Charge sharing filter

Abstract

A charge sharing filter includes a rotating capacitor, and a plurality of elementary filters, each elementary filter comprising: an elementary switch coupled between a first node of the respective elementary filter and a second node of the respective elementary filter; and a history capacitor coupled to the first node of the respective elementary filter, wherein the second nodes of the plurality of elementary filters are interconnected with the rotating capacitor in one interconnecting node.

Claims

1. A charge sharing filter, comprising: a rotating capacitor; and a plurality of elementary filters, each elementary filter comprising: an elementary switch coupled between a first node of the respective elementary filter and a second node of the respective elementary filter; and a history capacitor coupled to the first node of the respective elementary filter, wherein the second nodes of the plurality of elementary filters are interconnected with the rotating capacitor in one interconnecting node such that input signals provided by a plurality of signal sources, each signal source connected to the respective first node of the plurality of elementary filters, are charge-shared.

2. The charge sharing filter of claim 1, wherein the plurality of signal sources are current sources, and wherein each current source is connected to a respective first node of the plurality of elementary filters.

3. The charge sharing filter of claim 1, wherein the first nodes of the plurality of elementary filters are both an input and an output of the charge sharing filter, wherein the input is configured to receive a current signal and the output is configured to provide a voltage signal, and wherein the voltage signal is provided by filtering the current signal based on a filter characteristic of the charge sharing filter.

4. The charge sharing filter of claim 3, wherein the filter characteristic is a complex-valued band pass filter comprising an in-phase component and a quadrature component.

5. The charge sharing filter of claim 1, wherein the elementary switches of the plurality of elementary filters are periodically switched.

6. The charge sharing filter of claim 1, wherein the elementary switches of the plurality of elementary filters are switched based on a sampling period.

7. The charge sharing filter of claim 6, wherein a charge accumulated in the rotating capacitor and the history capacitors of the plurality of elementary filters is based on the sampling period.

8. The charge sharing filter of claim 1, wherein the elementary switches of the plurality of elementary filters are switched based on a multi-phase switching signal.

9. The charge sharing filter of claim 8, wherein the multi-phase switching signal provides a first signal level for one elementary switch of the plurality of elementary filters while providing a second signal level for the other elementary switches of the plurality of elementary filters.

10. The charge sharing filter of claim 1, wherein the rotating capacitor, the elementary switches of the plurality of elementary filters and the history capacitors of the plurality of elementary filters are transistors.

11. The charge sharing filter of claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of second elementary filters, each second elementary filter comprising: an elementary switch coupled between the interconnecting node and a third node of the respective second elementary filter; and a history capacitor coupled to the third node, wherein charges provided by the plurality of signal sources are shared between the history capacitors of the plurality of elementary filters, the history capacitors of the plurality of second elementary filters and the rotating capacitor depending on switching states of the elementary switches of the plurality of elementary filters and the elementary switches of the plurality of second elementary filters.

12. The charge sharing filter of claim 11, wherein the plurality of second elementary filters are partitioned in cascades of first order infinite impulse response (IIR) filters, and wherein each second elementary filter forms one first order IIR filter.

13. The charge sharing filter of claim 11, wherein the plurality of second elementary filters are partitioned in cascades of a higher order third order IIR filters, and wherein each triplet of three second elementary filters forms one third order IIR filter.

14. The charge sharing filter of claim 11, wherein the first nodes of the plurality of elementary filters are an input of the charge sharing filter, wherein the input is configured to receive a current signal, wherein the third nodes of the plurality of second elementary filters are an output of the charge sharing filter, wherein the output is configured to provide a voltage signal, and wherein the voltage signal is provided by filtering the input signal based on a filter characteristic of the charge sharing filter.

15. A method for filtering a signal by a charge sharing filter, the charge sharing filter comprising a rotating capacitor; and a plurality of elementary filters, each elementary filter comprising: an elementary switch coupled between a first node of the respective elementary filter and a second node of the respective elementary filter; and a history capacitor coupled to the first node of the respective elementary filter, wherein the second nodes of the plurality of elementary filters are interconnected with the rotating capacitor in one interconnecting node such that input signals provided by a plurality of signal sources, each signal source connected to the respective first node of the plurality of elementary filters, are charge-shared, the method comprising: providing a signal at the first nodes of the plurality of elementary filters.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Further embodiments of the invention will be described with respect to the following figures, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a common receiver front end;

(3) FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a charge sharing filter 200 according to an implementation form;

(4) FIG. 3A shows a block diagram of a first order low pass IIR filter 301;

(5) FIG. 3B shows a block diagram of a multi order low pass IIR filter 302;

