Method for treating carbonaceous materials by vapor thermolysis

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for treating carbonaceous materials by steam thermolysis, comprising: shredding carbonaceous waste materials; introducing the shredded carbonaceous waste materials into a reactor heated by combustion gases, gases laden with steam being introduced into the reactor so as to heat said shredded carbonaceous waste materials to a temperature between 200 and 700 C. during a steam thermolysis reaction; cooling the combustion gases to a temperature between 200 and 450 C. and discharging said gases; discharging from the reactor the vapor/gas products formed in the reactor by steam thermolysis, followed by condensation of said products; separating the condensate obtained from said condensation into water containing residual hydrocarbons and into oil, and the water from the condensate being used as a source of heat energy for the reactor. The present invention also relates to a device for implementing the invention.

Claims

1. A method for treating carbonaceous materials by steam thermolysis, comprising: shredding carbonaceous waste materials, introducing the shredded carbonaceous waste materials into a steam thermolysis reactor heated by combustion gases, including gases laden with steam being introduced into the steam thermolysis reactor, so as to heat said shredded carbonaceous waste materials to a temperature between 200 and 700 C. during a steam thermolysis reaction to form vapor-gas products, cooling the combustion gases to a temperature between 200 and 450 C. and discharging said gases, discharging from the reactor the vapor-gas products formed in the reactor by steam thermolysis, followed by condensation of said vapor-gas products to provide a condensate, separating the condensate obtained by said condensation into water containing residual hydrocarbons and into oil; wherein, the water separated from the condensate is directed injected into a burner by spray nozzles and combusted in the burner, wherein the water is treated at a temperature and dwell time sufficient to provide complete oxidation of organic compounds and elimination of odors, and wherein the water combusted in the burner generates steam as a source of heat energy for the steam thermolysis reactor, and wherein the source of heat energy further comprises (i) said combustion gases coming from combustion of a fuel, (ii) combustion of uncondensed gases obtained after condensation of said vapor-gas products formed in the steam thermolysis reactor or a combination thereof.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the uncondensed gases obtained after condensation of the vapor-gas products formed in the steam thermolysis reactor by steam thermolysis are heat-treated in order to heat the steam thermolysis reactor independently of combusting water coming from separating the condensate.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said shredded carbonaceous waste materials are brought to a temperature between 400 and 600 C. inside the reactor.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the oil from the condensate is evaporated in a first fraction with a boiling point less than or equal to 200 C, called the light fraction, and a second fraction with a boiling point greater than 200 C., called the heavy fraction.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the boiling point of the light fraction is between 60 C. and 200 C., and the boiling point of the heavy fraction is between 201 C. and 600 C.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein a portion of the discharged combustion gases are condensed in water which is used to generate the steam used to heat the shredded carbonaceous waste materials inside the reactor.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following description. This description is purely illustrative and should be read with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 which show the layout of the facility for implementing the method for treating carbonaceous materials by steam thermolysis according to embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

(2) In a conventional method for steam thermolysis of carbonaceous materials such as waste rubber, wastewater is formed, also called condensate, essentially corresponding to the condensed steam and separated from the liquid hydrocarbon fraction which contains the hydrocarbon mixture. Analysis of this condensate shows that it contains, among other things: caprolactam (concentration: 1.16 g/l), C.sub.6H.sub.11NO: main substance from the thermal decomposition, lactam from e-epsilon aminocaproic acid or cyclic amide from e-epsilon aminocaproic acid, in the form of white crystals. This compound has high polymerization capacity when heated (250-260 C.) in the presence of a small amount of water, alcohol, amines, organic acids, and other combinations to form a useful polymer, poly-e-caproamide (polyamide resin) and raw materials for the formation of capron. benzoic acid (concentration: 0.21 g/l), C.sub.6H.sub.5COOH: elementary aromatic acid in the form of colorless bright crystals. cyclopentanone (adipic ketone, ketopentamethylene) (concentration: 0.13 g/l), C.sub.5H.sub.8O: colorless liquid with a pungent odor. Form of ketone derivatives. furfuryl alcohol (2-furancarbinol) (concentration: 0.11 g/l) C.sub.5H.sub.6O.sub.2: liquid soluble in water. catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) (concentration: 0.09 g/l) C.sub.6H.sub.4(OH).sub.2: easily oxidized to o-benzoquinone. phenols (oxybenzol, carbolic acid) (concentration: 0.08 g/l) C.sub.6H.sub.5OH: colorless crystals which become pink under light. Obtained by separation of coal tar, by hydrolysis of chlorobenzene from steam in the presence of a catalyst, etc. o-dimethoxybenzene (resorcinol dimethyl ether) (concentration: 0.07 g/l) C.sub.6H.sub.4(OCH.sub.3).sub.2. p-methoxyphenol (concentration: 0.05 g/l) CH.sub.3OC.sub.6H.sub.4OH. benzothiazole (concentration: 0.03 g/l) C.sub.7H.sub.5NS: yellow liquid having an unpleasant odor. Compound distilled in steam.

