104 and 106 is shown entering ionisation regions 101 and 103 respectively. When the system of the present application is operated as a fuel cell the ionisation regions 101 and 103 include ion sources that have opposite polarity.

[0067] These fuels or starter materials are ionised inside regions 101 and 103, preferably using a soft ionisation technique to generate a molecular, or pseudo-molecular ion. The ionization region 101 or 103 is preferably operated at ambient conditions (e.g. atmospheric pressure and temperature) for reasons of throughput, cost, complexity and efficiency. Examples of suitable pressure ionisation techniques include electrospray ionisation, microspray, nanospray ionisation, photoionisation, laser ionisation, field effect ionisation, electron impact, glow discharge ionisation, secondary ionisation, charge transfer and corona discharge ionisation or any other ionisation technique that generates ions for manipulation within the device of the present application. These ions are coupled into an ion manipulation region 102 using suitable ion optics. Preferably these ion optics are efficient at ambient conditions. The ion manipulation region 102 is also preferably capable of operation at ambient conditions and may be composed of suitable ion guides, filters, analysers or drift tubes. The ion manipulation region 102 conveys ions from ionisation region 101 into region 103 to complete a circuit linking electrodes of opposite polarity inside regions 101 and 103. Charge moves through an external circuit 107 to power load 105. The system of FIG. 1 is a module that may be stacked or assembled in parallel or in series into very large arrays to scale its power output.

[0068] The method of the present application is described with reference to FIG. 5. The method for energy conversion comprises: generating 501 ions from respective input streams of starting material in at least one first ionisation region and at least one second ionisation region; conveying 502 generated ions in at least one ion manipulation region from one or both of the at least one first ionisation region and the at least one second ionisation region to facilitate a reaction between the generated ions of the respective streams; and filtering 503 the generated ions in at least one ion guide of the ion manipulation region. The ions may then react with other ions or neutral species at step 504.

[0069] FIG. 2 is a schematic of the system of the present application operating as an energy conversion system, preferably a fuel cell. In this mode of operation a fuel enters 204 a first ionisation region 201 as an input stream. This fuel 204 is preferably, but not limited to, methane but may be another suitable fuel such as hydrogen, ethane, butane, pentane or an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol. A second fuel 206 enters a second ionisation region 203 as an input stream. This second fuel 206 is preferably, but not limited to, oxygen. In FIG. 2 methane, oxygen and their respective ion products are included for illustrative reasons only. These fuels could alternatively be hydrogen and oxygen, or ethane and oxygen etc. These fuels are ionised at ion sources 207 and 208 which include electrodes that are at opposite polarity. The ion sources 207 and 208 preferably rely on, but are not limited to, soft ionisation techniques such as electrospray, corona discharge, glow discharge ionisation etc. If the fuel 204 is a non-polar compound such as a hydrocarbon like methane, then an atmospheric pressure, soft ionisation technique such as corona discharge ionisation may be preferred for ion source 207. A positive ion is generated at 207 and transmitted into ion manipulation region 202. To optimise transmission suitable ion optics 209 and 211 may be employed to efficiently couple ions from 201 into 202 and 203 respectively. These ion optics 209 and 211 may be designed to have maximum acceptance to couple the species ionised at 207 or 208 into 202. Some examples of suitable ion optics with greater acceptance include, but are not limited to, RF-only ion guides, RF-only quadrupole pre-filters, einzel lens, cylinder lens, stacked ring electrodes, ion funnels, hexapoles, octopoles and monopoles. Inside ion manipulation region 202 is an ion guide or transporter 210 to convey ions from 201 via 202 into 203, or from 201 and 203 into 202, where they gain charge from oppositely charged ions generated at 208. The ion guide 210 may be capable of filtering ions by their mobility, drift time, acceleration, cross section, diameter and/or mass to charge ratio, so that only certain ions are transmitted. This ion transporter 210 may be a mass analyser or ion mobility spectrometer capable of selecting or separating ions such as a drift tube, FAIMS, HFIMS, SLIM, quadrupole mass analyser, ion trap, quadrupole ion trap, cylindrical ion trap, toroidal ion trap or rectilinear ion trap.

[0070] Preferably ion transporter 210, and optics 209 and 211, may be operated at ambient conditions to reduce system complexity, pumping requirements and voltages. Transmission of ions from 201 and 203 for combination inside 202, or from 201 through 202 for combination in 203, completes circuit 212 and provides current flow to power load 205. Likewise, positive ions from source 207 may be transported through 209, 210 and 211 for neutralisation at 208, or negative ions from 203 may be conveyed to 207 for discharge and completions of external circuit 212. The key feature is the potential for selective transmission of certain ions through 202 using ion filter 210. In this manner the need for a selective membrane that passes protons, or a catalytic surface, or an electrolyte is eliminated and the system of the present application may operate reliably for long periods of time without coating, clogging, charging, crystallisation or degrading of critical components. The system of FIG. 2 is a module that may be combined with other modules in series or parallel to form large arrays and scale-up power output. The sources 207 and 208 may be arrayed to increase ionisation and throughput of fuel, and increase ion current through 209, 210 and 211 and ultimately current flowing through external circuit 212 driving load 205.