(6) FIG. 3C shows a block diagram of a first order charge sharing band pass filter 303 in n/n mode according to an implementation form;

(7) FIG. 3D shows a block diagram of a first order charge sharing band pass filter 304 cascaded with first order IIR filter in n/(2n) mode according to an implementation form;

(8) FIG. 3E shows a block diagram of a first order charge sharing band pass filter 305 cascaded with third order IIR filter in n/(4n) mode according to an implementation form;

(9) FIG. 4A shows a block diagram of a charge sharing band pass filter 400 in 4/8 mode according to an implementation form;

(10) FIG. 4B shows a timing diagram depicting exemplary switching signals 410 of the charge sharing band pass filter 400 depicted in FIG. 4a;

(11) FIG. 5A shows a block diagram of a charge sharing band pass filter 500 in 4/16 mode according to an implementation form;

(12) FIG. 5B shows a timing diagram depicting exemplary switching signals 510 of the charge sharing band pass filter 500 depicted in FIG. 5a;

(13) FIG. 6A shows a block diagram of a charge sharing band pass filter 600 in 8/8 mode according to an implementation form;

(14) FIG. 6B shows a diagram depicting exemplary switching signals 610 of the charge sharing band pass filter 600 depicted in FIG. 6a;

(15) FIG. 7A shows a block diagram of a charge sharing band pass filter 700 in 8/16 mode according to an implementation form;

(16) FIG. 7B shows a diagram depicting exemplary switching signals 710 of the charge sharing band pass filter 700 depicted in FIG. 7a;

(17) FIGS. 8A-8B shows normalized frequency responses of a charge sharing band pass filter in different modes according to an implementation form;

(18) FIG. 9A shows a complete schematic block diagram of a full-rate charge sharing band pass filter 900 in 4/8 mode according to an implementation form;

(19) FIG. 9B shows a timing diagram depicting exemplary switching signals 910 of the charge sharing band pass filter 900 depicted in FIG. 9A;

(20) FIG. 10A shows a complete schematic block diagram of a full-rate charge sharing band pass filter 1000 in 4/16 mode according to an implementation form;

(21) FIG. 10B shows a diagram depicting exemplary switching signals 1010 of the charge sharing band pass filter 1000 depicted in FIG. 10A;

(22) FIG. 11A shows a complete schematic block diagram of a full-rate charge sharing band pass filter 1100 in 8/8 mode according to an implementation form;

(23) FIG. 11B shows a diagram depicting exemplary switching signals 1110 of the charge sharing band pass filter 1100 depicted in FIG. 11A;

(24) FIG. 12A shows a complete schematic block diagram of a full-rate charge sharing band pass filter 1200 in 8/16 mode according to an implementation form;

(25) FIG. 12B shows a diagram depicting exemplary switching signals 1210 of the charge sharing band pass filter 1200 depicted in FIG. 12A; and

(26) FIG. 13 shows a schematic diagram illustrating a method 1300 for filtering a current signal by a charge sharing filter according to an implementation form.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

(27) In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part thereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific aspects in which the disclosure may be practiced. It is understood that other aspects may be utilized and structural or logical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The following detailed description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present disclosure is defined by the appended claims.

(28) The devices and methods described herein may be based on charge sharing filters, in particular charge sharing band pass filters. It is understood that comments made in connection with a described method may also hold true for a corresponding device or system configured to perform the method and vice versa. For example, if a specific method step is described, a corresponding device may include a unit to perform the described method step, even if such unit is not explicitly described or illustrated in the figures. Further, it is understood that the features of the various exemplary aspects described herein may be combined with each other, unless specifically noted otherwise.

(29) The methods and devices described herein may be implemented in filter structures. The described devices and systems may include software units and hardware units. The described devices and systems may include integrated circuits and/or passives and may be manufactured according to various technologies. For example, the circuits may be designed as logic integrated circuits, analog integrated circuits, mixed signal integrated circuits, optical circuits, memory circuits and/or integrated passives. The circuits may be implemented in hardware on a chip.

(30) FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a charge sharing filter 200 according to an implementation form. The circuit is a complex (in-phase and quadrature components) filter in which its input is e.g. a current 202, and its output is e.g. a voltage 204. As can be seen from FIG. 2, the filter 200 is a band pass filter amplifying signals at the center frequency.