(3) All of these compounds present in the wastewater from steam thermolysis of carbonaceous materials is of significant toxicity not only to the environment but also to humans. Release of this wastewater into the environment leads to significant pollution of the air, soil, and groundwater. It is also accompanied by a strong and objectionable smell that is unpleasant for personnel and for those living near plants that process carbonaceous materials. The proliferation in recent years of industrial projects aiming to solve the problem of recycling waste rubber has resulted in the appearance and concentration of these harmful side products for which no ecological treatment has yet been considered.

(4) In addition, the formation and accumulation of this condensate during treatment of carbonaceous material is accompanied by problems within the steam thermolysis facility. Most existing plants for treating carbonaceous material eliminate such wastewater by evaporation. However, because of the physico-chemical properties of some compounds present in the wastewater, a foam forms that greatly reduces the effectiveness of evaporation and thus the elimination of wastewater. It is also possible for the evaporation of wastewater to produce sludge that can foul pipes and clog the drainage within and near the plant.

(5) The operation of the screw reactors used in this type of plant inevitably results in further grinding of the carbon black as the screw rotates, carrying the dust into the condensing system. Some of this dust is therefore found in the wastewater. During evaporation, the dust (some of it small carbon particles) remains in the residue, resulting in the formation of sludge which fouls the evaporator.

(6) The present invention solves these problems by a method for treating carbonaceous materials by steam thermolysis which yields a good quality of carbon black and provides an environmentally friendly solution to the wastewater problem.

(7) Referring to the diagram of the embodiment of the device shown in FIG. 1, shredded carbonaceous waste materials, in the form of shredded rubber in this example, is fed into a hopper 1 equipped with closed closures 2 and 3. After this, closure 2 is opened so that the waste in the hopper 1 falls downward and rests on closure 3. Next, closure 3 is opened and the waste portion falls into the cylindrical reactor 4. Closure 3 is then closed. Simultaneously, the screw 6 installed in the cylindrical reactor 4 is rotated by the motor 5. The shredded solid waste is caught by the screw and carried along the cylindrical reactor 4 toward the outlet 7 which is fitted with a rotating closure 9, then is subjected to the subsequent processing steps to obtain carbon black (such as the steps described in international patent application WO 2012/140375). The time the waste spends traveling in the cylindrical reactor is controlled by the rotational speed of the screw 6. Simultaneously with the initiation of the method and the movement of the waste, fuel is introduced from the tank 10 by the control valve 11 into the burner 12 where it is burned. The products of this combustion, which are in the form of combustion gases, are directed towards the casing 13 of the reactor 4. As they pass into the casing 13, the fuel combustion gases heat the reactor, then cool in turn and are sent to the scrubber 15 by means of the fume extractor 14.

(8) The steam generator 16 supplies steam through valve 18 to the steam superheater 17, to bring the steam to a temperature between 200 and 700 C., preferably between 400 and 600 C. To achieve this, the fuel from the tank 10 is supplied to the burner 19 via valve 20. The carbonaceous waste material is heated inside the reactor 4 by contact with the steam raised to the temperature of 200-700 C. The combustion gases from the casing 13 are cooled to a temperature between 200 and 450 C. before being sent by the fume extractor 14 to the scrubber 15.

(9) The superheated steam from the superheater 17 is fed through valve 21 into the cylindrical reactor 4. The temperature of the steam is controlled based on indications from the temperature sensor 22 so that the superheat temperature is not exceeded. Rubber waste moves through the reactor 4 and is heated by contact with the hot walls of the reactor and by convective heat exchange with the steam supplied in the reactor. This results in steam thermolysis of the waste, with release of gaseous products and solid carbon residues.