[0071] FIG. 3 is a schematic of the system of the present application in operation as a reactor rather than an energy conversion system, preferably as a gas to liquid process. Starter materials 304 and 306 enter at least one ionisation region 301 and/or 303 as input streams. Methane and water are shown purely for illustrative purposes and may be substituted with other compounds to generate reaction products of greater complexity and functionality than methanol as shown here. The starter materials are ionised in at least one ionisation source 307 and 308 respectively. It should be noted that in the system of the present application only one of the two ionisation regions may be necessary to generate ions which perform ion-molecule in 302, rather than the ion-ion reactions in 302 that are shown here. Ions generated at 307 and 308 are transferred into 302 via ion optics 309 and 311 respectively. Ion optics 309 and 311 are designed to maximise transmission efficiency from the at least one ionisation region 301 and/or 303 into ion manipulation region 302 The ion optics are designed such that their acceptance angle is maximised and coupled from one region to a second region is optimised and may be based on a RF-only ion guide, pre-filter, stacked ring electrode, SLIM, drift tube, HFIMS, FAIMS, einzel lens, travelling wave ion guide, electrostatic lens or electrodynamic lens. The ion manipulation region 302 includes and ion transporter 310 which conveys or propels ions from ion optics 309 and 311 for reaction, combination, neutralisation or activation inside 310. The ion transporter 310 may be singular or plural and may also have the ability to select, filter or separate ions by characteristics such as mass to charge ratio, mobility, drift time, time of flight, cross sectional area (CSA) or diameter such as a mass analyser, quadrupole mass analyser, ion trap, quadrupole ion trap, rectilinear ion trap, linear ion trap, toroidal ion trap, magnetic sector etc.Numerous examples of miniaturised or microfabricated ion optical and filtering devices are known in the art. Electrode structures may be combined to generate a pseudopotential well when RF voltages are applied, efficiently focussing and transporting ions from one end of an ion guide to its exit. RF ion guides include stacked rings, ion funnels, quadrupoles, hexapoles and octopoles. The ionisation regions 301 and 303, and the ion manipulation region 302, are preferentially operated at ambient pressure and temperature to reduce system complexity, expense, cost, size and power consumption. The sources 307 and 308, the optics 309 and 311, and the transporter 310 may all be miniaturised or microfabricated from metal shim electrodes, planar electrodes, MEMS or printed circuit board assemblies wherein the electrodes form electrostatic or electrodynamic focussing, filtering or separating fields and the electrodes are spaced by suitable insulating materials. The ions generated from at least one source are focussed and if necessary filtered prior to combination or reaction with neutral molecules or other ions to form the desired reaction product or products. In an exemplary embodiment methane and water are starter materials which are ionised in respective ionisation regions, transported and selected for combination inside 311 to condense as methanol for collection in 302. A power source is provided at 305 to drive the ion sources 307 and 308 and ionise starter materials 304 and 305 as they are fed into regions 301 and 303.

[0072] FIG. 4 illustrates the reaction system of FIG. 3 wherein the ion manipulation region 402 comprises a plurality of ion optics 409 and 411 and ion transporters 410 to scale-up the throughput of starter ions into 411 generating greater output of product for condensation and collection. Microfabricated arrays of electrostatic and electrodynamic ion optics, Brubaker lens and filters are known in the art. Similarly sources 407 and 408 may be arrayed to increase ion current and ionisation efficiency of greater flow of starter materials 404 and 406. Starter materials 404 and 406 enter at least one ionisation region 401 and/or 403 as input streams Preferably the system in FIG. 4 is operated at atmospheric or near atmospheric pressure and temperature. The output products from 402 may be in turn an input stream and starter material into a further system of FIG. 4 for combination with another starter material to form more complex molecules with other functional groups. In an exemplary embodiment methane and water are combined to form methanol, which in turn may be combined with other starter materials to form waxes, paraffin and other heavier molecules. These modules of FIG. 4 may be combined in series or parallel to scale-up output. A power source is provided at 405 to drive the ion sources 407 and 408 and ionise starter materials 404 and 405 as they are fed into regions 401 and 403.

[0073] It is not intended to limit the present teaching to any one set of advantages or features of the preferred example as modifications can be made without departing from the present teaching.

[0074] Therefore, while exemplary arrangements have been described herein to assist in an understanding of the present teaching it will be understood that modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the present teaching. To that end it will be understood that the present teaching should be construed as limited only insofar as is deemed necessary in the light of the claims that follow.