(31) The schematics of different DT filters are shown in FIGS. 3A to 3E. The simple IIR filter is drawn in FIG. 3A while a high-order low-pass IIR filter (FIG. 3B) can be achieved by rotating a charge via C.sub.R between different C.sub.H (history) capacitors. The high-order low-pass IIR filter can be converted to a 1.sup.st-order CS-BPF simply by applying complex inputs with specific different phases (=2/n, n: number of inputs) to C.sub.H capacitors as shown in FIG. 3C. FIG. 3D shows how it is possible to cascade a low-pass IIR filter with 1st-order CS-BPF to increase not only the quality factor (Q) of the filter but also an order of the filter for frequencies in the transition band of the low-pass IIR filter. The cascade of 3.sup.th order low-pass IIR filter with 1st-order CS-BPF is shown in FIG. 3E.

(32) Basic schematics of the CS-BPF are shown in FIGS. 4 to 7. The input currents flow into input history capacitors (C.sub.H1, C.sub.H3, C.sub.H5, . . . , C.sub.Hn) and then into rotating capacitors (C.sub.R) and then get integrated. The integrated currents will convert into charges in each C.sub.H and C.sub.R. In this disclosure the charge may be calculated based on q.sub.i[n]=.sub.(n1).Math.T.sub.S.sup.n.Math.T.sup.Si.sub.i(t)dt, where T.sub.S is the sampling time. It is possible to create a BPF by sharing a portion of charge between different capacitors associated with complex inputs.

(33) FIG. 3C shows a block diagram of a first order charge sharing band pass filter 303 in n/n mode according to an implementation form.

(34) The charge sharing band pass filter 303 includes a rotating capacitor C.sub.R; and a plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313. Each elementary filter includes an elementary switch .sub.i (i=1, 2, . . . , n) coupled between a first node A.sub.i (i=1, 2, . . . , n) of the respective elementary filter and a second node B.sub.i (i=1, 2, . . . , n) of the respective elementary filter; and a history capacitor C.sub.H coupled to the second node B.sub.i of the respective elementary filter. The second nodes B.sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters are interconnected with the rotating capacitor C.sub.R in one interconnecting node B such that charges provided by a plurality of signal sources 202, e.g. current sources, each signal source connected to a respective first node A.sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters, are shared between the history capacitors C.sub.H of the plurality of elementary filters and the rotating capacitor C.sub.R depending on switching states of the elementary switches .sub.i.

(35) The charge sharing band pass filter 303 may include the plurality of signal sources 202, where each signal source is connected to a respective first node A.sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313. The first nodes A.sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313 may be both an input and an output of the charge sharing band pass filter 303. The input is configured to receive a current signal and the output is configured to provide a voltage signal. The voltage signal may be provided by filtering the current signal 202 based on a filter characteristic of the charge sharing band pass filter 303, e.g. a band pass characteristic as shown in the filter 200 depicted in FIG. 2. The filter characteristic may be a complex-valued band pass filter including an in-phase component and a quadrature component.

(36) The elementary switches .sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313 may be periodically switched. The elementary switches .sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313 may be switched based on a sampling period. A charge accumulated in the rotating capacitor C.sub.R and the history capacitors C.sub.H of the plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313 may be based on the sampling period.

(37) The elementary switches .sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313 may be switched based on a multi-phase switching signal, e.g. as depicted in one of the FIGS. 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 9B, 10B, 11B, 12B. The multi-phase switching signal may provide a first signal level, e.g. a signal high level or a signal low level, for one elementary switch .sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313 while providing a second signal level, e.g. a corresponding signal low level or a signal high level, for the other elementary switches .sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313.

(38) The rotating capacitor C.sub.R, the elementary switches .sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313 and the history capacitors C.sub.H of the plurality of elementary filters may be transistors, for example metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) or may comprise metal capacitors for C.sub.R and C.sub.H.

(39) FIG. 3D shows a block diagram of a first order charge sharing band pass filter 304 cascaded with first order IIR filter in n/(2n) mode according to an implementation form.

(40) The charge sharing filter 304 includes a rotating capacitor C.sub.R; and a plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313. Each elementary filter includes an elementary switch .sub.i (i=1, 3, . . . , 2n1) coupled between a first node A.sub.i (i=1, 2, . . . , n) of the respective elementary filter and a second node B.sub.i (i=1, 2, . . . , n) of the respective elementary filter; and a history capacitor C.sub.H coupled to the second node B.sub.i of the respective elementary filter. The second nodes B.sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters are interconnected with the rotating capacitor C.sub.R in one interconnecting node B such that charges provided by a plurality of signal sources 202, each signal source connected to a respective first node A.sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters, are shared between the history capacitors C.sub.H of the plurality of elementary filters and the rotating capacitor C.sub.R depending on switching states of the elementary switches .sub.i. The structure and function of the plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313 may correspond to the structure and function of the plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313 described above with respect to FIG. 3C. Reference is made to FIG. 3C.