(10) The vapor-gas products formed from steam thermolysis of the shredded carbonaceous waste materials are discharged from the reactor 4 into the condenser 24 through outlet 8 via valve 23. In the condenser 24, they are condensed by heat exchange with the cooling water to form a condensate comprising water and oil. The condensate is then sent to the separator 25 where the water is separated from the oil. The water obtained after such separation is yellow in color and has a strong unpleasant odor. It contains, in addition to residual hydrocarbons, toxic compounds that can include, among others, caprolactam, benzoic acid, cyclopentanone, furfuryl alcohol, catechol, phenol, o-dimethoxybenzene, p-methoxyphenol, and benzothiazole, as has been described above. This yellow water is sent to the storage tank 26 for subsequent heat treatment in the burner 12.

(11) The oil from the separator 25 is transferred to the evaporator 27 via valve 28. In the evaporator, it is separated into a first fraction with a boiling point less than or equal to 200 C. (light fraction) and a second fraction with a boiling point greater than 200 C. (heavy fraction).

(12) The uncondensed gas fraction coming from the condenser 24 via valve 29 can be burned in the burner 12.

(13) In another embodiment, represented in FIG. 2, the uncondensed vapor-gas products obtained after condensation of the vapor-gas products formed in the reactor 4 by steam thermolysis are thermally treated in the burner 12-a in order to heat the reactor 4 directly, independently of the combustion of wastewater obtained from the condensate which is also burned but by another burner 12-b, to heat the reactor 4. In this embodiment, burner 12-a is fed fuel from the tank 10 through valve 11. The tank 10 is also connected to burner 19 of the steam superheater 17.

(14) With the method for treating carbonaceous materials by steam thermolysis which has been described above, the toxic by-products represented by wastewater resulting from condensation of steam thermolysis products from rubber waste are treated and reused in the carbon black production line. The proposed method thus makes it possible to address the pollution problem linked to the presence and concentration of wastewater in plants for treating carbonaceous materials. It can reduce or even completely eliminate the risk of clogging and fouling in the pipes and drainage of these plants. Lastly, it provides a particularly attractive alternative for the treatment of such water, as it not only eliminates the associated nuisances but also adds value to these by-products by using them as a source of heat energy for the thermolysis of carbonaceous waste.

(15) The invention is illustrated by the following example:

(16) Device for Implementing the Method for Treating Carbonaceous Materials by Steam Thermolysis According to Embodiments of the Invention

(17) In the following example, the unit for implementing the method according to the invention is composed of two steam-thermolysis lines, each with a minimum processing capacity of 1 t/h of shredded tires, which have some equipment in common: a common carbon black processing line and a common treatment system for gas and water emissions.

(18) Equipment

(19) The unit essentially comprises the following sets of equipment:

(20) AEquipment of the steam thermolysis line;

(21) BEquipment of the carbon treatment line; and

(22) CEquipment for treatinq atmospheric and water emissions.

(23) AEquipment of the Steam Thermolysis Line:

(24) A-1. Conveyor System for Feeding Two Reactors:

(25) The bulk density of shredded tires is characterized by its low value of 400-500 kg/m.sup.3 (shred size 50 mm by 50 mm); therefore the conveyor for each reactor must deliver up to 2.5 m.sup.3/h of raw materials. A hopper with a minimum capacity of 20 hours of operation can be used, which is 50 m.sup.3.

(26) A-2. Hopper Valves for Loading/Unloading the Reactor:

(27) Reactor feeding can be controlled by double hopper valves (double dump gate, double flapgate air-lock valve) having a D-shaped cross-section which may be equal to 10 (250 mm), for example, a relaying capacity of up to 4 m.sup.3/h, for example, is suitable.

(28) The second valve is opened when a certain weight/volume level is reached in the space between the two valves. The double dump valve is controlled relative to the loading valves to ensure that material does not accumulate in the reactor. The amount of solid products formed is thus monitored (about 45% of the incoming shredded material, in one example).

(29) In addition, the gate for loading the top of the hopper is equipped with a nitrogen injection system, to prevent air from entering the screw reactor.