(41) The charge sharing filter 304 further includes a plurality of second elementary filters 321, 322, 323. Each second elementary filter 321, 322, 323 includes an elementary switch .sub.j (j=2, 4, . . . , 2n) coupled between the interconnecting node B and a third node D.sub.i (i=1, 2, . . . , n) of the respective second elementary filter 321, 322, 323; and a history capacitor C.sub.H coupled to the third node D.sub.i such that charges provided by the plurality of signal sources 202 are shared between the history capacitors C.sub.H of the plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313, the history capacitors C.sub.H of the plurality of second elementary filters 321, 322, 323 and the rotating capacitor C.sub.R depending on switching states of the elementary switches .sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313 and the elementary switches .sub.j of the plurality of second elementary filters 321, 322, 323.

(42) The charge sharing mechanism is described below with respect to FIGS. 4 to 7.

(43) The plurality of second elementary filters 321, 322, 323 may be partitioned in cascades of first order IIR filters 321, 322, 323, such that each second elementary filter 321, 322, 323 forms one first order IIR filter.

(44) The first nodes A.sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313 may be an input of the charge sharing band pass filter 304, where the input is configured to receive a current signal. The third nodes D.sub.i of the plurality of second elementary filters 321, 322, 323 may be an output of the charge sharing band pass filter 304, where the output is configured to provide a voltage signal. The voltage signal may be provided by filtering the input signal based on a filter characteristic of the charge sharing filter, e.g. by the band pass filter described above with respect to FIG. 2.

(45) FIG. 3E shows a block diagram of a first order charge sharing band pass filter 305 cascaded with third order IIR filter in n/(4n) mode according to an implementation form. The charge sharing band pass filter 305 includes a rotating capacitor C.sub.R; and a plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313. Each elementary filter includes an elementary switch .sub.i (i=1, 5, . . . , 4n3) coupled between a first node A.sub.i (i=1, 2, . . . , n) of the respective elementary filter and a second node B.sub.i (i=1, 2, . . . , n) of the respective elementary filter; and a history capacitor C.sub.H coupled to the second node B.sub.i of the respective elementary filter. The second nodes B.sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters are interconnected with the rotating capacitor C.sub.R in one interconnecting node B such that charges provided by a plurality of signal sources 202, each signal source connected to a respective first node A.sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters, are shared between the history capacitors C.sub.H of the plurality of elementary filters and the rotating capacitor C.sub.R depending on switching states of the elementary switches .sub.i. The structure and function of the plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313 may correspond to the structure and function of the plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313 described above with respect to FIGS. 3C and 3D. Reference is made to FIGS. 3C and 3D.

(46) The charge sharing band pass filter 305 further includes a plurality of second elementary filters 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329. Each second elementary filter 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329 includes an elementary switch .sub.j (j=1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, . . . , 4n2, 4n1, 4n) coupled between the interconnecting node B and a third node D.sub.i (i=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, . . . , n2, n1, n) of the respective second elementary filter 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329; and a history capacitor C.sub.H coupled to the third node D.sub.i such that charges provided by the plurality of signal sources 202 are shared between the history capacitors C.sub.H of the plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313, the history capacitors C.sub.H of the plurality of second elementary filters 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329 and the rotating capacitor C.sub.R depending on switching states of the elementary switches .sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters 311, 312, 313 and the elementary switches .sub.j of the plurality of second elementary filters 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329.

(47) The structure and function of the plurality of second elementary filters 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329 may correspond to the structure and function of the plurality of second elementary filters 321, 322, 323 described above with respect to FIG. 3D. Reference is made to FIG. 3D.

(48) The charge sharing mechanism is described below with respect to FIGS. 4 to 7.

(49) The plurality of second elementary filters 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329 may be partitioned in cascades of third order IIR filters. Each triplet of three second elementary filters, for example a first triplet of second elementary filters 321, 322, 323, a second triplet of second elementary filters 324, 325, 326, a third triplet of second elementary filters 327, 328, 329 and further triplets not depicted in FIG. 3E may form one third order IIR filter.

(50) FIG. 4A shows a block diagram of a charge sharing band pass filter 400 in 4/8 mode according to an implementation form. FIG. 4B shows a diagram depicting exemplary switching signals 410 of the charge sharing band pass filter 400 depicted in FIG. 4A.

(51) FIG. 4A shows the basic schematic of the CS-BPF 400 in 4/8 mode. The 4/8 mode means there are four inputs, eight outputs and eight number of phases in the filter. Four input charges, q.sub.1, q.sub.2, q.sub.3, q.sub.4 are accumulated in input history capacitors (C.sub.H1, C.sub.H3, C.sub.H5, C.sub.H7). At the same time, in each phase, rotating capacitor or capacitors, C.sub.R, removes a portion of charge proportional to C.sub.R/(C.sub.H+C.sub.R) from each C.sub.H and delivers it to the next C.sub.H in the next input. It should be noted that the CS-BPF can operate with only one C.sub.R sharing charge between the input history capacitors. In that case, the CS-BPF is not full-rate anymore, and its sampling frequency will be equal to f.sub.LO. By defining the differential output voltages as V.sub.d,re=V.sub.o1V.sub.o3 and V.sub.d,im=V.sub.o2V.sub.o4 the total complex output voltage can be defined as
V.sub.oc=V.sub.d,re+j.Math.V.sub.d,im(1)
The same for input currents, the input complex current can be defined as
q.sub.icq.sub.id,re+j.Math.q.sub.id,im(2)
in which q.sub.id,re=q.sub.i1q.sub.i3 and q.sub.id,im=q.sub.i2q.sub.i4. One can derive the simplified z-domain transfer function from input to the output as

(52) $\begin{array}{cc}H\left(z\right)=\frac{V_{\mathrm{oc}}\left(z\right)}{q_{\mathrm{ic}}\left(z\right)}=\frac{1\text{/}\left(C_R+C_H\right)}{{\left(1-z^{-1}\right)}^2-{e^{j\text{/}2}\left(\left(1-\right)z^{-1}\right)}^2}& \left(3\right)\end{array}$
where =C.sub.H/(C.sub.H+C.sub.R). The center frequency of the filter is located at

(53) $\begin{array}{cc}{f}_c=\frac{f_s}{2}\arctan \left(\frac{\sin \left(\frac{}{4}\right).Math.\left(1-\right)}{+\cos \left(\frac{}{4}\right).Math.\left(1-\right)}\right)\frac{\sin \left(\frac{}{4}\right)}{2{\mathrm{RC}}_H}& \left(4\right)\end{array}$
and the bandwidth of the filter is equal to

(54) $\begin{array}{cc}{}_{3\mathrm{dB}}\frac{4.Math.{\sin }^2\left(\frac{}{8}\right)}{{\mathrm{RC}}_H}& \left(5\right)\end{array}$
where, R is the discrete-time equivalent resistance of C.sub.R and is equal to 1/(C.sub.R.Math.f.sub.S). Also, according to the definition of the quality factor (Q) which is the center frequency divided to the bandwidth, the quality factor of the filter is equal to Q=0.5.Math.cot g(/8)1.21.

(55) FIG. 5A shows a block diagram of a charge sharing band pass filter 500 in 4/16 mode according to an implementation form. FIG. 5B shows a diagram depicting exemplary switching signals 510 of the charge sharing band pass filter 500 depicted in FIG. 5A.

(56) FIG. 5A shows the basic schematic of the CS-BPF in 4/16 mode. The name 4/16 stands for 4 number of inputs, 4 number of outputs and 16 number of phases. Inputs in this circuit are complex charges (qi.sub.1, qi.sub.2, qi.sub.3, qi.sub.4). The same as CS-BPF in 4/8 mode, C.sub.R does a charge-sharing between input C.sub.H capacitors (C.sub.H1, C.sub.H5, C.sub.H9, . . . , C.sub.H13). In each phase, C.sub.R, takes charge from input C.sub.H capacitors (C.sub.H1, C.sub.H5, C.sub.H9, C.sub.H13). In the next phases, C.sub.R is connected to the intermediary and output C.sub.H capacitors (C.sub.H2, C.sub.H4, C.sub.H6, C.sub.H7 . . . , C.sub.H16). This technique will make a BPF due to the charge-sharing between I/Q paths cascaded by the three Low-Pass Filters (LPF) at the intermediary nodes and output node. The step-by step details of how the low-pass IIR filter is being cascaded by CS-BPF for a simple case is depicted in FIG. 3. After C.sub.R connected to the output node, in the next phase the low pass filtered charge in C.sub.R will be delivered to the next C.sub.H in the complex inputs. This mechanism will continue in all 16 phases to complete the circle of 16 clock (CLK) phases. By defining the differential output voltages as V.sub.d,re=V.sub.o1V.sub.o3 and V.sub.d,im=V.sub.o2V.sub.o4, the total complex output voltage can be defined as
V.sub.oc=V.sub.d,re+j.Math.V.sub.d,im.(6)