(30) A-3. Screw Conveyor for Unloading the Carbon:

(31) Each of the production lines can be equipped with a screw conveyor which allows lowering the temperature of the carbon black as it leaves the reactor. The carbon black produced then enters the solid treatment portion that is common to the entire facility.

(32) A-4. Screw Reactor for Steam Pyrolysis of Tires:

(33) The thermolysis reactor comprises three stacked cylindrical screw chambers (for example diameter =600 mm, wall thickness t=6 mm, chamber length L1=6 m, and total length with motors and bearings L3=9.5 m) in which thermolysis of the tires takes place. The shredded material is conveyed in the chambers by three worm screws rotating at a speed set by a rectifier (electronic) converting the power of the worm screw's electric motor.

(34) The shredded material is fed through the inlet to the upper chamber, and heating begins. Next, the tires are guided by the worm screw (stainless steel SS 321) along the entire length of the chamber, and after that they fall into the second thermolysis chamber positioned under the first and the temperature increases, and then they pass into the third chamber where the reaction is completed (stainless steel SS 310).

(35) The worm screws are rotated by a transmission chain of a single planetary-type gear motor, known to the skilled person, with power exceeding 5 kW and a mechanical or AC (electronic) variable speed drive/power regulator.

(36) The worm screws are heated by heat transfer via radiation in the reactor casing (13), where the hot combustion gases (1000-1050 C.) resulting from combustion of the thermolysis gases are circulating.

(37) In the heating area outside the screws, there is a superheater coil (17) that brings the steam to a temperature of 500-600 C. at a maximum pressure of 5 bar, using the heat of the fumes as well. This superheated steam is then injected into the screw feeding in the shredded tires.

(38) The gaseous fractions from the tire decomposition, mixed with steam, are extracted in the middle portion of the reactor and sent to the condenser (24) for gaseous thermolysis products.

(39) A-5. Combustion Chamber for Thermolysis Gas:

(40) The combustion chamber can provide the energy (from burning the products obtained from thermolysis) necessary for the thermolysis reaction. The combustion chamber is equipped with a standard automatic burner that uses gas (for combustion of the thermolysis gas) and liquid fuel such as Weishaupt WM-GL 10.

(41) A fan supplies air to the combustion reaction occurring in the burners with an estimated air consumption of 2400 kg/h per combustion chamber. The thermolysis gas that remains after condensation of the thermolysis fuel oil in the condenser is also injected into the combustion chamber.

(42) A-6. Wastewater Treatment Device:

(43) The wastewater produced in the condenser is directly injected into the flame of a cyclone burner by a set of spray nozzles.

(44) The temperature and dwell time are defined to ensure complete oxidation of organic compounds and TOTAL elimination of odors. In addition, the carbon dust contained in the wastewater does not form ash inside the burner because it is oxidized. The combustion chamber is cleaned about once a year.

(45) The addition of steam (originating from the wastewater treatment) to the combustion gases where it acts as a heating medium has certain advantages over the use of fumes as a heating medium:

(46) 1. The specific heat capacity of the vapor-gas heating medium is 20 to 25% greater than the specific heat capacity of the combustion products alone (combustion gases), which reduces the consumption of air to be added to the heating medium by 20 to 25%.

(47) 2. The addition of steam to the gases reduces not only the oxygen but also other combustion products which are harmful (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, etc.) in the gases, by diluting them with steam; therefore this heating medium is more environmentally pure than products from combustion of the liquid fuel oil used to heat the screw reactor.

(48) 3. This steam-gas heating medium has a more advantageous heat transfer coefficient than that of the combustion gases alone, thereby increasing the efficiency of the heat transfer in the screw reactors and steam generator.

(49) A-7. Steam Generator:

(50) Steam generators are used to produce the steam required for optimization of the tire thermolysis reaction in the reactor. The steam is produced from water coming from the scrubber (15). The steam generator (16) only uses heat from the combustion gases after the thermolysis reactor (4) is heated.

(51) A-8. Fuel Condenser:

(52) Gaseous fractions from the thermolysis reactor (4) are condensed into fuel oil. The gaseous fractions pass through water-cooled sections of the condenser which results in condensation of the fuel oil. The condensed fuel oil flows into the lower part of the condenser where it is sent to fuel oil distillation equipment. The condensation temperature allows recovering the fuel oil as well as condensing the steam from the wastewater.