(57) The same for input currents, the input complex current could be defined as
q.sub.ic=q.sub.id,re+j.Math.q.sub.id,im.(7)
in which q.sub.id,re=q.sub.i1q.sub.i3 and q.sub.id,im=q.sub.i2q.sub.i4. One can derive the simplified z-domain transfer function from input to the output as

(58) $\begin{array}{cc}H\left(z\right)=\frac{V_{\mathrm{oc}}\left(z\right)}{q_{\mathrm{ic}}\left(z\right)}=\frac{1\text{/}\left(C_R+C_H\right)}{{\left(1-z^{-1}\right)}^4-{e^{j\text{/}2}\left(\left(1-\right)z^{-1}\right)}^4}& \left(8\right)\end{array}$
where =C.sub.H/(C.sub.H+C.sub.R). The center frequency of the filter is located in

(59) $\begin{array}{cc}{f}_c\frac{\sin \left(\frac{}{8}\right)}{2{\mathrm{RC}}_H}& \left(9\right)\end{array}$
and the bandwidth of the filter is equal to

(60) $\begin{array}{cc}{}_{3\mathrm{dB}}=\frac{4.Math.{\sin }^2\left(\frac{}{16}\right)}{{\mathrm{RC}}_H}.& \left(10\right)\end{array}$

(61) Also, according to the definition of the quality factor (Q) which is the center frequency divided to the bandwidth, the quality factor of the filter is equal to Q=0.5.Math.cot g(/16)2.51.

(62) FIG. 6A shows a block diagram of a charge sharing band pass filter 600 in 8/8 mode according to an implementation form. FIG. 6B shows a diagram depicting exemplary switching signals 610 of the charge sharing band pass filter 600 depicted in FIG. 6A.

(63) FIG. 6A shows the basic schematic of the CS-BPF in 8/8 mode. The 8/8 mode means that there are 8 inputs, 8 outputs and 8 CLK phases in the filter. Eight input charges, qi1, qi2, qi3, qi4, . . . , qi8, are accumulated in the input history capacitors (C.sub.H1, C.sub.H3, C.sub.H5, . . . , C.sub.H8). At the same time, in each phase, rotating capacitors, C.sub.R, remove a portion of the charge proportional to C.sub.R/(C.sub.H+C.sub.R) from each C.sub.H and deliver it to the next C.sub.H during the next input. It should be noted that the CS-BPF could operate with only one C.sub.R sharing charge between the input history capacitors. In that case, the CS-BPF is not full-rate, and its sampling frequency is equal to f.sub.LO. By defining the differential output voltages as V.sub.od1=V.sub.o1V.sub.o5, V.sub.od2=V.sub.o2V.sub.o6, V.sub.od3=V.sub.o3V.sub.o7 and V.sub.od4=V.sub.o4V.sub.o8, the total complex output voltage can be defined as
V.sub.oc=V.sub.od1.Math.e.sup.j0+V.sub.od2.Math.e.sup.j/4+V.sub.od3.Math.e.sup.j/2+V.sub.od4.Math.e.sup.j3/4.(11)

(64) The same applies for the input currents. The integrated input complex current could be defined as
q.sub.ic=q.sub.id1.Math.e.sup.j0+q.sub.id2.Math.e.sup.j/4+q.sub.id3.Math.e.sup.j/2+q.sub.id4.Math.e.sup.j3/4(12)
in which q.sub.id1=q.sub.i1q.sub.i5, q.sub.id2=q.sub.i2q.sub.i6, q.sub.id3=q.sub.i3q.sub.i7 and q.sub.id4=q.sub.i4q.sub.i8. One can derive the simplified z-domain transfer function from the complex input to the complex output as

(65) $\begin{array}{cc}H\left(z\right)=\frac{V_{\mathrm{oc}}\left(z\right)}{q_{\mathrm{ic}}\left(z\right)}=\frac{1\text{/}\left(C_R+C_H\right)}{{\left(1-z^{-1}\right)}^1-{e^{j\text{/}4}\left(\left(1-\right)z^{-1}\right)}^1}& \left(13\right)\end{array}$
where =C.sub.H/(C.sub.H+C.sub.R). The center frequency of the filter is located at

(66) $\begin{array}{cc}{f}_c=\frac{f_s}{2}\arctan \left(\frac{\sin \left(\frac{}{4}\right).Math.\left(1-\right)}{+\cos \left(\frac{}{4}\right).Math.\left(1-\right)}\right)\frac{\sin \left(\frac{}{4}\right)}{2{\mathrm{RC}}_H}& \left(14\right)\end{array}$
and the bandwidth of the filter is equal to

(67) $\begin{array}{cc}{}_{3\mathrm{db}}\frac{4.Math.{\sin }^2\left(\frac{}{8}\right)}{{\mathrm{RC}}_H}& \left(15\right)\end{array}$
where, R is the discrete-time equivalent resistance of C.sub.R and is equal to1/(C.sub.R.Math.f.sub.S). Also, according to the definition of the quality factor (Q), which is the center frequency divided to the bandwidth, the quality factor of the filter is equal to Q=0.5.Math.cot g(/8)1.21.

(68) FIG. 7A shows a schematic diagram of a charge sharing band pass filter 700 in 8/16 mode according to an implementation form. FIG. 7B shows a diagram depicting exemplary switching signals 710 of the charge sharing band pass filter 700 depicted in FIG. 7A.

(69) FIG. 7A shows the basic schematic of the proposed CS-BPF in 8/16 mode. The 8/16 mode stands for 8 inputs, 8 outputs and 16 CLK phases. Inputs in this circuit are complex charges (q.sub.i1, q.sub.i2, q.sub.i3, q.sub.i4, . . . , q.sub.i8). The same as CS-BPF in 8/8 mode, C.sub.R does a charge-sharing between the input C.sub.H capacitors (C.sub.H1, C.sub.H3, C.sub.H5, . . . , C.sub.H15). In each phase, C.sub.R takes a charge from the input C.sub.H capacitors. In the following phase, C.sub.R is connected to the output C.sub.H capacitors (C.sub.H2, C.sub.H4, C.sub.H6, . . . , C.sub.H16). This technique will create a BPF due to the charge-sharing cascaded by the LPF positioned at the output. The step-by step details of how the low-pass IIR filter is cascaded by CS-BPF for a simple case is depicted in FIG. 3. After the LPF charge-sharing, in the next phase, the low pass filtered charge in C.sub.R will be delivered to the next C.sub.H in the complex input. This mechanism will continue in all 16 phases to complete the cycle of 16 CLK phases. By defining the differential output voltages as V.sub.od1=V.sub.o1V.sub.o5, V.sub.od2=V.sub.o2V.sub.o6, V.sub.od3=V.sub.o3V.sub.o7 and V.sub.od4=V.sub.o4V.sub.o8, the total complex output voltage can be defined as
V.sub.oc=V.sub.od1.Math.e.sup.j0+V.sub.od2.Math.e.sup.j/4+V.sub.od3.Math.e.sup.j/2+V.sub.od4.Math.e.sup.j3/4.(16)

(70) The same as for the integrated input currents, the input complex current could be defined as
q.sub.ic=q.sub.id1.Math.e.sup.j0+q.sub.id2.Math.e.sup.j/4+q.sub.id3.Math.e.sup.j/2+q.sub.id4.Math.e.sup.j3/4(17)
in which q.sub.id1=q.sub.i1q.sub.i5, q.sub.id2=q.sub.i2q.sub.i6, q.sub.id3=q.sub.i3q.sub.i7 and q.sub.id4=q.sub.i4q.sub.i8. One can derive the simplified z-domain transfer function from the input to the output as

(71) 0$\begin{array}{cc}H\left(z\right)=\frac{V_{\mathrm{oc}}\left(z\right)}{q_{\mathrm{ic}}\left(z\right)}=\frac{1\text{/}\left(C_R+C_H\right)}{{\left(1-z^{-1}\right)}^2-{e^{j\text{/}4}\left(\left(1-\right)z^{-1}\right)}^2}& \left(18\right)\end{array}$
where =C.sub.H/(C.sub.H+C.sub.R). The center frequency of the filter is located at

(72) $\begin{array}{cc}{f}_c\frac{\sin \left(\frac{}{8}\right)}{2{\mathrm{RC}}_H}& \left(19\right)\end{array}$
and the bandwidth of the filter is equal to

(73) $\begin{array}{cc}{}_{3\mathrm{db}}\frac{4.Math.{\sin }^2\left(\frac{}{16}\right)}{{\mathrm{RC}}_H}.& \left(20\right)\end{array}$

(74) The quality factor of the filter is equal to Q=0.5.Math.cot g(/16)2.51.

(75) FIGS. 8A and 8B show transfer functions of normalized frequency responses of a charge sharing band pass in different modes according to an implementation form. The normalized frequency responses of the filters described above with respect to FIGS. 4 to 7 using equation (13) and (18) are shown in FIG. 8 for both the input (FIG. 8B) and the output (FIG. 8A) nodes of filters for a same center frequency.