(53) A-9. Equipment for Condensate Collection and Separation:

(54) The thermolysis fuel oil from the condensers is collected in two static separators (25) of 10 m.sup.3 each. The dwell time is long enough for settling to occur, with separation into three phases: heavy bitumen, water, and fuel oil.

(55) A level detector (such as Liquiphant) monitors the level of the various products and prevents fuel oil from being injected into the burner instead of wastewater. A buffer tank for wastewater before injection into the burner will be provided.

(56) A-10. Fuel Oil Rectification:

(57) This assembly consists of the light fraction evaporator and the light fraction condenser. It involves precise separation of the two fuel oil fractions (heavy and light) in order to control the characteristics of the heavy fraction as precisely as possible, particularly its flash point.

(58) The fuel oil condensed in the condenser is directed towards an evaporator that utilizes an electric heater to vaporize the light fraction. The heavy fraction remains liquid and is pumped directly into storage tanks for heavy fuel oil. The light fraction in the gaseous state exits at the top and then is sent to the light fraction condenser where it is returned to the liquid state and then pumped into storage tanks for light fuel oil.

(59) BEquipment of the Carbon Treatment Line:

(60) B-11. Equipment of the Carbon Treatment Line:

(61) The solid residues from the thermolysis products are fed to the vibrating screen by a screw conveyor.

(62) Another screw conveyor then brings the carbon black to the buffer silo for carbon black storage. After grinding, the treated materials after grinding are sent to the magnetic separation, where the process of separating the carbon and the metal cords occurs; the metal accumulates in the hopper and then is sent to a storage bin before removal.

(63) CEquipment for Treating Atmospheric and Water Emissions

(64) C-12. Scrubber for Released Gases and Steam Condensation:

(65) Standardized equipment common to the two production lines. The scrubber (15) is used to treat fumes from the combustion of thermolysis gases and fuel oil in the burner, and thus limit the emission of pollutants (primarily SOx and NOx). This provides a base wash of the combustion gases. A pH probe placed in the wash water is used to regulate the amount of NaOH injected. The gas scrubbing capacity of the scrubber is limited to 20,000 Nm.sup.3/h for a temperature of gases released into the environment of about 50 C.

(66) The gases are then routed to an exhaust chimney at least 10 m in height. This chimney comprises a measurement platform according to standard NF-X 44052, which is positioned to provide the relevant measurement points (straightness of the flue upstream and downstream, flow conditions, etc.). A bleeder is placed on the scrubber, to lower the concentration of the water circulating in the gas wash cycle in order to maintain concentrations sufficiently low to ensure good transfer. Lining is provided for resistance to the high gas temperatures.

(67) Product Characteristics

(68) 1. Fuel Oil from Thermolysis:

(69) The facility as described above produces fuel oil from thermolysis in quantities of 400-450 kg fuel oil per ton of shredded tires. The thermolysis fuel oil coming from the facility has the following characteristics:

(70) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Characteristics of thermolysis fuel oil Parameters Unit Values DENSITY kg/m.sup.3 940 to 1050 VISCOSITY AT 20 C. cSt 9.5 VISCOSITY AT 100 C. cSt 40 Volume distilled at 250 C. % v/v evaporated <65 Volume distilled at 350 C. <85 Flash point C. 70 Appearance dark at 20 C. Water content % mass <0.5 Insoluble content % mass <0.25 Sulfur content % mass <1 Cloud point C. +2 maximum Pour point C. 9 maximum Carbon residue % mass 0.30 maximum (in the 10% distillation residue) Cetane number measured 40 minimum

(71) 2. Carbon Black:

(72) The facility produces the solid product known as carbon black in a ratio of 350 kg carbon black per ton of shredded tires. The carbon black obtained under these conditions has the following characteristics:

(73) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Characteristics of carbon black Parameters Units Values pH <7.9 Specific surface area m.sup.2/g >60 Density kg/m.sup.3 <375 Ash % mass <14 Humidity % mass <1 Hydrocarbons % mass <1 Organic matter % mass <5 Sulfur % mass <1.5 VOC % mass <2 Iodine value mg/g <150 Heavy metals mg/kg <1000 Chromium mg/kg <60 Mercury mg/kg <60 Barium mg/kg <1000 Selenium mg/kg <500 Antimony mg/kg <60 Cadmium mg/kg <75 Arsenic mg/kg <2 Lead mg/kg <90

(74) Ecological Standards

(75) Environmental emissions from the unit according to the invention comply with applicable standards per French regulations and regulations applicable to facilities classified as posing an environmental risk (Installations Classes pour la Protection de la EnvironnementICPE), particularly regional decrees governing allowable emissions.