(76) The final schematics of the full-rate CS-BPF in 4/8, 4/16, 8/8 and 8/16 modes are shown in FIGS. 9, 10, 11 and 12, respectively. In conclusion, the filters provide complex band-pass filtering with high selectivity.

(77) FIG. 9A shows a complete schematic block diagram of a full-rate charge sharing band pass filter 900 comprising I/Q rotating switch capacitors 901, 902, 903 and 908 in 4/8 mode according to an implementation form. FIG. 9B shows a diagram depicting exemplary switching signals 910 of the charge sharing band pass filter 900 depicted in FIG. 9A.

(78) FIG. 10A shows a complete schematic block diagram of a full-rate charge sharing band pass filter 1000 comprising I/Q rotating switch capacitors 1001, 1002, 1003 and 1016 in 4/16 mode according to an implementation form. FIG. 10B shows a diagram depicting exemplary switching signals 1010 of the charge sharing band pass filter 1000 depicted in FIG. 10A.

(79) FIG. 11A shows a complete schematic block diagram of a full-rate charge sharing band pass filter 1100 comprising I/Q rotating switch capacitors 1101, 1102, 1103 and 1108 in 8/8 mode according to an implementation form. FIG. 11B shows a diagram depicting exemplary switching signals 1110 of the charge sharing band pass filter 1100 depicted in FIG. 11A.

(80) FIG. 12A shows a complete schematic block diagram of a full-rate charge sharing band pass filter 1200 comprising I/Q rotating switch capacitors 1201, 1202, 1203 and 1216 in 8/16 mode according to an implementation form. FIG. 12Bb shows a diagram depicting exemplary switching signals 1210 of the charge sharing band pass filter 1200 depicted in FIG. 12A.

(81) FIG. 13 shows a flow diagram illustrating a method 1300 for filtering a current signal by a charge sharing filter according to an implementation form. The current signal may be a current signal 202 as described above with respect to FIGS. 2 to 12. The charge sharing filter may be one of the charge sharing filters as described above with respect to FIGS. 2 to 12.

(82) The charge sharing filter includes a rotating capacitor C.sub.R; and a plurality of elementary filters, as described above with respect to FIGS. 2 to 12. Each elementary filter includes: an elementary switch .sub.i coupled between a first node A.sub.i of the respective elementary filter and a second node Bi of the respective elementary filter; and a history capacitor C.sub.H coupled to the second node B.sub.i of the respective elementary filter. The second nodes B.sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters are interconnected with the rotating capacitor C.sub.R in one interconnecting node B. The method 1300 includes providing 1301 a current signal at the first nodes A.sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters. The method 1300 includes sharing 1302 charges provided by the current signal between the history capacitors C.sub.H of the plurality of elementary filters and the rotating capacitor C.sub.R depending on switching states of the elementary switches .sub.i to provide a voltage signal at the first nodes A.sub.i of the plurality of elementary filters.

(83) The methods, systems and devices described herein may be implemented as software in a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), in a micro-controller or in any other side-processor or as hardware circuit within an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) of a DSP or on a chip. The invention can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations thereof.

(84) The present disclosure also supports a computer program product including computer executable code or computer executable instructions that, when executed, causes at least one computer to execute the performing and computing steps described herein, in particular the method 1300 as described above with respect to FIG. 13. Such a computer program product may include a readable storage medium storing program code thereon for use by a computer, the program code may perform the method 1300 as described above with respect to FIG. 13.

(85) While a particular feature or aspect of the disclosure may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature or aspect may be combined with one or more other features or aspects of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms include, have, with, or other variants thereof are used in either the detailed description or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term comprise. Also, the terms exemplary, for example and e.g. are merely meant as an example, rather than the best or optimal. The terms coupled and connected, along with derivatives may have been used. It should be understood that these terms may have been used to indicate that two elements cooperate or interact with each other regardless whether they are in direct physical or electrical contact, or they are not in direct contact with each other.

(86) Although specific aspects have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a variety of alternate and/or equivalent implementations may be substituted for the specific aspects shown and described without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the specific aspects discussed herein.

(87) Although the elements in the following claims are recited in a particular sequence with corresponding labeling, unless the claim recitations otherwise imply a particular sequence for implementing some or all of those elements, those elements are not necessarily intended to be limited to being implemented in that particular sequence.

(88) Many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. Of course, those skilled in the art readily recognize that there are numerous applications of the invention beyond those described herein. While the present inventions has been described with reference to one or more particular embodiments, those skilled in the art recognize that many changes may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.