(76) 1. Water Emissions

(77) The only water emissions produced by the facility correspond to blowdown from the scrubber that treats the combustion gases. The maximum blowdown rate does not exceed 0.5 m.sup.3/h or 12 m.sup.3/day.

(78) TABLE-US-00003 Reference rate Maximum per day: 35 m.sup.3/day Maximum Maximum daily daily Parameter Concentration (mg/l) flow (g/day) TSS 30 900 Total Organic Carbon 40 1200 COD - gross 125 3750 BOD5 - gross 40 1200 Mercury and its compounds, 0.03 0.9 expressed as mercury Cadmium and its compounds, 0.05 1.5 expressed as cadmium Thallium and its compounds, 0.05 1.5 expressed as thallium Arsenic and its compounds, 0.1 3 expressed as arsenic Lead and its compounds, 0.2 mg/l 6 expressed as lead Chromium and its compounds, 0.5 (of which Cr6+: 0.1) 15 (of which expressed as chromium Cr6+: 3) Copper and its compounds, 0.5 15 expressed as copper Nickel and its compounds, 0.5 15 expressed as nickel Fluorides 15 450 Free CN 0.1 3 Total hydrocarbons 5 150 AOX 5 150 Dioxins and furans 0.3 ng/l 9 g/l

(79) 2. Atmospheric Emissions

(80) Atmospheric emissions from the facility are composed of: combustion gases after their treatment by the gas scrubber, air suctioned to limit dust during carbon treatment and which is treated by a bag filter then used as combustion air.
These gaseous emissions comply with the following concentration limits:

(81) TABLE-US-00004 LINE NO. 1: GAS SCRUBBER a) Total dust, HCl, HF, SO.sub.2, NO.sub.x, NH.sub.3, TOC Flow rate Concentration Average Average value daily value g/h daily over 1/2 hr 2 lines in 1 line in Parameters mg/Nm.sup.3 mg/Nm.sup.3 operation operation Total dust 10 20 150 80 Hydrogen chloride 10 20 150 80 (HCl) Hydrogen fluoride 1 2 15 8 (HF) Sulfur dioxide 50 200 750 375 (SO.sub.2) Nitrogen oxides 200 400 3000 1600 (NO.sub.x) Carbon monoxide 50 100 750 400 (CO) Organic substances in 10 20 150 80 gaseous or vaporous state, expressed as total organic carbon (TOC) b) Metals Flow rate Average daily value g/h Parameters Concentration 2 lines in 1 line in (in all physical forms) (mg/m.sup.3) operation operation Cadmium and its compounds, 0.05 0.75 0.4 expressed as cadmium (Cd) + Thallium and its compounds, expressed as thallium (Tl) Mercury and its compounds, 0.05 0.75 0.4 expressed as mercury (Hg) All other metals and 0.5 7.5 4 their compounds (Sb + As + Pb + Cr + Co + Cu + Mn + Ni + V) c) Dioxins and furans Flow rate Average daily value 1 line in Parameters Concentration 2 lines in operation operation Dioxins and furans 0.1 ng/m.sup.3 1.5 g/h 0.8 g/h

(82) The results of the measurements made to verify compliance with emission limits are under standard conditions for temperature and pressure, meaning 273 K, at a pressure of 101.3 kPa and with an oxygen content of 11% in dry gas.

(83) The invention has been described and illustrated in the present detailed description and in the appended figures. The invention is not limited to the embodiments presented. Other variations and embodiments can be derived and implemented by the skilled person upon reading the present description and the appended figures.

(84) In the claims, the word comprise does not exclude other elements or other steps. The indefinite article a does not exclude the plural. The various characteristics described and/or claimed may advantageously be combined. Their presence in the description or in different dependent claims does not exclude this possibility. Reference signs are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.